Genetics of panic disorder: Focus on association studies and therapeutic perspectives

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 10, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 1273-1284

  Jacob, C ^a   Domschke, K ^a   Gajewska, A ^a   Warrings, B ^a   Deckert, Juergen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

animal models; genetics; genome wide association; intermediate phenotypes; panic disorder; polymorphism

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE RECEPTOR; AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING) ISOENZYME A; CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; CHOLECYSTOKININ B RECEPTOR; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN;

CHROMOSOME 12Q; CHROMOSOME 13Q; CHROMOSOME 15Q; CHROMOSOME 1Q; CHROMOSOME 22Q; CHROMOSOME 2Q; CHROMOSOME 4Q; CHROMOSOME 7P; CHROMOSOME 9Q; COMORBIDITY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETHNICITY; FAMILY HISTORY; GENE INTERACTION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; HUMAN; INHERITANCE; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PANIC; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHARMACOGENETICS; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE;

CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GTP-BINDING PROTEIN REGULATORS; HUMANS; MONOAMINE OXIDASE; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; PANIC DISORDER; RECEPTOR, CHOLECYSTOKININ B; RECEPTORS, PURINERGIC P1; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77955080820     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.76     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA et al Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61(8), 807-816 (2004).
2. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62(6), 593-602 (2005). (Pubitemid 40973434)
3. Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ et al. The cross-national epidemiology of panic disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 54(4), 305-309 (1997).
4. Wittchen HU, Reed V, Kessler RC. The relationship of agoraphobia and panic in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55(11), 1017-1024 (1998).
5. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, Ruscio AM, Shear K, Walters EE. The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63(4), 415-424 (2006).
6. Horesh N, Amir M, Kedem P, Goldberger Y, Kotler M. Life events in childhood, adolescence and adulthood and the relationship to panic disorder. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 96(5), 373-378 (1997).
7. Faravelli C, Pallanti S. Recent life events and panic disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 146(5), 622-626 (1989).
8. Fyer AJ, Katon W, Hollifeld M et al. The DSM-IV panic disorder feld trial: panic attack frequency and functional disability Anxiety 2 (4), 157-166 (1996).
9. Horwath E, Wolk SI, Goldstein RB et al Is the comorbidity between social phobia and panic disorder due to familial cotransmission or other factors? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52(7), 574-582 (1995).
10. Maier W, Lichtermann D, Minges J, Oehrlein A, Franke P. A controlled family study in panic disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 27(Suppl. 1), 79-87 (1993).
11. Mendlewicz J, Papadimitriou GN, Wilmotte J. Family study of panic disorder: comparison with generalized anxiety disorder, major depression and normal subjects. Psychiatr. Genet. 3, 73-78 (1993).
12. Mendlewicz J, Sevy S, Mendelbaum K. Minireview: molecular genetics in affective illness. Life Sci. 52(3), 231-242 (1993).
13. Noyes R Jr, Crowe RR, Harris EL, Hamra BJ, McChesney CM, Chaudhry DR. Relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia. A family study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 43(3), 227-232 (1986).
14. Goldstein RB, Weissman MM, Adams PB et al. Psychiatric disorders in relatives of probands with panic disorder and/or major depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51(5), 383-394 (1994).
15. Hettema JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 158(10), 1568-1578 (2001).
16. Goldstein RB, Wickramaratne PJ, Horwath E, Weissman MM. Familial aggregation and phenomenology of 'early'-onset (at or before age 20 years) panic disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 54(3), 271-278 (1997).
17. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. Panic disorder in women: a population-based twin study. Psychol. Med. 23(2), 397-406 (1993).
18. Hettema JM, Prescott CA, Myers JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for anxiety disorders in men and women. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62(2), 182-189 (2005).
19. Vieland VJ, Goodman DW, Chapman T, Fyer AJ. New segregation analysis of panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. 67(2), 147-153 (1996).
20. Lander ES, Schork NJ. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science 265(5181), 2037-2048 (1994).
21. Crowe RR, Noyes R Jr, Wilson AF, Elston RC, Ward LJ. A linkage study of panic disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44(11), 933-937 (1987).
22. Knowles JA, Fyer AJ, Vieland VJ et al. Results of a genome-wide genetic screen for panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. 81(2), 139-147 (1998).
23. Crowe RR, Goedken R, Samuelson S, Wilson R, Nelson J, Noyes R Jr. Genomewide survey of panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. 105(1), 105-109 (2001).
24. Meyer AH, Ullmer C, Schmuck K et al. Localization of the human CRF2 receptor to 7p21-p15 by radiation hybrid mapping and FISH analysis. Genomics 40(1), 189-190 (1997).
25. Hamilton SP, Fyer AJ, Durner M et al Further genetic evidence for a panic disorder syndrome mapping to chromosome 13q. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100(5), 2550-2555 (2003).
26. Fyer AJ, Hamilton SP, Durner M et al. A third-pass genome scan in panic disorder: evidence for multiple susceptibility loci. Biol. Psychiatry 60(4), 388-401 (2006).
27. Gelernter J, Bonvicini K, Page G et al. Linkage genome scan for loci predisposing to panic disorder or agoraphobia. Am. J. Med. Genet. 105(6), 548-557 (2001).
28. Kaabi B, Gelernter J, Woods SW, Goddard A, Page GP, Elston RC. Genome scan for loci predisposing to anxiety disorders using a novel multivariate approach: strong evidence for a chromosome 4 risk locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78(4), 543-553 (2006).
29. Tebbe JJ, Tebbe CG, Mronga S, Ritter M, Schafer MK. Central neuropeptide Y receptors are involved in 3rd ventricular ghrelin induced alteration of colonic transit time in conscious fed rats. BMC Gastroenterol. 5, 5 (2005).
30. Smoller JW, Acierno JS Jr, Rosenbaum JF et al. Targeted genome screen of panic disorder and anxiety disorder proneness using homology to murine QTL regions. Am. J. Med. Genet. 105(2), 195-206 (2001).
31. Thorgeirsson TE, Oskarsson H, Desnica N et al. Anxiety with panic disorder linked to chromosome 9q in Iceland. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72(5), 1221-1230 (2003).
32. Schruers K, Klaassen T, Pols H, Overbeek T, Deutz NE, Griez E. Effects of tryptophan depletion on carbon dioxide provoked panic in panic disorder patients. Psychiatry Res. 93(3), 179-187 (2000).
33. Schruers K, van Diest R, Overbeek T, Griez E. Acute L-5-hydroxytryptophan administration inhibits carbon dioxide-induced panic in panic disorder patients. Psychiatry Res. 113(3), 237-243 (2002).
34. Nash JR, Sargent PA, Rabiner EA et al Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor binding in people with panic disorder: positron emission tomography study. Br. J. Psychiatry 193(3), 229-234 (2008).
35. Bakker A, van Balkom AJ, Stein DJ. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of panic disorder. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol 8(3), 473-482 (2005)
36. Invernizzi RW Role of TPH-2 in brain function: news from behavioral and pharmacologic studies. J. Neurosci. Res. 85(14), 3030-3035 (2007).
37. Fehr C, Schleicher A, Szegedi A et al. Serotonergic polymorphisms in patients suffering from alcoholism, anxiety disorders and narcolepsy. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 25(5), 965-982 (2001).
38. Han L, Nielsen DA, Rosenthal NE et al. No coding variant of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene detected in seasonal affective disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, and alcoholism. Biol. Psychiatry 45(5), 615-619 (1999).
39. Kim W, Choi YH, Yoon KS, Cho DY, Pae CU, Woo JM. Tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin transporter gene polymorphism does not affect the diagnosis, clinical features and treatment outcome of panic disorder in the Korean population. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 30(8), 1413-1418 (2006).
40. Maron E, Lang A, Tasa G et al. Associations between serotonin-related gene polymorphisms and panic disorder. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 8(2), 261-266 (2005). (Pubitemid 40769267)
41. Yoon HK, Yang JC, Lee HJ, Kim YK. The association between serotonin-related gene polymorphisms and panic disorder. J. Anxiety Disord. 22(8), 1529-1534 (2008).
42. Mossner R, Freitag CM, Gutknecht L et al. The novel brain-specifc tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene in panic disorder. J. Psychopharmacol. 20(4), 547-552 (2006).
43. Kim YK, Lee HJ, Yang JC, Hwang JA, Yoon HK. A tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene polymorphism is associated with panic disorder. Behav. Genet. 39(2), 170-175 (2009).
44. Maron E, Toru I, Must A et al. Association study of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene polymorphisms in panic disorder. Neurosci. Lett. 411(3), 180-184 (2007).
45. Albert PR, Lemonde S. 5-HT1A receptors, gene repression, and depression: guilt by association. Neuroscientist 10(6), 575-593 (2004).
46. Kent JM, Mathew SJ, Gorman JM. Molecular targets in the treatment of anxiety. Biol. Psychiatry 52(10), 1008-1030 (2002).
47. Lemonde S, Turecki G, Bakish D et al. Impaired repression at a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor gene polymorphism associated with major depression and suicide. J. Neurosci. 23(25), 8788-8799 (2003).
48. Rothe C, Gutknecht L, Freitag C et al. Association of a functional 1019CG 5-HT1A receptor gene polymorphism with panic disorder with agoraphobia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 7(2), 189-192 (2004). (Pubitemid 38823287)
49. Huang YY, Battistuzzi C, Oquendo MA et al. Human 5-HT1A receptor C(-1019)G polymorphism and psychopathology. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 7(4), 441-451 (2004).
50. Strug LJ, Suresh R, Fyer AJ et al. Panic disorder is associated with the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) but not the promoter region (5-HTTLPR). Mol. Psychiatry 15(2), 166-176 (2010).
51. Hettema JM, An SS, van den Oord EJ, Neale MC, Kendler KS, Chen X. Association study between the serotonin 1A receptor (HTR1A) gene and neuroticism, major depression, and anxiety disorders. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 147B(5), 661-666 (2008).
52. Inada Y, Yoneda H, Koh J et al. Positive association between panic disorder and polymorphism of the serotonin 2 A receptor gene. Psychiatry Res. 118(1), 25-31 (2003).
53. Bondy B, Spaeth M, Offenbaecher M et al. The T102C polymorphism of the 5-HT2A-receptor gene in fibromyalgia. Neurobiol. Dis. 6(5), 433-439 (1999).
54. Arranz MJ, Munro J, Owen MJ et al. Evidence for association between polymorphisms in the promoter and coding regions of the 5-HT2A receptor gene and response to clozapine. Mol. Psychiatry 3(1), 61-66 (1998). (Pubitemid 28045186)
55. Maron E, Nikopensius T, Koks S et al. Association study of 90 candidate gene polymorphisms in panic disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 15(1), 17-24 (2005). (Pubitemid 40411566)
56. Martinez-Barrondo S, Saiz PA, Morales B et al. Serotonin gene polymorphisms in patients with panic disorder. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr. 33(4), 210-215 (2005).
57. Unschuld PG, Ising M, Erhardt A et al. Polymorphisms in the serotonin receptor gene HTR2A are associated with quantitative traits in panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 144B(4), 424-429 (2007).
58. Deckert J, Meyer J, Catalano M et al. Novel 5-regulatory region polymorphisms of the 5-HT2C receptor gene: association study with panic disorder. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 3(4), 321-325 (2000).
59. Mizuta N, Akiyoshi J, Sato A et al. Serotonin receptor 3A (HTR3A) gene is associated with personality traits, but not panic disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 18(1), 44 (2008).
60. Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A et al. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 274(5292), 1527-1531 (1996).
61. Ishiguro H, Arinami T, Yamada K, Otsuka Y, Toru M, Shibuya H. An association study between a transcriptional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene and panic disorder in a Japanese population. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 51(5), 333-335 (1997).
62. Deckert J, Catalano M, Heils A et al. Functional promoter polymorphism of the human serotonin transporter: lack of association with panic disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 7(1), 45-47 (1997).
63. Hamilton SP, Heiman GA, Haghighi F et al. Lack of genetic linkage or association between a functional serotonin transporter polymorphism and panic disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 9(1), 1-6 (1999).
