Clinical neurophysiology of visual and auditory processing in dyslexia: A review

Clinical Neurophysiology

Volumn 121, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 1794-1809

  Schulte Körne, Gerd ^a   Bruder, Jennifer ^a  

^a LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Auditory; Dyslexia; Electrophysiology; ERP; Neurophysiology; Prediction; Speech; Visual

Indexed keywords

AUDITORY RESPONSE; AUDITORY SYSTEM EXAMINATION; CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; DYSLEXIA; ELECTRONEUROLOGY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FREQUENCY MODULATION; HUMAN; MOTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREDICTOR VARIABLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPEECH DISORDER; SPEECH PERCEPTION; VISION; AUDITORY STIMULATION; EVOKED AUDITORY RESPONSE; EVOKED VISUAL RESPONSE; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; TRENDS;

ACOUSTIC STIMULATION; DYSLEXIA; EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY; EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL; HUMANS; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; SPEECH PERCEPTION;

EID: 77956902268     PISSN: 13882457     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.04.028     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Amitay S., Ben-Yehudah G., Banai K., Ahissar M. Disabled readers suffer from visual and auditory impairments but not from a specific magnocellular deficit. Brain 2002, 125(10):2272-2285.
2. Baldeweg T., Richardson A., Watkins S., Foale C., Gruzelier J. Impaired auditory frequency discrimination in dyslexia detected with mismatch evoked potentials. Ann Neurol 1999, 45(4):495-503.
3. Banaschewski T., Brandeis D. Annotation: what electrical brain activity tells us about brain function that other techniques cannot tell us - a child psychiatric perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007, 48(5):415-435.
4. Bishop D.V. Using mismatch negativity to study central auditory processing in developmental language and literacy impairments: where are we and where should we, be going?. Psychol Bull 2007, 133(4):651-672.
5. Bishop D.V., Snowling M.J. Developmental dyslexia and specific language impairment: same or different?. Psychol Bull 2004, 130(6):858-886.
6. Bitz U., Gust K., Spitzer M., Kiefer M. Phonological deficit in school children is reflected in the mismatch negativity. Neuroreport 2007, 18(9):911-915.
7. Boden C., Giaschi D. M-stream deficits and reading-related visual processes in developmental dyslexia. Psychol Bull 2007, 133(2):346-366.
8. Boder E. Developmental dyslexia: a new diagnostic approach based on the identification of three subtypes. J School Health 1970, 289-290.
9. Boder E. Developmental dyslexia: a diagnostic approach based on three atypical reading-spelling patterns. Dev Med Child Neurol 1973, 15:663-687.
10. Borel-Maisonny S. Speech disorders in dyslexia and dysorthography. Enfance 1951, 4(5):400-444.
11. Born R.T., Bradley D.C. Structure and function of visual area MT. Annu Rev Neurosci 2005, 28. (157-189).
12. Borsting E., Ridder W.H., Dudeck K., Kelley C., Matsui L., Motoyama J. The presence of a magnocellular defect depends on the type of dyslexia. Vision Res 1996, 36(7):1047-1053.
13. Brecelj J., Strucl M., Raic V. Simultaneous pattern electroretinogram and visual evoked potential recordings in dyslexic children. Doc Ophthalmol 1997-1998, 94(4):355-364.
14. Ceponiene R., Shestakova A., Balan P., Alku P., Yiaguchi K., Näätänen R. Children's auditory event-related potentials index sound complexity and "speechness" Int J Neurosci 2001, 109(3-4):245-260.
15. Ceponiene R., Yaguchi K., Shestakova A., Alku P., Suominen K., Näätänen R. Sound complexity and 'speechness' effects on pre-attentive auditory discrimination in children. Int J Psychophysiol 2002, 43:199-211.
16. Cheour M., Korpilahti P., Martynova O., Lang A.H. Mismatch negativity and late discriminative negativity in investigating speech perception and learning in children and infants. Audiol Neurootol 2001, 6:2-11.
17. Clark J., Yallop C. An introduction to phonetics and phonology 1995, Blackwell, Oxford. 2nd ed.
18. CohenMimran R. Temporal processing deficits in Hebrew speaking children with reading disabilities. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2006, 49(1):127-137.
