Circadian rhythms: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Volumn 47, Issue , 2007, Pages 593-628

  Levi, Francis ^a   Schibler, Ueli ^b  

^a INSERM   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Chronopharmaceutics; Chronotherapeutics; Detoxification; Mammalian circadian timing system

Indexed keywords

ALANOSINE; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTIMETABOLITE; CELECOXIB; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; FAMOTIDINE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; FUMAGILLOL CHLOROACETYLCARBAMATE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HALOTHANE; HEPARIN; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; INDOMETACIN; INTERCALATING AGENT; KETOPROFEN; NAVELBINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OXALIPLATIN; PIRARUBICIN; RANITIDINE; ROFECOXIB; THEOPHYLLINE; THEOPHYLLINE DERIVATIVE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINDESINE; XENOBIOTIC AGENT;

BLOOD TOXICITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CHRONOTHERAPY; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CORTICAL SYNCHRONIZATION; DETOXIFICATION; DIARRHEA; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; INTESTINE; KIDNEY; LIGHT DARK CYCLE; LIVER; MAMMAL; METABOLIC REGULATION; MOLECULAR CLOCK; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; OSCILLATION; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REST; REVIEW; SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 33847075354     PISSN: 03621642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105208     Document Type: Review

References (181)

1. Kola I, Landis J. 2004. Can the pharmaceutical industry reduce attrition rates? Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 3:711-15
2. Schuster D, Laggner C, Langer T. 2005. Why drugs fail-a study on side effects in new chemical entities. Curr. Pharm. Des. 11:3545-59
3. Kajinami K, Masuya H, Hoshiba Y, Takeda K, Sato R, et al. 2005. Statin response and pharmacokinetics variants. Expert. Opin. Pharmacother. 6:1291-97
4. Undevia SD, Gomez-Abuin G, Ratain MJ. 2005. Pharmacokinetic variability of anticancer agents. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5:447-58
5. Wilkinson GR. 2005. Drug metabolism and variability among patients in drug response. N. Engl. J. Med. 352:2211-21
6. Horton R. 2005. The neglected epidemic of chronic disease. Lancet 366:1514
7. Schibler U, Naef F. 2005. Cellular oscillators: rhythmic gene expression and metabolism. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 17:223-29
8. Gachon F, Nagoshi E, Brown SA, Ripperger J, Schibler U. 2004. The mammalian circadian timing system: from gene expression to physiology. Chromosoma 113:103-12
9. Ouyang Y, Andersson CR, Kondo T, Golden SS, Johnson CH. 1998. Resonating circadian clocks enhance fitness in cyanobacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:8660-64
10. Woelfle MA, Ouyang Y, Phanvijhitsiri K, Johnson CH. 2004. The adaptive value of circadian clocks: an experimental assessment in cyanobacteria. Curr. Biol. 14:1481-86
11. Dodd AN, Salathia N, Hall A, Kevei E, Toth R, et al. 2005. Plant circadian clocks increase photosynthesis, growth, survival, and competitive advantage. Science 309:630-33
12. Gehring W, Rosbash M. 2003. The coevolution of blue-light photoreception and circadian rhythms. J. Mol. Evol. 57(Suppl. 1):S286-89
13. Dunlap JC. 1999. Molecular bases for circadian clocks. Cell 96:271-90
14. Nakajima M, Imai K, Ito H, Nishiwaki T, Murayama Y, et al. 2005. Reconstitution of circadian oscillation of cyanobacterial KaiC phosphorylation in vitro. Science 308:414-15
15. Schibler U, Ripperger J, Brown SA. 2003. Peripheral circadian oscillators in mammals: time and food. J. Biol. Rhythms 18:250-60
16. Reppert SM, Weaver DR. 2002. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 418:935-41
17. Schibler U, Sassone-Corsi P. 2002. A web of circadian pacemakers. Cell 111:919-22
18. Balsalobre A, Damiola F, Schibler U. 1998. A serum shock induces circadian gene expression in mammalian tissue culture cells. Cell 93:929-37
19. Yagita K, Tamanini F, van Der Horst GT, Okamura H. 2001. Molecular mechanisms of the biological clock in cultured fibroblasts. Science 292:278-81
20. Yoo SH, Yamazaki S, Lowrey PL, Shimomura K, Ko CH, et al. 2004. PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:5339-46
21. Aton SJ, Herzog ED. 2005. Come together, right now: synchronization of rhythms in a mammalian circadian clock. Neuron 48:531-34
22. Halberg F. 1960. Temporal coordination of physiologic function. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 25:289-310
23. Haus E, Halberg F, Pauly JE, Cardoso S, Kuhl JF, et al. 1972. Increased tolerance of leukemic mice to arabinosyl cytosine with schedule adjusted to circadian system. Science 177:80-82