64. Blaya C, Salum GA, Lima MS, Leistner-Segal S, Manfro GG. Lack of association between the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and panic disorder: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Behav. Brain Funct. 3, 41 (2007).
65. Lonsdorf TB, Ruck C, Bergstrom J et al. The symptomatic profle of panic disorder is shaped by the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 33(8), 1479-1483 (2009).
66. Gyawali S, Subaran R, Weissman MM et al. Association of a polyadenylation polymorphism in the serotonin transporter and panic disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 67(4), 331-338 (2010).
67. Sabol SZ, Hu S, Hamer D. A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Hum. Genet. 103(3), 273-279 (1998).
68. Deckert J, Catalano M, Syagailo YV et al. Excess of high activity monoamine oxidase A gene promoter alleles in female patients with panic disorder. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8(4), 621-624 (1999).
69. Jonsson EG, Norton N, Forslund K et al. Association between a promoter variant in the monoamine oxidase A gene and schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 61(1), 31-37 (2003).
70. Samochowiec J, Hajduk A, Samochowiec A et al. Association studies of MAO-A, COMT, and 5-HTT genes polymorphisms in patients with anxiety disorders of the phobic spectrum. Psychiatry Res. 128(1), 21-26 (2004).
71. Hamilton SP, Slager SL, Heiman GA et al. No genetic linkage or association between a functional promoter polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase-A gene and panic disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 5(5), 465-466 (2000).
72. Bremner JD, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Charney DS. Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: II. Clinical studies. Synapse 23(1), 39-51 (1996).
73. Redmond DE Jr, Huang YH. Current concepts. II. New evidence for a locus coeruleus-norepinephrine connection with anxiety Life Sci. 25(26), 2149-2162 (1979).
74. Charney DS, Heninger GR, Breier A. Noradrenergic function in panic anxiety Effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41(8), 751-763 (1984).
75. Shulman R, Griffths J, Diewold P. Catechol-O-methyl transferase activity in patients with depressive illness and anxiety states. Br. J. Psychiatry 132, 133-138 (1978).
76. Richard IH, Schiffer RB, Kurlan R. Anxiety and Parkinsons disease. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 8(4), 383-392 (1996).
77. Lachman HM, Papolos DF, Saito T, Yu YM, Szumlanski CL, Weinshilboum RM. Human atechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics 6(3), 243-250 (1996).
78. Hamilton SP, Slager SL, Heiman GA et al. Evidence for a susceptibility locus for panic disorder near the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene on chromosome 22. Biol. Psychiatry 51(7), 591-601 (2002).
79. Domschke K, Freitag CM, Kuhlenbaumer G et al. Association of the functional V158M catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism with panic disorder in women. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 7(2), 183-188 (2004).
80. Rothe C, Koszycki D, Bradwejn J et al Association of the Val158Met catechol O-methyltransferase genetic polymorphism with panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 31(10), 2237-2242 (2006).
81. Woo JM, Yoon KS, Yu BH. Catechol O-methyltransferase genetic polymorphism in panic disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 159(10), 1785-1787 (2002).
82. Woo JM, Yoon KS, Choi YH, Oh KS, Lee YS, Yu BH. The association between panic disorder and the L/L genotype of catechol-O-methyltransferase. J. Psychiatr. Res. 38(4), 365-370 (2004).
83. Ohara K, Nagai M, Suzuki Y, Ochiai M. No association between anxiety disorders and catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism. Psychiatry Res. 80(2), 145-148 (1998). (Pubitemid 28414875)
84. Gogos JA, Morgan M, Luine V et al Catechol-O-methyltransferase-defcient mice exhibit sexually dimorphic changes in catecholamine levels and behavior. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95(17), 9991-9996 (1998).
85. Domschke K, Deckert J, O'Donovan MC, Glatt SJ. Meta-analysis of COMT val158met in panic disorder: ethnic heterogeneity and gender specifcity. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 144B(5), 667-673 (2007).
86. Sand PG, Mori T, Godau C et al. Norepinephrine transporter gene (NET) variants in patients with panic disorder. Neurosci. Lett. 333(1), 41-44 (2002).
