The role of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway in pro-inflammatory responses of EMF-stimulated N9 microglial cells

Journal of Neuroinflammation

Volumn 7, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Yang, Xuesen ^a   He, Genlin ^a   Hao, Yutong ^b   Chen, Chunhai ^a   Li, Maoquan ^a   Wang, Yuan ^a   Zhang, Guangbin ^a   Yu, Zhengping ^a  

^a THIRD MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b International Travel Healthcare Center   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD11B ANTIGEN; CELL MARKER; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; JANUS KINASE 1; JANUS KINASE 2; NITRATE REDUCTASE; NITRIC OXIDE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; PYRIDONE 6; STAT3 PROTEIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE;

ANIMAL CELL; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ARTICLE; BINDING AFFINITY; CELL ACTIVATION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; ENZYME MECHANISM; GEL MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAY; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MICROGLIA; MOUSE; NERVE CELL CULTURE; NERVE CELL STIMULATION; NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SHAM PROCEDURE; WESTERN BLOTTING; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMAL; CELL CULTURE; CELL LINE; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; FLOW CYTOMETRY; GENETICS; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PHOSPHORYLATION; PHYSIOLOGY; RADIATION EXPOSURE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; BLOTTING, WESTERN; CELL LINE; CELLS, CULTURED; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FLOW CYTOMETRY; INFLAMMATION; JANUS KINASE 2; MICE; MICROGLIA; MICROSCOPY, CONFOCAL; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE TYPE II; PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STAT3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 77956461224     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17422094     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-54     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Borbély AA, Huber R, Graf T, Fuchs B, Gallmann E, Achermann P. Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field affects human sleep and sleep electroencephalogram. Neurosci Lett 1999, 275:207-210. 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00770-3, 10580711.
2. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hämäläinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Neuroreport 2000, 11:1641-1643. 10.1097/00001756-200006050-00009, 10852216.
3. Huber R, Treyer V, Borbély AA, Schuderer J, Gottselig JM, Landolt HP, Werth E, Berthold T, Kuster N, Buck A, Achermann P. Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alterregional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG. J Sleep Res 2002, 11:289-295. 10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00314.x, 12464096.
4. Maier R, Greter SE, Maier N. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on cognitive processes - a pilot study on pulsed field interference with cognitive regeneration. Acta Neurol Scand 2004, 110:46-52. 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2004.00260.x, 15180806.
5. Besset A, Espa F, Dauvilliers Y, Billiard M, de Seze R. No effect on cognitive function from daily mobile phone use. Bioelectromagnetics 2005, 26:102-108. 10.1002/bem.20053, 15672372.
6. Terao Y, Okano T, Furubayashi T, Ugawa Y. Effects of thirty-minute mobile phone use on visuo-motor reaction time. Clin Neurophysiol 2006, 117:2504-2511. 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.07.318, 17005447.
7. Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Terao Y, Mizuno Y, Shirasawa K, Pongpaibool P, Simba AY, Wake K, Nishikawa M, Miyawaki K, Yasuda A, Uchiyama M, Yamashita HK, Masuda H, Hirota S, Takahashi M, Okano T, Inomata-Terada S, Sokejima S, Maruyama E, Watanabe S, Taki M, Ohkubo C, Ugawa Y. Effects of short-term W-CDMA mobile phone base station exposure on women with or without mobile phone related symptoms. Bioelectromagnetics 2009, 30:100-113. 10.1002/bem.20446, 18780296.
8. Diem E, Schwarz C, Adlkofer F, Jahn O, Rüdiger H. Non-thermal DNA breakage by mobile-phone radiation (1800MHz) in human fibroblasts and in transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells in vitro. Mutat Res 2005, 583:178-183.
9. Vijayalaxmi, McNamee JP, Scarfì MR. Comments on: "DNA strand breaks" by Diem et al. [Mutat. Res. 583 (2005) 178-183] and Ivancsits et al. [Mutat. Res.583 (2005) 184-188]. Mutat Res 2006, 603:104-106.
10. Schüz J, Böhler E, Berg G, Schlehofer B, Hettinger I, Schlaefer K, Wahrendorf J, Kunna-Grass K, Blettner M. Cellular phones, cordless phones, and the risk of glioma and meningioma (Interphone study group, Germany). Am J Epidemiol 2006, 163:512-520. 10.1093/aje/kwj068, 16443797.