19. Constantinidis C. Posterior parietal mechanisms of visual attention. Rev Neurosci 2006, 17(4):415-427.
20. Cornelissen P.L., Hansen P.C., Gilchrist I., Cormack F., Essex J., Frankish C. Coherent motion detection and letter position encoding. Vision Res 1998, 38(14):2181-2191.
21. Cunningham J., Nicol T., Zecker S.G., Bradlow A., Kraus N. Neurobiologic responses to speech in noise in children with learning problems: deficits and strategies for improvement. Clin Neurophysiol 2001, 112(5):758-767.
22. Demb J.B., Boynton G.M., Best M., Heeger D.J. Psychophysical evidence for a magnocellular pathway deficit in dyslexia. Vision Res 1998, 38(11):1555-1559.
23. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed. Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
24. Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH (Hrsg.) (1991). Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen. Bern: Verlag Hans Huber.
25. Epsy K.A., Molfese D.L., Molfese V.J., Modglin A. Development of auditory event-related potentials in young children and relations to word-level reading abilities at age 8 years. Ann Dyslexia 2004, 54(1):9-38.
26. Facoetti A., Paganoni P., Lorusso M.L. The spatial distribution of visual attention in developmental dyslexia. Exp Brain Res 2000, 132(4):531-538.
27. Facoetti A., Paganoni P., Turatto M., Marzola V., Mascetti G.G. Visual-spatial attention in developmental dyslexia. Cortex 2000, 36(1):109-123.
28. Farmer M.E., Klein R.M. The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia. Psychonomic Bull Rev 1995, 2:460-493.
29. Farrag A.F., Khedr E.M., Abel-Naser W. Impaired parvocellular pathway in dyslexic children. Eur J Neurol 2002, 9(4):359-363.
30. Galaburda A.M., Menard M.T., Rosen G.D. Evidence for aberrant auditory anatomy in developmental dyslexia. Proc Nat Acad of Sci USA 1994, 91:1810-1813.
31. Galaburda A.M., Sherman G.F., Rosen G.D., Aboitiz F., Geschwind N. Developmental dyslexia: four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies. Ann Neurol 1985, 18(2):222-233.
32. Garrido M.I., Kilner J.M., Stephan K.E., Friston K.J. The mismatch negativity: a review of underlying mechanisms. Clin Neurophysiol 2009, 120(3):453-463.
33. Georgiewa P., Rzanny R., Gaser C., Gerhard U.J., Vieweg U., Freesmeyer D., Mentzel H.J., Kaiser W.A., Blanz B. Phonological processing in dyslexic children: a study combining functional imaging and event related potentials. Neurosci Lett 2002, 318(1):5-8.
34. Giraud K., Demonet J.F., Habib M., Marquis P., Chauvel P., Liegeois-Chauvel C. Auditory evoked potential patterns to voiced and voiceless speech sounds in adult developmental dyslexics with persistent deficits. Cereb Cortex 2005, 15(10):1524-1534.
35. Gross-Glenn K., Skottun B.C., Glenn W., Kushch A., Lingua R., Dunbar M., Jallad B., Lubs H.A., Levin B., Rabin M., et al. Contrast sensitivity in dyslexia. Vis Neurosci 1995, 12:153-163.
36. Guttorm TK, Leppänen PH, Hämäläinen JA, Eklund KM, Lyytinen HJ. Newborn event-related potentials predict poorer pre-reading skills in children at risk for dyslexia. J Learn Disabil 2009 (epub).
37. Guttorm T.K., Leppänen P.H., Poikkeus A.M., Eklund K.M., Lyytinen P., Lyytinen H. Brain event-related potentials (ERPs) measured at birth predict later language development in children with and without familial risk for dyslexia. Cortex 2005, 41(3):291-303.
38. Hall MH, Schulze K, Rijsdijk F, Picchioni M, Ettinger U, Bramon et al. Heritability and reliability of P300, P50 and duration mismatch negativity. Behav Genet 2006;36:845-857.
