Autoimmune disease triggered by infection with alphaproteobacteria

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 369-379

  Mohammed, Javid P ^a   Mattner, Jochen ^a  

^a CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Alphaproteobacteria; Antibiotics; Autoimmunity; E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; Mitochondrial enzymes; Molecular mimicry; Novosphingobium spp.; Primary biliary cirrhosis

Indexed keywords

AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; MITOCHONDRIAL ENZYME; PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE; STREPTOMYCIN;

ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CHAGAS DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENZYME SUBUNIT; GASTRITIS; GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME; HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MOUSE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; MYOCARDITIS; NONHUMAN; NOVOSPHINGOBIUM AROMATICIVORANS; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; RASMUSSEN SYNDROME; REVIEW; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM;

EID: 77649127040     PISSN: 1744666X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.23     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Rioux JD, Abbas AK. Paths to understanding the genetic basis of autoimmune disease. Nature 435(7042), 584-589 (2005).
2. Bjorses P, Aaltonen J, Horelli-Kuitunen N, Yaspo ML, Peltonen L. Gene defect behind APECED: a new clue to autoimmunity. Hum. Mol. Genet. 7(10), 1547-1553 (1998).
3. Walker LS, Abbas AK. The enemy within: keeping self-reactive T cells at bay in the periphery. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2(1), 11-19 (2002).
4. Pisetsky DS. The role of innate immunity in the induction of autoimmunity. Autoimmun. Rev. 8(1), 69-72 (2008).
5. Bergman M, Del Prete G, van Kooyk Y, Appelmelk B. Helicobacter pylori phase variation, immune modulation and gastric autoimmunity. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4(2), 151-159 (2006).
6. Benoist C, Mathis D. Autoimmunity provoked by infection: how good is the case for T cell epitope mimicry? Nat. Immunol. 2(9), 797-801 (2001).
7. Marshak-Rothstein A, Rifkin IR. Immunologically active autoantigens: the role of Toll-like receptors in the development of chronic inflammatory disease. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25, 419-441 (2007).
8. Lunardi C, Tinazzi E, Bason C, Dolcino M, Corrocher R, Puccetti A. Human parvovirus B19 infection and autoimmunity. Autoimmun. Rev. 8(2), 116-120 (2008).
9. Holmoy T, Hestvik AL. Multiple sclerosis: immunopathogenesis and controversies in defining the cause. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 21(3), 271-278 (2008).
10. Niller HH, Wolf H, Minarovits J. Regulation and dysregulation of Epstein- Barr virus latency: implications for the development of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 41(4), 298-328 (2008).
11. Bach JF. Infections and autoimmune diseases. J. Autoimmun. 25, 74-80 (2005).
12. Neisser A, Schwerer B, Bernheimer H, Moran AP. Ganglioside-induced antiganglioside antibodies from a neuropathy patient cross-react with lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni associated with Guillain- Barré syndrome. J. Neuroimmunol. 102(1), 85-88 (2000).
13. Yuki N, Suzuki K, Koga M et al. Carbohydrate mimicry between human ganglioside GM1 and Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharide causes Guillain-Barré syndrome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101(31), 11404-11409 (2004).
14. Cunningham MW, Antone SM, Smart M, Liu R, Kosanke S. Molecular analysis of human cardiac myosin-cross-reactive B- and T-cell epitopes of the group A streptococcal M5 protein. Infect. Immun. 65(9), 3913-3923 (1997).
15. Rees JH, Soudain SE, Gregson NA, Hughes RA. Campylobacter jejuni infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 333(21), 1374-1379 (1995).
16. D'Elios MM, Appelmelk BJ, Amedei A, Bergman MP, Prete GD. Gastric autoimmunity: the role of Helicobacter pylori and molecular mimicry. Trends. Mol. Med. 10(7), 316-323 (2004).
17. Amedei A, Bergman MP, Appelmelk BJ et al. Molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori antigens and H+, K+ - adenosine triphosphatase in human gastric autoimmunity. J. Exp. Med. 198(8), 1147-1156 (2003).
18. Olson JK, Ercolini AM, Miller SD. A virus-induced molecular mimicry model of multiple sclerosis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 296, 39-53 (2005).
19. Olson JK, Croxford JL, Calenoff MA, Dal Canto MC, Miller SD. A virusinduced molecular mimicry model of multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 108(2), 311-318 (2001).
20. Holdener M, Hintermann E, Bayer M et al. Breaking tolerance to the natural human liver autoantigen cytochrome P450 2D6 by virus infection. J. Exp. Med. 205(6), 1409-1422 (2008).
21. Horwitz MS, Ilic A, Fine C, Rodriguez E, Sarvetnick N. Presented antigen from damaged pancreaticβcells activates autoreactive T cells in virus-mediated autoimmune diabetes. J. Clin. Invest. 109(1), 79-87 (2002).
22. Tian J, Lehmann PV, Kaufman DL. T Cell cross-reactivity between coxsackie virus and glutamate decarboxylase is associated with a murine diabetes susceptibility allele. J. Exp. Med. 180, 1979-1984 (1994).
23. Atkinson MA, Bowman MA, Campbell L, Darrow BL, Kaufman DL, Maclaren NK. Cellulary immunity to an epitope common to glutamate decarboxylase and coxsackie virus in insulin-dependent diabetes. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 2125-2129 (1994).
24. Medzhitov R, Janeway CA Jr. Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science 296(5566), 298-300 (2002).
25. Wucherpfennig KW. Mechanisms for the induction of autoimmunity by infectious agents. J. Clin. Invest. 108(8), 1097-1104 (2001).
26. Kaplan MM, Gershwin ME. Primary biliary cirrhosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 353(12), 1261-1273 (2005).
27. Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 25(11), 1271-1277 (1982).
28. Wegner N, Wait R, Venables PJ. Evolutionarily conserved antigens in autoimmune disease: implications for an infective aetiology. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41(2), 390-397 (2009).
29. Fujinami RS, Oldstone MB. Amino acid homology between the encephalitogenic site of myelin basic protein and virus: mechanism for autoimmunity. Science 230(4729), 1043-1045 (1985).
30. Rose NR, Mackay IR. Molecular mimicry: a critical look at exemplary instances in human diseases. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 57(4), 542-551 (2000).
31. Selmi C, Balkwill DL, Invernizzi P et al. Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis react against a ubiquitous xenobioticmetabolizing bacterium. Hepatology 38(5), 1250-1257 (2003).
32. Kaplan MM. Novosphingobium aromaticivorans: a potential initiator of primary biliary cirrhosis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99(11), 2147-2149 (2004).
33. Padgett KA, Selmi C, Kenn TP et al. Phylogenetic and immunological definition of four lipoylated proteins from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans, implications for primary biliary cirrhosis. J. Autoimmun. 24(3), 209-219 (2005).
34. Olafsson S, Gudjonsson H, Selmi C et al. Antimitochondrial antibodies and reactivity to N. aromaticivorans proteins in Icelandic patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and their relatives. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99(11), 2143-2146 (2004).
35. Bogdanos DP, Vergani D. Bacteria and primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 36(1), 30-39 (2009).
36. Khorvash F, Keshteli AH, Behjati M, Salehi M, Naeini AE. An unusual presentation of brucellosis, involving multiple organ systems, with low agglutinating titers: a case report. J. Med. Case Reports 1, 53 (2007).
37. Selimoglu MA, Ertekin V. Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by Brucella infection or doxycycline or both. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 57(7), 639-641 (2003).
38. Namiduru M, Gungor K, Dikensoy O et al. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of brucellosis: a prospective evaluation of 120 adult patients. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 57(1), 20-24 (2003).
39. Talley NJ, Eckstein RP, Gattas MR, Stiel D. Acute hepatitis and Brucella melitensis infection: clinicopathological findings. Med. J. Aust. 148(11), 587-588 (1988).
40. Kiki I, Gundogdu M, Albayrak B, Bilgic Y. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with Brucella infection. Am. J. Med. Sci. 335(3), 230-232 (2008).
41. Erdem F, Kiki I, Gundogdu M, Kaya H. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with Brucella infection is highly responsive to combined plasma infusion and antimicrobial therapy. Med. Princ. Pract. 16(4), 324-326 (2007).
42. Sevinc A, Buyukberber N, Camci C, Buyukberber S, Karsligil T. Thrombocytopenia in brucellosis: case report and literature review. J. Natl Med. Assoc. 97(2), 290-293 (2005).
43. Yalaz M, Arslan MT, Kurugol Z. Thrombocytopenic purpura as only manifestation of brucellosis in a child. Turk. J. Pediatr. 46(3), 265-267 (2004).
44. Pappas G, Kitsanou M, Christou L, Tsianos E. Immune thrombocytopenia attributed to brucellosis and other mechanisms of Brucella-induced thrombocytopenia. Am. J. Hematol. 75(3), 139-141 (2004).
45. Gurkan E, Fikri B, Guvenc B, Bozkurt B, Unsal C. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with Brucella and Toxoplasma infections. Am. J. Hematol. 74(1), 52-54 (2003).
46. Tsirka A, Markesinis I, Getsi V, Chaloulou S. Severe thrombocytopenic purpura due to brucellosis. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 34(7), 535-536 (2002).
47. Yaramis A, Kervancioglu M, Yildirim I, Soker M, Derman O, Tas MA. Severe microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in a child with Brucella infection. Ann. Hematol. 80(9), 546-548 (2001). (Pubitemid 32910400)
48. Miura K, Rikihisa Y. Liver transcriptome profiles associated with strain-specific Ehrlichia chaffeensis-induced hepatitis in SCID mice. Infect. Immun. 77(1), 245-254 (2009).
49. Dumler JS. Anaplasma and Ehrlichia infection. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1063, 361-373 (2005).
50. Marty A, Dumler J, Imes G, Brusman H, Smrkovski L, Frisman D. Ehrlichiosis mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Case report and pathological correlation. Hum. Pathol. 26(8), 920-925 (1995).
51. Antony SJ, Dummer JS, Hunter E. Human ehrlichiosis in a liver transplant recipient. Transplantation 60(8), 879-881 (1995).
52. Andrade LO, Andrews NW. The Trypanosoma cruzi-host-cell interplay: location, invasion, retention. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3(10), 819-823 (2005).
53. Feder HM Jr, Johnson JB, Connell SO et al. A critical appraisal of 'chronic Lyme disease'. N. Engl. J. Med. 357(14), 1422-1430 (2007).
54. Krause PJ, McKay K, Thompson CA et al. Disease-specific diagnosis of coinfecting tickborne zoonoses: babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34(9), 1184-1191 (2002).
55. Ito K, Yamaoka Y, Ota H et al. Adherence, internalization, and persistence of Helicobacter pylori in hepatocytes. Dig. Dis. Sci. 53(9), 2541-2549 (2008).
56. Meghari S, Bechah Y, Capo C et al. Persistent Coxiella burnetii infection in mice overexpressing IL-10: an efficient model for chronic Q fever pathogenesis. PLoS. Pathog. 4(2), e23 (2008).
57. Bandara AB, Contreras A, Contreras- Rodriguez A et al. Brucella suis urease encoded by ure1 but not ure2 is necessary for intestinal infection of BALB/c mice. BMC Microbiol. 7, 57 (2007).
58. Colmenero Jde D, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Maria Reguera J, Angel Suarez-Munoz M, Martin-Carballino S, Morata P. Chronic hepatosplenic abscesses in brucellosis. Clinico-therapeutic features and molecular diagnostic approach. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 42(3), 159-167 (2002).
59. Cheville NF, Kunkle RA, Jensen AE, Palmer MV. Persistence of Brucella abortus in the livers of T cell-deficient nude mice. Lab. Invest. 73(1), 96-102 (1995).
60. Moskovitz M, Fadden R, Min T. Human ehrlichiosis: a rickettsial disease associated with severe cholestasis and multisystemic disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 13(1), 86-90 (1991).
61. Dumler JS, