Role of metallothionein in cadmium traffic and toxicity in kidneys and other mammalian organs

BioMetals

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 897-926

  Sabolić, Ivan ^a   Breljak, Davorka ^a   Škarica, Mario ^a,b   Herak Kramberger, Carol M ^a  

^a INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH   (Croatia)

^b TEMPLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Heavy metals; Hepatotoxicity; Nephrotoxicity; Oxidative stress; Reactive oxygen species; Urine metallothionein

Indexed keywords

CADMIUM; COPPER; FREE RADICAL; MESSENGER RNA; METALLOTHIONEIN; METALLOTHIONEIN I; METALLOTHIONEIN II; METALLOTHIONEIN III; METALLOTHIONEIN IV; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZINC;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; CADMIUM POISONING; CELL FUNCTION; CELL NUCLEUS; CELL STRUCTURE; CHRONIC TOXICITY; CYTOPLASM; CYTOTOXICITY; ENDOCYTOSIS; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GENETIC REGULATION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; KIDNEY TUBULE CELL; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG TOXICITY; LYSOSOME; MAMMALIAN GENETICS; METAL BINDING; METAL METABOLISM; MITOCHONDRION; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; ORGAN INJURY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROTECTION; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN INDUCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEINURIA; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; REVIEW; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; TOXICOKINETICS;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; BINDING SITES; CADMIUM; CELL COMPARTMENTATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTESTINES; KIDNEY; LIVER; LUNG; MALE; METALLOTHIONEIN; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION; ZINC;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 78349307650     PISSN: 09660844     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9351-z     Document Type: Review

References (274)

1. M Abouhamed J Gburek W Liu, et al. 2006 Divalent metal transporter 1 in the kidney proximal tubule is expressed in late endosomes/lysosomal membranes: implications for renal handling of protein-metal complexes Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290 F1525 F1533 16449358
2. M Abouhamed NA Wolff WK Lee, et al. 2007 Knockdown of endosomal/lysosomal divalent metal transporter 1 by RNA interference prevents cadmium- metallothionein-1 cytotoxicity in renal proximal tubule cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293 F705 F712 17596526
3. A Åkesson M Berglund A Schütz, et al. 2002 Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status Am J Public Health 92 284 287 11818307
4. GK Andrews 2000 Regulation of metallothionein gene expression by oxidative stress and metal ions Biochem Pharmacol 59 95 104 10605938
5. GK Andrews ED Adamson L Gedamu 1984 The ontogeny of expression of murine metallothionein: comparison with the alpha-fetoprotein gene Dev Biol 103 294 303 6202573
6. M Aschner AK West 2005 The role of MT in neurological disorders J Alzheimers Dis 8 139 145 16308482
7. M Aschner MG Cherian CD Klaassen, et al. 1997 Metallothioneins in brain-the role in physiology and pathology Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 142 229 242 9070344
8. TK Baker HB VanVooren WC Smith, et al. 2003 Involvement of calcium channels in the sexual dimorphism of cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity Toxicol Lett 137 185 192 12523961
9. L Bergendi L Benes Z Durackova, et al. 1999 Chemistry, physiology and pathology of free radicals Life Sci 65 1865 1874 10576429
10. M Berglund A Åkesson B Nermell, et al. 1994 Intestinal absorption of dietary cadmium in women depends on body iron stores and fiber intake Environ Health Perspect 102 1058 1066 7713018
11. MH Bhattacharyya 2009 Cadmium osteotoxicity in experimental animals: mechanisms and relationship to human exposures Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238 258 265 19463839
12. D Bittel T Dalton SLA Samson, et al. 1998 The DNA binding activity of metal response element-binding transcriptional factor-1 is activated in vivo and in vitro by Zn, but not by other transition metals J Biol Chem 273 7127 7133 9507026
13. ME Blazka ZA Shaikh 1991 Sex differences in hepatic and renal cadmium accumulation and metallothionein induction. Role of estradiol Biochem Pharmacol 41 775 780 1998532
14. ME Blazka CV Nolan ZA Shaikh 1988 Developmental and sex differences in cadmium distribution and metallothionein induction and localization J Appl Toxicol 8 217 222 3171081
15. S Bobillier-Chaumont V Maupoil A Berthelot 2006 Metallothionein induction in the liver, kidney, heart and aorta of cadmium and isoproterenol treated rats J Appl Toxicol 26 47 55 16158394
16. I Bremner 1987 Involvement of metallothionein in the hepatic metabolism of copper J Nutr 117 19 29 3546633
17. CC Bridges RK Zalups 2005 Molecular and ionic mimicry and the transport of toxic metals Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 204 274 308 15845419
18. PS Brookes Y Yoon JL Robotham, et al. 2004 Calcium, ATP, and ROS: a mitochondrial love-hate triangle Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287 C817 C833 15355853
19. E Casalino C Sblano C Landriscina 1997 Enzyme activity alteration by cadmium administration to rats: the possibility of iron involvement in lipid peroxidation Arch Biochem Biophys 346 171 179 9343363
20. HM Chan MG Cherian 1993 Ontogenic changes in hepatic metallothionein isoforms in prenatal and newborn rats Biochem Cell Biol 71 133 140 8398071
21. HM Chan LF Zhu R Zhong, et al. 1993 Nephrotoxicity in rats following liver transplantation from cadmium-exposed rats Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 123 89 96 8236266
22. X Chang T Jin L Chen, et al. 2009 Metallothionein I isoform mRNA expression in peripheral lymphocytes as a biomarker for occupational cadmium exposure Exp Biol Med 234 666 672
