The role of clock genes in pharmacology

Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Volumn 50, Issue , 2010, Pages 187-214

  Paschos, Georgios K ^a   Baggs, Julie E ^a   Hogenesch, John B ^a   Fitzgerald, Garret A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood pressure; Cancer; Chronopharmacology; Circadian clock; Drug; Timing

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ATENOLOL; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CYCLIC GMP; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOCHROME P450; DEXAMETHASONE; DILTIAZEM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; FLUOROURACIL; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; HEPARIN; MERCAPTOPURINE; METHOTREXATE; NITRATE; NITRIC OXIDE; NORTRIPTYLINE; PARACETAMOL; PETHIDINE; PREDNISOLONE; PROPRANOLOL; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CLOCK; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VERAPAMIL; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ARNTL;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CANCER; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DNA DAMAGE; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CONJUGATION; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG GLUCURONIDATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG SOLUBILITY; EVENING DOSAGE; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MOLECULAR CLOCK; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MORNING DOSAGE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION STATE; PRINZMETAL ANGINA PECTORIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TIME TO MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; URINE PH; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM; BIOSYNTHESIS; BLOOD PRESSURE; DRUG EFFECT; GENETICS; NEOPLASM; PHARMACOKINETICS; PHARMACOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ARNTL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLOCK PROTEINS; CYCLIC GMP; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; NEOPLASMS; NITRIC OXIDE; PHARMACOKINETICS; PHARMACOLOGY; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS;

EID: 77949503379     PISSN: 03621642     EISSN: 15454304     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105621     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Yoshii T, Ahmad M, Helfrich-Forster C. 2009. Cryptochrome mediates light-dependent magnetosen-sitivity of Drosophila's circadian clock. PLoS Biol. 7:e1000086
2. Choi JS, Kim CK, Lee BJ. 1999. Administration-time differences in the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin intravenously delivered to human beings. Chronobiol. Int. 16:821-829
3. Elting L, Bodey GP, Rosenbaum B, Fainstein V. 1990. Circadian variation in serum amikacin levels. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 30:798-801
4. Petit E, Milano G, Levi F, Thyss A, Bailleul F, Schneider M. 1988. Circadian rhythm-varying plasma concentration of 5-fluorouracil during a five-day continuous venous infusion at a constant rate in cancer patients. Cancer Res. 48:1676-1679
5. Harris BE, Song R, Soong SJ, Diasio RB. 1990. Relationship between dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity and plasma 5-fluorouracil levels with evidence for circadian variation of enzyme activity and plasma drug levels in cancer patients receiving 5-fluorouracil by protracted continuous infusion. Cancer Res. 50:197-201
6. Scheidel B, Lemmer B. 1991. Chronopharmacology of oral nitrates in healthy subjects. Chronobiol. Int. 8:409-419
7. Nakano S, Watanabe H, Nagai K, Ogawa N. 1984. Circadian stage-dependent changes in diazepam kinetics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 36:271-277
8. Muller FO, Van Dyk M, Hundt HK, Joubert AL, Luus HG, et al. 1987. Pharmacokinetics of temazepam after day-time and night-time oral administration. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 33:211-214
9. Lemmer B, Nold G, Behne S, Kaiser R. 1991. Chronopharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of nifedipine. Chronobiol. Int. 8:485-494
10. Kamali F, Fry JR, Bell GD. 1987. Temporal variations in paracetamol absorption and metabolism in man. Xenobiotica 17:635-641
11. Nakano S, Hollister LE. 1983. Chronopharmacology of amitriptyline. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 33:453-459
12. Goo RH, Moore JG, Greenberg E, Alazraki NP. 1987. Circadian variation in gastric emptying of meals in humans. Gastroenterology 93:515-518
13. Kumar D, Wingate D, Ruckebusch Y. 1986. Circadian variation in the propagation velocity of the migrating motor complex. Gastroenterology 91:926-930
14. Lemmer B, Nold G. 1991. Circadian changes in estimated hepatic blood flow in healthy subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 32:627-629
15. Moore JG, Englert E Jr. 1970. Circadian rhythm of gastric acid secretion in man. Nature 226:1261-1262
16. Lamiable D, Vistelle R, Fay R, Millart H, Caron J, Choisy H. 1991. Chronopharmacokinetics of dex-amethasone in young subjects. Therapie 46:405-407