11. Hepworth SJ, Schoemaker MJ, Muir KR, Swerdlow AJ, van Tongeren MJ, McKinney PA. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in adults: case-control study. BMJ 2006, 332:883-887. 10.1136/bmj.38720.687975.55, 1440611, 16428250.
12. Deltour I, Johansen C, Auvinen A, Feychting M, Klaeboe L, Schüz J. Time Trends in Brain Tumor Incidence Rates in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, 1974 - 2003. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, 101:1721-1724. Hardell L, Carlberg M. Mobile phones, cordless phones and the risk for brain tumours. Int J Oncol 2009, 35:5-17.
13. Sobel E, Davanipour Z, Sulkava R, Erkinjuntti T, Wikstrom J, Henderson VW, Buckwalter G, Bowman JD, Lee PJ. Occupations with Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields: A Possible Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Epidemiol 1995, 142:515-524.
14. Sobel E, Dunn M, Davanipour Z, Qian Z, Chui HC. Elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease among workers with likely electromagnetic field exposure. Am Acad Neurol 1996, 47:1477-1481.
15. Garci{dotless}a AM, Sisternas A, Hoyos SP. Occupational exposure to extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2008, 37:329-340. 10.1093/ije/dym295, 18245151.
16. Fritze K, Wiessner C, Kuster N, Sommer C, Gass P, Hermann DM, Kiessling M, Hossmann KA. Effect of global system for mobile communication microwave exposure on the genomic response of the rat brain. Neuroscience 1997, 81:627-639. 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00228-5, 9316016.
17. Mausset-Bonnefont AL, Hirbec H, Bonnefont X, Privat A, Vignon J, de Sèze R. Acute exposure to GSM 900-MHz electromagnetic fields induces glial reactivity and biochemical modifications in the rat brain. Neurobiol dis 2004, 17:445-454. 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.07.004, 15571980.
18. Brillaud E, Piotrowski A, de Seze R. Effect of an acute 900MHz GSM exposure on glia in the rat brain: A time-dependent study. Toxicol 2007, 238:23-33.
19. Ammari M, Brillaud E, Gamez C, Lecomte A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, de Seze R. Effect of a chronic GSM 900 MHz exposure on glia in the rat brain. Biomed Pharmacother 2008, 62:273-281. 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.03.002, 18424058.
20. Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Helmchen F. Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science 2005, 308:1314-1318. 10.1126/science.1110647, 15831717.
21. Fetler L, Amigorena S. Neuroscience. Brain under surveillance: the microglia patrol. Science 2005, 309:392-393. 10.1126/science.1114852, 16020721.
22. Upender MB, Naegele JR. Activation of microglia during developmentally regulated cell death in the cerebral cortex. Dev Neurosci 1999, 21:491-505. 10.1159/000017416, 10640867.
23. Streit WJ. Microglia as neuroprotective, immunocompetent cells of the CNS. Glia 2002, 40:133-139. 10.1002/glia.10154, 12379901.
24. Liao H, Bu WY, Wang TH, Ahmed S, Xiao ZC. Tenascin-R plays a role in neuroprotection via its distinct domains coordinate to modulate the microglia function. J Biol Chem 2004, 280:8316-8323. 10.1074/jbc.M412730200, 15615725.
25. Harry GJ, McPherson CA, Wine RN, Atkinson K, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C. Trimethyltin-induced neurogenesis in the murine hippocampus. Neurotox Res 2004, 5:623-627. 10.1007/BF03033182, 1361258, 15111239.
26. Town T, Nikolic V, Tan J. The microglial 'activation' continuum: from innate to adaptive responses. J Neuroinflammation 2005, 2:24. 10.1186/1742-2094-2-24, 1298325, 16259628.
27. Garden GA, Moller T. Microglia biology in health and disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006, 1:127-137. 10.1007/s11481-006-9015-5, 18040779.
28. Hanisch UK, Kettenmann H. Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain. Nature Neurosci 2007, 10:1387-1394. 10.1038/nn1997, 17965659.
29. Colton CA, Gilbert DL. Production of superoxide anions by a CNS macrophage, the microglia. FEBS Lett 1987, 223:284-288. 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80305-8, 2822487.