23. H Chen EC Carlson L Pellet, et al. 2001 Overexpression of metallothionein in pancreatic beta cells reduces streptozotocin-induced DNA damage and diabetes Diabetes 50 2040 2046 11522669
24. L Chen T Jin R Huang, et al. 2006 Plasma metallothionein antibody and cadmium-induced renal dysfunction in an occupational population in China Toxicol Sci 91 104 112 16322080
25. L Chen T Jin B Huang, et al. 2006 Critical exposure level of cadmium for elevated urinary metallothionein-an occupational population study in China Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 215 93 99 16510161
26. L Chen L Lei T Jin, et al. 2006 Plasma metallothionein antibody, urinary cadmium, and renal dysfunction in a Chinese type 2 diabetic population Diabetes Care 29 2682 2687 17130205
27. MG Cherian 1979 Metabolism of orally administered cadmium-metallothionein in mice Environ Health Perspect 28 127 130 488030
28. MG Cherian 1983 Absorption and tissue distribution of cadmium in mice after chronic feeding with cadmium chloride and cadmium-metallothionein Bull Environm Contam Toxicol 30 33 36
29. MG Cherian 1994 The significance of the nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of metallothionein in human liver and tumor cells Environ Health Perspect 102 Suppl. 3 131 135 7843087
30. MG Cherian MD Apostolova 2000 Nuclear localization of metallothionein during cell proliferation and differentiation Cell Molec Biol 46 347 356
31. MG Cherian YJ Kang 2006 Metallothionein and liver regeneration Exp Biol Med 231 138 144
32. MG Cherian RA Goyer L Delaquerriere-Richardson 1976 Cadmium- metallothionein-induced nephropathy Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 38 399 408 996869
33. MG Cherian RA Goyer LS Valberg 1978 Gastrointestinal absorption and organ distribution of oral cadmium chloride and cadmium-metallothioneine in mice J Toxicol Environ Health 4 861 868 731733
34. M Childers G Eckel A Himmel, et al. 2007 A new model of cystic fibrosis pathology: lack of transport of glutathione and its thiocyanate conjugates Med Hypothes 68 101 112
35. S Choudhuri JM McKim CD Klaassen 1992 Role of hepatic lysosomes in the degradation of metallothionein Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 115 64 71 1631896
36. EI Christensen PJ Verroust R Nielsen 2009 Receptor-mediated endocytosis in renal proximal tubule Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 458 1039 1048
37. SPC Cole RG Deeley 2006 Transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates by MRP1 Trends Pharmacol Sci 27 438 446 16820223
38. G D'Amico C Bazzi 2003 Pathophysiology of proteinuria Kidney Int 63 809 825 12631062
39. T Dalton K Fu GC Enders, et al. 1996 Analysis of the effects of overexpression of metallothionein-1 in transgenic mice on the reproductive toxicology of cadmium Environ Health Perspect 104 68 76 8834864
40. TP Dalton K Fu RD Palmiter, et al. 1996 Transgenic mice that overexpress metallothionein-1 resist dietary zinc deficiency J Nutr 126 825 833 8613884
41. TP Dalton QW Li D Bittel, et al. 1996 Oxidative stress activates metal-responsive transcription factor-1 binding activity. Occupancy in vivo of metal response elements in the metallothionein-1 gene promotor J Biol Chem 271 26233 26241 8824273
42. TP Dalton L He B Wang, et al. 2005 Identification of mouse SLC39A8 as a transporter responsible for cadmium-induced toxicity in the testis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 3401 3406 15722412
43. KG Danielson S Ohi PC Huang 1982 Immunochemical detection of metallothionein in specific epithelial cells of rat organs Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79 2301 2304 7048317
44. KG Danielson S Ohi PC Huang 1982 Immunochemical localization of metallothionein in rat liver and kidney J Histochem Cytochem 30 1033 1039 6752263 (Pubitemid 13224338)
45. SR Davis RJ Cousins 2000 Metallothionein expression in animals: a physiological perspective on function J Nutr 130 1085 1088 10801901
46. FA Day AE Funk FO Brady 1984 In vivo and ex vivo displacement of zinc from metallothionein by cadmium and by mercury Chem Biol Interact 50 159 174 6744462
47. S Devaux V Maupoil A Berthelot 2009 Effects of cadmium on cardiac metallothionein induction and ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats Can J Physiol Pharmacol 87 617 623 19767886
48. C Dorian CD Klaassen 1995 Protection by zinc-metallothionein (ZnMT) against cadmium-metallothionein-induced nephrotoxicity Fundam Appl Toxicol 26 99 106 7657068
49. C Dorian VH Gattone II CD Klaassen 1992 Accumulation and degradation of the protein moiety of cadmium-metallothionein (CdMT) in the mouse kidney Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 117 242 248 1471157
50. C Dorian VH Gattone II CD Klaassen 1995 Discrepancy between the nephrotoxic potencies of cadmium-metallothionein and cadmium chloride and the renal concentration of cadmium in the proximal convoluted tubules Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 130 161 168 7839364
51. RK Dubey EK Jackson 2001 Estrogen-induced cardiorenal protection: potential cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 280 F365 F388 11181399
52. RE Dudley LM Gammal CD Klaassen 1985 Cadmium-induced hepatic and renal injury in chronically exposed rats: likely role of hepatic cadmium- metallothionein in nephrotoxicity Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 77 414 426 3975909
53. M Ebadi PL Iversen R Hao, et al. 1995 Expression and regulation of brain metallothionein Neurochem Int 27 1 22 7655341
54. JR Edwards WC Prozialeck 2009 Cadmium, diabetes and chronic kidney disease Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238 289 293 19327375
55. B Eisenhans GJ Strugala SG Schafer 1997 Small-intestinal absorption of cadmium and the significance of mucosal metallothionein Human Exp Toxicol 16 429 434
56. 2+ or CdMT in proximal tubule cells: different uptake routes and permissive role of endo/lysosomal CdMT uptake Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285 C1367 C1376 12890648