39. Hansell N.K., Medland S.E., Ferreira M.A., Geffen G.M., Zhu G., Montgomery G.W., Duffy D.L., Wright M.J., Martin N.G. Linkage analyses of event-related potential slow wave phenotypes recorded in a working memory task. Behav Genet 2006, 36(1):29-34.
40. Heim S., Tschierse J., Amunts K., Wilms M., Vossel S., Willmes K., Grabowska A., Huber W. Cognitive subtypes of dyslexia. Acta Neurobiol Exp 2008, 68(1):73-82.
41. Heiervang E, Hugdahl K. Impaired visual attention in children with dyslexia. J Learn Disabil 2003;36(1):68-73.
42. Helenius P., Salmelin R., Richardson U., Leinonen S., Lyytinen H. Abnormal auditory cortical activation in dyslexia 100 msec after speech onset. J Cogn Neurosci 2002, 14(4):603-617.
43. Hinshelwood J. Word-blindness and visual memory. Lancet 1895, 146(3773):1564-1570.
44. Hirai M., Fukushima H., Hiraki K. An event-related potentials study of biological motion perception in humans. Neurosci Lett 2003, 344(1):41-44.
45. Hirai M., Hiraki K. An event-related potentials study of biological motion perception in human infants. Cogn Brain Res 2005, 22(2):301-304.
46. Huttunen T., Halonen A., Kaartinen J., Lyytinen H. Does mismatch negativity show differences in reading-disabled children compared to normal children and children with attention deficit?. Dev Neuropsychol 2007, 31(3):453-470.
47. International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10). WHO 2009. Available at: Accessed August 18, 2009. http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/.
48. Johannes S., Kussmaul C.L., Münte T.F., Mangun G. Developmental dyslexia: passive visual stimulation provides no evidence for a magnocellular processing defect. Neuropsychologia 1996, 34:1123-1127.
49. Katusic S.K., Colligan R.C., Barbaresi W.J., Schaid D.J., Jacobsen S.J. Incidence of reading disability in a population-based birth cohort, 1976-1982, Rochester, Minn. Mayo Clinic Proc 2001, 76:1081-1092.
50. Key A.P.F., Dove G.O., Maguier M.J. Linking brainwaves to the brain: An ERP primer. Dev Neuropsychol 2005, 183-215.
51. Kinsey K., Rose M., Hanson P., Richardson A., Stein J. Magnocellular mediated visual-spatial attention and reading ability. Neuroreport 2004, 15:2215-2218.
52. Kirmse U., Ylinen S., Tervaniemi M., Vainio M., Schröger E., Jacobsen T. Modulation of the mismatch negativity (MMN) to vowel duration changes in native speakers of Finnish and German as a result of language experience. Int J Psychophysiol 2008, 67:131-143.
53. Klatt D. Linguistic uses of segmental duration in English. J Acoust Soc Am 1976, 59(5):1208-1221.
54. Ko E.S. Development of perceptual sensitivity to extrinsic vowel durations in infants learning American English. J Acoust Soc Am 2009, 126(5):134-139.
55. Korpilahti P., Krause C.M., Holopainen I., Lang A.H. Early and late mismatch negativity elicited by words and speech-like stimuli in children. Brain Lang 2001, 76:332-339.
56. Kraus N., McGee T., Carell T., Zecker S., Nicol T., Koch D. Auditory neurophysiologic response and discrimination defcits in children with learning problems. Science 1996, 273:971-973.
57. Kuba M., Kubová Z., Kremlacek J., Langrova J. Motion-onset VEPs: characteristics, methods, and diagnostic use. Vision Res 2007, 47(2):189-202.
58. Kuba M., Szanyi J., Gayer D., Kremlacek J., Kubová Z. Electrophysiological testing of dyslexia. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 2001, 44(4):131-134.
59. Kubová Z., Kuba M., Peregrin J., Nonakova V. Visual evoked potential evidence for magnocellular system deficit in dyslexia. Phyiol Res 1996, 45(1):87-89.
60. Kujala T., Belitz S., Tervaniemi M., Näätänen R. Auditory sensory memory disorder in dyslexic adults as indexed by the mismatch negativity. Eur J Neurosci 2003, 17(6):1323-1327.