24. Redfern P. 2003. Chronotherapeutics. London: Pharmaceutical Press. 426 pp.
25. Preitner N, Damiola F, Luis Lopez M, Zakany J, Duboule D, et al. 2002. The orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha controls circadian transcription within the positive limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator. Cell 110:251-60
26. Brown SA, Ripperger J, Kadener S, Fleury-Olela F, Vilbois F, et al. 2005. PERIOD1-associated proteins modulate the negative limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator. Science 308:693-96
27. Eide EJ, Kang H, Crapo S, Gallego M, Virshup DM. 2005. Casein kinase I in the mammalian circadian clock. Methods Enzymol. 393:408-18
28. Eide EJ, Woolf MF, Kang H, Woolf P, Hurst W, et al. 2005. Control of mammalian circadian rhythm by CKIepsilon-regulated proteasome-mediated PER2 degradation. Mol. Cell Biol. 25:2795-807
29. Kurabayashi N, Hirota T, Harada Y, Sakai M, Fukada Y. 2006. Phosphorylation of mCRY2 at Ser557 in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of the mouse. Chronobiol. Int. 23:129-34
30. Lee C, Weaver DR, Reppert SM. 2004. Direct association between mouse PERIOD and CKIepsilon is critical for a functioning circadian clock. Mol. Cell Biol. 24:584-94
31. Yin L, Wang J, Klein PS, Lazar MA. 2006. Nuclear receptor Rev-erbalpha is a critical lithium-sensitive component of the circadian clock. Science 311:1002-5
32. Bunger MK, Wilsbacher LD, Moran SM, Clendenin C, Radcliffe LA, et al. 2000. Mop3 is an essential component of the master circadian pacemaker in mammals. Cell 103:1009-17
33. Bae K, Jin X, Maywood ES, Hastings MH, Reppert SM, Weaver DR. 2001. Differential functions of mPer1, mPer2, and mPer3 in the SCN circadian clock. Neuron 30:525-36
34. Kume K, Zylka MJ, Sriram S, Shearman LP, Weaver DR, et al. 1999. mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop. Cell 98:193-205
35. Zheng B, Albrecht U, Kaasik K, Sage M, Lu W, et al. 2001. Nonredundant roles of the mPer1 and mPer2 genes in the mammalian circadian clock. Cell 105:683-94
36. King DP, Zhao Y, Sangoram AM, Wilsbacher LD, Tanaka M, et al. 1997. Positional cloning of the mouse circadian clock gene. Cell 89:641-53
37. Debruyne JP, Noton E, Lambert CM, Maywood ES, Weaver DR, Reppert SM. 2006. A clock shock: mouse CLOCK is not required for circadian oscillator function. Neuron 50:465-77
38. Reick M, Garcia JA, Dudley C, McKnight SL. 2001. NPAS2: an analog of clock operative in the mammalian forebrain. Science 293:506-9
39. Doi M, Hirayama J, Sassone-Corsi P. 2006. Circadian regulator CLOCK is a histone acetyltransferase. Cell 125:497-508
40. Chen H, Lin RJ, Schiltz RL, Chakravarti D, Nash A, et al. 1997. Nuclear receptor coactivator ACTR is a novel histone acetyltransferase and forms a multimeric activation complex with P/CAF and CBP/p300. Cell 90:569-80
41. Lakin-Thomas PL. 2006. Transcriptional feedback oscillators: maybe, maybe not. J. Biol. Rhythms 21:83-92
42. Naef F. 2005. Circadian clocks go in vitro: purely post-translational oscillators in cyanobacteria. Mol. Syst. Biol. 1:2005 0019
43. Nagoshi E, Saini C, Bauer C, Laroche T, Naef F, Schibler U. 2004. Circadian gene expression in individual fibroblasts; cell-autonomous and self-sustained oscillators pass time to daughter cells. Cell 119:693-705
44. Welsh DK, Yoo SH, Liu AC, Takahashi JS, Kay SA. 2004. Bioluminescence imaging of individual fibroblasts reveals persistent, independently phased circadian rhythms of clock gene expression. Curr. Biol. 14:2289-95
45. Guo H, Brewer JM, Lehman MN, Bittman EL. 2006. Suprachiasmatic regulation of circadian rhythms of gene expression in hamster peripheral organs: effects of transplanting the pacemaker. J. Neurosci. 26:6406-12
46. Ralph MR, Foster RG, Davis FC, Menaker M. 1990. Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science 247:975-78