57. SL Feldman ML Failla RJ Cousins 1978 Degradation of rat liver metallothioneins in vitro Biochim Biophys Acta 544 638 646 728475
58. J Folch A Ortega A Cabre, et al. 1998 Urinary levels of metallothioneins and metals in subjects from a semiindustrialized area in Tarragona province of Spain Biol Trace Elem Res 63 113 121 9823437
59. E Freisinger 2008 Plant MTs-long neglected members of the metallothionein superfamily Dalton Transact 47 6663 6675
60. H Fujishiro S Okugaki K Kubota, et al. 2009 The role of ZIP-8 down-regulation in cadmium-resistant metallothionein-null cells J Appl Toxicol 29 367 373 19194888
61. SH Garrett MA Sens JH Todd, et al. 1999 Expression of MT-3 protein in the human kidney Toxicol Lett 105 207 214 10355541
62. SH Garrett V Phillips S Somji, et al. 2002 Transient induction of metallothionein isoform 3 (MT-3), c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc in human proximal tubule cells exposed to cadmium Toxicol Lett 126 69 80 11738272
63. AJ Ghio CA Piantadosi XC Wang, et al. 2005 Divalent metal transporter-1 decreases metal-related injury in the lung Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289 L460 L467 15908475
64. PL Goering CD Klaasen 1984 Resistance to cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in immature rats Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 74 321 329 6740682
65. PL Goering CD Klaassen 1984 Tolerance to cadmium-induced toxicity depends on presynthesized metallothionein in liver J Toxicol Environ Health 14 803 812 6520888
66. PL Goering CD Klaassen 1984 Zinc-induced tolerance to cadmium hepatotoxicity Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 74 299 307 6740679
67. C Gunes R Heuchel O Georgiev, et al. 1998 Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the metal-responsive transcriptional activator MTF-1 EMBO J 17 2846 2854 9582278 (Pubitemid 28227131)
68. H Gunshin B Mackenzie UV Berger, et al. 1997 Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter Nature 388 482 488 9242408
69. SS Habeebu J Liu Y Liu CD Klaassen 2000 Metallothionein-null mice are more sensitive than wild-type mice to liver injury induced by repeated exposure to cadmium Toxicol Sci 55 223 232 10788577 (Pubitemid 30252453)
70. 2-induced bone injury Toxicol Sci 56 211 219 10869470 (Pubitemid 30441481)
71. DH Hamer 1986 Metallothionein Ann Rev Biochem 55 913 951 3527054
72. Q Hao S-H Hong W Maret 2007 Lipid raft-dependent endocytosis of metallothionein in HepG2 cells J Cell Physiol 210 428 435 17111383
73. F Haq M Mahoney J Koropatnick 2003 Signalling events for metallothionein induction Mutat Res 533 211 226 14643422
74. BA Hart GW Voss CL Willean 1989 Pulmonary tolerance to cadmium following cadmium aerosol pretreatment Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 101 447 460 2481347
75. BA Hart Q Gong JD Eneman, et al. 1995 In vivo expression of metallothionein in rat alveolar macrophages and type II epithelial cells following repeated cadmium aerosol exposure Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 133 82 90 7597713
76. BA Hart RJ Potts RD Watkin 2001 Cadmium adaptation in the lung-a double-edged sword Toxicology 160 1-3 65 70 11246125
77. CM Herak-Kramberger I Sabolic 2001 The integrity of renal cortical brush-border and basolateral membrane vesicles is damaged in vitro by nephrotoxic heavy metals Toxicology 156 139 147 11164616
78. +-ATPase and endocytosis in rat kidney cortex Kidney Int 53 1713 1726 9607204
79. +-ATPase-mediated acidification in the rat epididymis Biol Reprod 63 599 606 10906070
80. R Heuchel F Radtke O Georgiev, et al. 1994 The transcription factor MTF-1 is essential for basal and heavy metal-induced metallothionein gene expression EMBO J 13 2870 2875 8026472
81. JG Hoey SH Garrett MA Sens, et al. 1997 Expression of MT-3 mRNA in human kidney, proximal tubule cell cultures, and renal cell carcinoma Toxicol Lett 92 149 160 9295238
82. I Hozumi JS Suzuki H Kanazawa, et al. 2008 Metallothionein-3 is expressed in the brain and various peripheral organs of the rat Neurosci Lett 438 54 58 18479819
83. J Huff RM Lunn MP Waalkes, et al. 2007 Cadmium-induced cancers in animals and in humans Int J Occup Environ Health 13 202 212 17718178
84. PE Hunziker P Kaur M Wan, et al. 1995 Primary structures of 7 metallothionenis from rabbit tissue Biochem J 306 265 270 7864820
85. M Hutton 1983 Sources of cadmium in the environment Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 7 9 24 6303746
86. MB Iszard J Liu YP Liu, et al. 1995 Characterization of metallothionein-I-transgenic mice Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 133 305 312 7645027
87. S Itoh HW Kim O Nakagawa, et al. 2008 Novel role of antioxidant-1 (Atox1) as a copper-dependent transcription factor involved in cell proliferation J Biol Chem 283 9157 9167 18245776
88. C Jacob W Maret BL Vallee 1998 Control of zinc transfer between thionein, metallothionein, and zinc proteins Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 3489 3494 9520393
89. G Jacquilett O Barbier M Cougnon, et al. 2006 Zinc protects renal function during cadmium intoxication in the rat Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290 F127 F137
90. L Järup A Akesson 2009 Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238 201 208 19409405
91. L Järup M Berglund CG Elinder, et al. 1998 Health effects of cadmium exposure-a review of the literature and a risk estimate Scand J Work Environ Health 24 Suppl. 1 1 52 9569444
92. SH Jeong SSM Habeebu CD Klaassen 2000 Cadmium decreases gap junctional intercellular communications in mouse liver Toxicol Sci 57 156 166 10966522
93. LJ Jiang W Maret BL Vallee 1998 The ATP-metallothionein complex Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 9146 9149 9689048
94. LJ Jiang W Maret BL Vallee 1998 The glutathione redox couple modulates zinc transfer from metallothionein to zinc-depleted sorbitol dehydrogenase Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 3483 3488 9520392
