Structural, electronic, optical and vibrational properties of nanoscale carbons and nanowires: A colloquial review

Journal of Physics Condensed Matter

Volumn 22, Issue 33, 2010, Pages

  Cole, Milton W ^a   Crespi, Vincent H ^b   Dresselhaus, Mildred S ^c   Dresselhaus, Gene ^d   Fischer, John E ^e   Gutierrez, Humberto R ^a   Kojima, K ^f   Mahan, Gerald D ^a   Rao, Apparao M ^g   Sofo, Jorge O ^h   Tachibana, M ⁱ   Wako, K ^f   Xiong, Qihua ^i,j  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Pennsylvania State Uniivrsity   (United States)

^c Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science   (United States)

^d MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^f YOKOHAMA SOEI JUNIOR COLLEGE   (Japan)

^g Clemson University   (United States)

^h YOKOHAMA CITY UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

ⁱ NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

^j NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

A-CARBON; BASIC PRINCIPLES; CARBON CAGES; CARBON MATERIAL; FINITE SIZE EFFECT; GRAPHENE LAYERS; GRAPHITE INTERCALATION COMPOUND; GRAPHITE TARGET; MODERN SCIENCE; NANO-CARBON; NANOCARBONS; NANOSCALE CARBON; NATURAL PHENOMENA; NEW MEMBERS; O'BRIEN; PHONON SPECTRUM; PHOTOCHEMICAL POLYMERIZATION; RAMAN ANALYSIS; RESEARCH EFFORTS; SAMPLE TREATMENT; SINGLE LAYER; SOLID C; STANDARD TOOLS; SURFACE-TO-VOLUME RATIO; THIN SOLID FILM; THROUGH THE LENS; VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIES;

CARBON FILMS; CARBON NANOTUBES; CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS; ELECTRIC ARCS; ELECTRIC WIRE; ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES; EMPLOYMENT; FULLERENES; GRAPHENE; GRAPHITE; HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS; INTERCALATION; INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS; NANOWIRES; OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS; PHONONS; RAMAN SCATTERING; RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY; RESEARCH;

SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (SWCN);

CARBON; NANOTUBE;

CHEMISTRY; CONFORMATION; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; MACROMOLECULE; PARTICLE SIZE; REFRACTOMETRY; REVIEW; SURFACE PROPERTY; ULTRASTRUCTURE; VIBRATION;

CARBON; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES; MOLECULAR CONFORMATION; NANOTUBES; PARTICLE SIZE; REFRACTOMETRY; SURFACE PROPERTIES; VIBRATION;