61. Kujala T., Lovio R., Lepisto T., Laasonen M., Näätänen R. Evaluation of multi-attribute auditory discrimination in dyslexia with the mismatch negativity. Clin Neurophysiol 2006, 117(4):885-893.
62. Kujala T., Myllyviita K., Tervaniemi M., Alho K., Kallio J., Näätänen R. Basic auditory dysfunction in dyslexia as demonstrated by brain activity measurements. Psychophysiology 2000, 37(2):262-266.
63. Kussmaul A. Die Störungen der Sprache. 1877. Vogel, Leipzig.
64. Lachmann T., Berti S., Kujala T., Schroger E. Diagnostic subgroups of developmental dyslexia have different deficits in neural processing of tones and phonemes. Int J Psychophysiol 2005, 56(2):105-120.
65. Ladefoged Peter. Vowels and consonants: an introduction to the sounds of language, Maldern 2001, Blackwell, MA.
66. Laycock R., Crewther S.G. Towards an under standing of the role of the 'magnocellular advantage' in fluent reading. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008, 32(8):1494-1506.
67. Lehmkuhle S., Garzia R., Turner L., Hash T., Baro J.A. A defective visual pathway in children with reading disability. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:989-996.
68. Leppanen P.H., Pihko E., Eklund K.M. Cortical responses of infants with and without a genetic risk for dyslexia: II. Group effects. Neuroreport 1999, 10(5):969-973.
69. Lidestam B. Visual discrimination of vowel duration. Scand J Psychol 2009, 50:427-435.
70. Lieberman P., Blumstein S.E. Cambridge studies in speech science and communication. Speech physiology, speech perception, and acoustic phonetics 1988, Cambridge University Press, New York.
71. Lindgren S.D., DeRenzi E., Richman L.C. Cross-national comparisons of developmental dyslexia in Italy and the United States. Child Dev 1985, 56:1404-1417.
72. Livingstone M.S., Rosen G.D., Drislane F.W., Galaburda A.M. Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991, 88(18):7943-7947.
73. Lovegrove W.J., Bowling A., Badcock D., Blackwood M. Specific reading disability: differences in contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency. Science 1980, 210(4468):439-440.
74. Lovegrove W., Martin F., Bowling A., Blackwood M., Badcock D., Paxton S. Contrast sensitivity functions and specific reading disability. Neuropsychologia 1982, 20(3):309-315.
75. Lovett M.W., Steinbach K.A., Frijters J.C. Remediating the core deficits of developmental reading disability: a double-deficit perspective. J Learn Disabil 2000, 33:334-358.
76. Lyytinen P., Eklund K., Lyytinen H. Language development and literacy skills in late-talking toddlers with and without familial risk for dyslexia. Ann Dyslexia 2005, 55(2):166-192.
77. Lyytinen H., Guttorm T.K., Huttunen T., Hämäläinen J., Leppänen P.H.T., Vesterinen M. Psychophysiology of developmental dyslexia: a review of findings including studies of children at risk for dyslexia. J Neurolinguistics 2005, 18(2):167-195.
78. Lyytinen H, Leinonen S, Nikula M, Aro M, Leiwo M. In search of core features of dyslexia: Observations concerning dyslexia in the highly orthographic knowledge II: relationships to phonology, reading and writing Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluver Academic Publishers; 1995. p. 177-204).
79. Manis F.R., Seidenberg M.S., Doi L.M., Mcbride-Chang C., Petersen A. On the bases of two subtypes of developmental dyslexia. Cognition 1996, 58:157-195.
80. Maughan B., Pickles A., Hagell A., Rutter M., Yule W. Reading problems and antisocial behaviour: developmental trends in comorbidity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996 May, 37(4):405-418.
81. Maurer U., Bucher K., Brem S., Brandeis D. Altered responses to tone and phoneme mismatch in kindergartners at familial dyslexia risk. Neuroreport 2003, 14(17):2245-2250.
82. May J.G., Lovegrove W.J., Martin F., Nelson P. Pattern-elicited visual evoked potentials in good and poor readers. Clin Vision Sci 1991, 6:131-136.