95. T Jin GF Nordberg M Nordberg 1987 Resistance to acute nephrotoxicity induced by cadmium-metallothionein dependence on pretreatment with cadmium chloride Pharmacol Toxicol 61 89 93 3671331
96. TY Jin G Nordberg J Sehlin O Vesterberg 1996 Protection against cadmium-metallothionein nephrotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats-role of increased metallo-thionein synthesis induced by streptozotocin Toxicology 106 55 63 8571402
97. MD Johnson N Kenney A Stoica, et al. 2003 Cadmium mimics the in vivo effects of estrogen in the uterus and mammary gland Nature Med 9 1081 1084 12858169
98. P Joseph 2009 Mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238 272 279 19371617
99. JHR Kägi BL Vallee 1960 Metallothionein: a cadmium- and zinc-containing protein from equine renal cortex J Biol Chem 235 3460 3465 13750713
100. YJ Kang 2006 Metallothionein redox cycle Exp Biol Med 231 1459 1467
101. YJ Kang GQ Li JT Saari 1999 Metallothionein inhibits ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse heart Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 45 H993 H997
102. G Kazantzis 2004 Cadmium, osteoporosis and calcium metabolism Biometals 17 493 498 15688852
103. C Kenaga MG Cherian C Cox, et al. 1996 Metallothionein induction and pulmonary responses to inhaled cadmium chloride in rats and mice Fundam Appl Toxicol 30 204 212 8812267
104. WC Kershaw Klaassen 1992 Degradation and metal composition of hepatic isometallothioneins in rats Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 112 24 31 1733046
105. I Khan S Ahmad N Thomas 1998 Differential translation of the alpha-1 isoforms of L-type calcium channel in rat brain and other tissues Biochem Molec Biol Int 45 895 904 9739454
106. A Kher KK Meldrum MJ Wang, et al. 2005 Cellular and molecular mechanisms of sex differences in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury Cardiovasc Res 67 594 603 15950202
107. D Kim SH Garrett MA Sens, et al. 2002 Metallothionein isoform 3 and proximal tubule vectorial active transport Kidney Int 61 464 472 11849386
108. T Kimura N Itoh KS Min, et al. 1998 Tissue accumulation of cadmium following oral administration to metallothionein-null mice Toxicol Lett 99 85 90 9817079
109. CD Klaassen LD Lehman-McKeeman 1989 Regulation of the isoforms of metallothionein Biol Trace Elem Res 21 119 129 2484577
110. CD Klaassen J Liu 1997 Role of metallothionein in cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity Drug Metab Rev 29 79 102 9187512
111. CD Klaassen S Choudhuri JM McKim Jr, et al. 1994 In vitro and in vivo studies on degradation of metallothionein Environ Health Perspect 102 Suppl 3 141 146 7843089
112. CD Klaassen J Liu S Choudhuri 1999 Metallothionein: an intracellular protein to protect against cadmium toxicity Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39 267 294 10331085
113. CD Klaassen J Liu BA Diwan 2009 Metallothionein protection of cadmium toxicity Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238 215 220 19362100
114. RB Klassen K Crenshaw R Kozyraki, et al. 2004 Megalin mediates renal uptake of heavy metal metallothionein complexes Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 287 F393 F403 15126248
115. MA Knepper T Pisitkun 2007 Exosomes in urine: who would have thought.? Kidney Int 72 1043 1045 17943150
116. AS Koh TA Simmons-Willis JB Pritchard, et al. 2002 Identification of a mechanism by which the methylmercury antidotes N-acetylcysteine and dimercaptopropanesulfonate enhance urinary metal excretion: Transport by the renal organic anion transporter-1 Mol Pharmacol 62 921 926 12237339
117. JI Kourie 1998 Interaction of reactive oxygen species with ion transport mechanisms Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 275 C1 C24
118. RK Kuester MP Waalkes PL Goering, et al. 2002 Differential hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium in Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats Toxicol Sci 65 151 159 11752694
119. O LaRochelle V Gagne J Charron, et al. 2001 Phosphorylation is involved in the activation of metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 in response to metal ions J Biol Chem 276 41879 41888 11551972
120. LH Lash DA Pull F Xu, et al. 2007 Role of rat organic anion transporter 3 (Oat3) in the renal basolateral transport of glutathione Chem Biol Interact 170 124 134 17719021
121. Laskey GL Rehnberg SC Laws, et al. 1984 Reproductive effects of low acute doses of cadmium chloride in adult male rats Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 73 250 255 6710525
122. 2+ uniporter Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288 F27 F39 15339793
123. LD Lehman CD Klaassen 1986 Dosage-dependent disposition of cadmium administered orally to rats Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 84 159 167 3715862
124. M Levadoux C Mahon JH Beattie, et al. 1999 Nuclear import of metallothionein requires its mRNA to be associated with the perinuclear cytoskeleton J Biol Chem 274 34961 34966 10574972
125. J Liu CD Klaassen 1996 Absorption and distribution of cadmium in metallothionein-I transgenic mice Fund Appl Toxicol 29 294 300
126. 2 and Cd-metallothionein in cultured rat kidney proximal tubules and LLC-PK1 cells Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 128 264 270 7940541
127. YP Liu J Liu MB Iszard, et al. 1995 Transgenic mice that overexpress metallothionein-1 are protected from cadmium lethality and hepatotoxicity Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 135 222 228 8545831
128. J Liu Y Liu AE Michalska, et al. 1996 Distribution and retention of cadmium in metallothionein I and II null mice Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 136 260 268 8619234 (Pubitemid 26070892)
129. Y Liu J Liu R Palmiter, et al. 1996 Metallothionein-I-transgenic mice are not protected from acute cadmium-metallothionein-induced nephrotoxicity Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 137 307 315 8661357
