Adaptive microsensor systems

Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 255-276

  Gutierrez Osuna, Ricardo ^a   Hierlemann, Andreas ^b  

^a Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering   (United States)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

active sensing; adaptive filtering; integrated analytical systems; integrated sensing and processing; tunable sensors

Indexed keywords

ACTIVE SENSING; ADAPTIVE CLASSIFIERS; ADAPTIVE SENSING; ANALYTICAL SYSTEMS; CHEMOSENSOR; DISTRIBUTED SENSOR SYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; EXPOSURE TIME; INSTRUMENTATION LEVEL; INTEGRATED SENSING AND PROCESSING; MICRO-ANALYSIS SYSTEMS; MICROSENSOR SYSTEM; OPERATING PARAMETERS; OPERATION VOLTAGE; PATTERN CLASSIFIER; REAL TIME; SENSING TECHNIQUES; STATISTICAL PROPERTIES; TRAINING DATA; TUNABILITIES; TUNABLE SENSORS;

ADAPTIVE FILTERS; CLASSIFIERS; DATA HANDLING; SENSORS;

ADAPTIVE FILTERING;

ELECTRON TRANSPORT; GENETIC PROCEDURES; INSTRUMENTATION; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW;

BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; ELECTRON TRANSPORT;

EID: 78049408011     PISSN: 19361327     EISSN: 19361335     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073620     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. McKennoch S, Wilson DM. 2002. Autoranging compensation for variable baseline chemical sensors. Proc. SPIE 4576:96-107 (Pubitemid 35213437)
2. Zhang J, Zhou J, Mason A. 2007. Highly adaptive transducer interface circuit for multiparameter microsystems. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I 54:167-78 (Pubitemid 46351028)
3. Baschirotto A, Capone S, DAmico A, Di Natale C, Ferragina V, et al 2008. A portable integrated wide-range gas sensing system with smart A/D front-end. Sens. Actuators B 130:164-74 (Pubitemid 351380400)
4. Grassi M, Malcovati P, Baschirotto A. 2007. A 141-dB dynamic rangeCMOSgas-sensor interface circuit without calibration with 16-bit digital output word. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 42:1543-54 (Pubitemid 47000219)
5. Göpel W, Jones TA, Kleitz M, Lundstr öm I, Seiyama T. 1991. Chemical and biochemical sensors. In Sensors, A Comprehensive Survey, ed.WGöpel, J Hesse, JN Zemel, vol. 2/3.Weinheim, Ger.: VCH
6. Janata J. 2001. Centennial retrospective on chemical sensors. Anal. Chem. 73:A150-53 (Pubitemid 32204896)
7. Gardner JW, Bartlett PN. 1999. Electronic Noses: Principles and Applications. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
8. Kress-Rogers E, ed. 1997. Handbook of Biosensors and Electronic Noses: Medicine, Food, and the Environment. Boca Raton: CRC
9. Madou MJ, Morrison SR. 1989. Chemical Sensing with Solid State Devices. Boston: Academic
10. Janata J, Josowicz M, Vanysek P, DeVaney DM. 1998. Chemical sensors. Anal. Chem. 70:179-208 (Pubitemid 128501951)
11. Janata J. 2009. Principles of Chemical Sensors. Heidelberg/New York: Springer Sci./Bus. Media
12. GöpelW. 1998. Chemical imaging. I. Concepts and visions for electronic and bioelectronic noses. Sens. Actuators B 52:125-42 (Pubitemid 128457015)
13. Weimar U, GöpelW. 1998. Chemical imaging. II. Trends in practical multiparameter sensor systems. Sens. Actuators B 52:143-61 (Pubitemid 128457016)
14. Hierlemann A, Gutierrez-Osuna R. 2008. Higher-order chemical sensing. Chem. Rev. 108:563-613 (Pubitemid 351344450)
15. Ballantine DS, White RM, Martin SJ, Ricco AJ, Zellers ET, et al 1997. Acoust. Wave Sensors. San Diego/London: Academic
16. Lee AP, Reedy BJ. 1999. Temperature modulation in semiconductor gas sensing. Sens. Actuators B 60:35-42
17. Meier DC, Evju JK, Boger Z, Raman B, Benkstein KD, et al 2007. The potential for and challenges of detecting chemical hazards with temperature-programmed microsensors. Sens. Actuators B 121:282-94 (Pubitemid 46123905)
18. Kunt TA, McAvoy TJ, Cavicchi RE, Semancik S. 1998. Optimization of temperature programmed sensing for gas identification using micro-hotplate sensors. Sens. Actuators B 53:24-43 (Pubitemid 128429405)