17. Balis FM, Jeffries SL, Lange B, Murphy RF, Doherty KM, et al. 1989. Chronopharmacokinetics of oral methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine: Is there diurnal variation in the disposition of antileukemic therapy? Am. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 11:324-326
18. Langevin AM, Koren G, Soldin SJ, Greenberg M. 1987. Pharmacokinetic case for giving 6-mercaptopurine maintenance doses at night. Lancet 2:505-506
19. Ritschel WA, Bykadi G, Ford DJ, Bloomfield SS, Levy RC. 1983. Pilot study on disposition and pain relief after i.m. administration of meperidine during the day or night. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol. 21:218-223
20. Nakano S, Hollister LE. 1978. No circadian effect on nortriptyline kinetics in man. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 23:199-203 (Pubitemid 8301088)
21. Langner B, Lemmer B. 1988. Circadian changes in the pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of oral propranolol in healthy subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 33:619-624
22. Shiga T, Fujimura A, Tateishi T, Ohashi K, Ebihara A. 1993. Differences of chronopharmacokinetic profiles between propranolol and atenolol in hypertensive subjects. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 33:756-761
23. Yoshiyama Y, Nakano S, Ogawa N. 1989. Chronopharmacokinetic study of valproic acid in man: comparison of oral and rectal administration. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29:1048-1052
24. Angeli A, Frajria R, De Paoli R, Fonzo D, Ceresa F. 1978. Diurnal variation of prednisolone binding to serum corticosteroid-binding globulin in man. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 23:47-53
25. Patel IH, Venkataramanan R, Levy RH, Viswanathan CT, Ojemann LM. 1982. Diurnal oscillations in plasma protein binding of valproic acid. Epilepsia 23:283-290
26. Bruguerolle B, Jadot G. 1983. Influence of the hour of administration of lidocaine on its intraerythrocytic passage in the rat. Chronobiologia 10:295-297 (Pubitemid 13021140)
27. Nair V, Casper R. 1969. The influence of light on daily rhythm in hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in rat. Life Sci. 8:1291-1298
28. Belanger PM, Lalande M. 1988. Day-night variations in the activity and composition of the liver micro-somal mixed-function oxidase of rat liver. Annu. Rev. Chronopharmacol. 5:219-222
29. Miyazaki Y, Imaoka S, Yatagai M, Motohashi Y, Kobayashi Y, Funae Y. 1990. Temporal variations in hepatic cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes in rats. Annu. Rev. Chronopharmacol. 7:149-152
30. Panda S, Antoch MP, Miller BH, Su AI, Schook AB, et al. 2002. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell 109:307-320
31. Lavery DJ, Lopez-Molina L, Margueron R, Fleury-Olela F, Conquet F, et al. 1999. Circadian expression of the steroid 15 alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp2a4) and coumarin 7-hydroxylase (Cyp2a5) genes in mouse liver is regulated by the PAR leucine zipper transcription factor DBP. Mol. Cell Biol. 19:6488-6499
32. Gachon F, Olela FF, Schaad O, Descombes P, Schibler U. 2006. The circadian PAR-domain basic leucine zipper transcription factors DBP, TEF, and HLF modulate basal and inducible xenobiotic detoxification. Cell Metab. 4:25-36
33. Gutierrez A, Grunau A, Paine M, Munro AW, Wolf CR, et al. 2003. Electron transfer in human cy-tochrome P450 reductase. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31:497-501
34. Shively CA, Vesell ES. 1975. Temporal variations in acetaminophen and phenacetin half-life in man. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 18:413-424
35. Levi F, Schibler U. 2007. Circadian rhythms: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 47:593-628
36. Koopman MG, Krediet RT, Zuyderhoudt FJ, De Moor EA, Arisz L. 1985. A circadian rhythm of proteinuria in patients with a nephrotic syndrome. Clin. Sci. 69:395-401
37. Addis T, Barrett E, Poo LJ, Ureen HJ, Lippman RW. 1951. The relation between protein consumption and diurnal variations of the endogenous creatinine clearance in normal individuals. J. Clin. Invest. 30:206-209
38. Wilkinson GR, Beckett AH. 1968. Absorption metabolism and excretion of the ephedrines in man. I. The influence of urinary pH and urine volume output. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 162:139-147
39. Koike M, Norikura R, Mizojiri K, Sugeno K. 1984. Time-dependent elimination of cinoxacin in rats. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 73:1697-1700
40. Markiewicz A, Semenowicz K. 1979. Time dependent changes in the pharmacokinetics of aspirin. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Biopharm. 17:409-411
41. Dettli L, Spring P. 1967. Diurnal variations in the elimination rate of a sulfonamide in man. Helv. Med. Acta 33:291-306
42. Lin L, Grenier L, Theriault G, Gourde P, Yoshiyama Y, et al. 1994. Nephrotoxicity of low doses of tobramycin in rats: effect of the time of administration. Life Sci. 55:169-177
43. Laurent G, Carlier MB, Rollman B, Van Hoof F, Tulkens P. 1982. Mechanism of aminoglycoside-induced lysosomal phospholipidosis: in vitro and in vivo studies with gentamicin and amikacin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31:3861-3870