EID: 77956966401     PISSN: 09538984     EISSN: 1361648X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/33/334201     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. Adams G B, Page J B, Sankey O F and Okeeffe M 1994 Polymerized C-60 studied by first-principles molecular-dynamics Phys. Rev. B 50 17471-9
2. K. W. Adu, 2004 Synthesis and Raman scattering studies of novel semiconductor nanostructures PhD Thesis The Pennsylvania State University.
3. Adu K W, Gutierrez H R, Kim U J and Eklund P C 2006a Inhomogeneous laser heating and phonon confinement in silicon nanowires: a micro-Raman scattering study Phys. Rev. B 73 155333
4. Adu K W, Gutierrez H R, Kim U J, Sumanasekera G U and Eklund P C 2005 Confined phonons in Si nanowires Nano Lett. 5 409-14.
5. Adu K W, Xiong Q, Gutierrez H R, Chen G and Eklund P C 2006b Raman scattering as a probe of phonon confinement and surface optical modes in semiconducting nanowires Appl. Phys. A 85 287-97 (Pubitemid 44599960)
6. Amorim R, Fazzio A, Antonelli A, Novaes F and da Silva A 2007 Divacancies in graphene and carbon nanotubes Nano Lett. 7 2459.
7. Ancilotto F and Toigo F 1993 First principles study of potassium adsorption on graphite Phys. Rev. B 47 13713-21
8. Arbogast J W, Darmanyan A P, Foote C S, Rubin Y, Diederich F N, Alvarez M M, Anz S J and Whetten R L 1991 Photophysical properties of sixty atom carbon molecule (C60) J. Phys. Chem. 95 11-2
9. Atay T, Song J H and Nurmikko A V 2004 Strongly interacting plasmon nanoparticle pairs: from dipole-dipole interaction to conductively coupled regime Nano Lett. 4 1627-31.
10. Bandow S, Asaka S, Saito Y, Rao A M, Grigorian L, Richter E and Eklund P C 1998 Effect of the growth temperature on the diameter distribution and chirality of single-wall carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 3779-82 (Pubitemid 128629843)
11. Berber S and Oshiyama A 2006 Reconstruction of mono-vacancies in carbon nanotubes: atomic relaxation versus spin polarization Physica B 376 272.
12. Berber S and Oshiyama A 2008 Atomic and electronic structure of divacancies in carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 77 165405
13. Berger S D, Mckenzie D R and Martin P J 1988 EELS analysis of vacuum arc-deposited diamond-like films Phil. Mag. Lett. 57 285-90
14. Bockrath M, Liang W, Bozovic D, Hafner J, Lieber C, Tinkham M and Park H 2001 Resonant electron scattering by defects in single-walled carbon nanotubes Science 291 283.
15. Boukhvalov D W and Katsnelson M I 2009 Chemical functionalization of graphene J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 344205
16. L. W. Bruch, M. W. Cole, and E. Zaremba, Physical Adsorption: Forces and Phenomena (Dover, Mineola, NY, 2007a).
17. Bruch L W, Diehl R D and Venables J A 2007b Progress in the measurement and modeling of physisorbed layers Rev. Mod. Phys. 79 1381-454
18. Büttner M, Xiao L, Mandeltort L, Edington S, Johnson J K and Yates J T 2009 Enhancement of adsorption inside single-walled carbon nanotubes: Li doping effect on n-heptane van der Waals bonding J. Phys. Chem. C 113 4829-38
19. M. M. Calbi, M. W. Cole, S. M. Gatica, M. J. Bojan, and J. K. Johnson, 2008 Adsorbed gases in bundles of carbon nanotubes: theory and simulation Adsorption by Carbons ed E J Bottani and J M D Tascón (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science) chapter 9.
20. Calbi M M, Cole M W, Gatica S M, Bojan M J and Stan G 2001a Colloquium: condensed phases of gases inside nanotube bundles Rev. Mod. Phys. 73 857-65 (Pubitemid 33395902)
21. Calbi M M, Gatica S M, Bojan M J and Cole M W 2001b Phases of neon, xenon, and methane adsorbed on nanotube bundles J. Chem. Phys. 115 9975-81
22. Calbi M M, Gatica S M and Cole M W 2003 Statistical mechanics of interacting peapods Phys. Rev. B 67 205417
23. Campbell I H and Fauchet P M 1986 The effects of microcrystal size and shape on the one phonon Raman-spectra of crystalline semiconductors Solid State Commun. 58 739-41.
24. Caneado L G, Hartschuh A and Novotny L 2009 Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes J. Raman Spectrosc. 40 1420-6
25. Car R and Parrinello M 1985 Unified approach for molecular dynamics and density-functional theory Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 2471
26. M. Cardona and G. Güntherodt, Light Scattering in Solids VIII: Fullerenes, Semiconductor Surfaces and Coherent Phonons (Springer, Berlin, 2000).
27. Castro Neto A H, Guinea F, Peres N M R, Novoselov K S and Geim A K 2009 The electronic properties of graphene Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 109-62
28. Chan C T, Kamitakahara W A, Ho K M and Eklund P C 1987a Charge-transfer effects in graphite intercalates: ab initio calculations and neutron-diffraction experiment Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 1528
29. Chan C T, Kamitakahara W A, Ho K M and Eklund P C 1987b Charge-transfer effects in graphite intercalates: ab initio calculations and neutron-diffraction experiment Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 1528-31
30. Chen G, Wu J, Lu Q J, Gutierrez H R, Xiong Q, Pellen M E, Petko J S, Werner D H and Eklund P C 2008 Optical antenna effect in semiconducting nanowires Nano Lett. 8 1341-6.