47. Silver R, LeSauter J, Tresco PA, Lehman MN. 1996. A diffusible coupling signal from the transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotor rhythms. Nature 382:810-13
48. Kramer A, Yang FC, Snodgrass P, Li X, Scammell TE, et al. 2001. Regulation of daily locomotor activity and sleep by hypothalamic EGF receptor signaling. Science 294:2511-15
49. Cheng MY, Bullock CM, Li C, Lee AG, Bermak JC, et al. 2002. Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nature 417:405-10
50. Kraves S, Weitz CJ. 2006. A role for cardiotrophin-like cytokine in the circadian control of mammalian locomotor activity. Nat. Neurosci. 9:212-19
51. Sujino M, Masumoto K, Yamaguchi S, van der Horst GT, Okamura H, Inouye SI. 2003. Suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts restore circadian behavioral rhythms of genetically arrhythmic mice. Curr. Biol. 13:664-68
52. Filipski E, King VM, Etienne MC, Li X, Claustrat B, et al. 2004. Persistent twenty-four hour changes in liver and bone marrow despite suprachiasmatic nuclei ablation in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 287:R844-51
53. Abrahamson EE, Moore RY. 2001. Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mouse: retinal innervation, intrinsic organization and efferent projections. Brain Res. 916:172-91
54. Kalsbeek A, Perreau-Lenz S, Buijs RM. 2006. A network of (autonomic) clock outputs. Chronobiol. Int. 23:521-35
55. Ishida A, Mutoh T, Ueyama T, Bando H, Masubuchi S, et al. 2005. Light activates the adrenal gland: timing of gene expression and glucocorticoid release. Cell Metab. 2:297-307
56. Welsh DK, Logothetis DE, Meister M, Reppert SM. 1995. Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms. Neuron 14:697-706
57. Harmar AJ, Marston HM, Shen S, Spratt C, West KM, et al. 2002. The VPAC(2) receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei. Cell 109:497-508
58. Shen H, Watanabe M, Tomasiewicz H, Rutishauser U, Magnuson T, Glass JD. 1997. Role of neural cell adhesion molecule and polysialic acid in mouse circadian clock function. J. Neurosci. 17:5221-29
59. Hannibal J, Fahrenkrug J. 2006. Neuronal input pathways to the brain's biological clock and their functional significance. Adv. Anat. Emhyol. Cell Biol. 182:1-71
60. Albrecht U, Zheng B, Larkin D, Sun ZS, Lee CC. 2001. MPer1 and mper2 are essential for normal resetting of the circadian clock. J. Biol. Rhythms 16:100-4
61. Bae K, Weaver DR. 2003. Light-induced phase shifts in mice lacking mPER1 or mPER2. J. Biol. Rhythms 18:123-33
62. Khalsa SB, Jewett ME, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA. 2003. A phase response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects. J. Physiol. 549:945-52
63. Damiola F, Le Minh N, Preitner N, Kornmann B, Fleury-Olela F, Schibler U. 2000. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev. 14:2950-61
64. Stokkan KA, Yamazaki S, Tei H, Sakaki Y, Menaker M. 2001. Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science 291:490-93
65. Le Minh N, Damiola F, Tronche F, Schutz G, Schibler U. 2001. Glucocorticoid hormones inhibit food-induced phase-shifting of peripheral circadian oscillators. EMBO J. 20:7128-36
66. Brown SA, Zumbrunn G, Fleury-Olela F, Preitner N, Schibler U. 2002. Rhythms of mammalian body temperature can sustain peripheral circadian clocks. Curr. Biol. 12:1574-83
67. Akhtar RA, Reddy AB, Maywood ES, Clayton JD, King VM, et al. 2002. Circadian cycling of the mouse liver transcriptome, as revealed by cDNA microarray, is driven by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Curr. Biol. 12:540-50
68. Panda S, Antoch MP, Miller BH, Su AI, Schook AB, et al. 2002. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell 109:307-20
69. Storch KF, Lipan O, Leykin I, Viswanathan N, Davis FC, et al. 2002. Extensive and divergent circadian gene expression in liver and heart. Nature 417:78-83
70. Ueda HR, Chen W, Adachi A, Wakamatsu H, Hayashi S, et al. 2002. A transcription factor response element for gene expression during circadian night. Nature 418:534-39
