Diameter-selective Raman scattering from vibrational modes in carbon nanotubes

Science

Volumn 275, Issue 5297, 1997, Pages 187-190

  Rao, A M ^a   Richter, E ^a   Bandow, Shunji ^b   Chase, Bruce ^c   Eklund, P C ^a   Williams, K A ^a   Fang, S ^a   Subbaswamy, K R ^a   Menon, M ^a   Thess, A ^d   Smalley, R E ^d   Dresselhaus, G ^e   Dresselhaus, M S ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b INSTITUTE FOR MOLECULAR SCIENCE   (Japan)

^c DUPONT COMPANY   (United States)

^d RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^f MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; NANOPARTICLE;

ARTICLE; LASER; MICROFILTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; VIBRATION; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

EID: 15444347981     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5297.187     Document Type: Article

References (26)

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3. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, P. C. Eklund, Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes (Academic Press, New York, 1996).
4. A. Thess et al., Science 273, 483 (1996).
5. R. E. Smalley et al., unpublished results.
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11. Carbon arc synthesis can also produce MWNTs, which have been shown by TEM to consist of many concentric SWNTs. Each MWNT contains typically between 10 to 20, and as many as 100, concentric tubules with an intertubule spacing of ∼3.4 Å. A typical inner diameter for a MWNT is ∼8 nm, a factor of ∼6 greater than the SWNTs studied here. These MWNTs are too large to exhibit strong quantum-confinement effects, and the Raman spectrum for MWNTs resembles closely that of graphite. See, for example, (6).
12. A. M. Rao et al., unpublished results.
13. As discussed in (4), the laser-assisted production of SWNTs creates crystalline ropes containing bundles of aligned SWNTs. The tubules stack in a close-packed structure. When viewed end on, the tube ends form a triangular lattice whose lattice parameter has been observed with x-ray and electron diffraction.
14. The TEM was calibrated by using the lattice-fringe spacing from graphite (3.35 Å).
15. Because the Raman spectra presented in this report were collected with a wide range of laser frequencies, several spectrometers and varying collection optics were needed.
16. L. Venkataraman, thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1993).
17. R. A. Jishi, L. Venkataraman, M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, Chem. Phys. Lett. 209, 77 (1993).
18. E. Richter and K. R. Subbaswamy, unpublished results.
19. J. M. Cowley, P. Nikolaev, A. Thess, R. E. Smalley, preprint.
20. C. H. Xu, C. Z. Wang, C. T. Chan, K. M. Ho, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 4, 6047 (1992).
21. Y. H. Lee, M. S. Kim, D. Tománek, private communication.
22. 2 carbons.
23. Strictly speaking, the concept of a diameter-dependent shift in mode frequency should be applied separately to n = even and n = odd tubes, because some of the mode frequencies show an abrupt change in frequency as n changes by one (that is, n = even to n = odd), consistent with the different symmetry groups that are applicable to even and odd tubes.
24. W. Hayes and R. A. Loudon, Light Scattering by Crystals (Wiley, New York, 1978).
25. M. Menon, E. Richter, K. R. Subbaswamy, J. Chem. Phys. 104, 5875 (1996).
26. The Kentucky group was supported by the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research and NSF grant OSR-94-52895 and DOE contract DE-F22-90PC90029. The MIT authors gratefully acknowledge NSF grant DMR95-10093 for support of this research. The work at Rice was supported by the Office of Naval Research contract N0014-91-J1794. The work at IMS was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) 08640749 from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, & Culture.