19. Raman B, Meier DC, Evju JK, Semancik S. 2009. Designing and optimizing microsensor arrays for recognizing chemical hazards in complex environments. Sens. Actuators B 137:617-29
20. Cavicchi RE, Suehle JS, Kreider KG, Gaitan M, Chaparala P. 1995. Fast temperature-programmed sensing for micro-hotplate gas sensors. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 16:286-88
21. Semancik S, Cavicchi RE, Wheeler MC, Tiffany JE, Poirier GE, et al 2001. Microhotplate platforms for chemical sensor research. Sens. Actuators B 77:579-91 (Pubitemid 32544405)
22. Wlodek S, Colbow K, Consadori F. 1991. Signal-shape analysis of a thermally cycled tin-oxide gas sensor. Sens. Actuators B 3:63-68 (Pubitemid 21729523)
23. Simon T, Barsan N, Bauer M, Weimar U. 2001. Micromachined metal oxide gas sensors: opportunities to improve sensor performance. Sens. Actuators B 73:1-26 (Pubitemid 32874436)
24. Demarne V, Grisel A. 1988. An integrated low-power thin-film CO gas sensor on silicon. Sens. Actuators 13:301-13
25. Graf M, Barrettino D, Taschini S, Hagleitner C, Hierlemann A, Baltes H. 2004. Metal oxide-based monolithic complementary metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor microsystem. Anal. Chem. 76:4437-45 (Pubitemid 39014018)
26. Graf M, Jurischka R, Barrettino D, Hierlemann A. 2005. 3D nonlinear modeling of microhotplates in CMOS technology for use as metal-oxide-based gas sensors. J. Micromech. Microeng. 15:190-200 (Pubitemid 40121494)
27. Fort A, Gregorkiewitz M, Machetti N, Rocchi S, Serrano B, et al 2002. Selectivity enhancement of SnO2 sensors by means of operating temperature modulation. Thin Solid Films 418:2-8 (Pubitemid 35214075)
28. Heilig A, Barsan N, Weimar U, Schweizer-Berberich M, Gardner JW,GöpelW. 1997. Gas identification by modulating temperatures of SnO2-based thick film sensors. Sens. Actuators B 43:45-51 (Pubitemid 127406127)
29. Cavicchi RE, Suehle JS, Kreider KG, Gaitan M, Chaparala P. 1996. Optimized temperature-pulse sequences for the enhancement of chemically specific response patterns frommicro-hotplate gas sensors. Sens. Actuators B 33:142-46 (Pubitemid 126378750)
30. Semancik S, Cavicchi R. 1998. Kinetically controlled chemical sensing using micromachined structures. Acc. Chem. Res. 31:279-87 (Pubitemid 128474562)
31. Müller G, Friedberger A, Kreisl P, Ahlers S, Schulz O, Becker T. 2003. A MEMS toolkit for metaloxide- based gas sensing systems. Thin Solid Films 436:34-45
32. Frey U, Graf M, Taschini S, Kirstein KU, Hierlemann A. 2007. A digital CMOS architecture for a micro-hotplate array. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 42:441-50 (Pubitemid 46374528)
33. Graf M, Frey U, Taschini S, Hierlemann A. 2006. Micro hot plate-based sensor array system for the detection of environmentally relevant gases. Anal. Chem. 78:6801-8 (Pubitemid 44522529)
34. Kissinger P, Heineman WR. 1996. Laboratory Techniques in Electroanalytical Chemistry. Boca Raton: CRC
35. Bard AJ, Faulkner LR. 2000. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. New York:Wiley
36. Zoski CG. 2007. Handbook of Electrochemistry. Lausanne, Switz.: Elsevier
37. Hermes T, BühnerM, Bücher S, Sundermeier C, DumschatC, et al 1994. An amperometric microsensor array with 1024 individually addressable elements for two-dimensional concentration mapping. Sens. Actuators B 21:33-37
38. Buttner WJ, Maclay GJ, Stetter JR. 1990. An integrated amperometric microsensor. Sens. Actuators B 1:303-7
39. Wittkampf M, Chemnitius GC, Cammann K, Rospert M, Mokwa W. 1997. Silicon thin film sensor for measurement of dissolved oxygen. Sens. Actuators B 43:40-44 (Pubitemid 127406126)
40. Clark LC. 1956. Monitor and control of blood and tissue oxygen tensions. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs 2:41-48
41. Bazzu G, Puggioni GG, Dedola S, Calia G, Rocchitta G, et al 2009. Real-time monitoring of brain tissue oxygen using a miniaturized biotelemetric device implanted in freely moving rats. Anal. Chem. 81:2235-41
42. Bai Y, Sun YY, SunCQ. 2008. Pt-Pb nanowire array electrode for enzyme-free glucose detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 24:579-85
43. Burmeister JJ, Palmer M, Gerhardt GA. 2005. L-lactate measures in brain tissue with ceramic-based multisite microelectrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20:1772-79 (Pubitemid 40170146)
44. Schwake A, Ross B, Cammann K. 1998. Chrono amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide in swimming pool water using an ultramicroelectrode array. Sens. Actuators B 46:242-48
45. Van Den Berg A, Grisel A, Verney-Norberg E, van der Schoot BH, Koudelka-Hep M, de Rooij NF. 1993. On-wafer fabricated free-chlorine sensor with ppb detection limit for drinking-water monitoring. Sens. Actuators B 13:396-99
46. Jerman JH, Clift DJ. 1991. Miniature Fabry-Pèrot interferometers micromachined in silicon for use in optical fiber WDM systems. 1991 Int. Conf. Solid-State Sens. Actuators Dig. Tech. Pap., pp. 372-75
47. Jerman JH, Clift DJ, Mallinson SR. 1991. A miniature Fabry-Pèrot interferometer with a corrugated silicon diaphragm support. Sens. Actuators A 29:151-58
48. Alause H, Grasdepot F, Malzac JP, Knap W, Hermann J. 1997. Micromachined optical tunable filter for domestic gas sensors. Sens. Actuators B 43:18-23 (Pubitemid 127406123)
49. Grasdepot F, Alause H, Knap W, Malzac JP, Suski J. 1996. Domestic gas sensor with micromachined optical tunable filter. Sens. Actuators B 36:377-80 (Pubitemid 126375935)
50. Bondavalli P, BenyattouT,GarriguesM,Leclercq JL, Regreny P, et al 1999. Optical andmechanical design of an InP based tunable detector for gas sensing applications. Presented at Conf. Miniat. Syst. Micro-Opt. MEMS, Santa Clara, CA, Sept. 20-22
51. DAmico FM, Emge DK, Marinelli WJ, Gittins CM, Ricks TP. 2003. The Airborne Chemical Imaging System (ACIS). Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 5268:194-201
52. Georgieva EM,Heaps WS,Wilson EL. 2008. Differential radiometers using Fabry-Pèrot interferometric technique for remote sensing of greenhouse gases. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 46:3115-22
53. Han J. 1999. Fabry-Pèrot cavity chemical sensors by siliconmicromachining techniques. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74:445-47 (Pubitemid 129614773)
54. Correia JH, de Graaf G, Kong SH, Bartek M, Wolffenbuttel RF. 2000. Single-chip CMOS optical microspectrometer. Sens. Actuators A 82:191-97
55. Minas G, Ribeiro JC,Martins JS,Wolffenbuttel RF, Correia JH. 2004. An array of Fabry-Pèrot opticalchannels for biological fluids analysis. Sens. Actuators A 115:362-67 (Pubitemid 41675895)
56. MinasG,Wolffenbuttel RF, Correia JH. 2006. An array of highly selective Fabry-Pèrot optical channels for biological fluid analysis by optical absorption using a white light source for illumination. J. Opt. A 8:272-78 (Pubitemid 43345080)
57. Correia JH, Bartek M,Wolffenbuttel RF. 2000. High-selectivity single-chip spectrometer in silicon for operation at visible part of the spectrum. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 47:553-59 (Pubitemid 30578387)
58. Faist J, Capasso F, Sivco DL, Sirtori C, Hutchinson AL, Cho AY. 1994. Quantum cascade laser. Science 264:553-56 (Pubitemid 24186835)
59. Wysocki G, Lewicki R, Curl RF, Tittel FK, Diehl L, et al 2008. Widely tunable mode-hop free external cavity quantum cascade lasers for high resolution spectroscopy and chemical sensing. Appl. Phys. B 92:305-11
60. So SG, Wysocki G, Frantz JP, Tittel FK. 2006. Development of digital signal processor controlled quantum cascade laser based trace gas sensor technology. IEEE Sens. J. 6:1057-67 (Pubitemid 44523127)
61. Tittel FK, Bakhirkin Y, Kosterev AA, Wysocki G. 2006. Recent advances in trace gas detection using quantum and interband cascade lasers. Rev. Laser Eng. 34:275-82
62. Kosterev A, Wysocki G, Bakhirkin Y, So S, Lewicki R, et al 2008. Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis. Appl. Phys. B 90:165-76
63. Day T,Weida M, Arnone D, Crivello S, Caffey D, et al 2009. Compact widely tunable ECqcL and its applications for gas spectroscopy. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 7222:72220G
64. Pushkarsky M, Weida M, Day T, Arnone D, Pritchett R, Caffey D. 2008. Performance characteristics of a compact widely tunable external cavity quantum cascade laser. Rev. Laser Eng. 140:80-83 (Pubitemid 351614121)
65. Schweizer-Berberich M, Vaihinger S, Göpel W. 1994. Characterisation of food freshness with sensor arrays. Sens. Actuators B 18/19:282-90
66. Otagawa T, Stetter JR. 1987. A chemical concentration modulation sensor for selective detection of airborne chemicals. Sens. Actuators 11:251-64 (Pubitemid 17585893)
67. Vaihinger S, Göpel W, Stetter JR. 1991. Detection of halogenated and other hydrocarbons in airresponse functions of catalyst electrochemical sensor systems. Sens. Actuators B 4:337-43 (Pubitemid 21714497)
68. Kummer AM, Burg TP, Hierlemann A. 2006. Transient signal analysis using complementary metal oxide semiconductor capacitive chemical microsensors. Anal. Chem. 78:279-90 (Pubitemid 43050969)
69. Hagleitner C, Lange D, Hierlemann A, Brand O, Baltes H. 2002. CMOS Single-chip gas detection system comprising capacitive, calorimetric and mass-sensitive microsensors. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 37:1867-78 (Pubitemid 34434807)
70. Potkay JA, Driscoll JA, Agah M, Sacks RD, Wise KD. 2003. A high-performance microfabricated gas chromatography column. Proc. IEEE Micro Electro Mech. Syst. (MEMS 03), Kyoto, Jpn., pp. 395-98
71. Tian WC, Chan HKL, Lu CJ, Pang SW, Zellers ET. 2005. Multiple-stage microfabricated preconcentrator-focuser for micro gas chromatography system. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 14:498-507
72. Lewis PR, Manginell RP, Adkins DR, Kottenstette RJ,Wheeler DR, et al 2006. Recent advancements in the gas-phase MicroChemLab. IEEE Sens. J. 6:784-95
73. Lu CJ, SteineckerWH, Tian WC,Oborny MC,Nichols JM, et al 2005. First-generation hybridMEMS gas chromatograph. Lab Chip 5:1123-31
74. Bender F, Barie N, Romoudis G, Voigt A, Rapp A. 2003. Development of a preconcentration unit for a SAW sensor micro array and its use for indoor air quality monitoring. Sens. Actuators B 93:135-41
75. Cho SM, Kim YJ, Heo GS, Shin S-M. 2006. Two-step preconcentration for analysis of exhaled gas of human breath with electronic nose. Sens. Actuators B 117:50-57
76. Nakamoto T, Sukegawa K, Sumitomo E. 2005. Higher order sensing using QCM sensor array and preconcentrator with variable temperature. IEEE Sens. J. 5:68-74 (Pubitemid 40178487)
77. Röck F, Gurlo A, Weimar U. 2005. Multisensor system for characterization of packaging emissions: Prediction of total solvent amount and odor scores. Anal. Chem. 77:2762-69
78. Manginell RP, Adkins DR, Moorman MW, Hadizadeh R, Copic D, et al 2008. Mass-sensitive microfabricated chemical preconcentrator. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 17:1396-407
79. Manginell RP, Radhakrishnan S, Shariati M, Robinson AL, Ellison JA, Simonson RJ. 2007. Twodimensional modeling and simulation of mass transport in microfabricated preconcentrators. IEEE Sens. J. 7:1032-41
80. Pillonel L, Bosset JO, Tabacchi R. 2002. Rapid preconcentration and enrichment techniques for the analysis of food volatile. A review. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 35:1-14 (Pubitemid 34264575)
81. Terry SC, Jerman JH, Angell JB. 1979. Gas-chromatographic air analyzer fabricated on a silicon-wafer. IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 26:1880-86 (Pubitemid 10455517)
82. Reston RR, KolesarES Jr. 1994. Silicon-micromachined gas chromatography system used to separate and detect ammonia and nitrogen dioxide. I. Design, fabrication, and integration of the gas chromatography system. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 3:134-46