71. Gachon F, Fleury Olela F, Schaad O, Descombes P, Schibler U. 2006. The circadian PAR-domain basic leucine zipper transcription factors DBP, TEF, and HLF modulate basal and inducible xenobiotic detoxification. Cell Metabol. 4:25-36
72. Reddy AB, Karp NA, Maywood ES, Sage EA, Deery M, et al. 2006. Circadian orchestration of the hepatic proteome. Curr. Biol. 16:1107-15
73. Engeland WC, Arnhold MM. 2005. Neural circuitry in the regulation of adrenal corticosterone rhythmicity. Endocrine 28:325-32
74. Labrecque G, Beauchamp D. 2003. Rhythms and pharmacokinetics. See Ref. 24, Ch. 4, pp. 75-110
75. Chassard D, Bruguerolle B. 2004. Chronobiology and anesthesia. Anesthesiology 100:413-27
76. Lévi F. 2003. Circadian rhythms in 5-fluorouracil pharmacology and therapeutic applications. In Fluoropyrimidines in Cancer Therapy, pp. 107-28. Totowa, NJ: Humana
77. Li XM, Kanekal S, Crepin D, Guettier C, Carriere J, et al. 2006. Circadian pharmacology of L-alanosine (SDX-102) in mice. Mol. Cancer Ther. 5:337-46
78. Granda TG, Filipski E, D'Attino RM, Vrignaud P, Anjo A, et al. 2001. Experimental chronotherapy of mouse mammary adenocarcinoma MA13/C with docetaxel and doxorubicin as single agents and in combination. Cancer Res. 61:1996-2001
79. Levi F, Mechkouri M, Roulon A, Bailleul F, Lemaigre G, et al. 1985. Circadian rhythm in tolerance of mice for the new anthracycline analog 4′-O-tetrahydropyranyl-adriamycin (THP). Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 21:1245-51
80. Gorbacheva VY, Kondratov RV, Zhang R, Cherukuri S, Gudkov AV, et al. 2005. Circadian sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide depends on the functional status of the CLOCK/BMAL1 transactivation complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102(9):3407-12
81. Boughattas NA, Levi F, Fournier C, Lemaigre G, Roulon A, et al. 1989. Circadian rhythm in toxicities and tissue uptake of 1,2-diamminocyclohexane- (trans-1)oxalatoplatinum(II) in mice. Cancer Res. 49:3362-68
82. Filipski E, Amat S, Lemaigre G, Vincenti M, Breillout F, Levi FA. 1999. Relationship between circadian rhythm of vinorelbine toxicity and efficacy in P388-bearing mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 289:231-35
83. Ohdo S, Wang DS, Koyanagi S, Takane H, Inoue K, et al. 2000. Basis for dosing time-dependent changes in the antiviral activity of interferon-alpha in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 294:488-93
84. Blumenthal RD, Waskewich C, Goldenberg DM, Lew W, Flefleh C, Burton J. 2001. Chronotherapy and chronotoxicity of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, in athymic mice bearing human breast cancer xenografts. Clin. Cancer Res. 7:3178-85
85. Koyanagi S, Nakagawa H, Kuramoto Y, Ohdo S, Soeda S, Shimeno H. 2003. Optimizing the dosing schedule of TNP-470 [O-(chloroacetyl-carbamoyl) fumagillol] enhances its antitumor and antiangiogenic efficacies. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 304:669-74
86. Reinberg A, Halberg F. 1971. Circadian chronopharmacology. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 11:455-92
87. Sothern RB, Halberg F, Hrushesky WJM. 1988. Circadian stage not time of day characterizes doxorubicin susceptibility rhythm of mice in continuous light. Ann. Rev. Chronopharmacol. 5:385-88. Oxford: Pergamon Press
88. Labrecque G, Sirois-labrecque M. 2003. Chronopharmacologie. Rythmes Biologiques et Administration des Médicaments. Montréal, Fr.: Les Presses de l'Univ. de Montréal
89. Bruguerolle B. 1998. Chronopharmacokinetics. Current status. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 35:83-94
90. Lemmer B. 2006. The importance of circadian rhythms on drug response in hypertension and coronary heart disease-from mice and man. Pharmacol. Ther. 111(3):629-51