30. Ii M, Sunamoto M, Ohnishi K, Ichimori Y. β-amyloid protein-dependent nitric oxide production from microglial cells and neurotoxicity. Brain Res 1996, 720:93-100. 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00156-4, 8782901.
31. Moss DW, Bates TE. Activation of murine microglial cell lines by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ causes NO-mediated decreases in mitochondrial and cellular function. Eur J Neurosci 2001, 13:529-538. 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.01418.x, 11168560.
32. Liu B, Gao HM, Wang JY, Jeohn GH, Cooper CL, Hong JS. Role of nitric oxide in inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002, 962:318-331. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04077.x, 12076984.
33. Sawada M, Kondo N, Suzumura A, Marunouchi T. Production of tumor necrosis factor-α by microglia and astrocytes in culture. Brain Res 1989, 491:394-397. 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90078-4, 2765895.
34. Lee SC, Liu W, Dickson DW, Brosnan CF, Berman JW. Cytokine production by human fetal microglia and astrocytes. Differential induction by lipopolysaccharide and IL-1β. J Immunol 1993, 150:2659-2667.
35. Griffin WS, Sheng JG, Royston MC, Gentleman SM, McKenzie JE, Graham DI, Roberts GW, Mrak RE. Glial-neuronal interactions in Alzheimer's disease: the potential role of a 'cytokine cycle' in disease progression. Brain Pathol 1998, 8:65-72. 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00136.x, 9458167.
36. Dheen ST, Jun Y, Yan Z, Tay SS, Ang Ling E. Retinoic acid inhibits expression of TNF-α and iNOS in activated rat microglia. Glia 2005, 50:21-31. 10.1002/glia.20153, 15602748.
37. Tichauer J, Saud K, von Bernhardi R. Modulation by astrocytes of microglial cell-mediated neuroinflammation: effect on the activation of microglial signaling pathways. Neuroimmunomodulation 2007, 14:168-174. 10.1159/000110642, 18073510.
38. Harry GJ, Kraft AD. Neuroinflammation and microglia: considerations and approaches for neurotoxicity assessment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008, 4:1265-1277. 10.1517/17425255.4.10.1265, 2658618, 18798697.
39. Venneti S, Wiley CA, Kofler J. Imaging microglial activation during neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009, 4:227-243. 10.1007/s11481-008-9142-2, 2682630, 19052878.
40. Ock J, Han HS, Hong SH, Lee SY, Han YM, Kwon BM, Suk K. Obovatol attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by modulating redox regulation. Br J Pharmacol 2010, 159:1646-1662. 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00659.x, 20397299.
41. Mhatre M, Floyd RA, Hensley K. Oxidative stress and neuroinfl{ligature}ammationin Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophicl ateral sclerosis: common links and potential therapeutic targets. J Alzheimer's Dis 2004, 6:147-157.
42. Tansey MG, McCoy MK, Frank-Cannon TC. Neuroinfl{ligature}ammatory mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: potential environmental triggers, pathways, and targets for early therapeutic intervention. Exp Neurol 2007, 208:1-25. 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.07.004, 17720159.
43. Whitton PS. Infl{ligature}ammation as a causative factor in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2007, 150:963-976. 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707167, 2013918, 17339843.
44. McGeer PL, McGeer EG. Infl{ligature}ammatory processes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 2002, 26:459-470. 10.1002/mus.10191, 12362410.
45. Sargsyan SA, Monk PN, Shaw PJ. Microglia as potential contributors to motor neuroninjury in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glia 2005, 51:241-253. 10.1002/glia.20210, 15846792.
46. Weydt P, Moller T. Neuroinfl{ligature}ammation in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateralsclerosis. Neuro Report 2005, 16:527-531.
47. Jung HW, Yoon CH, Park KM, Han HS, Park YK. Hexane fraction of Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus extract inhibits the production of nitric oxide and proinfl{ligature}ammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells via the NF-kappaB pathway. Food and Chem Toxicol 2009, 47:1190-1197.
48. Lee MH, Kim JY, Ryu JH. Prenylfl{ligature}avones from Psoralea corylifolia Inhibit Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression through the Inhibition of I-κB-αDegradation in Activated Microglial Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2005, 28:2253-2257. 10.1248/bpb.28.2253, 16327160.
49. Chang LC, Tsao LT, Chang CS, Chen CJ, Huang LJ, Kuo SC, Lin RH, Wang JP. Inhibition of nitric oxide production by the carbazole compound LCY-2-CHO via blockade of activator protein-1 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein activation in microglia. Biochem Pharmacol 2008, 76:507-519. 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.06.002, 18586011.
50. Justicia C, Gabriel C, Planas AM. Activation of the JAK/STAT pathway following transient focal cerebral ischemia: signaling through Jak1 and Stat3 in astrocytes. Glia 2000, 30:253-270. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(200005)30:3<253::AID-GLIA5>3.0.CO;2-O, 10756075.
51. Satriotomo I, Kellie K, Bowen RV. JAK2 and STAT3 activation contributes to neuronal damage following transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2006, 98:1353-1368. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04051.x, 16923154.
52. Pawate S, Shen Q, Fan F, Bhat NR. Redox regulation of glial inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide and interferongamma. J neurosci res 2004, 77:540-551. 10.1002/jnr.20180, 15264224.
53. Kim OS, Park EJ, Joe EH, Jou I. JAK-STAT signaling mediates gangliosides-induced inflammatory responses in brain microglial cells. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:40594-40601. 10.1074/jbc.M203885200, 12191995.
54. Huang CF, Ma R, Sun SG, Wei GR, Fang Y, Liu RG, Li G. JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway mediates thrombin-induced proinflammatory actions of microglia in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 2008, 204:118-125. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.07.004, 18710787.
55. Natarajan C, Sriram S, Muthlan G, Bright JJ. Signaling through JAK2-STAT5 pathway is essential for IL-3-induced activation of microglia. Glia 2004, 45:188-196. 10.1002/glia.10316, 14730712.
56. Hao YT, Yang XS, Chen CH, Wang Y, Wang XB, Li MQ, Yu ZP. STAT3 signalling pathway is involved in the activation of microglia induced by 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol 2010, 86:27-36. 10.3109/09553000903264507, 20070213.
57. Nakamura Y. Regulating Factors for Microglial Activation. Biol Pharm Bull 2002, 25:945-953. 10.1248/bpb.25.945, 12186424.
58. Righi M, Mori L, DeLibero G, Sironi M, Biondi A, Mantovani A, Donini SD, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P. Monokine production by microglial cell clones. Eur J Immunol 1989, 19:1443-1448. 10.1002/eji.1830190815, 2789141.
59. Corradin SB, Mauël J, Donini SD, Quattrocchi E, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P. Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity of cloned murine microglial cells. Glia 1993, 7:255-262. 10.1002/glia.440070309, 7681038.
60. Bahr A, Bolz T, Hennes C. Numerical dosimetry ELF: Accuracy of the method, variability of models and parameters, and the implication for quantifying guidelines. Health Phys 2007, 92:521-530. 10.1097/01.HP.0000251249.00507.ca, 17495652.
61. Kreutzberg GW. Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci 1996, 19:312-318. 10.1016/0166-2236(96)10049-7, 8843599.
62. Liva SM, Kahn MA, Dopp JM, de Vellis J. Signal Transduction Pathways induced by GM-CSF in Microglia: Significance in the Control of Proliferation. Glia 1999, 26:344-352. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199906)26:4<344::AID-GLIA8>3.0.CO;2-L, 10383053.
63. Ling EA, Wong WC. The origin and nature of ramified and amoeboid microglia: a historical review and current concepts. Glia 1993, 7:9-18. 10.1002/glia.440070105, 8423067.
64. Rock RB, Gekker G, Hu S, Sheng WS, Cheeran M, Lokensgard JR, Peterson PK. Role of microglia in central nervous system infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004, 17:942-964. 10.1128/CMR.17.4.942-964.2004, 523558, 15489356.
65. Roy A, Fung YK, Liu XJ, Pahan K. Up-regulation of Microglial CD11b Expression by Nitric Oxide. J Biol Chem 2006, 281:14971-14980. 10.1074/jbc.M600236200, 1963414, 16551637.
66. Shuai K, Stark GR, Kerr IM, Darnell JE. A single phosphotyrosine residue of Stat91 required for gene activation by interferon-gamma. Science 1993, 261:1744-1746. 10.1126/science.7690989, 7690989.
67. Stark GR, Kerr IM, Williams BR, Silverman RH, Schreiber RD. How cells respond to interferons?. Annu Rev Biochem 1998, 67:227-264. 10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.227, 9759489.