83. Lu CJ,Whiting J, Sacks RD, Zellers ET. 2003. Portable gas chromatograph with tunable retention and sensor array detection for determination of complex vapor mixtures. Anal. Chem. 75:1400-9 (Pubitemid 36397173)
84. Zhong Q, SteineckerWH, Zellers ET. 2009. Characterization of a high-performance portable GC with a chemiresistor array detector. Analyst 134:283-93
85. Cernosek RW, Robinson AL, Cruz DY, Adkins DR, Barnett JL, et al 2006. Micro-analytical systems for national security applications. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 6223:622306
86. Mowry CD,Morgan CH, Manginell RP, Kottenstette RJ, Lewis PR, et al 2002. Rapid detection of bacteria with miniaturized pyrolysis-gas chromatographic analysis. In Chemical and Biological Early Warning Monitoring for Water, Food, and Ground, ed. JL Jensen, LWBurggraf. 4575:83-90
87. Haykin SS. 2002. Adaptive Filter Theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. xvi, 920 pp.
88. Widrow B, Stearns SD. 1985. Adaptive Signal Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. xviii, 474 pp.
89. Gustafsson F. 2000. Adaptive Filtering and Change Detection. Chichester, NY:Wiley. x, 500 pp.
90. Henry MP, Clarke DW. 1993. The self-validating sensor: rationale, definitions and examples. Control Eng. Pract. 1:585-610
91. PardoM, Faglia G, Sberveglieri G, CorteM,Masulli F, RianiM. 2000. Monitoring reliability of sensors in an array by neural networks. Sens. Actuators B 67:128-33
92. Perera A, Papamichail N, Barsan N, Weimar U, Marco S. 2006. On-line novelty detection by recursive dynamic principal component analysis and gas sensor arrays under drift conditions. IEEE Sens. J. 6:770-83 (Pubitemid 46405063)
93. Keller HR, Massart DL. 1991. Peak purity control in liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection by a fixed size moving window evolving factor analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 246:379-90
94. Wang XR, Lizier JT, Obst O, ProkopenkoM,Wang P. 2008. Spatiotemporal anomaly detection in gas monitoring sensor networks. In Proc. 5th Eur. Conf.Wirel. Sens. Netw., ed. R Verdone, pp. 90105. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
95. Markou M, Singh S. 2003. Novelty detection: a review-part 1: statistical approaches. Signal Process. 83:2481-97
96. Markou M, Singh S. 2003. Novelty detection: a review-part 2: neural network based approaches. Signal Process. 83:2499-521
97. Sohn JH, Atzeni M, Zeller L, Pioggia G. 2008. Characterisation of humidity dependence of a metal oxide semiconductor sensor array using partial least squares. Sens. Actuators B 131:230-35 (Pubitemid 351467739)
98. Perera A, Sundic T, Pardo A, Gutierrez-Osuna R, Marco S. 2002. A portable electronic nose based on embedded PC technology andGNU/Linux: hardware, software and applications. IEEE Sens. J. 2:235-46 (Pubitemid 44357906)
99. Di Natale C, Martinelli E, DAmico A. 2002. Counteraction of environmental disturbances of electronic nose data by independent component analysis. Sens. Actuators B 82:158-65 (Pubitemid 34222304)
100. WeiG,Tang Z,Chan PCH, Yu J. 2004. A blind source separation basedmicro gas sensor arraymodeling method. Adv. Neural Netw. 3173:696-701
101. Bermejo S. 2006. Independent component analysis for solid-state chemical sensor arrays. Appl. Intell. 24:61-73 (Pubitemid 43130242)
102. Gutierrez-Osuna R, Raman B. 2004. Cancellation of chemical backgrounds with generalized Fishers linear discriminants. Presented at IEEE Sens., 3rd, Vienna, Oct. 24-27
103. Raman B,Gutierrez-Osuna R. 2005. Mixture segmentation and background suppression in chemosensor arrays with a model of olfactory bulb-cortex interaction. Proc. 2005 IEEE Int. Jt. Conf. 1:131-36 (Pubitemid 44055437)
104. Gutierrez-Galvez A, Gutierrez-Osuna R. 2006. Contrast enhancement and background suppression of chemosensor array patterns with the KIII model. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 21:937-53 (Pubitemid 44328199)
105. Gutierrez-Osuna R, Gutierrez-Galvez A. 2003. Habituation in the KIII olfactory model with chemical sensor arrays. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 14:1565-68