87. Lee YJ, Hohoff C, Domschke K et al Norepinephrine transporter (NET) promoter and 5-UTR polymorphisms: association analysis in panic disorder. Neurosci. Lett. 377(1), 40-43 (2005).
88. Hettema JM, An SS, Neale MC et al Association between glutamic acid decarboxylase genes and anxiety disorders, major depression, and neuroticism. Mol Psychiatry 11(8), 752-762 (2006).
89. Rupprecht R, Zwanzger P. Signifcance of GABAA receptors for the pathophysiology and therapy of panic disorders. Nervenarzt 74(7), 543-551 (2003).
90. Crowe RR, Wang Z, Noyes R Jr et al. Candidate gene study of eight GABA receptor subunits in panic disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 154(8), 1096-1100 (1997).
91. A receptor a-6 subunit and nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor and panic disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 17(1), 9 (2007).
92. Sand PG, Godau C, Riederer P et al. Exonic variants of the GABAB receptor gene and panic disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 10(4), 191-194 (2000).
93. Thoeringer CK, Binder EB, Salyakina D et al. Association of a Met88Val diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) gene polymorphism and anxiety disorders with panic attacks. J. Psychiatr. Res. 41(7), 579-584 (2007).
94. Zwanzger P, Rupprecht R. Selective GABAergic treatment for panic? Investigations in experimental panic induction and panic disorder. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 30(3), 167-175 (2005).
95. Thoeringer CK, Ripke S, Unschuld PG et al. The GABA transporter 1 (SLC6A1): a novel candidate gene for anxiety disorders. J. Neural Transm. 116(6), 649-657 (2009).
96. 2A receptors: an overview. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 31(1), 65-82 (1999).
97. Guieu R, Dussol B, Halimi G et al Adenosine and the nervous system: pharmacological data and therapeutic perspectives. Gen. Pharmacol. 31(4), 553-561 (1998). (Pubitemid 28458923)
98. Lee MA, Flegel P, Greden JF, Cameron OG. Anxiogenic effects of caffeine on panic and depressed patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 145(5), 632-635 (1988).
99. Nickell PV, Uhde TW Dose-response effects of intravenous caffeine in normal volunteers. Anxiety 1(4), 161-168 (1994).
100. 2a adenosine receptor genes in panic disorder suggest a contribution of the A2a gene to the development of disease. Mol. Psychiatry 3(1), 81-85 (1998).
101. Hamilton SP, Slager SL, De Leon AB et al Evidence for genetic linkage between a polymorphism in the adenosine 2A receptor and panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 29(3), 558-565 (2004).
102. 2 genes in panic disorder. J. Neural Transm. 108(7), 837-848 (2001).
103. 2a adenosine receptor genetic polymorphism in panic disorder. Neurosci. Lett. 378(2), 98-101 (2005).
104. Tharmalingam S, King N, De Luca V et al Lack of association between the corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor 2 gene and panic disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 16(3), 93-97 (2006).
105. Hodges LM, Weissman MM, Haghighi F et al. Association and linkage analysis of candidate genes GRP, GRPR, CRHR1, and TACR1 in panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 150B(1), 65-73 (2009).
106. Unschuld PG, Ising M, Erhardt A et al. Polymorphisms in the galanin gene are associated with symptom-severity in female patients suffering from panic disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 105(1-3), 177-184 (2008).
107. Sand PG, Schlurmann K, Luckhaus C et al. Estrogen receptor 1 gene (ESR1) variants in panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. 114(4), 426-428 (2002).
108. Ho HP, Westberg L, Annerbrink K et al. Association between a functional polymorphism in the progesterone receptor gene and panic disorder in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29 (9), 1138-1141 (2004).
109. Vanderhaeghen JJ, Signeau JC, Gepts W New peptide in the vertebrate CNS reacting with antigastrin antibodies. Nature 257(5527), 604-605 (1975).
110. Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Shriqui C. Enhanced sensitivity to cholecystokinin tetrapeptide in panic disorder. Clinical and behavioral fndings. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48(7), 603-610 (1991).
111. Takahashi Y, Fukushige S, Murotsu T, Matsubara K. Structure of human cholecystokinin gene and its chromosomal location. Gene 50(1-3), 353-360 (1986).