130. J Liu Y Liu SS Habeebu, et al. 1998 Susceptibility of MT-null mice to chronic CdCl2-induced nephrotoxicity indicates that renal injury is not mediated by the CdMT complex Toxicol Sci 46 197 203 9928683
131. 2 exposure Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 159 98 108 10495773
132. YP Liu J Liu SM Habeebu, et al. 1999 Metallothionein protects against the nephrotoxicity produced by chronic CdMT exposure Toxicol Sci 50 221 227 10478858
133. J Liu C Corton DJ Dix, et al. 2001 Genetic background but not metallothionein phenotype dictates sensitivity to cadmium-induced testicular injury in mice Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 176 1 9 11578143
134. YP Liu J Liu CD Klaassen 2001 Metallothionein-null and wild-type mice show similar cadmium absorption and tissue distribution following oral cadmium administration Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 175 253 259 11559024
135. J Liu ML Cheng Q Yang, et al. 2007 Blood metallothionein transcript as a biomarker for metal sensitivity: low blood metallothionein transcripts in arsenicosis patients from Guizhou, China Environ Health Perspect 115 1101 1106 17637929
136. J Liu W Qu MB Kadiiska 2009 Role of oxidative stress in cadmium toxicity and carcinogenicity Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238 209 214 19236887
137. H Lu TY Jin G Nordberg, et al. 2005 Metallothionein gene expression in peripheral lymphocytes and renal dysfunction in a population environmentally exposed to cadmium Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 206 150 156 15967203
138. MA Lynes K Zaffuto DW Unfricht, et al. 2006 The physiological roles of extracellular metallothionein Exp Biol Med 231 1548 1554
139. W Maret 2003 Cellular zinc and redox states converge in the metallothionein/thionein pair J Nutr 133 1460S 1462S 12730443
140. V Marshansky S Bourgoin I Londono, et al. 1997 Receptor-mediated endocytosis in kidney proximal tubules: recent advances and hypothesis Electrophoresis 18 2661 2676 9580051
141. P Massany N Lukac V Uhrin, et al. 2007 Female reproductive toxicology of cadmium Acta Biol Hungar 58 287 299
142. BA Masters E Kelly CJ Quaife, et al. 1994 Targeted disruption of metallothionein I and II genes increase sensitivity to cadmium Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 584 588 8290567
143. IM McKenna RM Bare MP Waalkes 1996 Metallothionein gene expression in testicular interstitial cells and liver of rats treated with cadmium Toxicology 107 121 130 8599171
144. IM McKenna T Gordon LC Chen, et al. 1998 Expression of metallothionein protein in the lungs of Wistar rats and C57 and DBA mice exposed to cadmium oxide fumes Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 153 169 178 9878588
145. JM McKim Jr S Choudhuri CD Klaassen 1992 In vitro degradation of apo-, zinc-, and cadmium-metallothionein by cathepsin B, C, and D Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 116 117 124 1529444
146. M Mendez-Armenta C Rios 2007 Cadmium neurotoxicity Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 23 350 358
147. OJ Mesna TW Wilhelmsen RA Andersen 2000 Correlations between cadmium treatment, oxygen uptake and metallothionein response in liver and kidney from two mice strains Comp Biochem Physiol B 125 21 27 10840637
148. S Mididoddi JP McGuirt MA Sens, et al. 1996 Isoform-specific expression of metallothionein mRNA in the developing and adult human kidney Toxicol Lett 85 17 27 8619255
149. AT Miles GM Hawksworth JH Beattie, et al. 2000 Induction, regulation, degradation, and biological significance of mammalian metallothioneins Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 35 35 70 10755665
150. H Milnerwicz M Jablonowska A Bizon 2009 Change of zinc, copper, and metallothionein concentrations and the copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity in patients with pancreatitis Pancreas 38 681 688
151. KS Min A Hatta S Onosaka, et al. 1987 Protective role of renal metallothionein against Cd nephrotoxicity in rats Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 88 294 301 3564045
152. RR Misra KA Crance RM Bare, et al. 1997 Lack of correlation between the inducibility of metallothionein mRNA and metallothionein protein in cadmium-exposed rodents Toxicology 117 99 109 9057889
153. P Moffatt F Denizeau 1997 Metallothionein in physiological and pathophysiological processes Drug Metab Rev 29 261 307 9187522
154. P Moffatt C Seguin 1998 Expression of the gene encoding metallothionein-3 in organs of the reproductive system DNA Cell Biol 17 501 510 9655243
155. O Moltedo C Verde A Capasso, et al. 2000 Zinc transport and metallothionein secretion in the intestinal human cell line Caco-2 J Biol Chem 275 31819 31825 10896936
156. T Nagano N Itoh C Ebisutani, et al. 2000 The transport mechanism of metallothionein is different from that of classical NLS-bearing protein J Cell Physiol 185 440 446 11056015
157. W Nickel 2003 The mystery of nonclassical protein secretion. A current view on cargo proteins and potential export routes Eur J Biochem 270 2109 2119 12752430
158. KB Nielson CL Atkin DR Winge 1985 Distinct metal-binding configurations in metallothionein J Biol Chem 260 5342 5350 3988757
159. H Nishimura N Nishimura C Tohyama 1989 Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in developing rat tissues J Histochem Cytochem 37 715 722 2703706 (Pubitemid 19112409)
160. N Nishimura H Nishimura C Tohyama 1989 Localization of metallothionein in female reproductive organs of rat and Guinea pig J Histochem Cytochem 37 1601 1607 2809172
161. K Nomiyama 1980 Recent progress and perspectives in cadmium health effects studies Sci Total Environ 14 199 232 6771869
162. K Nomiyama H Nomiyama N Kameda 1998 Plasma cadmium-metallothionein, a biological exposure for cadmium-induced renal dysfunction, based on the mechanism of its action Toxicology 129 157 168 9772094
163. GF Nordberg 1975 Effects of long-term cadmium exposure on the seminal vesicles of mice J Reprod Fert 45 165 167
164. M Nordberg 1998 Metallothionenis: historical review and state of knowledge Talanta 46 243 254 18967148