83. McArthur G.M., Bishop D.V. Auditory perceptual processing in people with reading and oral language impairments: current issues and recommendations. Dyslexia 2001, 7(3):150-170.
84. McBride-Chang C., Lam F., Lam C., Doo S., Wong S.W., Chow Y.Y. Word recognition and cognitive profiles of Chinese pre-school children at risk for dyslexia through language delay or familial history of dyslexia. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008, 49(2):211-218.
85. Meng X., Sai X., Wang C., Wang J., Sha S., Zhou X. Auditory and speech processing and reading development in Chinese school children: behavioural and ERP evidence. Dyslexia 2005, 11(4):292-310.
86. Merigan W.H., Maunsell J.H. How parallel are the primate visual pathways?. Annu Rev Neurosci 1993, 16:369-402.
87. Mody M., Studdert-Kennedy M., Brady S. Speech perception deficits in poor readers: auditory processing or phonological coding?. J Exp Child Psychol 1997, 64(2):199-231.
88. Moisescu-Yiflach T., Pratt H. Auditory event related potentials and source current density estimation in phonologic/auditory dyslexics. Clin Neurophysiol 2005, 116(11):2632-2647.
89. Molfese D.L. Predicting dyslexia at 8 years of age using neonatal brain responses. Brain Lang 2000, 72(3):238-245.
90. Molfese V.J., Molfese D.L., Modgline A.A. Newborn and Preschool Predictors of Second-Grade Reading Scores: An Evaluation of Categorical and Continuous Scores. J Learn Disabil 2001, 34(6):545-554.
91. Morgan W.P. A case of congenital word-blindness (inability to learn to read). Brit Med J 1896, 2:1543-1544.
92. Näätänen R. The role of attention in auditory information processing as revealed by ERP and other brain measures of cognitive function. Behav Brain Sci 1990, 13:201-288.
93. Näätänen R. Attention and brain function, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, Berry Wijers, 1992.
94. Näätänen, R. The perception of speech sounds by the human brain as reflected by the mismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetic equivalent (MMNm). Psychophysiology 2001;38(1):1-21.
95. Näätänen R., Alho K. Mismatch negativity-the measure for central sound representation accuracy. Audiol Neurootol 1997, 2(5):341-353.
96. Näätänen R., Gaillard A.W., Mantysalo S. Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted. Acta Psychol (Amst) 1978, 42(4):313-329.
97. Näätänen R., Paavilainen P., Rinne T., Alho K. The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review. Clin Neurophysiol 2007, 118(12):2544-2590.
98. Näätänen R., Picton T. The N1 Wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: a review and an analysis of the component structure. Psychophysiology 1987, 24:375-425.
99. Nachev P., Husain M. Disorders of visual attention and the posterior parietal cortex. Cortex 2006, 42(5):766-773.
100. Nagarajan S., Mahncke H., Salz T., Tallal P., Roberts T., Merzenich M.M. Cortical auditory signal processing in poor readers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96(11):6483-6488.
101. Nichols M.J., Newsome W.T. Middle temporal visual area microstimulation influences veridical judgments of motion direction. J Neurosci 2002, 22(21):9530-9540.
102. Niedeggen M., Wist E.R. Characteristics of visual evoked potentials generated by motion coherence onset. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 1999, 8(2):95-105.
103. Nowak LG, Bullier J. The timing of information transfer in the visual system. In: Rocklund K, Kaas J, Peters A, editors. Cerebral cortex, extrastriate cortex in primates. 12, New York:Plenum; 1997. p. 205-241.
104. Paracchini S., Scerri T., Monaco A.P. The Genetic Lexicon of Dyslexia. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2007, 8:57-79.
105. Picton T. Handbook of EEG and clinical neurophysiology. In: Picton T, editor. Human event related potentials, vol. 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1988.
106. Pihko E., Leppanen P.H., Eklund K.M., Cheour M., Guttorm T.K., Lyytinen H. Cortical responses of infants with and without a genetic risk for dyslexia: I. Age effects. Neuroreport 1999, 10(5):901-905.
107. Pihko E., Leppasaari T., Lyytinen H. Brain reacts to occasional changes in duration of elements in a continuous sound. Neuroreport 1995, 6(8):1215-1218.