91. Scott PH, Tabachnik E, MacLeod S, Correia J, Newth C, Levison H. 1981. Sustained-release theophylline for childhood asthma: evidence for circadian variation of theophylline pharmacokinetics. J. Pediatr. 99:476-79
92. Reinberg A, Levi F, Bicakova-Rocher A, Blum JP, Ouechni MM, Nicolai A. 1984. Biologic time-related changes in antihistamine and other effects of chronic administration of mequitazine in healthy adults. Ann. Rev. Chronopharmacol. 1:61-64
93. Lemmer B. 2005. Chronopharmacology and controlled drug release. Expert. Opin. Drug Deliv. 2:667-81
94. Smolensky MH, Scott PH, Harrist RB, Hiatt PH, Wong TK, et al. 1987. Administration-time-dependency of the pharmacokinetic behavior and therapeutic effect of a once-a-day theophylline in asthmatic children. Chronobiol. Int. 4:435-47
95. Decousus H, Ollagnier M, Cherrah Y, et al. 1986. Chronokinetics of ketoprofen infused at a constant rate. Ann. Rev. Chronopharmacol. 3:321-24
96. Metzger G, Massari C, Etienne MC, Comisso M, Brienza S, et al. 1994. Spontaneous or imposed circadian changes in plasma concentrations of 5-fluorouracil coadministered with folinic acid and oxaliplatin: relationship with mucosal toxicity in patients with cancer. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 56:190-201
97. Petit E, Milano G, Levi F, Thyss A, Bailleul F, Schneider M. 1988. Circadian rhythm-varying plasma concentration of 5-fluorouracil during a five-day continuous venous infusion at a constant rate in cancer patients. Cancer Res. 48:1676-79
98. Focan C, Doalto L, Mazy V, Levi F, Bruguerolle B, et al. 1989. 48-hour continuous infusion of vindesine (followed by cisplatin) in advanced lung cancer. Chronopharmacokinetic data and clinical efficacy. Bull. Cancer 76:909-12
99. Boissier C, Decousus H, Perpoint B, Ollagnier M, Mismetti P, et al. 1990. Ann. Rev. Chronopharmacol. Vol 7, pp 289-92. Oxford: Pergamon Press
100. Guissou P, Cuisinaud G, Llorca G, Lejeune E, Sassard J. 1983. Chronopharmacokinetic study of a prolonged release form of indomethacin. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 24:667-70
101. Ollagnier M, Decousus H, Cherrah Y, Levi F, Mechkouri M, et al. 1987. Circadian changes in the pharmacokinetics of oral ketoprofen. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 12:367-78
102. Levi F, Le Louarn C, Reinberg A. 1985. Timing optimizes sustained-release indomethacin treatment of osteoarthritis. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 37:77-84
103. Pariat C, Courtois P, Cambar J, Piriou A, Bouquet S. 1988. Circadian variations in the renal toxicity of gentamicin in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 40:175-82
104. Prins JM, Weverling GJ, van Ketel RJ, Speelman P. 1997. Circadian variations in serum levels and the renal toxicity of aminoglycosides in patients. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 62:106-11
105. Rougier F, Claude D, Maurin M, Sedoglavic A, Ducher M, et al. 2003. Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: modeling, simulation, and control. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47:1010-16
106. Bruguerolle B, Prat M. 1989. Temporal variations in the erythrocyte permeability to bupivacaine, etidocaine and mepivacaine in mice. Life Sci. 45:2587-90
107. Levi F, Benavides J, Touitou Y, Quarteronet D, Canton T, et al. 1987. Circadian rhythm in the membrane of circulating human blood cells: microviscosity and number of benzodiazepine binding sites. A search for regulation by plasma ions, nucleosides, proteins or hormones. Chronobiol. Int. 4:235-43
108. Witte K, Lemmer B. 2003. Rhythms and pharmacodynamics. See Ref. 24, Ch. 5, pp. 111-26
109. Levi F, Blazsek I, Ferle-Vidovic A. 1988. Circadian and seasonal rhythms in murine bone marrow colony-forming cells affect tolerance for the anticancer agent 4′-O-tetrahydropyranyladriamycin (THP). Exp. Hematol. 16:696-701
110. Bourin P, Ledain AF, Beau J, Mille D, Levi F. 2002. In-vitro circadian rhythm of murine bone marrow progenitor production. Chronobiol. Int. 19:57-67
111. Li XM, Lévi F. 1999. Chronopharmacologic effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) on hematopoiesis in mice. Biol. Rhythm Res. 30:339-45
112. Perpoint B, Le Bousse-Kerdiles C, Clay D, Smadja-Joffe F, Depres-Brummer P, et al. 1995. In vitro chronopharmacology of recombinant mouse IL-3, mouse GM-CSF, and human G-CSF on murine myeloid progenitor cells. Exp. Hematol. 23:362-8
113. Decousus HA, Croze M, Levi FA, Jaubert JG, Perpoint BM, et al. 1985. Circadian changes in anticoagulant effect of heparin infused at a constant rate. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 290:341-44
114. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Rosenbloom D, Lemaire J, Pineo GF, et al. 1992. Optimal therapeutic level of heparin therapy in patients with venous thrombosis. Arch. Intern. Med. 152:1589-95
115. Merlti HS, Witzel L, Kaufman D, Kempf M, Neumann J, et al. 1988. Continuous intravenous infusions of famotidine maintain high intragastric pH in duodenal ulcer. Gut 29:453-57
116. Kornmann B, Preitner N, Rifat D, Fleury-Olela F, Schibler U. 2001. Analysis of circadian liver gene expression by ADDER, a highly sensitive method for the display of differentially expressed mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 29:E51-1
117. Xu C, Li CY, Kong AN. 2005. Induction of phase I, II and III drug metabolism/transport by xenobiotics. Arch. Pharm. Res. 28:249-68
118. Gutierrez A, Grunau A, Paine M, Munro AW, Wolf CR, et al. 2003. Electron transfer in human cytochrome P450 reductase. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31:497-501
119. Nair V, Casper R. 1969. The influence of light on daily rhythm in hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in rat. Life Sci. 8:1291-98
120. Handschin C, Meyer UA. 2003. Induction of drug metabolism: the role of nuclear receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 55:649-73
121. Gonzalez FJ, Fernandez-Salguero P. 1998. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: studies using the AHR-null mice. Drug Metab. Dispos. 26:1194-98
122. Lichtlen P, Schaffner W. 2001. Putting its fingers on stressful situations: the heavy metal-regulatory transcription factor MTF-1. Bioessays 23:1010-17
123. Pirkkala L, Nykanen P, Sistonen L. 2001. Roles of the heat shock transcription factors in regulation of the heat shock response and beyond. FASEB J. 15:1118-31
124. Richardson VM, Santostefano MJ, Birnbaum LS. 1998. Daily cycle of bHLH-PAS proteins, Ah receptor and Arnt, in multiple tissues of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 252:225-31
125. Falvey E, Marcacci L, Schibler U. 1996. DNA-binding specificity of PAR and C/EBP leucine zipper proteins: a single amino acid substitution in the C/EBP DNA-binding domain confers PAR-like specificity to C/EBP. Biol. Chem. 377:797-809
126. Gachon F, Fonjallaz P, Damiola F, Gos P, Kodama T, et al. 2004. The loss of circadian PAR bZip transcription factors results in epilepsy. Genes Dev. 18:1397-412
127. Ripperger JA, Schibler U. 2006. Rhythmic CLOCK-BMAL1 binding to multiple E-box motifs drives circadian Dbp transcription and chromatin transitions. Nat. Genet. 38:369-74
128. Ripperger JA, Shearman LP, Reppert SM, Schibler U. 2000. CLOCK, an essential pacemaker component, controls expression of the circadian transcription factor DBP. Genes Dev. 14:679-89
129. Wirz-Justice A, Benedetti F, Berger M, Lam RW, Martiny K, et al. 2005. Chronotherapeutics (light and wake therapy) in affective disorders. Psychol. Med. 35(7):939-44
130. Clench J, Reinberg A, Dziewanowska Z, Ghata J, Smolensky M. 1981. Circadian changes in the bioavailability and effects of indomethacin in healthy subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 20:359-69
131. Lévi F, Le Louarn C, Reinberg A. 1984. Chronotherapy of osteoarthritic patients: optimization of indomethacin sustained release (ISR). Ann. Rev. Chronopharmacol. 1:345-48
132. De Vita V, Hellman S, Rosenberg S. 1993. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Co. 4th ed.
133. Flatten K, Dai NT, Vroman BT, Loegering D, Erlichman C, et al. 2005. The role of checkpoint kinase 1 in sensitivity to topoisomerase I poisons. J. Biol. Chem. 280:14349-55
134. Sigmond J, Peters GJ. 2005. Pyrimidine and purine analogues, effects on cell cycle regulation and the role of cell cycle inhibitors to enhance their cytotoxicity. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 24:1997-2022
135. Wang D, Lippard SJ. 2005. Cellular processing of platinum anticancer drugs. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 4:307-20
136. Wood PA, Du-Quiton J, You S, Hrushky WJ. 2006. Circadian clock coordinates cancer cell cycle progression, thymidylate synthase, and 5-fluorouracil therapeutic index. Mol. Cancer Ther. 5(8):2023-33
137. Li XM, Metzger G, Filipski E, Boughattas N, Lemaigre G, et al. 1997. Pharmacologic modulation of reduced glutathione circadian rhythms with buthionine sulfoximine: relationship with cisplatin toxicity in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 143:281-90
138. Lincoln DW, Hrushesky WJ, Wood PA. 2000. Circadian organization of thymidylate synthase activity in normal tissues: a possible basis for 5-fluorouracil chronotherapeutic advantage. Int. J. Cancer 88:479-85
139. Porsin B, Formento JL, Filipski E, Etienne MC, Francoual M, et al. 2003. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase circadian rhythm in mouse liver: comparison between enzyme activity and gene expression. Eur. J. Cancer 39:822-28
140. Zhang R, Lu Z, Liu T, Soong SJ, Diasio RB. 1993. Relationship between circadian-dependent toxicity of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and circadian rhythms of pyrimidine enzymes: possible relevance to fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 53:2816-22
141. Matsuo T, Yamaguchi S, Mitsui S, Emi A, Shimoda F, Okamura H. 2003. Control mechanism of the circadian clock for timing of cell division in vivo. Science 302:255-59
142. Fu L, Lee CC. 2003. The circadian clock: pacemaker and tumor suppressor. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3:350-61
143. Granda TG, Liu XH, Smaaland R, Cermakian N, Filipski E, et al. 2005. Circadian regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis proteins in mouse bone marrow and tumor. FASEB J. 19:304-6
144. Filipski E, Delaunay F, King VM, Wu MW, Claustrat B, et al. 2004. Effects of chronic jet lag on tumor progression in mice. Cancer Res. 64:7879-85
145. Filipski E, Innominato PF, Wu M, Li XM, Iacobelli S, et al. 2005. Effects of light and food schedules on liver and tumor molecular clocks in mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97:507-17
146. You S, Wood PA, Xiong Y, Kobayashi M, Du-Quiton J, Hrushesky WJ. 2005. Daily coordination of cancer growth and circadian clock gene expression. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 91:47-60
147. Kuramoto Y, Hata K, Koyanagi S, Ohdo S, Shimeno H, Soeda S. 2006. Circadian regulation of mouse topoisomerase I gene expression by glucocorticoid hormones. Biochem. Pharmacol. 71:1155-61
148. Koyanagi S, Okazawa S, Kuramoto Y, Ushijima K, Shimeno H, et al. 2006. Chronic treatment with prednisolone represses the circadian oscillation of clock gene expression in mouse peripheral tissues. Mol. Endocrinol. 20:573-83
149. Extra JM, Espie M, Calvo F, Ferme C, Mignot L, Marty M. 1990. Phase I study of oxaliplatin in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 25:299-303
150. Levi F, Metzger G, Massari C, Milano G. 2000. Oxaliplatin: pharmacokinetics and chronopharmacological aspects. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 38:1-21
151. Levi F, Misset JL, Brienza S, Adam R, Metzger G, et al. 1992. A chronopharmacologic phase II clinical trial with 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid, and oxaliplatin using an ambulatory multichannel programmable pump. High antitumor effectiveness against metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer 69:893-900
152. Bjarnason GA, Jordan RC, Wood PA, Li Q, Lincoln DW, et al. 2001. Circadian expression of clock genes in human oral mucosa and skin: association with specific cell-cycle phases. Am. J. Pathol. 158:1793-801
153. Harris BE, Song R, Soong SJ, Diasio RB. 1990. Relationship between dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity and plasma 5-fluorouracil levels with evidence for circadian variation of enzyme activity and plasma drug levels in cancer patients receiving 5-fluorouracil by protracted continuous infusion. Cancer Res. 50:197-201
154. Smaaland R, Laerum OD, Lote K, Sletvold O, Sothern RB, Bjerknes R. 1991. DNA synthesis in human bone marrow is circadian stage dependent. Blood 77:2603-11
155. Hecquet B, Meynadier J, Bonneterre J, Adenis L, Demaille A. 1985. Time dependency in plasmatic protein binding of cisplatin. Cancer Treat. Rep. 69:79-83