68. González-Scarano F, Baltuch G. Microglia as mediators of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Annu Rev Neurosci 1999, 22:219-240. 10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.219, 10202538.
69. Kudo M, Fujita K, Niyaz M, Matsuyama N. Immunohistochemical findings that exposure to 915 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile phone microwaves activates microglia in rat brain. J Tokyo Med Univ 2007, 65:29-36.
70. Thorlin T, Rouquette JM, Hamnerius Y, Hansson E, Persson M, Björklund U, Rosengren L, Rönnbäck L, Persson M. Exposure of cultured astroglial and microglial brain cells to 900 MHz microwave radiation. Radiat Res 2006, 166:409-421. 10.1667/RR3584.1, 16881742.
71. Finnie JW, Cai H, Manavis J, Helps S, Blumbergs PC. Microglial activation as a measure of stress in mouse brains exposed acutely (60 minutes) and long-term (2 years) to mobile telephone radiofrequency fields. Pathol 2010, 42:151-154.
72. Hirose H, Sasaki A, Ishii N, Sekijima M, Iyama T, Nojima T, Ugawa Y. 1950 MHz IMT-2000 Field Does Not Activate Microglial Cells In Vitro. Bioelectromagnetics 2010, 31:104-112.
73. IEEE EMF HEALTH & SAFETY STANDARDS. , http://www.who.int/peh-emf/meetings/southkorea/en/IEEE_EMF_HEALTH_-_Mason.pdf
74. Block ML, Zecca L, Hong JS. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007, 8:57-69. 10.1038/nrn2038, 17180163.
75. Dheen ST, Kaur C, Ling EA. Microglial activation and its implications in the brain diseases. Curr Med Chem 2007, 14:1189-1197. 10.2174/092986707780597961, 17504139.
76. Choi SH, Lee DY, Kim SU, Jin BK. Thrombin-induced oxidative stress contributes to the death of hippocampal neurons in vivo: role of microglial NADPH oxidase. J Neurosci 2005, 25:4082-4090. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4306-04.2005, 15843610.
77. Tian DS, Xie MJ, Yu ZY, Zhang Q, Wang YH, Chen B, Chen C, Wang W. Cell cycle inhibition attenuates microglia induced inflammatory response and alleviates neuronal cell death after spinal cord injury in rats. Brain Res 2007, 1135:177-185. 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.085, 17188663.
78. Zhang LJ, Wu CF, Meng XL, Yuan D, Cai XD, Wang QL, Yang JY. Comparison of inhibitory potency of three different curcuminoid pigments on nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor production of rat primary microglia induced by lipopolysaccharide. Neurosci Lett 2008, 447:48-53. 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.067, 18838107.
79. Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Van Calker D, Nörenberg W, Illes P. Molecular mechanisms of microglial activation. A. Implications for regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 1996, 29:1-12. 10.1016/0197-0186(95)00137-9, 8808784.
80. De-Fraja C, Conti L, Magrassi L, Govoni S, Cattaneo E. Members of the JAK/STAT proteins are expressed and regulated during development in the mammalian forebrain. J Neurosci Res 1998, 54:320-330. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19981101)54:3<320::AID-JNR3>3.0.CO;2-R, 9819137.
81. Kim HY, Park EJ, Joe EH, Jou I. Curcumin suppresses Janus kinase-STAT infl{ligature}ammatory signaling through activation of Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 in brain microglia. J Immunol 2003, 171:6072-6079.
82. Liang YJ, Jin Y, Li YN. Expression of JAKs/STATs pathway molecules in rat model of rapid focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2009, 24:1661-1671. 10.1007/s00467-009-1163-4, 19350281.
83. Choi WH, Ji KA, Jeon SB, Yang MS, Kim H, Min KJ, Shong M, Jou I, Joe EH. Anti-infl{ligature}ammatory roles of retinoic acid in rat brain astrocytes: suppression of interferon-gamma-induced JAK/STAT phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005, 329:125-131. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.110, 15721283.
84. Okada S, Nakamura M, Katoh H, Miyao T, Shimazaki T, Ishii K, Yamane J, Yoshimura A, Iwamoto Y, Toyama Y, Okano H. Conditional ablation of Stat3 or Socs3 discloses a dual role for reactive astrocytes after spinal cord injury. Nat Med 2006, 12:829-834. 10.1038/nm1425, 16783372.