112. Wang Z, Valdes J, Noyes R, Zoega T, Crowe RR. Possible association of a cholecystokinin promotor polymorphism (CCK-36CT) with panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. 81(3), 228-234 (1998).
113. Hattori E, Ebihara M, Yamada K, Ohba H, Shibuya H, Yoshikawa T. Identifcation of a compound short tandem repeat stretch in the 5-upstream region of the cholecystokinin gene, and its association with panic disorder but not with schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 6(4), 465-470 (2001).
114. Hamilton SP, Slager SL, Helleby L et al. No association or linkage between polymorphisms in the genes encoding cholecystokinin and the cholecystokinin B receptor and panic disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 6(1), 59-65 (2001).
115. Hosing VG, Schirmacher A, Kuhlenbaumer G et al. Cholecystokinin-and cholecystokinin-B-receptor gene polymorphisms in panic disorder. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 68, 147-156 (2004).
116. Koefoed P, Woldbye DP, Hansen TO et al. Gene variations in the cholecystokinin system in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 20(2), 59-64 (2009).
117. Wank SA. Cholecystokinin receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 269(5 Pt 1), G628-G646 (1995).
118. Monnikes H, Lauer G, Arnold R. Peripheral administration of cholecystokinin activates c-fos expression in the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus nucleus, dorsal vagal complex and paraventricular nucleus via capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferents and CCK-A receptors in the rat. Brain Res. 770(1-2), 277-288 (1997).
119. Huppi K, Siwarski D, Pisegna JR, Wank S. Chromosomal localization of the gastric and brain receptors for cholecystokinin (CCKAR and CCKBR) in human and mouse. Genomics 25 (3), 727-729 (1995).
120. Miyasaka K, Yoshida Y, Matsushita S et al. Association of cholecystokinin-A receptor gene polymorphisms and panic disorder in Japanese. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 127B(1), 78-80 (2004). (Pubitemid 38542318)
121. Kennedy JL, Bradwejn J, Koszycki D et al. Investigation of cholecystokinin system genes in panic disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 4(3), 284-285 (1999).
122. Ise K, Akiyoshi J, Horinouchi Y, Tsutsumi T, Isogawa K, Nagayama H. Association between the CCK-A receptor gene and panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. B118(1), 29-31 (2003).
123. Song I, Brown DR, Wiltshire RN, Gantz I, Trent JM, Yamada T The human gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor gene: alternative splice donor site in exon 4 generates two variant mRNAs. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90(19), 9085-9089 (1993).
124. Kato T, Wang ZW, Zoega T, Crowe RR. Missense mutation of the cholecystokinin B receptor gene: lack of association with panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. 67(4), 401-405 (1996).
125. Domschke K, Hohoff C, Jacob C et al. Chromosome 4q31-34 panic disorder risk locus: association of neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor variants. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. B147(4), 510-516 (2008).
126. Lindberg C, Koefoed P, Hansen ES et al. No association between the-399 C T polymorphism of the neuropeptide Y gene and schizophrenia, unipolar depression or panic disorder in a Danish population. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 113(1), 54-58 (2006).
127. Otowa T, Shimada T, Kawamura Y et al. No association between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene and panic disorder in Japanese population. J. Hum. Genet. 54(8), 437-439 (2009).
128. Shimizu E, Hashimoto K, Koizumi H et al. No association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphisms with panic disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 29(5), 708-712 (2005). (Pubitemid 40897780)
129. Lam P, Cheng CY, Hong CJ, Tsai SJ. Association study of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Val66Met) genetic polymorphism and panic disorder. Neuropsychobiology 49(4), 178-181 (2004).
130. Shimizu E, Hashimoto K, Kobayashi K et al. Lack of association between angiotensin I-converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene functional polymorphism and panic disorder in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 363(1), 81-83 (2004).
131. Bandelow B, Saleh K, Pauls J, Domschke K, Wedekind D, Falkai P. Insertion/deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in panic disorder: A gender-specifc effect? World J. Biol. Psychiatry 10, 1-5 (2007).
132. Olsson M, Annerbrink K, Westberg L et al. Angiotensin-related genes in patients with panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. B127(1), 81-84 (2004).