44. Beauchamp D, Collin P, Grenier L, LeBrun M, Couture M, et al. 1996. Effects of fasting on temporal variations in nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in rats. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40:670-676
45. Decousus HA, Croze M, Levi FA, Jaubert JG, Perpoint BM, et al. 1985. Circadian changes in anticoagulant effect of heparin infused at a constant rate. Br. Med. J. 290:341-344
46. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Rosenbloom D, Lemaire J, Pineo GF, et al. 1992. Optimal therapeutic level of heparin therapy in patients with venous thrombosis. Arch. Intern. Med. 152:1589-1595
47. Merki HS, Witzel L, Kaufman D, Kempf M, Neumann J, et al. 1988. Continuous intravenous infusions of famotidine maintain high intragastric pH in duodenal ulcer. Gut 29:453-457
48. Katz FH, Smith JA, Lock JP, Loeffel DE. 1979. Plasma vasopressin variation and renin activity in normal active humans. Horm. Res. 10:289-302
49. Portaluppi F, Bagni B, degli Uberti E, Montanari L, Cavallini R, et al. 1990. Circadian rhythms of atrial natriuretic peptide, renin, aldosterone, cortisol, blood pressure and heart rate in normal and hypertensive subjects. J. Hypertens. 8:85-95
50. Brandenberger G, Follenius M, Goichot B, Saini J, Spiegel K, et al. 1994. Twenty-four-hour profiles of plasma renin activity in relation to the sleep-wake cycle. J. Hypertens. 12:277-283
51. Veglio F, Pietrandrea R, Ossola M, Vignani A, Angeli A. 1987. Circadian rhythm of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in serum of healthy adult subjects. Chronobiologia 14:21-25
52. Schnecko A, Witte K, Lemmer B. 1995. Effects of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan on 24-hour blood pressure profiles of primary and secondary hypertensive rats. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26:214-221
53. Lemmer B, Mattes A, Bohm M, Ganten D. 1993. Circadian blood pressure variation in transgenic hypertensive rats. Hypertension 22:97-101
54. Lemmer B, Witte K, Schanzer A, Findeisen A. 2000. Circadian rhythms in the renin-angiotensin system and adrenal steroids may contribute to the inverse blood pressure rhythm in hypertensive TGR(mREN-2)27 rats. Chronobiol. Int. 17:645-658
55. Palatini P, Racioppa A, Raule G, Zaninotto M, Penzo M, Pessina AC. 1992. Effect of timing of administration on the plasma ACE inhibitory activity and the antihypertensive effect of quinapril. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 52:378-383
56. Witte K, Weisser K, Neubeck M, Mutschler E, Lehmann K, et al. 1993. Cardiovascular effects, pharma-cokinetics, and converting enzyme inhibition of enalapril after morning versus evening administration. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 54:177-186
57. Pechere-Bertschi A, Nussberger J, Decosterd L, Armagnac C, Sissmann J, et al. 1998. Renal response to the angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 antagonist irbesartan versus enalapril in hypertensive patients. J. Hypertens. 16:385-393
58. Borgonio A, Witte K, Stahrenberg R, Lemmer B. 1999. Influence of circadian time, ageing, and hypertension on the urinary excretion of nitric oxide metabolites in rats. Mech. Ageing Dev. 111:23-37
59. Globig S, Witte K, Lemmer B. 1999. Urinary excretion of nitric oxide, cyclic GMP, and catecholamines during rest and activity period in transgenic hypertensive rats. Chronobiol. Int. 16:305-314
60. Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH, Kielstein JT, Loffler M, Schaffer J, Frolich JC. 2000. Role of endogenous nitric oxide in circadian blood pressure regulation in healthy humans and in patients with hypertension or atherosclerosis. J. Investig. Med. 48:125-132
61. Yasue H, Omote S, Takizawa A, Nagao M, Miwa K, Tanaka S. 1979. Circadian variation of exercise capacity in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina: role of exercise-induced coronary arterial spasm. Circulation 59:938-948
62. Elherik K, Khan F, McLaren M, Kennedy G, Belch JJ. 2002. Circadian variation in vascular tone and endothelial cell function in normal males. Clin. Sci. 102:547-552
63. Hastings MH, Herzog ED. 2004. Clock genes, oscillators, and cellular networks in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. J. Biol. Rhythms 19:400-413
64. Khalsa SB, Jewett ME, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA. 2003. A phase response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects. J. Physiol. 549:945-952
65. Maywood ES, Reddy AB, Wong GK, O'Neill JS, O'Brien JA, et al. 2006. Synchronization and maintenance of timekeeping in suprachiasmatic circadian clock cells by neuropeptidergic signaling. Curr. Biol. 16:599-605
66. Yamaguchi S, Isejima H, Matsuo T, Okura R, Yagita K, et al. 2003. Synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Science 302:1408-1412
67. Harmar AJ, Marston HM, Shen S, Spratt C, West KM, et al. 2002. The VPAC(2) receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei. Cell 109:497-508