85. Leung YK, Pankhurst M, Dunlop SA, Ray S, Dittmann J, Eaton ED, Palumaa P, Sillard R, Chuah MI, West AK, Chung RS. Metallothionein induces a regenerative reactive astrocyte phenotype via JAK/STAT and RhoA signalling pathways. Exp Neurol 2010, 221:98-106. 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.10.006, 19837066.
86. Hashioka S, Klegeris A, Schwab C, McGeer PL. Interferon-gamma-dependent cytotoxic activation of human astrocytes and astrocytoma cells. Neurobiol Aging 2009, 30:1924-1935. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.02.019, 18375019.
87. Pedranzini L, Dechow T, Berishaj M, Comenzo R, Zhou P, Azare J, Bornmann W, Bromberg J. Pyridone6, apan-Janus-activated kinase inhibitor, induces growth in hibition of multiple myeloma cells. Cancer Res 2006, 66:9714-9721. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4280, 17018630.
88. Lucet IS, Fantino E, Styles M, Bamert R, Patel O, Broughton SE, Walter M, Burns CJ, Treutlein H, Wilks AF, Rossjohn J. The structural basis of Janus kinase 2 inhibition by a potent and specific pan-Janus kinase inhibitor. Blood 2006, 107:176-183. 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2413, 16174768.
89. Chang Y, Lee JJ, Hsieh CY, Hsiao G, Chou DS, Sheu JR. Inhibitory effects of ketamine on lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation. Mediators Inflamm 2009, 2009:705379. 10.1155/2009/705379, 2662525, 19343193.
90. Ryu J, Pyo H, Jou I, Joe E. Thrombin induces NO release from cultured rat microglia via protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and NF-kappa B. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:29955-29959. 10.1074/jbc.M001220200, 10893407.
91. Peterson PK, Hu S, Salak-Johnson J, Molitor TW, Chao CC. Differential production of and migratory response to chemokines by human microglia and astrocytes. J Infect Dis 1997, 175:478-481.
92. Pfitzner E, Kliem S, Baus D, Litterst CM. The role of STATs in inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2004, 10:2839-2850. 10.2174/1381612043383638, 15379672.
93. Yu H, Pardoll D, Jove R. STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3. Nat Rev Cancer 2009, 9:798-809. 10.1038/nrc2734, 19851315.
94. Tanabe K, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Yamaguchi S, Iida H, Dohi S, Kozawa O. Mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced interleukin-6 synthesis in glioma cells. J Neuroinflammation 2010, 7:16. 10.1186/1742-2094-7-16, 2846903, 20205746.
95. Mir M, Tolosa L, Asensio VJ, Lladó J, Olmos G. Complementary roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma in inducible microglial nitric oxide generation. J Neuroimmunol 2008, 204:101-109. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.07.002, 18703234.
96. Du F, Yin L, Shi M, Cheng H, Xu X, Liu Z, Zhang G, Wu Z, Feng G, Zhao G. Involvement of microglial cells in infrasonic noise-induced stress via upregulated expression of corticotrophin releasing hormone type 1 receptor. Neuroscience 2010, 167:909-919. 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.060, 20206673.
97. Liu JL, Tian DS, Li ZW, Qu WS, Zhan Y, Xie MJ, Yu ZY, Wang W, Wu G. Tamoxifen alleviates irradiation-induced brain injury by attenuating microglial inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. Brain Res 2010, 1316:101-111. 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.055, 20044983.
98. Hwang SY, Jung JS, Kim TH, Lim SJ, Oh ES, Kim JY, Ji KA, Joe EH, Cho KH, Han IO. Ionizing radiation induces astrocyte gliosis through microglia activation. Neurobiol Dis 2006, 21:457-467. 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.08.006, 16202616.
99. de Gannes FM, Merle M, Canioni P, Voisin PJ. Metabolic and cellular characterization of immortalized human microglial cells under heat stress. Neurochem Int 1998, 33:61-73. 10.1016/S0197-0186(05)80010-5, 9694044.
100. Matsui T, Kakeda T. IL-10 Production Is Reduced by Hypothermia but Augmented by Hyperthermia in Rat Microglia. J Neurotrauma 2008, 25:709-716. 10.1089/neu.2007.0482, 18533891.