165. GF Nordberg 2009 Historical perspectives on cadmium toxicology Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238 192 200 19341754
166. M Nordberg GF Nordberg 2000 Toxicological aspects of metallothionein Cell Mol Biol 46 451 463 10774933
167. M Nordberg GF Nordberg 2009 Metallothioneins: historical development and overview Met Ions Life Sci 5 1 29
168. GF Nordberg JS Garvey CC Chang 1982 Metallothionein in plasma and urine of cadmium workers Environ Res 28 179 182 7049686
169. N Oda CA Sogawa N Sogawa, et al. 2001 Metallothionein expression and localization in rat bone tissue after cadmium injection Toxicol Lett 123 143 150 11641042 (Pubitemid 32971720)
170. Y Ogra KT Suzuki 2000 Nuclear trafficking of metallothionein. Possible mechanisms and current knowledge Cell Mol Biol 46 357 365 10774925
171. SH Oh JT Deagen PD Whanger, et al. 1978 Biological function of metallothionein. V. Its induction in rats by various stresses Am J Physiol 234 E282 E285 629343
172. T Okamoto SY Jeong Y Takahashi, et al. 2001 Expression of the alpha 1D subunit of the L-type voltage gated calcium channel in human liver Int J Mol Med 8 413 416 11562780
173. IM Olsson I Bensryd T Lundh, et al. 2002 Cadmium in blood and urine-impact of sex, age, dietary intake, iron status, and former smoking-association of renal effects Environ Health Perspect 110 1185 1190 12460796
174. A Omarova CJC Phillips 2007 A meta-analysis of literature data relating to the relationship between cadmium intake and toxicity indicators in humans Environ Res 103 432 440 17109840
175. S Onosaka MG Cherian 1981 Induced synthesis of metallothionein in various tissues of rats in response to metals. I. Repeated cadmium injection Toxicology 22 91 101 7324075
176. S Onosaka KS Min Y Fujita, et al. 1988 High concentration of pancreatic metallothionein in normal mice Toxicology 50 27 35 2968686
177. BJ Padanilam 2003 Cell death induced by acute renal injury: a perspective on the contributions of apoptosis and necrosis Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 284 F608 F627 12620919
178. RD Palmiter 1987 Molecular biology of metallothionein gene expression Exp Suppl 52 63 80
179. RD Palmiter 1994 Regulation of metallothionein genes by heavy metals appears to be mediated by a zinc-sensitive inhibitor that interacts with a constitutively active transcription factor, MTF-1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 1219 1223 8108390
180. RD Palmiter 1998 The elusive function of metallothioneins Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 8428 8430 9671693
181. RD Palmiter SD Findley TE Whitmore, et al. 1992 MT-III, a brain-specific member of the metallothionein gene family Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 6333 6337 1631128
182. P Palumaa E Eriste O Njunkova, et al. 2002 Brain-specific metallothionein-3 has higher metal-binding capacity than ubiquitous metallothioneins and binds metals noncooperatively Biochemistry 41 6158 6163 11994011
183. P Palumaa E Eriste K Kruusel, et al. 2003 Metal binding to brain-specific metallothionein-3 studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry Cell Mol Biol 49 763 768 14528913
184. A Pattanaik CF Shaw III DH Petering, et al. 1994 Basal metallothionein in tumors: widespread presence of apoprotein J Inorg Biochem 54 91 105 8176397
185. DJ Perkins 1961 Studies on the interaction of zinc, cadmium and mercury ions with native and chemically modified human serum albumin Biochem J 80 668 672 13734389
186. DH Petering J Zhu S Krezoski, et al. 2006 Apo-metallothionein emerging as a major player in the cellular activities of metallothionein Exp Biol Med 231 1528 1534
187. DH Petering S Krezoski NM Tabatabai 2009 Metallothionein toxicology: metal ion trafficking and cellular protection Met Ions Life Sci 5 353 397
188. TND Pham JA Segui C Fortin, et al. 2004 Cadmium uptake in rat hepatocytes in relation to speciation and to complexation with metallothionein and albumin J Cell Physiol 201 320 330 15334666
189. SR Powel 2000 The antioxidant properties of zinc J Nutr 130 1447S 1454S
190. WC Prozialeck 2000 Evidence that E-cadherin may be a target for cadmium toxicity in epithelial cells Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 164 231 249 10799334
191. WC Prozialeck DR Wellington PC Lamar 1993 Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of cadmium chloride and cadmium-metallothionein in LLC-PK1 cells Life Sci 53 PL337 PL342 8412516
192. WC Prozialeck PC Lamar SA Lynch 2003 Cadmium alters the localization of
193. W Qu R Fuquay T Sakurai, et al. 2006 Acquisition of apoptotic resistance in cadmium-induced malignant transformation: specific perturbation of JNK signal transduction pathway and associated metallothionein overexpression Mol Carcinog 45 561 571 16568437
194. CJ Quaife SD Findley JC Erickson, et al. 1994 Induction of a new metallothionein isoform (MT-IV) occurs during differentiation of stratified squamous epithelia Biochemistry 33 7250 7259 8003488
195. MT Rahman A Vandingenen M DeLey 2000 Metallothionein biosynthesis in human RBC precursors Cell Physiol Biochem 10 237 242 11093034
196. SVS Rana 2008 Metals and apoptosis: recent developments J Trace Elem Med Biol 22 262 284 19013355
197. A Regnier L Dannhoffer S Blouquit-Laye, et al. 2008 Expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in the human distal lung Human Pathol 39 368 376
198. XY Ren Y Zhou HP Zhang, et al. 2003 Metallothionein gene expression under different time in testicular Sertoli and spermatogenic cells of rats treated with cadmium Reprod Toxicol 17 219 227 12642155 (Pubitemid 36428316)
199. XY Ren Y Zhou JP Zhang, et al. 2003 Expression of metallothionein gene at different time in testicular intersticial cells and liver of rats treated with cadmium World J Gastroenterol 9 1554 1558 12854162 (Pubitemid 36992353)
200. H Roels R Lauwerys JP Buchet, et al. 1983 Significance of urinary metallothionein in workers exposed to cadmium Int Arch Occup Environ Health 52 159 166 6354939