108. Rack P. Dyslexia: the phonological deficit hypothesis. In: Fawcett A, Nicolson R, editors. Dyslexia in children: multidisciplinary perspectives. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf; 1994.
109. Ramus F. Neurobiology of dyslexia: a reinterpretation of the data. Trends Neurosci 2004, 27(12):720-726.
110. Ramus F., Rosen S., Dakin S.C., Day B.L., Castellote J.M., White S., Frith U. Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults. Brain 2003, 126(4):841-865.
111. Reid A.A., Szczerbinski M., Iskierka-Kasperek E., Hansen P. Cognitive profiles of adult developmental dyslexics: theoretical implications. Dyslexia 2007, 13(1):1-24.
112. Rodman H.R., Albright T.D. Single-unit analysis of pattern-motion selective properties in the middle temporal visual area (MT). Exp Brain Res 1989, 75:53-64.
113. Roeske D., Ludwig K.U., Neuhoff N., Becker J., Bartling J., Bruder J., Brockschmidt F.F., Warnke A., Remschmidt H., Hoffmann P., Müller-Myhsok B., Nöthen M.M., Schulte-Körne G. First genome-wide association scan on neurophysiological endophenotypes points to trans-regulation effects on SLC2A3 in dyslexic children. Mol Psychiatry 2009, (epub).
114. Romani A., Conte S., Callieco R., Bergamaschi R., Versino M., Lanzi G., Zambrino C.A., Cosi V. Visual evoked potential abnormalities in dyslexic children. Funct Neurol 2001, 16(3):219-229.
115. Schlaggar B.L., McCandliss B.D. Development of neural systems of reading. Annu Rev Neurosci 2007, 30:465-503.
116. Schröger E. On the detection of auditory deviants: a pre-attentive activation model. Psychophysiol 1997, 34:245-257.
117. Schulte-Körne G., Bartling J., Deimel W., Remschmidt H. Attenuated hemispheric lateralization in dyslexia: evidence of a visual processing deficit. Neuroreport: For Rapid Commun Neurosci Res 1999, 10(17):3697-3701.
118. Schulte-Körne G., Bartling J., Deimel W., Remschmidt H. Spatial-frequency- and contrast-dependent visible persistence and reading disorder: no evidence for a basic perceptual deficit. J Neural Transm 2004, 111(7):941-950.
119. Schulte-Körne G., Bartling J., Deimel W., Remschmidt H. Visual evoked potentials elicited by coherently moving dots in dyslexic children. Neurosci Lett 2004, 357:207-210.
120. Schulte-Körne G., Bartling J., Deimel W., Remschmidt H. Motion-onset VEPs in dyslexia - evidence for visual perceptual deficit. Neuroreport 2004, 15(6):1075-1078.
121. Schulte-Körne G., Deimel W., Bartling J., Remschmidt H. Auditory processing and dyslexia: evidence for a specific speech processing deficit. Neuroreport 1998, 9(2):337-340.
122. Schulte-Körne G., Deimel W., Bartling J., Remschmidt H. Pre-attentive processing of auditory patterns in dyslexic human subjects. Neurosci Lett 1999, 276(1):41-44.
123. Schulte-Körne G., Deimel W., Bartling J., Remschmidt H. Speech perception deficit in dyslexic adults as measured by mismatch negativity (MMN). Int J Psychophysiol 2001, 40(1):77-87.
124. Schulte-Körne G., Remschmidt H., Scheuerpflug P., Warnke A. The role of the magnocellular pathway in dyslexia-reply to Skottun and Skoyles. Clin Neurophysiol 2004, 115(12):2836-2838.
125. Schumacher J., Anthoni H., Dahdouh F., König I.R., Hillmer A.M., Kluck N., Manthey M., Plume E., Warnke A., Remschmidt H., Hülsmann J., Cichon S., Lindgren C.M., Propping P., Zucchelli M., Ziegler A., Peyrard-Janvid M., Schulte-Körne G., Nöthen M.M., Kere J. Strong genetic evidence of DCDC2 as a susceptibility gene for dyslexia. Am J Hum Genet 2006, 78(1):52-62.