31. Chen G G, Bandow S, Margine E R, Nisoli C, Kolmogorov A N, Crespi V H, Gupta R, Sumanasekera G U, Iijima S and Eklund P C 2003 Chemically doped double-walled carbon nanotubes: cylindrical molecular capacitors Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 257403
32. Chiang C K, Fincher C R, Park Y W, Heeger A J, Shirakawa H, Louis E J, Gau S C and Macdiarmid A G 1977. Electrical-conductivity in doped polyacetylene Phys. Rev. Lett. 39 1098-101.
33. Claye A S, Nemes N M, Janossy A and Fischer J E 2000 Structure and electronic properties of potassium-doped single-wall carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 62 R4845-8
34. Cole M W, Frankl D R and Goodstein D L 1981 Probing the helium-graphite interaction Rev. Mod. Phys. 53 199-210
35. Carlsson J 2006 Curvature and chirality dependence of the properties of point defects in nanotubes Phys. Status Solidi b 243 3452.
36. Charlier J, Blase X and Roche S 2007 Electronic and transport properties of nanotubes Rev. Mod. Phys. 79 677
37. Charlier J C, Ebbesen T W and Lambin P 1996 Structural, and electronic properties of pentagon-heptagon pair defects in carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 53 11108
38. Chico L, Crespi V H, Benedict L X, Louie S G and Cohen M L 1996 Pure-carbon nanoscale devices: nanotube heterojunctions Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 971
39. Crespi V H 1999 Local temperature during the growth of multiwalled nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2908
40. Crespi V H, Benedict L X, Chopra N G, Radmilovic V, Zettl A, Cohen M L and Louie S G 1998 Site-selective radiation damage in flattened carbon nanotubes Appl Phys. Lett. 73 2435
41. Crespi. V H, Chopra N G, Cohen M L, Zettl A and Louie S G 1996 Anisotropic electron-beam damage and the collapse of carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 54 5927
42. Crespi V H, Rubio A and Cohen M. L 1997 In situ bandgap engineering in carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 2093
43. Dahn J R, Dann D C and Haering R R 1982 Elastic energy and staging in intercalation compounds Solid State Commun. 42 179-83.
44. D'Amico K L, Bohr J, Monoton D E and Gibbs D 1990 Melting and orientational epitaxy in argon and xenon monolayers on graphite Phys. Rev. B 41 4368-4376.
45. Dahn J R, Zheng T, Liu Y H and Xue J S 1995 Mechanisms for lithium insertion in carbonaceous materials Science 270 590-3.
46. Dash J G, Schick M and Vilches O E 1994 Phases of helium monolayers-search and discovery Surf. Sci. 300 405-14
47. Datsyuk V, Kalyva M, Papagelis K, Parthenios J, Tasis D, Siokou A, Kallitsis I and Galiotis C 2008 Chemical oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes Carbon 46 833.
48. Dinadayalane T and Leszczynski J 2007 Stone-Wales defects with two different orientations in (5, 5) single-walled carbon nanotubes: a theoretical study Chem. Phys. Lett. 434 86
49. Ding F, Jiao K, Wu M and Yakobson B 2007 Pseudoclimb and dislocation dynamics in superplastic nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 75503
50. Dresselhaus M S and Dresselhaus G 1981 Intercalation compounds of graphite Adv. Phys. 30 139-326
51. Dresselhaus M S and Dresselhaus G 2002 Intercalation compounds of graphite Adv. Phys. 511-186.
52. Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus M S and Eklund P C 1992 Symmetry for lattice modes in C-60 and alkali-metal-doped C-60 Phys. Rev. B 45 6923-30
53. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and P. C. Eklund, The Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes (Academic, San Diego, CA, 1996).
54. Dresselhaus M S and Eklund P C 2000 Phonons in carbon nanotubes Adv. Phys. 49 705-814
55. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, K. Sugihara, I. L. Spain, and H. A. Goldberg, Graphite Fibers and Filaments (Springer, Berlin, 1988).
56. Duclaux L, Salvetat J P, Lauginie P, Cacciaguera T, Faugere A M, Goze-Bac C and Bernier P 2003 Synthesis and characterization of SWNT-heavy alkali metal intercalation compounds, effect of host SWNTs materials J. Phys. Chem. Solids 64 571-81
57. Dumitrica T, Hua M and Yakobson B 2006 Symmetry-, time-, and temperature-dependent strength of carbon nanotubes Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 103 6105
58. Dumitrica T and Yakobson B I 2004 Strain-rate and temperature dependent plastic yield in carbon nanotubes from ab initio calculations Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 2775.
59. Egerton R F 2009 Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the TEM Rep. Prog. Phys. 72 016502
60. Eklund P C, Holden J M and Jishi R A 1995a Vibrational-modes of carbon nanotubes-spectroscopy and theory Carbon 33 959-72.
61. Eklund P C, Kambe N, Dresselhaus G and Dresselhaus M S 1978 In-plane intercalate lattice modes in graphite-bromine using Raman spectroscopy Phys. Rev. B 18 7069-79
62. Eklund P C, Rao A M, Wang Y, Zhou P, Wang K A, Holden J M, Dresselhaus M S and Dresselhaus G 1995b Optical-properties of C-60-based and C-70-based solid films Thin Solid Films 257 211-32.
63. Eklund P C, Rao A M, Zhou P, Wang Y and Holden J M 1995c Photochemical transformation of C60 and C70 films Thin Solid Films 257 185-203.