68. Cassone VM, Chesworth MJ, Armstrong SM. 1986. Entrainment of rat circadian rhythms by daily injection of melatonin depends upon the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei. Physiol. Behav. 36:1111-1121
69. Johnson RF, Moore RY, Morin LP. 1988. Loss of entrainment and anatomical plasticity after lesions of the hamster retinohypothalamic tract. Brain Res. 460:297-313
70. Vrang N, Larsen PJ, Mikkelsen JD. 1995. Direct projection from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to hy-pophysiotrophic corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus demonstrated by means of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin tract tracing. Brain Res. 684:61-69
71. Liu C, Weaver DR, Jin X, Shearman LP, Pieschl RL, et al. 1997. Molecular dissection of two distinct actions of melatonin on the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron 19:91-102
72. Pevet P, Bothorel B, Slotten H, Saboureau M. 2002. The chronobiotic properties of melatonin. Cell Tissue Res. 309:183-191
73. Schibler U, Sassone-Corsi P. 2002. A web of circadian pacemakers. Cell 111:919-922
74. Glaser FT, Stanewsky R. 2007. Synchronization of the Drosophila circadian clock by temperature cycles. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 72:233-242
75. Damiola F, Le Minh N, Preitner N, Kornmann B, Fleury-Olela F, Schibler U. 2000. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev. 14:2950-2961
76. Dunlap JC. 1999. Molecular bases for circadian clocks. Cell 96:271-290
77. Preitner N, Damiola F, Lopez-Molina L, Zakany J, Duboule D, et al. 2002. The orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha controls circadian transcription within the positive limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator. Cell 110:251-260 (Pubitemid 34876552)
78. Sato TK, Panda S, Miraglia LJ, Reyes TM, Rudic RD, et al. 2004. A functional genomics strategy reveals Rora as a component of the mammalian circadian clock. Neuron 43:527-537
79. Gallego M, Virshup DM. 2007. Post-translational modifications regulate the ticking of the circadian clock. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8:139-148
80. Lee C, Etchegaray JP, Cagampang FR, Loudon AS, Reppert SM. 2001. Posttranslational mechanisms regulate the mammalian circadian clock. Cell 107:855-867 (Pubitemid 34084977)
81. Akashi M, Tsuchiya Y, Yoshino T, Nishida E. 2002. Control of intracellular dynamics of mammalian period proteins by casein kinase I epsilon (CKIepsilon) and CKIdelta in cultured cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 22:1693-1703
82. Isojima Y, Nakajima M, Ukai H, Fujishima H, Yamada RG, et al. 2009. CKIε/δ-dependent phosphory-lation is a temperature-insensitive, period-determining process in the mammalian circadian clock. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:15744-15749
83. Busino L, Bassermann F, Maiolica A, Lee C, Nolan PM, et al. 2007. SCFFbxl3 controls the oscillation of the circadian clock by directing the degradation of cryptochrome proteins. Science 316:900-904
84. Godinho SI, Maywood ES, Shaw L, Tucci V, Barnard AR, et al. 2007. The after-hours mutant reveals a role for Fbxl3 in determining mammalian circadian period. Science 316:897-900
85. Siepka SM, Yoo SH, Park J, Song W, Kumar V, et al. 2007. Circadian mutant Overtime reveals F-box protein FBXL3 regulation of cryptochrome and period gene expression. Cell 129:1011-1023
86. Cardone L, Hirayama J, Giordano F, Tamaru T, Palvimo JJ, Sassone-Corsi P. 2005. Circadian clock control by SUMOylation of BMAL1. Science 309:1390-1394
87. KondratovRV,ChernovMV,KondratovaAA,GorbachevaVY,GudkovAV,AntochMP. 2003.BMAL1-dependent circadian oscillation of nuclear CLOCK: posttranslational events induced by dimerization of transcriptional activators of the mammalian clock system. Genes Dev. 17:1921-1932
88. Rutter J, Reick M, Wu LC, McKnight SL. 2001. Regulation of clock and NPAS2 DNA binding by the redox state of NAD cofactors. Science 293:510-514
89. Asher G, Gatfield D, Stratmann M, Reinke H, Dibner C, et al. 2008. SIRT1 regulates circadian clock gene expression through PER2 deacetylation. Cell 134:317-328
90. Nakahata Y, Kaluzova M, Grimaldi B, Sahar S, Hirayama J, et al. 2008. The NAD+-dependent deacety-lase SIRT1 modulates CLOCK-mediated chromatin remodeling and circadian control. Cell 134:329-340
91. Nakahata Y, Sahar S, Astarita G, Kaluzova M, Sassone-Corsi P. 2009. Circadian control of the NAD+ salvage pathway by CLOCK-SIRT1. Science 324:654-657
92. Ramsey KM, Yoshino J, Brace CS, Abrassart D, Kobayashi Y, et al. 2009. Circadian clock feedback cycle through NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis. Science 324:651-654
93. MatsunagaN,NakamuraN,YonedaN,QinT,TerazonoH,et al. 2004. Influenceof feeding schedule on 24-h rhythm of hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 311:594-600
94. Kang HS, Angers M, Beak JY, Wu X, Gimble JM, et al. 2007. Gene expression profiling reveals a regulatory role for ROR alpha and ROR gamma in phase I and phase II metabolism. Physiol. Genomics 31:281-294