106. Holmberg M, Artursson T. 2002. Drift compensation, standards, and calibration methods. In Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology, ed. TC Pearce, SS Schiffman, HT Nagle, JW Gardner, pp. 325-46. Weinheim, Ger.: Wiley
107. Holmberg M, Winquist F, Lundstrom I, Davide F, DiNatale C, DAmico A. 1996. Drift counteraction for an electronic nose. Sens. Actuators B 36:528-35 (Pubitemid 126375960)
108. Davide FAM, Di Natale C, DAmico A. 1994. Self-organizing multisensor systems for odour classification: internal categorization, adaptation and drift rejection. Sens. Actuators B 18:244-58
109. Marco S, Ortega A, Pardo A, Samitier J. 1998. Gas identification with tin oxide sensor array and selforganizing maps: adaptive correction of sensor drifts. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 47:316-21 (Pubitemid 128747267)
110. Marco S, Pardo A, Ortega A, Samitier J. 1995. Gas identification with tin oxide sensor array and self organizing maps: adaptive correction of sensor drifts. Presented at Proc. IEEE Instrum. Meas. Technol. Conf., Ottawa, Can. (Pubitemid 128747267)
111. Zuppa M, Distante C, Siciliano P, Persaud KC. 2004. Drift counteraction with multiple self-organising maps for an electronic nose. Sens. Actuators B 98:305-17
112. Kermit M, Tomic O. 2003. Independent component analysis applied on gas sensor array measurement data. IEEE Sens. J. 3:218-28
113. Sisk BC, Lewis NS. 2005. Comparison of analytical methods and calibration methods for correction of detector response drift in arrays of carbon black-polymer composite vapor detectors. Sens. Actuators B 104:249-68
114. Polikar R, Upda L, Upda SS, Honavar V. 2001. Learn++: an incremental learning algorithm for supervised neural networks. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. C 31:497-508 (Pubitemid 34191829)
115. Freund Y, Schapire RE. 1997. A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 55:119-39 (Pubitemid 127433398)
116. Alippi C, RoveriM. 2008. Just-in-time adaptive classifiers. Part II: Designing the classifier. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 19:2053-64
117. Alippi C, Roveri M. 2008. Just-in-time adaptive classifiers. Part I: Detecting nonstationary changes. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 19:1145-53
118. Jackson Q, Landgrebe DA. 2001. An adaptive classifier design for high-dimensional data analysis with a limited training data set. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 39:2664-79 (Pubitemid 34091845)
119. Blum A, Mitchell T. 1998. Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training. Presented at COLT: Proc.Workshop Comput. Learn. Theory
120. Vlachos DS, Fragoulis DK, Avaritsiotis JN. 1997. An adaptive neural network topology for degradation compensation of thin film tin oxide gas sensors. Sens. Actuators B 45:223-28
121. Shukla KK, Das RR, Dwivedi R. 1998. Adaptive resonance neural classifier for identification of gases/odours using an integrated sensor array. Sens. Actuators B 50:194-203
122. Llobet E, Hines EL, Gardner JW, Bartlett PN, Mottram TT. 1999. Fuzzy ARTMAP based electronic nose data analysis. Sens. Actuators B 61:183-90 (Pubitemid 30526192)
123. Distante C, Siciliano P, Vasanelli L. 2000. Odor discrimination using adaptive resonance theory. Sens. Actuators B 69:248-52
124. Carpenter GA, Grossberg S. 1998. Adaptive resonance theory. In The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, ed. MA Arbib, pp. 79-82. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
125. Kurnik RT, Oliver JJ, Waterhouse SR, Dunn T, Jayalakshmi Y, et al 1999. Application of the mixtures of experts algorithm for signal processing in a noninvasive glucose monitoring system. Sens. Actuators B 60:19-26 (Pubitemid 30523537)
126. Tang TB, Chen H, Murray AF. 2004. Adaptive, integrated sensor processing to compensate for drift and uncertainty: a stochastic neural approach. IEEE Proc. Nanobiotechnol. 151:28-34