64. Eklund P C, Zhou P, Wang K A, Dresselhaus G and Dresselhaus M S 1992 Optical phonon modes in solid and doped C-60 J. Phys. Chem. Solids S3 1391-413
65. Elias A L, Botello-Mendez A R, Meneses-Rodriguez D, Jehova Gonzalez V, Ramirez-Gonzalez D, Ci L, Munoz-Sandoval E, Ajayan P M, Terrones H and Terrones M 2010 Longitudinal cutting of pure and doped carbon nanotubes to form graphitic nanoribbons using metal clusters as nanoscalpels Nano Lett. 10 366.
66. Elias D C 2009 Control of graphene's properties by reversible hydrogenation: evidence for graphane Science 323 610-3.
67. Eloi C C, Robertson J D, Rao A M, Zhou P, Wang K A and Eklund P C 1993 An investigation of photoassisted diffusion of oxygen in solid C-60 films using resonant alpha-scattering J. Mater. Res. 8 3085-9
68. 6 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 44102-9
69. Ertekin E, Chrzan D and Daw M 2009 Topological description of the Stone-Wales defect formation energy in carbon nanotubes and graphene Phys. Rev. B 79 155421
70. Fain S C, Chinn M D and Diehl R D 1980 Commensurateincommensurate transition of solid krypton monolayers on graphite Phys. Rev. B 21 4170-2
71. Falge H J, Borstel G and Otto A 1974 Dispersion of generalized surface phonon polaritons on alpha-quartz observed by attenuated total reflection Phys. Status Solidi b 65 123-32.
72. Fischer J E 2000 Storing energy in carbon nanotubes Chem. Innov. 30 21-7
73. Fischer J E, Claye A and Lee R S 2000 Crystal chemistry of nanotubes lattices Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. 340 737-42
74. 2 Phys. Rev. B 35 3295-8
75. Flores MZS, Autreto PAS, Legoas S B and Galvao D S 2009 Graphene to graphane: a theoretical study Nanotechnology 20 465704.
76. Frauenheim. T, Seifert G, Elstner M, Niehaus T, Köhler C, Amkreutz M, Sternberg M, Hajnal Z, Di Carlo A and Suhai S 2002 Atomistic simulations of complex materials: ground-state and excited-state properties J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 3015
77. Fujimori T, Urita K, Ohba T and Kanon H 2010 Evidence of dynamic pentagon? Heptagon pairs in single-wall carbon nanotubes using surface-enhanced Raman scattering J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 6764
78. Furtado C A, Kim U J, Gutierrez H R, Pan L, Dickey E C and Eklund P C 2004 Debundling and dissolution of single-walled carbon nanotubes in amide solvents J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 6095-105
79. Gao G H, Çaǵinin T and Goddard W A 1998 Position of K atoms in doped single-walled carbon, nanotube crystals Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 5556-9
80. Gatica S M and Cole M W 2005 Capillary condensation in cylindrical nanopores Phys. Rev. E 72 041602
81. Gatica S M, Stan G, Calbi M M, Johnson J K and Cole M W 2000 Axial phase of quantum fluids in nanotubes J. Low Temp. Phys. 120 337-59
82. Givargizov E I 1973 Periodic instability in whisker growth J. Cryst. Growth 20 217-26
83. 4He on a single graphene sheet Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 085303
84. Gómez-Navarro C, De Pablo P, Gómez-Herrero J, Biel B, Garcia-Vidal F, Rubio A and Flores F 2005 Tuning the conductance of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ion irradiation in the Anderson localization regime Nat. Mater. 4 534
85. O. Gunnarsson, Alkali-Doped Fullerides: Narrow-Band Solids with Unusual Properties (World Scientific, Singapore, 2004).
86. Gupta A, Chen G, Joshi P, Tadigadapa S and Eklund P C 2006 Raman scattering from, high-frequency phonons in supported n-graphene layer films Nano Lett. 6 2667-73.
87. Gupta A K, Russin T J, Gutierrez H R and Eklund P C 2009 Probing graphene edges via Raman scattering ACS Nano 3 45-52.
88. Gupta R, Xiong Q, Adu C K, Kim U J and Eklund P C 2003a Laser-induced Fano resonance scattering in silicon nanowires Nano Lett. 3 627-31.
89. Gupta R, Xiong Q, Manan G D and Eklund P C 2003b Surface optical phonons in gallium phosphide nanowires Nano Lett. 3 1745-50.
90. Gürsey F 1950 Classical statistical mechanics of a rectilinear assembly Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 46 182-94
91. Gutierrez H R, Kim U J, Kim J P and Eklund P C 2005 Thermal conversion of bundled carbon nanotubes into graphitic ribbons Nano Lett. 5 2195-201.
92. Haider M, Uhlemann S, Schwan E, Rose H, Kabius B and Urban K 1998 Electron microscopy image enhanced Nature 392 768-9.
93. Hashimoto A, Suenaga K, Gloter A, Urita K and Iijima S 2004 Direct evidence for atomic defects in graphene layers Nature 430 870.
94. Haufler R E 1990 Efficient production of C60 (buckminsterfullerene), C60H36, and the solvated buckide ion J. Phys. Chem. 94 8634-6
95. Hebard A F 1992 Superconductivity in doped fullerenes Phys. Today 45 26-32
96. Heeger A J, Kivelson S, Schrieffer J R and Su W P 1988 Solitons in conducting polymers Rev. Mod. Phys. 60 781-850
97. Heiney P A, Fischer J E, Djurado D, Ma J, Chen D, Winokur M J, Coustel N, Bernier P and Karasz F E 1991a Channel structures in alkali-metal-doped conjugated polymers-broken-symmetry two-dimensional intercalation superlattices Phys. Rev. B 44 2507-15
98. Heiney P A, Fischer J E, Mcghie A R, Romanow W J, Denenstein A M, Mccauley J P, Smith A B and Cox D E 1991b Orientational ordering transition in solid C60 Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 2911-4