95. Matsunaga N, Ikeda M, Takiguchi T, Koyanagi S, Ohdo S. 2008. The molecular mechanism regulating 24-hour rhythm of CYP2E1 expression in the mouse liver. Hepatology 48:240-251
96. Gorbacheva VY, Kondratov RV, Zhang R, Cherukuri S, Gudkov AV, et al. 2005. Circadian sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide depends on the functional status of the CLOCK/BMAL1 transactivation complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:3407-3412
97. Rocco MB, Barry J, Campbell S, Nabel E, Cook EF, et al. 1987. Circadian variation of transient my-ocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 75:395-400
98. Venditti FJ Jr, John RM, Hull M, Tofler GH, Shahian DM, Martin DT. 1996. Circadian variation in defibrillation energy requirements. Circulation 94:1607-1612
99. Cohen MC, Rohtla KM, Lavery CE, Muller JE, Mittleman MA. 1997. Meta-analysis of the morning excess of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Am. J. Cardiol. 79:1512-1516
100. Elliott WJ. 1998. Circadian variation in the timing of stroke onset: a meta-analysis. Stroke 29:992-996
101. Smolensky MH, Lemmer B, Reinberg AE. 2007. Chronobiology and chronotherapy of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59:852-882
102. Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Maestroni GJ, Cardinali DP, Poeggeler B, Hardeland R. 2006. Mela-tonin: Nature's most versatile biological signal? FEBS J. 273:2813-2838
103. Millar-Craig MW, Bishop CN, Raftery EB. 1978. Circadian variationof blood-pressure. Lancet 1:795-797
104. Mansoor GA, McCabe EJ, White WB. 1994. Long-term reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure. J. Hypertens. 12:703-708
105. Weber MA. 2002. The 24-hour blood pressure pattern: Does it have implications for morbidity and mortality? Am. J. Cardiol. 89:27A-33A
106. Chau NP, Bauduceau B, Chanudet X, Larroque P, Gautier D. 1994. Ambulatory blood pressure in diabetic subjects. Am. J. Hypertens. 7:487-491
107. van de Borne P, Tielemans C, Collart F, Vanherweghem JL, Degaute JP. 1993. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure and heart rate patterns in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 22:419-425
108. Bell DS. 2003. Heart failure: the frequent, forgotten, and often fatal complication of diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:2433-2441
109. Carvalho MJ, Van Den Meiracker AH, Boomsma F, Lima M, Freitas J, et al. 2000. Diurnal blood pressure variation in progressive autonomic failure. Hypertension 35:892-897
110. Janssen BJ, Tyssen CM, Duindam H, Rietveld WJ. 1994. Suprachiasmatic lesions eliminate 24-h blood pressure variability in rats. Physiol. Behav. 55:307-311
111. Muller JE. 1999. Circadian variation in cardiovascular events. Am. J. Hypertens. 12:35S-42S
112. Mancia G, Sega R, Milesi C, Cesana G, Zanchetti A. 1997. Blood-pressure control in the hypertensive population. Lancet 349:454-457
113. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Pede S, Porcellati C. 1998. Ambulatory pulse pressure: a potent predictor of total cardiovascular risk in hypertension. Hypertension 32:983-988
114. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Guerrieri M, Gatteschi C, Benemio G, et al. 1990. Circadian blood pressure changes and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Circulation 81:528-536
115. Rizzoni D, Muiesan ML, Montani G, Zulli R, Calebich S, Agabiti-Rosei E. 1992. Relationship between initial cardiovascular structural changes and daytime and nighttime blood pressure monitoring. Am. J. Hypertens. 5:180-186
116. Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R, O'Brien ET, Clement D, et al. 1999. Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. JAMA 282:539-546
117. Ingelsson E, Bjorklund-Bodegard K, Lind L, Arnlov J, Sundstrom J. 2006. Diurnal blood pressure pattern and risk of congestive heart failure. JAMA 295:2859-2866
118. Cornelissen G, Halberg F, Otsuka K, Singh RB, Chen CH. 2007. Chronobiology predicts actual and proxy outcomes when dipping fails. Hypertension 49:237-239
119. Clark LA, Denby L, Pregibon D, Harshfield GA, Pickering TG, et al. 1987. A quantitative analysis of the effects of activity and time of day on the diurnal variations of blood pressure. J. Chronic. Dis. 40:671-681
120. Landgraf R, Hacker R, Buhl H. 1982. Plasma vasopressin and oxytocin in response to exercise and during a day-night cycle in man. Endokrinologie 79:281-291
121. Quay WB. 1964. Circadian and estrous rhythms in pineal melatonin and 5-hydroxy indole-3-acetic acid. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 115:710-713
122. Lambert AE, Hoet JJ. 1966. Diurnal pattern of plasma insulin concentration in the human. Diabetologia 2:69-72
123. Liddle GW. 1966. Analysis of circadian rhythms in human adrenocortical secretory activity. Arch. Intern. Med. 117:739-743
124. Snyder SH, Zweig M, Axelrod J, Fischer JE. 1965. Control of the circadian rhythm in serotonin content of the rat pineal gland. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 53:301-305
125. David-Nelson MA, Brodish A. 1969. Evidence for a diurnal rhythm of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology 85:861-866
126. Clayton GW, Librik L, Gardner RL, Guillemin R. 1963. Studies on the circadian rhythm of pituitary adrenocorticotropic release in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 23:975-980
127. Curtis AM, Cheng Y, Kapoor S, Reilly D, Price TS, Fitzgerald GA. 2007. Circadian variation of blood pressure and the vascular response to asynchronous stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:3450-3455
128. Masuki S, Todo T, Nakano Y, Okamura H, Nose H. 2005. Reduced alpha-adrenoceptor responsiveness and enhanced baroreflex sensitivity inCry-deficient mice lacking abiological clock. J. Physiol. 566:213-224
129. Makino M, Hayashi H, Takezawa H, Hirai M, Saito H, Ebihara S. 1997. Circadian rhythms of cardiovascular functions are modulated by the baroreflex and the autonomic nervous system in the rat. Circulation 96:1667-1674
130. Hossmann V,Fitzgerald GA, Dollery CT. 1980. Circadian rhythmof baroreflex reactivity and adrenergic vascular response. Cardiovasc. Res. 14:125-129
131. Westgate EJ, ChengY, Reilly DF, Price TS, Walisser JA, et al. 2008. Genetic components of the circadian clock regulate thrombogenesis in vivo. Circulation 117:2087-2095
132. Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamaguchi J, Kikuya M, Ohmori K, et al. 2002. Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: the Ohasama study. J. Hypertens. 20:2183-2189
133. Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, Hoshide S, Hoshide Y, et al. 2003. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation 107:1401-1406
134. White WB, Anders RJ, MacIntyre JM, Black HR, Sica DA. 1995. Nocturnal dosing of a novel delivery system of verapamil for systemic hypertension. Verapamil Study Group. Am. J. Cardiol. 76:375-380
135. Prisant LM, Devane JG, ButlerJ.2000.Asteady-state evaluationofthe bioavailability ofchronotherapeu-tic oral drug absorption system verapamil PM after nighttime dosing versus immediate-acting verapamil dosed every eight hours. Am. J. Ther. 7:345-351
136. Glasser SP, Neutel JM, Gana TJ, Albert KS. 2003. Efficacy and safety of a once daily graded-release diltiazem formulation in essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 16:51-58
137. Sica D, Frishman WH, Manowitz N. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of propranolol after single and multiple dosing with sustained release propranolol or propranolol CR (innopran XL), a new chronotherapeutic formulation. Heart Dis. 5:176-181
138. Morgan T, Anderson A, Jones E. 1997. The effect on 24 h blood pressure control of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (perindopril) administered in the morning or at night. J. Hypertens. 15:205-211
139. Panza JA, Epstein SE, Quyyumi AA. 1991. Circadian variation in vascular tone and its relation to alpha-sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. N. Engl. J. Med. 325:986-990
140. Hermida RC, Calvo C,Ayala DE, Dominguez MJ, CoveloM,et al. 2003. Administration time-dependent effects of valsartan on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 42:283-290
141. Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Calvo C, Lopez JE, Fernandez JR, et al. 2003. Administration time-dependent effects of aspirin on blood pressure in untreated hypertensive patients. Hypertension 41:1259-1267 (Pubitemid 36706075)
142. Mormont MC, Levi F. 2003. Cancer chronotherapy: principles, applications, and perspectives. Cancer 97:155-169
143. Rafnsson V, Tulinius H, Jonasson JG, Hrafnkelsson J. 2001. Risk of breast cancer in female flight attendants: a population-based study (Iceland). Cancer Causes Control 12:95-101
144. Erren TC, Pape HG, Reiter RJ, Piekarski C. 2008. Chronodisruption and cancer. Naturwissenschaften 95:367-382
145. Davis S, Mirick DK, Stevens RG. 2001. Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93:1557-1562
146. Hansen J. 2001. Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night. Epidemiology 12:74-77 (Pubitemid 32006465)
147. Schernhammer ES, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Hankinson SE. 2006. Night work and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology 17:108-111
148. Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, et al. 2001. Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses' health study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93:1563-1568
149. Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, et al. 2003. Night-shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses' health study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 95:825-828
150. Kubo T, Ozasa K, Mikami K, Wakai K, Fujino Y, et al. 2006. Prospective cohort study of the risk of prostate cancer among rotating-shift workers: findings from the Japan collaborative cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 164:549-555
151. Viswanathan AN, Hankinson SE, Schernhammer ES. 2007. Night shift work and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer Res. 67:10618-10622
152. Davidson AJ, Sellix MT, Daniel J, Yamazaki S, Menaker M, Block GD. 2006. Chronic jet-lag increases mortality in aged mice. Curr. Biol. 16:R914-16