201. N Romero-Isart M Vašak 2002 Advances in the structure and chemistry of metallothioneins J Inorg Biochem 88 388 396 11897355
202. I Sabolic 2006 Common mechanisms in nephropathy induced by toxic metals Nephron Physiol 104 107 114
203. I Sabolic CM Herak-Kramberger D Brown 2001 Subchronic cadmium treatment affects the abundance and arrangement of cytoskeletal proteins in rat renal proximal tubule cells Toxicology 165 205 216 11522379
204. I Sabolic M Ljubojevic CM Herak-Kramberger, et al. 2002 Cd-MT causes endocytosis of brush-border transporters in rat renal proximal tubules Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 283 F1389 F1402 12426237
205. I Sabolic CM Herak-Kramberger R Antolovic, et al. 2006 Loss of basolateral invaginations in proximal tubules of cadmium-intoxicated rats is independent of microtubules and clathrin Toxicology 218 149 163 16288946
206. T Sagiura H Nakamura 1994 Metallothionein in platelets Int Arch Allerg Immunol 103 341 348
207. SLA Samson L Gedamu 1998 Molecular analyses of metallothionein gene regulation Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 59 257 288 9427845
208. ZA Shaikh K Hirayama 1979 Metallothionein in the extracellular fluids as an index of cadmium toxicity Environ Health Perspect 28 267 271 488041
209. ZA Shaikh SA Jordan PC Tewari 1993 Cadmium disposition and metallothionein induction in mice-strain-dependent, sex-dependent, age-dependent and dose-dependent differences Toxicology 80 51 70 8322372
210. ZA Shaikh TT Vu K Zaman 1999 Oxidative stress as a mechanism of chronic cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity and protection by antioxidants Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 154 256 263 9931285
211. A Shimada M Yanagida T Umemura 1997 An immunohistochemical study on the tissue-specific localization of metallothionein in dogs J Comp Pathol 116 1 11 9076595
212. N Shiraishi JF Hochadel TP Coogan, et al. 1995 Sensitivity to cadmium-induced genotoxicity in rat testicular cells is associated with minimal expression of the metallothionein gene Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 130 229 236 7871536
213. TJB Simons 1991 Intracellular free zinc and zinc buffering in human red blood cells J Membr Biol 123 63 71 1774775
214. ER Siu DD Mruk CS Porto, et al. 2009 Cadmium-induced testicular injury Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238 240 249 19236889
215. IV Smirnova DC Bittel R Ravindra, et al. 2000 Zinc and cadmium can promote rapid nuclear translocation of metal response element-binding transcription factor-1 J Biol Chem 275 9377 9384 10734081
216. CP Smith F Thevenod 2009 Iron transport and the kidney Biochim Biophys Acta 1790 724 730 19041692
217. D Solaiman MM Jonah W Miyazaki, et al. 2001 Increased metallothionein in mouse liver, kidneys, and duodenum during lactation Toxicol Sci 60 184 192 11222885
218. 2+-exposed human proximal tubule cells Toxicol Sci 80 358 366 15129022
219. 3+-induced cell death Toxicol Sci 94 293 301 16980690
220. V Souza L Bucio MC Gutierrez-Ruiz 1997 Cadmium uptake by a human hepatic cell line (WRL-68 cells) Toxicology 120 215 220 9217308
221. MJ Stillman 1995 Metallothioneins Coordin Chem Rev 144 461 511
222. N Sugihira C Tohyama M Murakami, et al. 1986 Significance of increase in urinary metallothionein of rats repeatedly exposed to cadmium Toxicology 41 1 9 3750333
223. DA Suhy KD Simon DIH Linzer, et al. 1999 Metallothionein is part of a zinc-scavenging mechanism for cell survival under conditions of extreme zinc deprivation J Biol Chem 274 9183 9192 10092590
224. SA Susin N Zamzami G Kroemer 1998 Mitochondria as regulators of apoptosis: doubt no more Biochim Biophys Acta 1366 151 165 9714783
225. EI Szczurek CS Bjornsson CG Taylor 2001 Dietary zinc deficiency and repletion modulate metallothionein immunolocalization and concentration in small intestine and liver of rats J Nutr 131 2132 2138 11481407
226. EI Szczurek CS Bjornsson AD Noto, et al. 2009 Renal metallothionein responds rapidly and site specifically to zinc repletion in growing rats J Trace Elem Med Biol 23 176 182 19486827
227. Y Takahashi Y Ogra KT Suzuki 2005 Nuclear trafficking of metallothionein requires oxidation of a cytosolic partner J Cell Physiol 202 563 569 15316928
228. H Takano K Inoue R Yanagisawa, et al. 2004 Protective role of metallothionein in acute lung injury induced by bacterial endotoxin Thorax 59 1057 1072 15563705
229. W Tang ZA Shaikh 2001 Renal cortical mitochondrial dysfunction upon cadmium metallothionein administration to Sprague-Dawley rats J Toxicol Environ Health A 63 221 235 11405417
230. L Tapia M Gonzales-Aguero MF Cisternas, et al. 2004 Metallothionein is crucial for safe intracellular copper storage and cell survival at normal and supra-physiological exposure levels Biochem J 378 617 624 14627437
231. BA Taylor HJ Heiniger H Meier 1973 Genetic analysis of resistance to cadmium-induced testicular damage in mice Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 143 629 633 4719448
232. SE Theocharis AP Margeli A Koutselinis 2003 Metallothionein: a multifunctional protein from toxicity to cancer Int J Biol Markers 18 162 169 14535585
233. F Thevenod 2003 Nephrotoxicity and the proximal tubule. Insights from cadmium Nephron Physiol 93 87 93
234. F Thevenod 2009 Cadmium and signalling cascades: to be or not to be Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238 221 239 19371614
235. F Thevenod 2010 Catch me if you can! Novel aspects of cadmium transport in mammalian cells Biometals 10.1007/s10534-010-9309-1
236. S Thijssen J Maringwa C Faes, et al. 2007 Chronic exposure of mice to environmentally relevant, low doses of cadmium leads to early renal damage, not predicted by blood or urine cadmium levels Toxicology 229 145 156 17113697
237. C Tohyama ZA Shaikh 1981 Metallothionein in plasma and urine of cadmium-exposed rats determined by a single-antibody radioimmunoassay Fundam Appl Toxicol 1 1 7 7184770