99. Hohenberg P 1964 Inhomogeneous electron gas Phys. Rev. B 136 864
100. Huang J, Chen S, Ren Z, Wang Z, Wang D, Vaziri M, Suo Z, Chen G Dresselhaus M 2006 Kink formation motion in carbon nanotubes at high temperatures Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 75501 (Pubitemid 44239069)
101. Huang J, Ding F Yakobson B 2008 Dislocation dynamics in multiwalled carbon nanotubes at high temperatures Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 35503 (Pubitemid 351161768)
102. Hung R R and Grabowski J J 1991 A precise determination of the triplet energy of C60 by photoacoustic calorimetry J. Phys. Chem. 95 6073-5
103. Imamura G, Kawashima T, Fujii M, Nishimura C, Saitoh T and Hayashi S 2008 Distribution of active impurities in single silicon nanowires Nano Lett. 8 2620-4.
104. Ishigami M, Choi H, Aloni S, Louie S, Cohen M and Zettl. A 2004 Identifying defects in nanoscale materials Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 196803
105. Iwasa Y 1994 New phases of C-60 synthesized at high-pressure Science 264 1570-2.
106. Jalilian R, Sumanasekera G U, Chrasekharan H Sunkara M K 2006 Phonon confinement laser heating effects in germanium nanowires Phys. Rev. B 74 155421 (Pubitemid 44601892)
107. Jang I, Sinnott S B, Danailov D and Keblinski P 2004 Molecular dynamics simulation study of carbon nanotube welding under electron beam, irradiation Nano Lett. 4 109.
108. Jiang H, Feng X, Huang Y, Hwang K and Wu P 2004 Defect nucleation in carbon nanotubes under tension and torsion: Stone-Wales transformation Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 193 3419
109. 60 doped with alkali metals Phys. Rev. B 45 6914-8
110. Johnson J C, Choi H J, Knutsen K P, Schaller R D, Yang P D and Saykally R J 2002 Single gallium nitride nanowire lasers Nat. Mater. 1 106-10
111. J. K. Johnson and M. W. Cole, 2008 Hydrogen, adsorption in single-walled carbon nanotubes Adsorption by Carbons ed E J Bottani and JMD Tascón (Amsterdam.: Elsevier Science) chapter 15.
112. Kane C L and Mele E J 1997 Size, shape, and low energy electronic structure of carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 1932-5
113. Kim H K and Chan MHW 1984 Experimental-determination of a two-dimensional liquid-vapor critical-point exponent Phys. Rev. Lett. 53 170-3
114. Kim U J, Gutierrez H R, Gupta A K and Eklund P C 2008 Raman scattering study of the thermal conversion of bundled carbon nanotubes into graphitic nanoribbons Carbon 46 729-40.
115. Kim U J, Gutierrez H R, Kim J P and Eklund P C 2005 Effect of the tube diameter distribution on the high-temperature structural modification of bundled single-walled carbon nanotubes J. Phys. Chem. B 109 23358-65
116. Kohn W 1965 Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects Phys. Rev. A 140 1133
117. Kosynkin D V, Higginbotham A L, Sinitskii A, Lomeda J R, Dimiev A, Price B K and Tour J M 2009 Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons Nature 458 872.
118. Kotakoski J, Krasheninnikov A and Nordlund K 2006 Energetics, structure, and long-range interaction of vacancy-type defects in carbon nanotubes: atomistic simulations Phys. Rev. B 74 245420 (Pubitemid 44927328)
119. Krasheninnikov A and Banhart F 2007 Engineering of nanostructured carbon materials with electron or ion beams Nat. Mater. 6 723
120. Krasheninnikov A, Lehtinen P, Foster A and Nieminen R 2006 Bending the rules: contrasting vacancy energetics and migration in graphite and carbon nanotubes Chem. Phys. Lett. 418 132 (Pubitemid 43063362)
121. Kresse G and Furthmüller J 1996 Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set Phys. Rev. B 54 11169
122. Krivanek O L, Dellby N and Lupini A R 1999 Towards sub-angstrom electron beams Ultramicroscopy 78 1-11.
123. Krivanek O L, Neilist P D, Dellby N, Murfitt M F and Szilagyi Z 2003 Towards sub-0.5 angstrom electron beams Ultramicroscopy 96 229-37. (Pubitemid 36840893)
124. Kroto H W, Heath J R, Obrien S C, Curl R F and Smalley R E 1985 C-60-buckminsterfullerene Nature 318 162-3.
125. 4He films on graphite studied by neutron-scattering J. Low Temp. Phys. 87 425-43
126. Lee A, Kang Y, Chang K and Lee 12009 Reconstruction and alignment of vacancies in carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 79 174105.
127. Lee R S, Kim H J, Fischer J E, Thess A and Smalley R E 1997 Conductivity enhancement in single-walled carbon nanotube bundles doped with K and Br Nature 388 255-7.
128. Li B B, Yu D P and Zhang S L 1999 Raman spectral study of silicon nanowires Phys. Rev. B 59 1645-8
129. Liu X M, Romero H E, Gutierrez H R, Adu K and Eklund P C 2008 Transparent boron-doped carbon nanotube films Nano Lett. 8 2613-9.
130. Lopez F J, Hemesath E R and Lauhon L J 2009 Ordered stacking fault arrays in silicon nanowires Nano Lett. 9 2774-9.
131. Ma J F, Choi H Y, Mele E J and Fischer J E 1988 Staging in doped polymers Synth. Met. 27 A75-81
132. Mahan G D 2002 Oscillations of a thin hollow cylinder: carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 65.
133. Mahan G D and Jeon G S 2004 Flexure modes in carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 70.