156. Zeng ZL, Sun J, Guo L, Li S, Wu MW, et al. 2005. Circadian rhythm in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity and reduced glutathione content in peripheral blood of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Chronobiol. Int. 22:741-54
157. Smaaland R, Svardal AM, Lote K, Ueland M, Laerum OD. 1991. Glutathione content in human bone marrow and circadian stage relation to DNA synthesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83:1092-98
158. Mormont MC, Levi F. 2003. Cancer chronotherapy: principles, applications, and perspectives. Cancer 97:155-69
159. Levi F, Zidani R, Misset JL. 1997. Randomised multicentre trial of chronotherapy with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinic acid in metastatic colorectal cancer. International Organization for Cancer Chronotherapy. Lancet 350:681-86
160. Giacchetti S, Bjarnason G, Garufi C, Genet D, Iacobelli S, et al. 2006. Phase III trial of 4-day chronomodulated vs 2-day conventional delivery of 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin as first line chemotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer by the EORTC chronotherapy group. J. Clin. Oncol. 24:3562-69
161. Bressolle F, Joulia JM, Pinguet F, Ychou M, Astre C, et al. 1999. Circadian rhythm of 5-fluorouracil population pharmacokinetics in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 44:295-302
162. van Kuilenburg AB. 2004. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and the efficacy and toxicity of 5-fluorouracil. Eur. J. Cancer 40:939-50
163. Li XM, Vicenti M, Levi F. 2002. Pharmacological effects of vinorelbine on body temperature and locomotor activity circadian rhythms in mice. Chronobiol. Int. 19:43-55
164. Ohdo S, Koyanagi S, Suyama H, Higuchi S, Aramaki H. 2001. Changing the dosing schedule minimizes the disruptive effects of interferon on clock function. Nat. Med. 7:356-60
165. Mills PJ, Parker B, Jones V, Adler KA, Ferez CJ, et al. 2004. The effects of standard anthracycline-based chemotherapy on soluble ICAM-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 10:4998-5003
166. Pusztai L, Mendoza TR, Reuben JM, Martinez MM, Willey JS, et al. 2004. Changes in plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines in response to paclitaxel chemotherapy. Cytokine 25:94-102
167. Motzkus D, Albrecht U, Maronde E. 2002. The human PER1 gene is inducible by interleukin-6. J. Mol. Neurosci. 18:105-9
168. Rich T, Innominato PF, Boerner J, Mormont MC, Iacobelli S, et al. 2005. Elevated serum cytokines correlated with altered behavior, serum cortisol rhythm, and dampened 24-hour rest-activity patterns in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 11:1757-64
169. Iurisci I, Filipski E, Reinhardt J, Bach S, Gianella-Borradori A, et al. 2006. Improved tumor control through circadian clock induction by Seliciclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Cancer Res. In press
170. Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. 2003. Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J. Biol. Rhythms 18:80-90
171. Brown SA, Fleury-Olela F, Nagoshi E, Hauser C, Juge C, et al. 2005. The period length of fibroblast circadian gene expression varies widely among human individuals. PLoS Biol. 3:e338
172. Pando MP, Morse D, Cermakian N, Sassone-Corsi P. 2002. Phenotypic rescue of a peripheral clock genetic defect via SCN hierarchical dominance. Cell 110:107-17
173. Consortium TIH. 2005. A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature 437:1299-20
174. Patil N, Berno AJ, Hinds DA, Barrett WA, Doshi JM, et al. 2001. Blocks of limited haplotype diversity revealed by high-resolution scanning of human chromosome 21. Science 294:1719-23
175. Voight BF, Kudaravalli S, Wen X, Pritchard JK. 2006. A map of recent positive selection in the human genome. PLoS Biol. 4:e72
176. Iida A, Saito S, Sekine A, Takahashi A, Kamatani N, Nakamura Y. 2006. Japanese single nucleotide polymorphism database for 267 possible drug-related genes. Cancer Sci. 97:16-24
177. Moore JG, Halberg F. 1986. Circadian rhythm of gastric acid secretion in men with active duodenal ulcer. Dig. Dis. Sci. 31:1185-91
178. Kumar D, Wingate D, Ruckebusch Y. 1986. Circadian variation in the propagation velocity of the migrating motor complex. Gastroenterology 91:926-30
179. Lemmer B, Nold G. 1991. Circadian changes in estimated hepatic blood flow in healthy subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 32:627-29
180. Bruguerolle B, Arnaud C, Levi F, Focan C, Touitou Y, Bouvenot G. 1989. Physiopathological alterations of alpha 1 acid glycoprotein temporal variations: implications for chronopharmacology. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 300:199-214
181. Koopman MG, Koomen GC, Krediet RT, de Moor EA, Hoek FJ, Arisz L. 1989. Circadian rhythm of glomerular filtration rate in normal individuals. Clin. Sci. 77:105-11