153. Filipski E, Delaunay F, King VM, Wu MW, Claustrat B, et al. 2004. Effects of chronic jet lag on tumor progression in mice. Cancer Res. 64:7879-7885
154. Filipski E, King VM, Li X, Granda TG, Mormont MC, et al. 2002. Host circadian clock as a control point in tumor progression. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94:690-697
155. Mormont MC, Waterhouse J, Bleuzen P, Giacchetti S, Jami A, et al. 2000. Marked 24-h rest/activity rhythms are associated with better quality of life, better response, and longer survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and good performance status. Clin. Cancer Res. 6:3038-3045
156. Brown WR. 1991. A review and mathematical analysis of circadian rhythms in cell proliferation in mouse, rat, and human epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 97:273-280
157. Buchi KN, Moore JG, Hrushesky WJ, Sothern RB, Rubin NH. 1991. Circadian rhythm of cellular proliferation in the human rectal mucosa. Gastroenterology 101:410-415
158. Garcia MN, Barbeito CG, Andrini LA, Badran AF. 2001. Circadian rhythm of DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in tongue keratinocytes. Cell Biol. Int. 25:179-183
159. Neal JV, Potten CS. 1981. Circadian rhythms in the epithelial cells and the pericryptal fibroblast sheath in three different sites in the murine intestinal tract. Cell Tissue Kinet. 14:581-587
160. Scheving LE, Pauly JE, von Mayersbach H, Dunn JD. 1974. The effect of continuous light or darkness on the rhythm of the mitotic index in the corneal epithelium of the rat. Acta Anat. (Basel) 88:411-423
161. Scheving LE, Tsai TH, Scheving LA. 1983. Chronobiology of the intestinal tract of the mouse. Am. J. Anat. 168:433-465
162. Smaaland R. 1996. Circadian rhythm of cell division. Prog. Cell Cycle Res. 2:241-266
163. Bjarnason GA, Jordan RC, Wood PA, Li Q, Lincoln DW, et al. 2001. Circadian expression of clock genes in human oral mucosa and skin: association with specific cell-cycle phases. Am. J. Pathol. 158:1793-1801
164. Fu L, Pelicano H, Liu J, Huang P, Lee C. 2002. The circadian gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo. Cell 111:41-50
165. Matsuo T, Yamaguchi S, Mitsui S, Emi A, Shimoda F, Okamura H. 2003. Control mechanism of the circadian clock for timing of cell division in vivo. Science 302:255-259
166. Storch KF, Lipan O, Leykin I, Viswanathan N, Davis FC, et al. 2002. Extensive and divergent circadian gene expression in liver and heart. Nature 417:78-83
167. Antoch MP, Gorbacheva VY, Vykhovanets O, Toshkov IA, Kondratov RV, et al. 2008. Disruption of the circadian clock due to the Clock mutation has discrete effects on aging and carcinogenesis. Cell Cycle 7:1197-1204
168. Miller BH, McDearmon EL, Panda S, Hayes KR, Zhang J, et al.2007. Circadian and CLOCK-controlled regulation of the mouse transcriptome and cell proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:3342-3347
169. Wood PA, Yang X, Taber A, Oh EY, Ansell C, et al. 2008. Period 2 mutation accelerates ApcMin/+tumorigenesis. Mol. Cancer Res. 6:1786-1793
170. Fu L, Patel MS, Bradley A, Wagner EF, Karsenty G.2005
171. Gery S, Gombart AF, Yi WS, Koeffler C, Hofmann WK, Koeffler HP. 2005. Transcription profiling of C/EBP targets identifies Per2 as a gene implicated in myeloid leukemia. Blood 106:2827-2836
172. Gery S, Komatsu N, Baldjyan L, Yu A, Koo D, Koeffler HP. 2006. The circadian gene per1 plays an important role in cell growth and DNA damage control in human cancer cells. Mol. Cell 22:375-382
173. Hua H, Wang Y, Wan C, Liu Y, Zhu B, et al. 2007. Inhibition of tumorigenesis by intratumoral delivery of the circadian gene mPer2 in C57BL/6 mice. Cancer Gene Ther. 14:815-818
174. Hua H, Wang Y, Wan C, Liu Y, Zhu B, et al. 2006. Circadian gene mPer2 overexpression induces cancer cell apoptosis. Cancer Sci. 97:589-596
175. Rivard GE, Infante-RivardC, HoyouxC, ChampagneJ. 1985. Maintenance chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: better in the evening. Lancet 2:1264-1266
176. Depres-Brummer P, Berthault-Cvitkovic F, Levi F, Brienza S, Vannetzel JM, et al. 1995. Circadian rhythm-modulated (CRM) chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer with mitoxantrone, 5-fluorouracil, and folinic acid: preliminary results of a phase I trial. J. Infus. Chemother. 5:144-147
177. Depres-Brummer P, Levi F, Di Palma M, Beliard A, Lebon P, et al. 1991. A phase I trial of 21-day continuous venous infusion of alpha-interferon at circadian rhythm modulated rate in cancer patients. J. Immunother. 10:440-447
178. Focan C, Denis B, Kreutz F, Focan-Henrard D, Levi F. 1995. Ambulatory chronotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid, and carboplatin for advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. A phase II feasibility trial.J. Infus. Chemother. 5:148-152
179. Hrushesky WJ. 1985. Circadian timing of cancer chemotherapy. Science 228:73-75
180. Hrushesky WJ, von Roemeling R, Lanning RM, Rabatin JT. 1990. Circadian-shaped infusions of flox-uridine for progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 8:1504-1513