134. Maigne A and Twesten R D 2009 Review of recent advances in spectrum imaging and its extension to reciprocal space J. Electron Microscopy 58 99-109
135. Menon M, Subbaswamy K R and Sawtarie M 1994 Structure and properties of C-60 dimers by generalized tight-binding molecular-dynamics Phys. Rev. B 49 13966-9
136. A. D. Migone, 2008 Adsorption on Carbon Nanotubes: Experimental Results Adsorption by Carbons ed E J Bottani and J M D Tascón (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science).
137. Mingo N, Stewart D, Broido D and Srivastava D 2008 Phonon transmission through defects in carbon nanotubes from first principles Phys. Rev. B 77 33418
138. Mori H, Ogata S, Li J, Akita S and Nakayama Y 2006 Energetics of plastic bending of carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 74 165418 (Pubitemid 44654516)
139. Mori H, Ogata S, Li J, Akita S and Nakayama Y 2007 Plastic bending and shape-memory effect of double-wall carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 76 165405
140. Muller D A 2009 Structure and bonding at the atomic scale by scanning transmission electron microscopy Nat. Mater. 8 263-70
141. Muller H, Uhlemann S, Hartel P and Haider M 2006 Advancing the hexapole C-s-corrector for the scanning transmission electron microscope Microsc. Microanal. 12 442-55 (Pubitemid 46464826)
142. 60 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 53 1321-32
143. Nardelli M B, Fattebert J L, Orlikowski D, Roland C, Zhao Q and Bernholc J 2000 Mechanical properties, defects and electronic behavior of carbon nanotubes Carbon 38 1703.
144. Nardelli M B, Yakobson B I and Bernholc J 1998 Mechanism of strain release in carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 57 R4277 (Pubitemid 128486306)
145. N'Gom M, Li S Z, Schatz G, Erni R, Agarwal A, Kotov N and Norris T B 2009 Electron-beam mapping of plasmon resonances in electromagnetically interacting gold nanorods Phys. Rev. B 80 113411.
146. Narehood D G, Kostov M K, Eklund P C, Cole M W and Sokol P E 2002 Deep inelastic neutron scattering of H-2 in single-walled carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 65.
147. Nelayah J, Kociak M, Stephan O, De Abajo FJG, Tence M, Henrard L, Taverna D, Pastoriza-Santos I, Liz-Marzan L M and Colliex C 2007 Mapping surface plasmons on a single metallic nanoparticle Nat. Phys. 3 348-53
148. Nicklow R, Wakabayashi N and Smith H G 1972 Lattice dynamics of pyrolytic graphite Phys. Rev. B 5 4951
149. Nilsson G and Nelin G 1972 Study of homology between silicon and germanium by thermal-neutron spectrometry Phys. Rev. B 6 3777
150. Núñez-Regueiro M, Marques L, Hodeau J L, Béthoux O and Perroux M 1995 Polymerized fullerite structures Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 278-81
151. Okada S 2007 Energetics and electronic structures of carbon nanotubes with adatom-vacancy defects Chem. Phys. Lett. 447 263 (Pubitemid 47562391)
152. Ouyang M, Huang J, Cheung C and Lieber C 2001 Atomically resolved single-walled carbon nanotube intramolecular junctions Science 291 97.
153. Pacheco J M and Ramalho JPP 1997 First-principles determination of the dispersion interaction between fullerenes and their intermolecular potential Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 3873-6
154. Peelaers H, Partoens B and Peeters F M 2009 Phonon band structure of Si nanowires: a stability analysis Nano Lett. 9 107-11.
155. Peng B, Locascio M, Zapol P, Li S, Mielke S, Schatz G and Espinosa H 2008 Measurements of near-ultimate strength for multiwalled carbon nanotubes and irradiation-induced crosslinking improvements Nat. Nanotechnol. 3 626
156. Pennycook S J, Varela M, Lupini A R, Oxley M P and Chisholm M F 2009 Atomic-resolution spectroscopic imaging: past, present and future J. Electron Microsc. 58 87-97
157. Pimenta M A, Marucci A, Brown S D M, Matthews M J, Rao A M, Eklund P C, Smalley R E, Dresselhaus G and Dresselhaus M S 1998a Resonant Raman effect in single-wall carbon nanotubes J. Mater. Res. 13 2396-404 (Pubitemid 128571593)
158. Pimenta M A, Marucci A, Empedocles S A, Bawendi M G, Hanlon E B, Rao A M, Eklund P C, Smalley R E, Dresselhaus G and Dresselhaus M S 1998b Raman modes of metallic carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 58 16016-9 (Pubitemid 128495581)
159. Piscanec S, Cantoro M, Ferrari A C, Zapien J A, Lifshitz Y, Lee S T, Hofmann S and Robertson J 2003 Raman spectroscopy of silicon nanowires Phys. Rev. B 68 241312(R)
160. Pradhan B K, Harutyunyan A R, Stojkovic D, Grossman J C, Zhang P, Cole M W, Crespi V, Goto H, Fujiwara J and Eklund P C 2002 Large cryogenic storage of hydrogen in carbon nanotubes at low pressures J. Mater. Res. 17 2209-16 (Pubitemid 35236738)
161. H. Rafii-Tabar, Computational physics of carbon nanotubes Computational Physics of Carbon Nanotubes (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008).
162. Rao A M, Bandow S, Richter E and Eklund P C 1998 Raman spectroscopy of pristine and doped single wall carbon nanotubes Thin Solid Films 331 141-7. (Pubitemid 128640747)
163. Rao A M, Eklund P C, Bandow S, Thess A and Smalley R E 1997a Evidence for charge transfer in doped carbon nanotube bundles from Raman scattering Nature 388 257-9. (Pubitemid 27317965)
