Chapter 6 The Human Prostacyclin Receptor. From Structure Function to Disease

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science

Volumn 89, Issue C, 2009, Pages 133-166

  Martin, Kathleen A ^a,b   Gleim, Scott ^a   Elderon, Larkin ^a   Fetalvero, Kristina ^a,b   Hwa, John ^a,b  

^a DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b DARTMOUTH HITCHCOCK MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; COX 2; GPCR; NSAIDs; Prostacyclin; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTACYCLIN RECEPTOR;

ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; GENERAL ASPECTS OF DISEASE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

ANIMALS; DISEASE; EPOPROSTENOL; GENETIC VARIATION; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, EPOPROSTENOL; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP;

EID: 77957032057     PISSN: 18771173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1877-1173(09)89006-6     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. Gryglewski R., and Vane J.R. The inactivation of noradrenaline and isoprenaline in dogs. Br J Pharmacol 39 (1970) 573-584
2. Gryglewski R., and Vane J.R. Rabbit-aorta contracting substance (RCS) may be a prostaglandin precursor. Br J Pharmacol 43 (1971) 420P-421P
3. Bunting S., Gryglewski R., Moncada S., and Vane J.R. Arterial walls generate from prostaglandin endoperoxides a substance (prostaglandin X) which relaxes strips of mesenteric and coeliac ateries and inhibits platelet aggregation. Prostaglandins 12 (1976) 897-913
4. Moncada S., Gryglewski R., Bunting S., and Vane J.R. An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation. Nature 263 (1976) 663-665
5. Gryglewski R.J. Prostacyclin among prostanoids. Pharmacol Rep 60 (2008) 3-11
6. Whittaker N., Bunting S., Salmon J., Moncada S., Vane J.R., Johnson R.A., et al. The chemical structure of prostaglandin X (prostacyclin). Prostaglandins 12 (1976) 915-928
7. Dusting G.J., Moncada S., and Vane J.R. Prostacyclin (PGX) is the endogenous metabolite responsible for relaxation of coronary arteries induced by arachindonic acid. Prostaglandins 13 (1977) 3-15
8. Moncada S., Higgs E.A., and Vane J.R. Human arterial and venous tissues generate prostacyclin (prostaglandin X), a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Lancet 1 (1977) 18-20
9. Moncada S., Herman A.G., Higgs E.A., and Vane J.R. Differential formation of prostacyclin (PGX or PGI2) by layers of the arterial wall. An explanation for the anti-thrombotic properties of vascular endothelium. Thromb Res 11 (1977) 323-344
10. Gorman R.R., Bunting S., and Miller O.V. Modulation of human platelet adenylate cyclase by prostacyclin (PGX). Prostaglandins 13 (1977) 377-388
11. Weksler B.B., Ley C.W., and Jaffe E.A. Stimulation of endothelial cell prostacyclin production by thrombin, trypsin, and the ionophore A 23187. J Clin Invest 62 (1978) 923-930
12. Vane J.R. Nobel lecture, 8th December 1982 Adventures and excursions in bioassay: the stepping stones to prostacyclin. Br J Pharmacol 79 (1983) 821-838
13. FitzGerald G.A., Smith B., Pedersen A.K., and Brash A.R. Increased prostacyclin biosynthesis in patients with severe atherosclerosis and platelet activation. N Engl J Med 310 (1984) 1065-1068
14. Frangos J.A., Eskin S.G., McIntire L.V., and Ives C.L. Flow effects on prostacyclin production by cultured human endothelial cells. Science 227 (1985) 1477-1479
15. Walsh S.W. Preeclampsia: an imbalance in placental prostacyclin and thromboxane production. Am J Obstet Gynecol 152 (1985) 335-340
16. Walsh S.W., Behr M.J., and Allen N.H. Placental prostacyclin production in normal and toxemic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151 (1985) 110-115
17. de Nucci G., Thomas R., D'Orleans-Juste P., Antunes E., Walder C., Warner T.D., et al. Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 (1988) 9797-9800
18. Christman B.W., McPherson C.D., Newman J.H., King G.A., Bernard G.R., Groves B.M., et al. An imbalance between the excretion of thromboxane and prostacyclin metabolites in pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 327 (1992) 70-75
19. Boie Y., Rushmore T.H., Darmon-Goodwin A., Grygorczyk R., Slipetz D.M., Metters K.M., et al. Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostanoid IP receptor. J Biol Chem 269 (1994) 12173-12178
20. Katsuyama M., Sugimoto Y., Namba T., Irie A., Negishi M., Narumiya S., et al. Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostacyclin receptor. FEBS Lett 344 (1994) 74-78
21. Nakagawa O., Tanaka I., Usui T., Harada M., Sasaki Y., Itoh H., et al. Molecular cloning of human prostacyclin receptor cDNA and its gene expression in the cardiovascular system. Circulation 90 (1994) 1643-1647
22. Namba T., Oida H., Sugimoto Y., Kakizuka A., Negishi M., Ichikawa A., et al. cDNA cloning of a mouse prostacyclin receptor. Multiple signaling pathways and expression in thymic medulla. J Biol Chem 269 (1994) 9986-9992
23. Coleman R.A., Smith W.L., and Narumiya S. International Union of Pharmacology classification of prostanoid receptors: properties, distribution, and structure of the receptors and their subtypes. Pharmacol Rev 46 (1994) 205-229