133. Erhardt A, Lucae S, Kern N et al. Association of polymorphisms in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene with syndromal panic attacks. Mol. Psychiatry 13(3), 242-243 (2008).
134. Freitag CM, Domschke K, Rothe C et al. Interaction of serotonergic and noradrenergic gene variants in panic disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 16(2), 59-65 (2006).
135. 2a receptor gene polymorphisms and caffeine-induced anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 28(9), 1694-1702 (2003).
136. Childs E, Hohoff C, Deckert J, Xu K, Badner J, de Wit H. Association between ADORA2A and DRD2 polymorphisms and caffeine-induced anxiety Neuropsychopharmacology 33 (12), 2791-2800 (2009).
137. Stein MB, Schork NJ, Gelernter J. Gene-by-environment (serotonin transporter and childhood maltreatment) interaction for anxiety sensitivity, an intermediate phenotype for anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 33(2), 312-319 (2008).
138. Logue MW, Durner M, Heiman GA et al. A linkage search for joint panic disorder/bipolar genes. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. B150(8), 1139-1146 (2009).
139. Erhardt A, Lucae S, Unschuld PG et al. Association of polymorphisms in P2RX7 and CaMKKb with anxiety disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 101(1-3), 159-168 (2007).
140. Weissman MM, Fyer AJ, Haghighi F et al. Potential panic disorder syndrome: clinical and genetic linkage evidence. Am. J. Med. Genet. 96(1), 24-35 (2000).
141. Jacob CP, Strobel A, Hohenberger K et al. Association between allelic variation of serotonin transporter function and neuroticism in anxious cluster C personality disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 161(3), 569-572 (2004).
142. Domschke K, Ohrmann P, Braun M et al Influence of the catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype on amygdala and prefrontal cortex emotional processing in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 163(1), 13-20 (2008).
143. Cannon TD, Keller MC. Endophenotypes in the genetic analyses of mental disorders. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2, 267-290 (2006).
144. Nakamura M, Ueno S, Sano A, Tanabe H. Polymorphisms of the human homologue of the Drosophila white gene are associated with mood and panic disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 4(2), 155-162 (1999).
145. Domschke K, Kuhlenbaumer G, Schirmacher A et al. Human nuclear transcription factor gene CREM: genomic organization, mutation screening, and association analysis in panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. B117(1), 70-78 (2003).
146. Hamilton SP, Slager SL, Mayo D et al. Investigation of polymorphisms in the CREM gene in panic disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. B126(1), 111-115 (2004).
147. Leygraf A, Hohoff C, Freitag C et al. Rgs 2 gene polymorphisms as modulators of anxiety in humans? J. Neural Transm. 113(12), 1921-1925 (2006).
148. Hohoff C, Neumann A, Domschke K et al Association analysis of Rgs7 variants with panic disorder. J. Neural Transm. 116(11), 1523-1528 (2009).
149. Smoller JW, Paulus MP, Fagerness JA et al Influence of RGS2 on anxiety-related temperament, personality, and brain function. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 65(3), 298-308 (2008).
150. Amstadter AB, Koenen KC, Ruggiero KJ et al. Variant in RGS2 moderates posttraumatic stress symptoms following potentially traumatic event exposure. J. Anxiety Disord. 23(3), 369-373 (2009).
151. Koenen KC, Amstadter AB, Ruggiero KJ et al. RGS2 and generalized anxiety disorder in an epidemiologic sample of hurricane-exposed adults. Depress. Anxiety 26(4), 309-315 (2009).
152. Otowa T, Yoshida E, Sugaya N et al Genome-wide association study of panic disorder in the Japanese population. J. Hum. Genet. 54(2), 122-126 (2009).
153. Perna G, Favaron E, Di Bella D, Bussi R, Bellodi L. Antipanic effcacy of paroxetine and polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene. Neuropsychopharmacology 30(12), 2230-2235 (2005).
154. Yevtushenko OO, Oros MM, Reynolds GP. Early response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in panic disorder is associated with a functional 5-HT receptor gene polymorphism. J. Affect. Disord. 123(1-3), 308-311 (2009).