164. Rao A M, Eklund P C, Hodeau J L, Marques L and Nunezregueiro M 1997b Infrared and Raman studies of pressure-polymerized C-60 Phys. Rev. B 55 4766-73 (Pubitemid 127484514)
165. Rao A M, Wang K A, Holden J M, Wang Y, Zhou P, Eklund P C, Eloi C C and Robertson J D 1993a Photoassisted oxygen doping of C-60 films J. Mater. Res. 8 2277-81
166. Rao A M 1993b Photoinduced polymerization of solid C-60 films Science 259 955-7.
167. Rao A M 1997c Diameter-selective Raman scattering from vibrational modes in carbon nanotubes Science 275 187-91.
168. Rechberger W, Hohenau A, Leitner A, Krenn J R, Lamprecht B and Aussenegg F R 2003 Optical properties of two interacting gold nanoparticles Opt. Commun. 220 137-41
169. Richter H, Wang Z P and Ley L 1.981 The one phonon Raman-spectrum in microcrystalline silicon Solid State Commun. 39 625-9.
170. Romero H E, Bolton K, Rosen A and Eklund P C 2005 Atom collision-induced resistivity of carbon nanotubes Science 307 89-93.
171. Ross F M, Tersoff J and Reuter M C 2005 Sawtooth faceting in silicon nanowires Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 146104
172. Safran S A and Hamann D R 1979 Long-range elastic interactions and staging in graphite-intercalation compounds Phys. Rev. Lett. 42 1410-3
173. Salvetat J P, Bonard J M, Thomson N H, Kulik A J, Forro L, Benoit W and Zuppiroli L 1999 Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes Appl. Phys. A 69 255
174. Sammalkorpi M, Krasheninnikov A, Kuronen A, Nordlund K and Kaski K 2004 Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes with vacancies and related defects Phys. Rev. B 70 245416
175. Schick M, Walker J S and Wortis M 1977 Phase-diagram of triangular ising-model-renormalization-group calculation with application to adsorbed monolayers Phys. Rev. B 16 2205-19
176. B. E. Sernelius, 2001 Surface Modes in Physics (Berlin: Wiley-VCH)
177. Sherry L J, Jin R C, Mirkin C A, Schatz G C and Van Duyne R P 2006 Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of single silver triangular nanoprisms Nano Lett. 6 2060-5.
178. Sholl D S and Johnson J K 2006 Making high-flux membranes with carbon nanotubes Science 312 1003-4.
179. Shrimpton N D, Joos B and Bergersen B 1988 Low-temperature behavior of krypton monolayers on graphite Phys. Rev. B 38 2124-39
180. Smith B W, Monthioux M and Luzzi D E 1998 Encapsulated C-60 in carbon nanotubes Nature 396 323-4.
181. Sofo J O, Chaudhari A S and Barber G D 2007 Graphane: a two-dimensional hydrocarbon Phys. Rev. B 75.
182. Specht E D, Mak A, Peters C, Sutton M, Birgeneau R J, Damico K L, Moncton D E, Nagler S E and Horn P M 1987 Phase-diagram and phase-transitions of krypton on graphite in the extended monolayer regime Z. Phys. B 69 347-77
183. Spillane S M, Kippenberg T J and Váhala K J 2002 Ultralow-threshold Raman laser using a spherical dielectric microcavity Nature 415 621-3.
184. Stan G and Cole M W 1998 Low coverage adsorption in cylindrical pores Surf. Sci. 395 280-91
185. Stephan O, Kociak M, Henrard L, Suenaga K, Gloter A, Tence M, Sandre E and Colliex C 2001 Electron energy-loss spectroscopy on individual nanotubes J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 114 209-17
186. 60 and some related species Chem. Phys. Lett. 128 501
187. M. A. Stroscio and M. Dutta, Phonons in Nanostructures (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, NY, 2001).
188. Strout D L, Murry R L, Xu C H, Eckhoff W C, Odom G K and Scuseria G E 1993 A theoretical-study of buckminsterfullerene reaction-products-C-60 + C-60 Chem. Phys. Lett. 214 576-82
189. Sumanasekera G U, Allen J L, Fang S L, Loper A L, Rao A M and Eklund P C 1999 Electrochemical oxidation of single wall carbon nanotube bundles in sulfuric acid J. Phys. Chem. B 103 4292-7
190. Sumanasekera G U, Pradhan B K, Romero H E, Adu K W and Eklund P C 2002 Giant thermopower effects from molecular physisorption on carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 166801
191. Swift M R, Cheng E, Cole M W and Banavar J R 1993 Phase-transitions in a model porous-medium Phys. Rev. B 48 3124-9
192. Talapatra S, Krungleviciute V and Migone A D 2002 Higher coverage gas adsorption on the surface of carbon nanotubes: evidence for a possible new phase in the second layer Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 246106
193. Tang M, Wang C, Chan C and Ho K 1996 Environment-dependent tight-binding potential model Phys. Rev. B 53 979 (Pubitemid 126836863)
194. Tersoff J 1988 Empirical interatomic potential for carbon, with
195. Tersoff J 1989 Modeling solid-state chemistry: interatomic potentials for multicomponent systems Phys. Rev. B 39 5566
196. Thess A 1996 Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes Science 273 483-7.
197. Thonhauser T and Mahan G D 2005 Predicted Raman spectra of Si[111] nanowires Phys. Rev. B 71 081307
198. Trasca R A, Calbi M M, Cole M W and Riccardo J L 2004 Lattice-gas Monte Carlo study of adsorption in pores Phys. Rev. E 69 011605-1-6.
199. Tserpes K and Papanikos P 2007 The effect of Stone-Wales defect on the tensile behavior and fracture of single-walled carbon nanotubes Compos. Struct. 19 581
200. Uchida T, Tachibana M and Kojima K 2007 Thermal relaxation kinetics of defects in single-wall carbon nanotubes J. Appl. Phys. 101 084313 (Pubitemid 46691168)