24. Abramovitz M., Adam M., Boie Y., Grygorczyk R., Rushmore T.H., Nguyen T., et al. Human prostanoid receptors: cloning and characterization. Adv Prostagl Thromb Leukot Res 23 (1995) 499-504
25. Duncan A.M., Anderson L.L., Funk C.D., Abramovitz M., and Adam M. Chromosomal localization of the human prostanoid receptor gene family. Genomics 25 (1995) 740-742
26. Ogawa Y., Tanaka I., Inoue M., Yoshitake Y., Isse N., Nakagawa O., et al. Structural organization and chromosomal assignment of the human prostacyclin receptor gene. Genomics 27 (1995) 142-148
27. Barst R.J., Rubin L.J., Long W.A., McGoon M.D., Rich S., Badesch D.B., et al. A comparison of continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin) with conventional therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. The Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. N Engl J Med 334 (1996) 296-302
28. Smyth E.M., Nestor P.V., and FitzGerald G.A. Agonist-dependent phosphorylation of an epitope-tagged human prostacyclin receptor. J Biol Chem 271 (1996) 33698-33704
29. Forman B.M., Chen J., and Evans R.M. Hypolipidemic drugs, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids are ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 (1997) 4312-4317
30. Murata T., Ushikubi F., Matsuoka T., Hirata M., Yamasaki A., Sugimoto Y., et al. Altered pain perception and inflammatory response in mice lacking prostacyclin receptor. Nature 388 (1997) 678-682
31. Nagaya N., Uematsu M., Okano Y., Satoh T., Kyotani S., Sakamaki F., et al. Effect of orally active prostacyclin analogue on survival of outpatients with primary pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 34 (1999) 1188-1192
32. Vinals M., Martinez-Gonzalez J., and Badimon L. Regulatory effects of HDL on smooth muscle cell prostacyclin release. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19 (1999) 2405-2411
33. McAdam B.F., Catella-Lawson F., Mardini I.A., Kapoor S., Lawson J.A., and FitzGerald G.A. Systemic biosynthesis of prostacyclin by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2: the human pharmacology of a selective inhibitor of COX-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 272-277
34. Catella-Lawson F., McAdam B., Morrison B.W., Kapoor S., Kujubu D., Antes L., et al. Effects of specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 on sodium balance, hemodynamics, and vasoactive eicosanoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289 (1999) 735-741
35. Hoeper M.M., Schwarze M., Ehlerding S., Adler-Schuermeyer A., Spiekerkoetter E., Niedermeyer J., et al. Long-term treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension with aerosolized iloprost, a prostacyclin analogue. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 1866-1870
36. Belton O., Byrne D., Kearney D., Leahy A., and Fitzgerald D.J. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2-dependent prostacyclin formation in patients with atherosclerosis. Circulation 102 (2000) 840-845
37. Bombardier C., Laine L., Reicin A., Shapiro D., Burgos-Vargas R., Davis B., et al. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N Engl J Med 343 (2000) 1520-1528 1522 p following 1528
38. Zhang Z., Austin S.C., and Smyth E.M. Glycosylation of the human prostacyclin receptor: role in ligand binding and signal transduction. Mol Pharmacol 60 (2001) 480-487
39. Cheng Y., Austin S.C., Rocca B., Koller B.H., Coffman T.M., Grosser T., et al. Role of prostacyclin in the cardiovascular response to thromboxane A2. Science 296 (2002) 539-541
40. Stitham J., Stojanovic A., and Hwa J. Impaired receptor binding and activation associated with a human prostacyclin receptor polymorphism. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 15439-15444
41. Miggin S.M., Lawler O.A., and Kinsella B.T. Palmitoylation of the human prostacyclin receptor. Functional implications of palmitoylation and isoprenylation. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 6947-6958
42. Stitham J., Stojanovic A., Merenick B.L., O'Hara K.A., and Hwa J. The unique ligand-binding pocket for the human prostacyclin receptor. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 4250-4257
43. Ruan K.H., Wu J., So S.P., and Jenkins L.A. Evidence of the residues involved in ligand recognition in the second extracellular loop of the prostacyclin receptor characterized by high resolution 2D NMR techniques. Arch Biochem Biophys 418 (2003) 25-33
44. Egan K.M., Lawson J.A., Fries S., Koller B., Rader D.J., Smyth E.M., et al. COX-2-derived prostacyclin confers atheroprotection on female mice. Science 306 (2004) 1954-1957
45. Wilson S.J., Roche A.M., Kostetskaia E., and Smyth E.M. Dimerization of the human receptors for prostacyclin and thromboxane facilitates thromboxane receptor-mediated cAMP generation. J Biol Chem 279 (2004) 53036-53047
46. Bresalier R.S., Sandler R.S., Quan H., Bolognese J.A., Oxenius B., Horgan K., et al. Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N Engl J Med 352 (2005) 1092-1102
47. Nussmeier N.A., Whelton A.A., Brown M.T., Langford R.M., Hoeft A., Parlow J.L., et al. Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 352 (2005) 1081-1091
48. Bley K.R., Bhattacharya A., Daniels D.V., Gever J., Jahangir A., O'Yang C., et al. RO1138452 and RO3244794: characterization of structurally distinct, potent and selective IP (prostacyclin) receptor antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 147 (2006) 335-345
49. Fetalvero K.M., Shyu M., Nomikos A.P., Chiu Y.F., Wagner R.J., Powell R.J., et al. The prostacyclin receptor induces human vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation via the protein kinase A pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290 (2006) H1337-46
50. Stitham J., Gleim S.R., Douville K., Arehart E., and Hwa J. Versatility and differential roles of cysteine residues in human prostacyclin receptor structure and function. J Biol Chem 281 (2006) 37227-37336
51. Arehart E., Stitham J., Asselbergs F.W., Douville K., MacKenzie T., Fetalvero K.M., et al. Acceleration of cardiovascular disease by a dysfunctional prostacyclin receptor mutation: potential implications for cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition. Circ Res 102 (2008) 986-993
52. Patrignani P., Di Febbo C., Tacconelli S., Douville K., Guglielmi M.D., Horvath R.J., et al. Differential association between human prostacyclin receptor polymorphisms and the development of venous thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia: a clinical biomarker study. Pharmacogenet Genomics 18 (2008) 611-620
53. Fetalvero K.M., Zhang P., Shyu M., Young B.T., Hwa J., Young R.C., et al. Prostacyclin primes pregnant human myometrium for an enhanced contractile response in parturition. J Clin Invest 118 (2008) 3966-3979
54. Jones R.L., Qian Y., Wong H.N., Chan H., and Yim A.P. Prostanoid action on the human pulmonary vascular system. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 24 (1997) 969-972
55. Dogne J.M., de Leval X., Hanson J., Frederich M., Lambermont B., Ghuysen A., et al. New developments on thromboxane and prostacyclin modulators part I: thromboxane modulators. Curr Med Chem 11 (2004) 1223-1241
56. Tuder R.M., and Zaiman A.L. Prostacyclin analogs as the brakes for pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation: is it sufficient to treat severe pulmonary hypertension?. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 26 (2002) 171-174
57. Olschewski H., Simonneau G., Galie N., Higenbottam T., Naeije R., Rubin L.J., et al. Inhaled iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 322-329
58. Grosser T., Fries S., and Fitzgerald G.A. Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. J Clin Invest 116 (2006) 4-15
59. Solomon S.D., Wittes J., Finn P.V., Fowler R., Viner J., Bertagnolli M.M., et al. Cardiovascular risk of Celecoxib in 6 randomized placebo-controlled trials: the cross trial safety analysis. Circulation 117 (2008) 2104-2113
60. Giguere V., Gallant M.A., de Brum-Fernandes A.J., and Parent J.L. Role of extracellular cysteine residues in dimerization/oligomerization of the human prostacyclin receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 494 (2004) 11-22
61. Stitham J., Gleim S.R., Douville K., Arehart E., and Hwa J. Versatility and differential roles of cysteine residues in human prostacyclin receptor structure and function. J Biol Chem 281 (2006) 37227-37236
62. Narumiya S., Sugimoto Y., and Ushikubi F. Prostanoid receptors: structures, properties, and functions. Physiol Rev 79 (1999) 1193-1226
63. Wise H.J.R. Prostacyclin and its receptors (2000), Plenum Publishers, New York, 310 pp
64. Miggin S.M., and Kinsella B.T. Investigation of the mechanisms of G protein: effector coupling by the human and mouse prostacyclin receptors. Identification of critical species-dependent differences. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 27053-27064
65. Reginato M.J., Krakow S.L., Bailey S.T., and Lazar M.A. Prostaglandins promote and block adipogenesis through opposing effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J Biol Chem 273 (1998) 1855-1858
66. Bishop-Bailey D. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the cardiovascular system. Br J Pharmacol 129 (2000) 823-834
67. Pola R., Gaetani E., Flex A., Aprahamian T.R., Bosch-Marce M., Losordo D.W., et al. Comparative analysis of the in vivo angiogenic properties of stable prostacyclin analogs: a possible role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. J Mol Cell Cardiol 36 (2004) 363-370
68. Stitham J., Arehart E.J., Gleim S.R., Douville K.L., and Hwa J. Human prostacyclin receptor structure and function from naturally-occurring and synthetic mutations. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 82 (2007) 95-108
69. Kobayashi T., Kiriyama M., Hirata T., Hirata M., Ushikubi F., and Narumiya S. Identification of domains conferring ligand binding specificity to the prostanoid receptor. Studies on chimeric prostacyclin/prostaglandin D receptors. J Biol Chem 272 (1997) 15154-15160
70. Kobayashi T., Ushikubi F., and Narumiya S. Amino acid residues conferring ligand binding properties of prostaglandin I and prostaglandin D receptors. Identification by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 24294-24303
71. Stitham J., Stojanovic A., Ross L.A., Blount Jr. A.C., and Hwa J. Clusters of transmembrane residues are critical for human prostacyclin receptor activation. Biochemistry 43 (2004) 8974-8986
72. Stitham J., Martin K.A., and Hwa J. The critical role of transmembrane prolines in human prostacyclin receptor activation. Mol Pharmacol 61 (2002) 1202-1210
73. Farrens D.L., Altenbach C., Yang K., Hubbell W.L., and Khorana H.G. Requirement of rigid-body motion of transmembrane helices for light activation of rhodopsin. Science 274 (1996) 768-770
74. Capra V., Veltri A., Foglia C., Crimaldi L., Habib A., Parenti M., et al. Mutational analysis of the highly conserved ERY motif of the thromboxane A2 receptor: alternative role in G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Mol Pharmacol 66 (2004) 880-889
75. O'Meara S.J., and Kinsella B.T. The effect of the farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor SCH66336 on isoprenylation and signalling by the prostacyclin receptor. Biochem J 386 (2005) 177-189
76. Lawler O.A., Miggin S.M., and Kinsella B.T. Protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of serine 357 of the mouse prostacyclin receptor regulates its coupling to G(s)-, to G(i)-, and to G(q)-coupled effector signaling. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 33596-33607
77. Zhang L., Huang G., Wu J., and Ruan K.H. A profile of the residues in the first intracellular loop critical for Gs-mediated signaling of human prostacyclin receptor characterized by an integrative approach of NMR-experiment and mutagenesis. Biochemistry 44 (2005) 11389-11401
78. Ruan C.H., Wu J., and Ruan K.H. A strategy using NMR peptide structures of thromboxane A2 receptor as templates to construct ligand-recognition pocket of prostacyclin receptor. BMC Biochem 6 (2005) 23
79. Owens G.K., Kumar M.S., and Wamhoff B.R. Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol Rev 84 (2004) 767-801
80. Blank R.S., and Owens G.K. Platelet-derived growth factor regulates actin isoform expression and growth state in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 142 (1990) 635-642
81. Owens G.K. Regulation of differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Physiol Rev 75 (1995) 487-517
82. Sobue K., Hayashi K., and Nishida W. Expressional regulation of smooth muscle cell-specific genes in association with phenotypic modulation. Mol Cell Biochem 190 (1999) 105-118
83. Li X., Van Putten V., Zarinetchi F., Nicks M.E., Thaler S., Heasley L.E., et al. Suppression of smooth-muscle alpha-actin expression by platelet-derived growth factor in vascular smooth-muscle cells involves Ras and cytosolic phospholipase A2. Biochem J 327 Pt 3 (1997) 709-716
84. Holycross B.J., Blank R.S., Thompson M.M., Peach M.J., and Owens G.K. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced suppression of smooth muscle cell differentiation. Circ Res 71 (1992) 1525-1532
85. Thyberg J., Palmberg L., Nilsson J., Ksiazek T., and Sjolund M. Phenotype modulation in primary cultures of arterial smooth muscle cells. On the role of platelet-derived growth factor. Differentiation 25 (1983) 156-167
86. Corjay M.H., Thompson M.M., Lynch K.R., and Owens G.K. Differential effect of platelet-derived growth factor- versus serum-induced growth on smooth muscle alpha-actin and nonmuscle beta-actin mRNA expression in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 264 (1989) 10501-10506
87. Owens G.K., and Thompson M.M. Developmental changes in isoactin expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells in vivo. Relationship between growth and cytodifferentiation. J Biol Chem 261 (1986) 13373-13380
88. Cook C.L., Weiser M.C., Schwartz P.E., Jones C.L., and Majack R.A. Developmentally timed expression of an embryonic growth phenotype in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 74 (1994) 189-196
89. O'Brien E.R., Alpers C.E., Stewart D.K., Ferguson M., Tran N., Gordon D., et al. Proliferation in primary and restenotic coronary atherectomy tissue. Implications for antiproliferative therapy. Circ Res 73 (1993) 223-231
90. Wilcox J.N. Analysis of local gene expression in human atherosclerotic plaques. J Vasc Surg 15 (1992) 913-916
91. Fillinger M.F., Sampson L.N., Cronenwett J.L., Powell R.J., and Wagner R.J. Coculture of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in bilayer and conditioned media models. J Surg Res 67 (1997) 169-178
92. Brown D.J., Rzucidlo E.M., Merenick B.L., Wagner R.J., Martin K.A., and Powell R.J. Endothelial cell activation of the smooth muscle cell phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway promotes differentiation. J Vasc Surg 41 (2005) 509-516
93. Vane J.R., Anggard E.E., and Botting R.M. Regulatory functions of the vascular endothelium. N Engl J Med 323 (1990) 27-36
94. Gryglewski R.J., Botting R.M., and Vane J.R. Mediators produced by the endothelial cell. Hypertension 12 (1988) 530-548
95. Boger R.H., Bode-Boger S.M., Thiele W., Junker W., Alexander K., and Frolich J.C. Biochemical evidence for impaired nitric oxide synthesis in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Circulation 95 (1997) 2068-2074
96. Feron O., Dessy C., Moniotte S., Desager J.P., and Balligand J.L. Hypercholesterolemia decreases nitric oxide production by promoting the interaction of caveolin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Clin Invest 103 (1999) 897-905
97. Munzel T., Daiber A., Ullrich V., and Mulsch A. Vascular consequences of endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling for the activity and expression of the soluble guanylyl cyclase and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 (2005) 1551-1557
98. Lopez J.A., Armstrong M.L., Piegors D.J., and Heistad D.D. Vascular responses to endothelin-1 in atherosclerotic primates. Arteriosclerosis 10 (1990) 1113-1118
99. Levin E.R. Endothelins. N Engl J Med 333 (1995) 356-363
100. Simonson M.S., and Dunn M.J. Cellular signaling by peptides of the endothelin gene family. FASEB J 4 (1990) 2989-3000
101. McIntyre T.M., Zimmerman G.A., Satoh K., and Prescott S.M. Cultured endothelial cells synthesize both platelet-activating factor and prostacyclin in response to histamine, bradykinin, and adenosine triphosphate. J Clin Invest 76 (1985) 271-280
102. Zardi E.M., Zardi D.M., Cacciapaglia F., Dobrina A., Amoroso A., Picardi A., et al. Endothelial dysfunction and activation as an expression of disease: role of prostacyclin analogs. Int Immunopharmacol 5 (2005) 437-459
103. Cassano S., Di Lieto A., Cerillo R., and Avvedimento E.V. Membrane-bound cAMP-dependent protein kinase controls cAMP-induced differentiation in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 32574-32579
104. Stork P.J., and Schmitt J.M. Crosstalk between cAMP and MAP kinase signaling in the regulation of cell proliferation. Trends Cell Biol 12 (2002) 258-266
105. Murray R., Shipp E., and FitzGerald G.A. Prostaglandin endoperoxide/thromboxane A2 receptor desensitization. Cross-talk with adenylate cyclase in human platelets. J Biol Chem 265 (1990) 21670-21675
106. Hara S., Morishita R., Tone Y., Yokoyama C., Inoue H., Kaneda Y., et al. Overexpression of prostacyclin synthase inhibits growth of vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 216 (1995) 862-867
107. Todaka T., Yokoyama C., Yanamoto H., Hashimoto N., Nagata I., Tsukahara T., et al. Gene transfer of human prostacyclin synthase prevents neointimal formation after carotid balloon injury in rats. Stroke 30 (1999) 419-426
108. Kothapalli D., Stewart S.A., Smyth E.M., Azonobi I., Pure E., and Assoian R.K. Prostacylin receptor activation inhibits proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells by regulating cAMP response element-binding protein- and pocket protein-dependent cyclin a gene expression. Mol Pharmacol 64 (2003) 249-258
109. Stewart S.A., Kothapalli D., Yung Y., and Assoian R.K. Antimitogenesis linked to regulation of Skp2 gene expression. J Biol Chem 279 (2004) 29109-29113
110. DeSalle L.M., and Pagano M. Regulation of the G1 to S transition by the ubiquitin pathway. FEBS Lett 490 (2001) 179-189
111. Weinberg R.A. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 81 (1995) 323-330
112. Ii M., Hoshiga M., Fukui R., Negoro N., Nakakoji T., Nishiguchi F., et al. Beraprost sodium regulates cell cycle in vascular smooth muscle cells through cAMP signaling by preventing down-regulation of p27(Kip1). Cardiovasc Res 52 (2001) 500-508
113. Sheaff R.J., Groudine M., Gordon M., Roberts J.M., and Clurman B.E. Cyclin E-CDK2 is a regulator of p27Kip1. Genes Dev 11 (1997) 1464-1478
114. Nakayama K., Nagahama H., Minamishima Y.A., Matsumoto M., Nakamichi I., Kitagawa K., et al. Targeted disruption of Skp2 results in accumulation of cyclin E and p27(Kip1), polyploidy and centrosome overduplication. EMBO J 19 (2000) 2069-2081
115. Ganoth D., Bornstein G., Ko T.K., Larsen B., Tyers M., Pagano M., et al. The cell-cycle regulatory protein Cks1 is required for SCF(Skp2)-mediated ubiquitinylation of p27. Nat Cell Biol 3 (2001) 321-324
116. Spruck C., Strohmaier H., Watson M., Smith A.P., Ryan A., Krek T.W., et al. A CDK-independent function of mammalian Cks1: targeting of SCF(Skp2) to the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1. Mol Cell 7 (2001) 639-650
117. Braun-Dullaeus R.C., Mann M.J., Seay U., Zhang L., von Der Leyen H.E., Morris R.E., et al. Cell cycle protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo is regulated through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001) 1152-1158
118. Chen D., Krasinski K., Sylvester A., Chen J., Nisen P.D., and Andres V. Downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity and cyclin A promoter activity in vascular smooth muscle cells by p27(KIP1), an inhibitor of neointima formation in the rat carotid artery. J Clin Invest 99 (1997) 2334-2341
119. Diez-Juan A., Castro C., Edo M.D., and Andres V. Role of the growth suppressor p27Kip1 during vascular remodeling. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 1 (2003) 99-106
120. Blindt R., Bosserhoff A.K., Vom Dahl J., Hanrath P., Schror K., Hohlfeld T., et al. Activation of IP and EP(3) receptors alters cAMP-dependent cell migration. Eur J Pharmacol 444 (2002) 31-37
121. Bulin C., Albrecht U., Bode J.G., Weber A.A., Schror K., Levkau B., et al. Differential effects of vasodilatory prostaglandins on focal adhesions, cytoskeletal architecture, and migration in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 (2005) 84-89
122. Hansson G.K., and Libby P. The immune response in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 6 (2006) 508-519
123. Baker C.S., Hall R.J., Evans T.J., Pomerance A., Maclouf J., Creminon C., et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 is widely expressed in atherosclerotic lesions affecting native and transplanted human coronary arteries and colocalizes with inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine particularly in macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19 (1999) 646-655
124. Schonbeck U., Sukhova G.K., Graber P., Coulter S., and Libby P. Augmented expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol 155 (1999) 1281-1291
125. Stemme V., Swedenborg J., Claesson H., and Hansson G.K. Expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in human atherosclerotic carotid arteries. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 20 (2000) 146-152
126. Belton O., Byrne D., Kearney D., Leahy A., and Fitzgerald D.J. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2-dependent prostacyclin formation in patients with atherosclerosis. Circulation 102 (2000) 840-845
127. Cipollone F., Prontera C., Pini B., Marini M., Fazia M., De Cesare D., et al. Overexpression of functionally coupled cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E synthase in symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques as a basis of prostaglandin E(2)-dependent plaque instability. Circulation 104 (2001) 921-927
128. FitzGerald G.A., Pedersen A.K., and Patrono C. Analysis of prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis in cardiovascular disease. Circulation 67 (1983) 1174-1177
129. Clarke R.J., Mayo G., Price P., and FitzGerald G.A. Suppression of thromboxane A2 but not of systemic prostacyclin by controlled-release aspirin. N Engl J Med 325 (1991) 1137-1141
130. Cipollone F., Fazia M., Iezzi A., Ciabattoni G., Pini B., Cuccurullo C., et al. Balance between PGD synthase and PGE synthase is a major determinant of atherosclerotic plaque instability in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 (2004) 1259-1265
131. Della Bella S., Molteni M., Mocellin C., Fumagalli S., Bonara P., and Scorza R. Novel mode of action of iloprost: in vitro down-regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 65 (2001) 73-83
132. Pomerantz K.B., Fleisher L.N., Tall A.R., and Cannon P.J. Enrichment of endothelial cell arachidonate by lipid transfer from high density lipoproteins: relationship to prostaglandin I2 synthesis. J Lipid Res 26 (1985) 1269-1276
133. Vinals M., Martinez-Gonzalez J., Badimon J.J., and Badimon L. HDL-induced prostacyclin release in smooth muscle cells is dependent on cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (1997) 3481-3488
134. Thiemermann C. Biosynthesis and interaction of endothelium-derived vasoactive mediators. Eicosanoids 4 (1991) 187-202
135. Weksler B.B., Hajjar D.P., Eldor A., Falcone D.J., Tack-Goldman K., and Minick C.R. Interactions between prostacyclin metabolism and cholesteryl ester metabolism in the vascular wall. Adv Prostaglandin Thromb Leukot Res 11 (1983) 463-467
136. Hajjar D.P., and Weksler B.B. Metabolic activity of cholesteryl esters in aortic smooth muscle cells is altered by prostaglandins I2 and E2. J Lipid Res 24 (1983) 1176-1185
137. Hajjar D.P., Marcus A.J., and Etingin O.R. Platelet-neutrophil-smooth muscle cell interactions: lipoxygenase-derived mono- and dihydroxy acids activate cholesteryl ester hydrolysis by the cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase cascade. Biochemistry 28 (1989) 8885-8891
138. Bunting S., Moncada S., and Vane J.R. The prostacyclin-thromboxane A2 balance: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications. Br Med Bull 39 (1983) 271-276
139. Davies P., Bailey P.J., Goldenberg M.M., and Ford-Hutchinson A.W. The role of arachidonic acid oxygenation products in pain and inflammation. Annu Rev Immunol 2 (1984) 335-357
140. Williams T.J. Prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin I2 and the vascular changes of inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 65 (1979) 517-524
141. Bley K.R., Hunter J.C., Eglen R.M., and Smith J.A. The role of IP prostanoid receptors in inflammatory pain. Trends Pharmacol Sci 19 (1998) 141-147
142. Smith W.L. The eicosanoids and their biochemical mechanisms of action. Biochem J 259 (1989) 315-324
143. Berkenkopf J.W., and Weichman B.M. Production of prostacyclin in mice following intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid, phenylbenzoquinone and zymosan: its role in the writhing response. Prostaglandins 36 (1988) 693-709
144. Doherty N.S., Beaver T.H., Chan K.Y., Coutant J.E., and Westrich G.L. The role of prostaglandins in the nociceptive response induced by intraperitoneal injection of zymosan in mice. Br J Pharmacol 91 (1987) 39-47
145. Akarsu E.S., Palaoglu O., and Ayhan I.H. Iloprost-induced writhing in mice and its suppression by morphine. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 11 (1989) 273-275
146. McQueen D.S., Iggo A., Birrell G.J., and Grubb B.D. Effects of paracetamol and aspirin on neural activity of joint mechanonociceptors in adjuvant arthritis. Br J Pharmacol 104 (1991) 178-182
147. Ferreira S.H., and Nakamura M. I-Prostaglandin hyperalgesia, a cAMP/Ca2+ dependent process. Prostaglandins 18 (1979) 179-190
148. Malmberg A.B., Brandon E.P., Idzerda R.L., Liu H., McKnight G.S., and Basbaum A.I. Diminished inflammation and nociceptive pain with preservation of neuropathic pain in mice with a targeted mutation of the type I regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J Neurosci 17 (1997) 7462-7470
149. Sugita S., Baxter D.A., and Byrne J.H. Modulation of a cAMP/protein kinase A cascade by protein kinase C in sensory neurons of Aplysia. J Neurosci 17 (1997) 7237-7244
150. Schepelmann K., Messlinger K., and Schmidt R.F. The effects of phorbol ester on slowly conducting afferents of the cat's knee joint. Exp Brain Res 92 (1993) 391-398
151. Malmberg A.B., Chen C., Tonegawa S., and Basbaum A.I. Preserved acute pain and reduced neuropathic pain in mice lacking PKCgamma. Science 278 (1997) 279-283
152. Hingtgen C.M., Waite K.J., and Vasko M.R. Prostaglandins facilitate peptide release from rat sensory neurons by activating the adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate transduction cascade. J Neurosci 15 (1995) 5411-5419
153. Nicol G.D., Vasko M.R., and Evans A.R. Prostaglandins suppress an outward potassium current in embryonic rat sensory neurons. J Neurophysiol 77 (1997) 167-176
154. England S., Bevan S., and Docherty R.J. PGE2 modulates the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current in neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion neurones via the cyclic AMP-protein kinase A cascade. J Physiol 495 Pt 2 (1996) 429-440
155. Undem B.J., and Weinreich D. Electrophysiological properties and chemosensitivity of guinea pig nodose ganglion neurons in vitro. J Auton Nerv Syst 44 (1993) 17-33
156. Pitchford S., and Levine J.D. Prostaglandins sensitize nociceptors in cell culture. Neurosci Lett 132 (1991) 105-108
157. Xiao C.Y., Hara A., Yuhki Ki K., Fujino T., Ma H., Okada Y., et al. Roles of prostaglandin i(2) and thromboxane a(2) in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury: a study using mice lacking their respective receptors. Circulation 104 (2001) 2210-2215
158. Challis J.R., Sloboda D.M., Alfaidy N., Lye S.J., Gibb W., Patel F.A., et al. Prostaglandins and mechanisms of preterm birth. Reproduction 124 (2002) 1-17
159. Hertelendy F., and Zakar T. Prostaglandins and the myometrium and cervix. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 70 (2004) 207-222
160. Bennett P.R., Elder M.G., and Myatt L. The effects of lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid on human myometrial contractility. Prostaglandins 33 (1987) 837-844
161. Ritchie D.M., Hahn D.W., and McGuire J.L. Smooth muscle contraction as a model to study the mediator role of endogenous lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid. Life Sci 34 (1984) 509-513
162. Wikland M., Lindblom B., and Wiqvist N. Myometrial response to prostaglandins during labor. Gynecol Obstet Invest 17 (1984) 131-138
163. Wiqvist N., Lindblom B., Wikland M., and Wilhelmsson L. Prostaglandins and uterine contractility. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 113 (1983) 23-29
164. Abel M.H., and Kelly R.W. Differential production of prostaglandins within the human uterus. Prostaglandins 18 (1979) 821-828
165. Bamford D.S., Jogee M., and Williams K.I. Prostacyclin formation by the pregnant human myometrium. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 87 (1980) 215-218
166. Omini C., Folco G.C., Pasargiklian R., Fano M., and Berti F. Prostacyclin (PGI2) in pregnant human uterus. Prostaglandins 17 (1979) 113-120
167. Korita D., Itoh H., Sagawa N., Yura S., Yoshida M., Kakui K., et al. 17beta-estradiol up-regulates prostacyclin production in cultured human uterine myometrial cells via augmentation of both cyclooxygenase-1 and prostacyclin synthase expression. J Soc Gynecol Investig 11 (2004) 457-464
168. Ylikorkala O., Makarainen L., and Viinikka L. Prostacyclin production increases during human parturition. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 88 (1981) 513-516
169. Ylikorkala O., Paatero H., Suhonen L., and Viinikka L. Vaginal and abdominal delivery increases maternal urinary 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha excretion. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 93 (1986) 950-954
170. Omini C., Pasargiklian R., Folco G.C., Fano M., and Berti F. Pharmacological activity of PGI2 and its metabolite 6-oxo-PGF1alpha on human uterus and fallopian tubes. Prostaglandins 15 (1978) 1045-1054
171. Korita D., Sagawa N., Itoh H., Yura S., Yoshida M., Kakui K., et al. Cyclic mechanical stretch augments prostacyclin production in cultured human uterine myometrial cells from pregnant women: possible involvement of up-regulation of prostacyclin synthase expression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 (2002) 5209-5219
172. Armstrong J.M., Lattimer N., Moncada S., and Vane J.R. Comparison of the vasodepressor effects of prostacyclin and 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1alpha with those of prostaglandin E2 in rats and rabbits. Br J Pharmacol 62 (1978) 125-130
173. Gryglewski R.J., Bunting S., Moncada S., Flower R.J., and Vane J.R. Arterial walls are protected against deposition of platelet thrombi by a substance (prostaglandin X) which they make from prostaglandin endoperoxides. Prostaglandins 12 (1976) 685-713
174. Omini C., Moncada S., and Vane J.R. The effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) on tissues which detect prostaglandins (PG'S). Prostaglandins 14 (1977) 625-632
175. Williams K.I., El-Tahir K.E., and Marcinkiewicz E. Dual actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the rat pregnant uterus. Prostaglandins 17 (1979) 667-672
176. Senior J., Marshall K., Sangha R., and Clayton J.K. In vitro characterization of prostanoid receptors on human myometrium at term pregnancy. Br J Pharmacol 108 (1993) 501-506
177. Wikland M., Lindblom B., Hammarstrom S., and Wiqvist N. The effect of prostaglandin I on the contractility of the term pregnant human myometrium. Prostaglandins 26 (1983) 905-916
178. Humbert M., Sitbon O., and Simonneau G. Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 351 (2004) 1425-1436
179. Rich S., Dantzker D.R., Ayres S.M., Bergofsky E.H., Brundage B.H., Detre K.M., et al. Primary pulmonary hypertension. A national prospective study. Ann Intern Med 107 (1987) 216-223
180. Rubin L.J. Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 336 (1997) 111-117
181. Rabinovitch M. Pulmonary hypertension: updating a mysterious disease. Cardiovasc Res 34 (1997) 268-272
182. Botney M. Epoprostenol (prostacyclin) therapy in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 338 (1998) 1773-1774
183. Sitbon O., Humbert M., Nunes H., Parent F., Garcia G., Herve P., et al. Long-term intravenous epoprostenol infusion in primary pulmonary hypertension: prognostic factors and survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 40 (2002) 780-788
184. Simonneau G., Barst R.J., Galie N., Naeije R., Rich S., Bourge R.C., et al. Continuous subcutaneous infusion of treprostinil, a prostacyclin analogue, in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 (2002) 800-804
185. Galie N., Humbert M., Vachiery J.L., Vizza C.D., Kneussl M., Manes A., et al. Effects of beraprost sodium, an oral prostacyclin analogue, in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 39 (2002) 1496-1502
186. Saito S., Iida A., Sekine A., Kawauchi S., Higuchi S., Ogawa C., et al. Catalog of 178 variations in the Japanese population among eight human genes encoding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). J Hum Genet 48 (2003) 461-468
187. Stitham J., Arehart E.J., Gleim S., Douville K., MacKenzie T., and Hwa J. Arginine (CGC) codon targeting in the human prostacyclin receptor gene (PTGIR) and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). Gene 396 (2007) 180-187
188. Liggett S.B., Mialet-Perez J., Thaneemit-Chen S., Weber S.A., Greene S.M., Hodne D., et al. A polymorphism within a conserved beta(1)-adrenergic receptor motif alters cardiac function and beta-blocker response in human heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 (2006) 11288-11293
189. Liggett S.B., Wagoner L.E., Craft L.L., Hornung R.W., Hoit B.D., McIntosh T.C., et al. The Ile164 beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphism adversely affects the outcome of congestive heart failure. J Clin Invest 102 (1998) 1534-1539
190. Taylor D.R., Drazen J.M., Herbison G.P., Yandava C.N., Hancox R.J., and Town G.I. Asthma exacerbations during long term beta agonist use: influence of beta(2) adrenoceptor polymorphism. Thorax 55 (2000) 762-767
191. Warner T.D., Giuliano F., Vojnovic I., Bukasa A., Mitchell J.A., and Vane J.R. Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 7563-7568
192. Barnett J., Chow J., Ives D., Chiou M., Mackenzie R., Osen E., et al. Purification, characterization and selective inhibition of human prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 expressed in the baculovirus system. Biochim Biophys Acta 1209 (1994) 130-139
193. Laneuville O., Breuer D.K., Dewitt D.L., Hla T., Funk C.D., and Smith W.L. Differential inhibition of human prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2 by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271 (1994) 927-934