181. Levi F, Benavides M, Chevelle C, Le Saunier F, Bailleul F, et al. 1990. Chemotherapy of advanced ovarian cancer with 4'-O-tetrahydropyranyl doxorubicin and cisplatin: a randomized phase II trial with an evaluation of circadian timing and dose-intensity. J. Clin. Oncol. 8:705-714
182. Bressolle F, Joulia JM, Pinguet F, Ychou M, Astre C, et al. 1999. Circadian rhythm of 5-fluorouracil population pharmacokinetics in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 44:295-302
183. Metzger G, Massari C, Etienne MC, Comisso M, Brienza S, et al. 1994. Spontaneous or imposed circadian changes in plasma concentrations of 5-fluorouracil coadministered with folinic acid and oxaliplatin: relationship with mucosal toxicity in patients with cancer. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 56:190-201
184. Takimoto CH, Yee LK, Venzon DJ, Schuler B, Grollman F, et al. 1999. High inter-and intrapatient variation in 5-fluorouracil plasma concentrations during a prolonged drug infusion. Clin. Cancer Res. 5:1347-1352
185. Lincoln DW 2nd, Hrushesky WJ, Wood PA. 2000. Circadian organization of thymidylate synthase activity in normal tissues: a possible basis for 5-fluorouracil chronotherapeutic advantage. Int. J. Cancer 88:479-485
186. Daher GC, Zhang RW, Soong SJ, Diasio RB. 1991. Circadian variation of fluoropyrimidine catabolic enzymes in rat liver: possible relevance to 5-fluorodeoxyuridine chemotherapy. Drug Metab. Dispos. 19:285-287
187. Porsin B, Formento JL, Filipski E, Etienne MC, Francoual M, et al. 2003. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase circadian rhythm in mouse liver: comparison between enzyme activity and gene expression. Eur. J. Cancer 39:822-828
188. Zhang R, Lu Z, Liu T, Soong SJ, Diasio RB. 1993. Relationship between circadian-dependent toxicity of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and circadian rhythms of pyrimidine enzymes: possible relevance to fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 53:2816-2822
189. Levi FA, Zidani R, Vannetzel JM, Perpoint B, Focan C, et al. 1994. Chronomodulated versus fixed-infusion-rate delivery of ambulatory chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinic acid (leu-covorin) in patients with colorectal cancer metastases: a randomized multi-institutional trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86:1608-1617
190. Levi F, Zidani R, Misset JL. 1997. Randomised multicentre trial of chronotherapy with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinic acid in metastatic colorectal cancer. International Organization for Cancer Chronotherapy. Lancet 350:681-686
191. Bertheault-Cvitkovic F, Jami A, Ithzaki M, Brummer PD, Brienza S, et al. 1996. Biweekly intensified ambulatory chronomodulated chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 14:2950-2958
192. Levi F, Zidani R, Brienza S, Dogliotti L, Perpoint B, et al. 1999. A multicenter evaluation of intensified, ambulatory, chronomodulated chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin as initial treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. International Organization for Cancer Chronotherapy. Cancer 85:2532-2540
193. Blagden S, de Bono J. 2005. Drugging cell cycle kinases in cancer therapy. Curr. Drug Targets 6:325-335
194. McClue SJ, Blake D, Clarke R, Cowan A, Cummings L, et al. 2002. In vitro and in vivo antitumor properties of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor CYC202 (R-roscovitine). Int. J. Cancer 102:463-468
195. Iurisci I, Filipski E, Reinhardt J, Bach S, Gianella-Borradori A, et al. 2006. Improved tumor control through circadian clockinduction by Seliciclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Cancer Res. 66:10720-10728
196. Meng QJ, Logunova L, Maywood ES, Gallego M, Lebiecki J, et al. 2008. Setting clock speed in mammals: the CK1 epsilon tau mutation in mice accelerates circadian pacemakers by selectively destabilizing PERIOD proteins. Neuron 58:78-88
197. Granda TG, D'Attino RM, Filipski E, Vrignaud P, Garufi C, et al. 2002. Circadian optimisation of irinotecan and oxaliplatin efficacy in mice with Glasgow osteosarcoma. Br. J. Cancer 86:999-1005
198. Boughattas NA, Li XM, Filipski J, Lemaigre G, Filipski E, et al. 1996. Modulation of cisplatin chrono-toxicity related to reduced glutathione in mice. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 15:563-572
199. Li XM, Metzger G, Filipski E, Boughattas N, Lemaigre G, et al. 1997. Pharmacologic modulation of reduced glutathione circadian rhythms with buthionine sulfoximine: relationship with cisplatin toxicity in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 143:281-290
200. Kang TH, Reardon JT, Kemp M, Sancar A. 2009. Circadian oscillation of nucleotide excision repair in mammalian brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:2864-2867
201. Wood PA, Du-Quiton J, You S, Hrushesky WJ. 2006. Circadian clock coordinates cancer cell cycle progression, thymidylate synthase, and 5-fluorouracil therapeutic index. Mol. Cancer Ther. 5:2023-2033