201. K. Venkatesan and V. Ramamurthy, Bimolecular Photoreactions in Crystal, Photochemistry in Organized and Constrained Media (VCH, New York, 1991).
202. Vijayaraghavan A, Marquardt C W, Dehm S, Hennrich F and Krupke R 2010 Imaging defects and junctions in single-walled carbon nanotubes by voltage-contrast scanning electron microscopy Carbon 48 494.
203. Wako K, Oda T, Okada I, Tachibana M and Kojima K 2007 Formation of a five-seven pair couple defect in double-walled carbon nanotubes under bending deformation J. Appl. Phys. 102 113522 (Pubitemid 350262770)
204. Wako K, Oda T, Tachibana M and Kojima K 2008 Bending deformation of single-walled carbon nanotubes caused by a five-seven pair couple defect Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 47 6601
205. Wallace P R 1947 The band theory of graphite Phys. Rev. 71 622-34
206. Wang R P, Zhou G W, Liu Y L, Pan S H, Zhang H Z, Yu D P and Zhang Z 2000 Raman spectral study of silicon nanowires: high-order scattering and phonon confinement effects Phys. Rev. B 61 16827-32
207. Wang Y, Holden J M, Bi X X and Eklund P C 1994 Thermal decomposition of polymeric C-60 Chem. Phys. Lett. 217 413-7
208. Wang Y, Holden J M, Dong Z H, Bi X X and Eklund P C 1993 Photo-dimerization kinetics in solid C-60 films Chem. Phys. Lett. 211 341-5
209. Wang Y, Holden J M, Rao A M, Lee W T, Bi X X, Ren S L, Lehman G W, Hager G T and Eklund P C 1992 Interband dielectric function of C-60 and M6C60 (M = K, Rb, Cs) Phys. Rev. B 45 14396-9
210. Z. Wang, J. Wei, P. Morse, J. G. Dash, O. E. Vilches, and D. H. Cobden, 2010 Phase transitions at the surface of a carbon nanotube Science 327 552-5 (arXiv:0909.0768 [cond.mat]).
211. Weiss P S and Eigler D M 1992 Adsorption and accommodation of Xe on Pt(111) Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 2240-3
212. 2 physisorption on ropes of single-walled, carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 165502
213. Wu J, Gupta A K, Gutierrez H R and Eklund P C 2009 Cavityenhanced stimulated Raman scattering from short GaP nanowires Nano Lett. 9 3252-7.
214. Wu J, Gutierrez H R and Eklund P C 2008 Synthesis and Raman scattering from Zn1-xMnxS diluted magnetic semiconductor nanowires J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 8 393-9
215. Xiong Q, Chen G, Gutierrez H R and Eklund P C 2006a Raman scattering studies of individual polar semiconducting nanowires: phonon splitting and antenna effects Appl. Phys. A 85 299-305 (Pubitemid 44599961)
216. Xiong Q, Gupta R, Adu K W, Dickey E C, Lian G D, Tham D, Fischer J E and Eklund P C 2003 Raman spectroscopy and structure of crystalline gallium phosphide nanowires J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 3 335-9
217. Xiong Q, Wang J and Eklund P C 2006b Coherent twinning phenomena: Towards twinning superlattices in III-V semiconducting nanowires Nano Lett. 6 2736-42.
218. Xiong Q H, Wang J G, Reese O, Voon L C L Y and Eklund P C 2004 Raman scattering from, surface phonons in rectangular cross-sectional w-ZnS nanowires Nano Lett. 4 1991-6.
219. Xu C H, Wang C Z, Chan C T and Ho K M 1992 A transferable tight-binding potential for carbon J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 4 6047
220. Yakobson B I 1998 Mechanical relaxation and 'intramolecular plasticity' in carbon nanotubes Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 918.
221. Yamamoto T and Watanabe K 2006 Nonequilibrium Green's function approach to phonon transport in defective carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 255503
222. Yao Z, Postma H W and Balents L 1999 Carbon nanotube intramolecular junctions Nature 402 273. (Pubitemid 129516258)
223. c versus carrier concentration in cubic fulleride superconductors Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 167-70
224. P. Zeppenfeld, 2001 Noble Gases on Metals and Semiconductors (Landolt-Börnstein vol III/42) (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag) pp 67-115.
225. Zhang J, Zou H, Qing Q, Yang Y, Li Q, Liu Z, Guo X and Du Z 2003 Effect of chemical oxidation on the structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes J. Phys. Chem. B 107 3712 (Pubitemid 43677161)
226. Zhang P, Lammert P E and Crespi V H 1998a Plastic deformations of carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 5346 (Pubitemid 128631940)
227. Zhou L and Shi S 2003 Formation energy of Stone-Wales defects in carbon nanotubes Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 1222
228. Zhou Z, Jin R, Eres G, Subedi A and Mandrus D 2006 Control of electron transport related defects in in situ fabricated single wall carbon nanotube devices Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 133124 (Pubitemid 44484157)
229. Zhang Y F, Tang Y H, Wang N, Yu D P, Lee C S, Bello I and Lee S T 1998 Silicon nanowires prepared by laser ablation at high temperature Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 1835-7 (Pubitemid 128671475)
230. Zhou P, Rao A M, Wang K A, Robertson J D, Eloi C, Meier M S, Ren S L, Bi X X, Eklund P C and Dresselhaus M S 1992 Photo-assisted structural transition and oxygen diffusion in solid C-60 films Appl. Phys. Lett. 60 2871-3