127. Gibson JJ. 1979. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xiv, 332 pp.
128. Bajcsy R. 1988. Active perception. Proc. IEEE 76:966-1005
129. Paletta L, Pinz A. 2000. Active object recognition by view integration and reinforcement learning. Robot. Auton. Syst. 31:71-86
130. Denzler J, Brown CM. 2002. Information theoretic sensor data selection for active object recognition and state estimation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24:145-57 (Pubitemid 34198205)
131. Fox D, Burgard W, Thrun S. 1998. Active Markov localization for mobile robots. Robot. Autono. Syst. 25:195-207 (Pubitemid 128401275)
132. Floreano D, Kato T, Marocco D, Sauser E. 2004. Coevolution of active vision and feature selection. Biol. Cybern. 90:218-28 (Pubitemid 40877330)
133. Nakamoto T, OkazakiN,MatsushitaH. 1995. Improvement of optimization algorithm in active gas/odor sensing system. Sens. Actuators A 50:191-96
134. Gosangi R,Gutierrez-Osuna R. 2009. Active temperature programming formetal-oxide chemoresistors. IEEE Sens. J. In press
135. Gutierrez-Osuna R. 2002. Pattern analysis for machine olfaction: a review. IEEE Sens. J. 2:189-202 (Pubitemid 44362479)
136. Ji S, Carin L. 2007. Cost-sensitive feature acquisition and classification. Pattern Recognit. 40:1474-85 (Pubitemid 46123392)
137. Gehm ME, Kinast J. 2008. Adaptive spectroscopy: towards adaptive spectral imaging. Proc. SPIE 6978:69780 (Pubitemid 351677201)
138. Nayar SK, Branzoi V. 2003. Adaptive dynamic range imaging: optical control of pixel exposures over space and time. Proc. IEEE 2:1168-75
139. Christensen MP, Euliss GW, McFadden MJ, Coyle KM, Milojkovic P, et al 2002. Active-eyes: an adaptive pixel-by-pixel image-segmentation sensor architecture for high-dynamic-range hyperspectral imaging. Appl. Opt. 41:6093-103 (Pubitemid 35263582)
140. Medendorp J, Lodder RA. 2005. Applications of integrated sensing and processing in spectroscopic imaging and sensing. J. Chemom. 19:533-42
141. Bialkowski SE. 1986. Species discrimination and quantitative estimation using incoherent linear optical signal processing of emission signals. Anal. Chem. 58:2561-63
142. Prakash AMC, Stellman CM, Booksh KS. 1999. Optical regression: a method for improving quantitative precision ofmultivariate prediction with single channel spectrometers. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 46:265-74
143. Haibach FG, Myrick ML. 2004. Precision in multivariate optical computing. Appl. Opt. 43:2130-40
144. Medendorp J, Fackler J,Douglas C, LodderR. 2007. Integrated sensing and processing aoustic resonance spectrometry (ISP-ARS) for sample classification. J. Pharm. Innov. 2:125-34
145. Priebe CE, Marchette DJ, Healy DM. 2004. Integrated sensing and processing decision trees. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 26:699-708
146. Diamond D, Coyle S, Scarmagnani S, Hayes J. 2008. Wireless sensor networks and chemo-biosensing. Chem. Rev. 108:652-79
147. Yang G-Z, Lo B, Thiemjarus S. 2006. Autonomic sensing. In Body Sensor Networks, ed. GZ Yang, pp. 333-72. London: Springer
148. Beni G, Wang J. 1989. Swarm intelligence in cellular robotic systems. Presented at NATO Adv. Workshop Robots Biol. Syst., Tuscany, Italy
149. Tsujita W, Ishida H, Moriizumi T. 2004. Dynamic gas sensor network for air pollution monitoring and its auto-calibration. Presented at IEEE Sens., 3rd, Vienna, Oct. 24-27 (Pubitemid 41675852)
150. Wokoma I, Sacks L, Marshall IW. 2003. Clustering in sensor networks using quorum sensing. Presented at London Commun. Symp., Univ. Coll. London