238. C Tohyama ZA Shaikh KJ Ellis, et al. 1981 Metallothionein excretion in urine upon cadmium exposure: its relationship with liver and kidney cadmium Toxicology 22 181 191 7340007
239. C Tohyama ZA Shaikh K Nogawa, et al. 1981 Elevated urinary excretion of metallothionein due to environmental cadmium exposure Toxicology 20 289 297 7031990
240. C Tohyama H Nishimura N Nishimura 1988 Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in the liver and kidney of cadmium- or zinc-treated rats Acta Histochem Cytochem 21 91 102
241. ARW Torky E Stehfest K Viehweger, et al. 2005 Immuno-histochemical detection of MRPs in human lung cells in culture Toxicology 207 437 450 15664271
242. P Trayhurn JS Duncan AM Wood, et al. 2000 Metallothionein expression and secretion in white adipose tissue Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279 R2329 R2335 11080101
243. JF Turrens 2003 Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species J Physiol 552 335 344 14561818
244. M Vahter A Akesson C Liden, et al. 2007 Gender differences in the disposition and toxicity of metals Environ Res 104 85 95 16996054
245. BL Vallee DD Ulmer 1972 Biochemical effects of mercury, cadmium, and lead Ann Rev Biochem 41 91 128 4570963
246. M Vašak DW Hasler 2000 Metallothioneins: new functional and structural insights Curr Opin Chem Biol 4 177 183 10742189
247. MH Vasconcetos SC Tam JE Hesketh, et al. 2002 Metal- and tissue-dependent relationship between metallothionein mRNA and protein Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 182 91 97
248. PJ Verroust R Kozyraki 2001 The roles of cubilin and megalin, two multiligand receptors, in proximal tubule function: possible implication in the progression of renal disease Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 10 33 38 11195049
249. MP Waalkes 2000 Cadmium carcinogenesis in review J Inorg Biochem 79 241 244 10830873
250. MP Waalkes CD Klaassen 1985 Concentration of metallothionein in major organs of rats after administration of various metals Fundam Appl Toxicol 5 473 477 4007305
251. MP Waalkes MJ Harvey CD Klaassen 1984 Relative in vitro affinity of hepatic metallothionein for metals Toxicol Lett 20 33 39 6695394
252. M Waisberg P Joseph B Hale, et al. 2003 Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis Toxicology 192 95 117 14580780
253. Y Wang J Fang SS Leonard, et al. 2004 Cadmium inhibits the electron transfer chain and induces reactive oxygen species Free Radic Biol Med 36 1434 1443 15135180
254. Y Wang U Wimmer P Lichtlen, et al. 2004 Metal-responsive transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) is essential for embryonic liver development and heavy metal detoxification in the adult liver FASEB J 18 1071 1079 15226267
255. SR Watkins RM Hodge DC Cowman, et al. 1977 Cadmium-binding serum proteins Biochim Biophys Res Commun 74 1408 1410
256. Webb M (1986) Role of metallothionein in cadmium metabolism. In: Foulkes EC (ed) Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 80. Springer, Berlin, pp 281-337
257. SC Wesselkamper SA McDowel M Medvedovic, et al. 2006 The role of metallothionein in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 34 73 82
258. TW Wilhelmsen PA Olsvik BH Hansen, et al. 2002 Evidence for oligomerization of metallothioneins in their functional state J Chromatogr A 979 249 254 12498255
259. U Wimmer Y Wang O Georgiev, et al. 2005 Two major branches of anti-cadmium defense in the mouse: MTF-1/metallothioneins and glutathione Nucl Acid Res 33 5715 5727
260. DR Winge KA Miklossy 1982 Domain nature of metallothionein J Biol Chem 257 3471 3476 6801048
261. T Wlostowski 1993 Involvement of metallothionein and copper in cell proliferation Biometals 6 71 76 8358208
262. NA Wolff M Abouhamed FJ Verroust, et al. 2006 Megalin-dependent internalization of cadmium-metallothionein and cytotoxicity in cultured renal proximal tubule cells J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318 782 791 16690719
263. NA Wolff W-K Lee M Abouhamed, et al. 2008 Role of ARF6 in internalization of metal-binding proteins, metallothionein and transferrin, and cadmium-metallothionein toxicity in kidney proximal tubule cells Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 230 78 85 18353411
264. HQ Xie YJ Kang 2009 Role of cooper in angiogenesis and its medicinal implications Curr Med Chem 16 1304 1314 19355887
265. T Yamano M Shimizu T Noda 1998 Comparative effects of repeated administration of cadmium on kidney, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow in 2-, 4-, and 8-month-old male Wistar rats Toxicol Sci 46 393 402 10048143
266. Y Yang W Maret BL Vallee 2001 Differential fluorescence labeling of cysteinyl clusters uncovers high tissue levels of thionein Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 5556 5559 11331777
267. B Ye W Maret BL Vallee 2001 Zinc metallothionein imported into liver mitochondria modulates respiration Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 2317 2322 11226237
268. SJ Yiin CL Chern JY Sheu, et al. 1999 Cadmium-induced renal lipid peroxidation in rats and protection by selenium J Toxicol Environ Health A 57 403 413 10478822
269. M Yoshida H Ohta Y Yamauchi, et al. 1998 Age-dependent changes in metallothionein levels in liver and kidney of the Japanese Biol Trace Elem Res 63 167 175 9823442
270. RK Zalups S Ahmad 2003 Molecular handling of cadmium in transporting epithelia Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 186 163 188 12620369
271. K Zangger G Oz IM Armitage 2000 Re-evaluation of the binding of ATP to metallothionein J Biol Chem 275 7534 7538 10713058
272. K Zangger G Shen G Oz JD Otvos IM Armitage 2001 Oxidative dimerization in metallothionein is a result of intermolecular disulphide bonds between cysteines in the alpha-domain Biochem J 359 353 360 11583581
273. 2 in vitro is modulated by metallothionein Mol Cell Biol 23 8471 8485 14612393
274. H Zheng NEJ Berman CD Klaassen 1995 Chemical modulation of metallothinein I and III mRNA in mouse brain Neurochem Int 27 43 58 7655347