126. Schumacher J., Hoffmann P., Schmäl C., Schulte-Körne G., Nöthen M.M. Genetics of dyslexia: the evolving landscape. J Med Genet 2007, 44:289-297.
127. Sebastian C., Yasin I. Speech versus tone processing in compensated dyslexia: discrimination and lateralization with a dichotic mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm. Int J Psychophysiol 2008, 70(2):115-126.
128. Shafer V.L., Schwartz R.G., Morr M.L., Kessler K.L., Kurtzberg D. Deviant neurophysiological asymmetry in children with language impairment. Neuroreport 2000, 11(17):3715-3718.
129. Shankarnarayan V.C., Maruthy S. Mismatch negativity in children with dyslexia speaking Indian languages. Behav Brain Funct 2007, 3:36.
130. Shaywitz S.E. Dyslexia. Sci Am 1996, 275(5):98-104.
131. Shaywitz S.E., Fletcher J.M., Holahan J.M., Shneider A.E., Marchione K.E., Stuebing K.K., Francis D.J., Pugh K.R., Shaywitz B.A. Persistence of dyslexia: the Connecticut Longitudinal Study at adolescence. Pediatrics 1999, 104(6):1351-1359.
132. Shaywitz S.E., Shaywitz B.A., Fletcher J.M., Escobar M.D. Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls. JAMA 1990, 264(8):998-1002.
133. Skottun B.C. The magnocellular deficit theory of dyslexia: the evidence from contrast sensitivity. Vision Res 2000, 40(1):111-127.
134. Skottun B.C., Skoyles J.R. Is coherent motion an appropriate test for magnocellular sensitivity?. Brain Cogn 2006, 61(2):172-180.
135. Skottun B.C., Skoyles J. Dyslexia, direction selectivity and magnocellular sensitivity. Vision Res 2007, 47(14):1974-1975.
136. Skottun B.C., Skoyles J. Coherent motion, magnocellular sensitivity and the causation of dyslexia. Int J Neurosci 2008, 118:185-190.
137. Skoyles J., Skottun B.C. On the prevalence of magnocellular deficits in the visual system of non-dyslexic individuals. Brain Lang 2004, 88:79-82.
138. Smith S.D., Kimberling W.J., Pennington B.F., Lubs H.A. Specific reading disability: identification of an inherited form through linkage analysis. Science 1983, 219(4590):1345-1347.
139. Dyslexia 2000, Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA. 2nd ed. M.J. Snowling (Ed.).
140. Solan H.A., Shelley-Tremblay J.F., Hansen P.C., Larson S. Is there a common linkage among reading comprehension, visual attention, and magnocellular processing?. J Learn Disabil 2007, 40(3):270-278.
141. Sperling A.J., Lu Z.L., Manis F.R., Seidenberg M.S. Motion-perception deficits and reading impairment: it's the noise, not the motion. Psychol Sci 2006, 17(12):1047-1053.
142. Stein J. The magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Dyslexia 2001, 7:12-36.
143. Stevenson J., Fredman G. The social environmental correlates of reading ability. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1990, 31(5):681-698.
144. Stevenson J., Langley K., Pay H., Payton A., Worthington J., Ollier W., Thapar A. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with reading disabilities: preliminary genetic findings on the involvement of the ADRA2A gene. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2005, 46(10):1081-1088.
145. Stoodley C.J., Hill P.R., Stein J.F., Bishop D.V. Auditory event-related potentials differ in dyslexics even when auditory psychophysical performance is normal. Brain Res 2006, 1121(1):190-199.
146. Stuart G.W., McAnally K.I., Castles A. Can contrast sensitivity functions in dyslexia be explained by inattention rather than a magnocellular deficit?. Vision Res 2001, 41:3205-3211.
147. Taipale M., Kaminen N., Nopola-Hemmi J., Haltia T., Myllyluoma B., Lyytinen H., Muller K., Kaaranen M., Lindsberg P.J., Hannula-Jouppi K., Kere J. A candidate gene for developmental dyslexia encodes a nuclear tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein dynamically regulated in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100(20):11553-11558.
148. Tallal P. A different view of auditory processing factors in language disorders. J Speech Hear Disord 1975, 40(3):413-415.
149. Tallal P. Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children. Brain Lang 1980, 9:182-198.
150. Tallal P. Language disabilities in children: a perceptual or linguistic deficit. J Pediatr Psychol 1980, 5(2):127-140.
151. Tallal P., Piercy M. Developmental aphasia: impaired rate of non-verbal processing as a function of sensory modality. Neuropsychologia 1973, 11:389-398.
152. Tallal P., Piercy M. Defects of non-verbal auditory perception in children with developmental aphasia. Nature 1973, 241(5390):468-469.
153. Tallal P. Improving language and literacy is a matter of time. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004, 5:721-728.
154. Tampas J.W., Harkrider A.W., Hedrick M.S. Neurophysiological indices of speech and nonspeech stimulus processing. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2005, 48(5):1147-1164.
155. Tervaniemi M., Saarinen J., Paavilainen P., Danilova N., Näätänen R. Temporal integration of auditory information in sensory memory as reflected by the mismatch negativity. Biol Psychol 1994, 38:157-167.
156. Tunmer W., Pratt C., Herriman M. Metalinguistic awareness in children. Theory, research and implication 1984, Springer, New York.
157. Vellutino F.R., Fletcher J.M., Snowling M.J., Scanlon D.M. Specific reading disability (dyslexia): what have we learned in the past four decades?. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004, 45(1):2-40.
158. Victor J.D., Conte M.M., Burton L., Nass R.D. Visual evoked potentials in dyslexics and normals: Failure to find a difference in transient or steady-state responses. Vis Neurosci 1993, 10(5):939-946.
159. Vidyasagar T.R. Attentional gating in primary visual cortex: a physiological basis for dyslexia. Perception 2005, 34(8):903-911.
160. Wang W., Datta H., Sussman E. The development of the length of the temporal window of integration for rapidly presented auditory information as indexed by MMN. Clin Neurophysiol 2005, 116:1695-1706.
161. Warrier C.M., Johnson K.L., Hayes E.A., Nicol T., Kraus N. Learning impaired children exhibit timing deficits and training-related improvements in auditory cortical responses to speech in noise. Exp Brain Res 2004, 157(4):431-441.
162. Wijers A.A., Been P.H., Romkes K.S. Dyslexics show a deviant lateralization of attentional control: a brain potential study. Neurosci Lett 2005, 10;374(2):87-91.
163. Willcutt E.G., Pennington B.F. Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with reading disability. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2000, 41(8):1039-1048.
164. Winkler I., Näätänen R. Event-related potentials in auditory backward recognition masking: a new way to study the neurophysiological basis of sensory memory in humans. Neurosci Lett 1992, 140:239-242.
165. Winkler I, Näätänen R. The effects of auditory backward masking on eventrelated brain potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;44:185-189.
166. Winkler I, Czigler I, Jaramillo M, Paavilainen P, Näätänen R. Temporal constraints of auditory event synthesis: evidence from ERPs. Neuroreport 1998;9:495-499.
167. Winters R.L., Patterson R., Shontz W. Visual persistence and adult dyslexia. J Learn Disabil 1989, 22(10):641-645.
168. Wolf M., Bowers P.G. The double deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias. J Educ Psychol 1999, 91:415-438.
169. Wolf M., Bowers P.G. Naming speed processes and developmental reading disabilities: an introduction to the special issue on the double-deficit hypothesis. J Learn Disabil 2000, 33:322-324.
170. Wood DL. The component structure of the N1 wave of the human auditory evoked potential. In: Karmos G, Molnár M, Csépe V, Czigler I, Desmedt JE, editors. Perspectives of event-related potentials research, vol EEG Supplement 44. Elsevier; 1995. p 102-109.
171. Yabe H., Tervaniemi M., Reinikainen K., Näätänen R. Temporal window of integration revealed by MMN to sound omission. Neuroreport 1997, 8:1971-1974.
172. Yabe H., Tervaniemi M., Sinkkonen J., Huotilainen M., Ilmoniemi R.J., Näätänen R. Temporal window of integration of auditory information in the human brain. Psychophysiology 1998, 35:615-619.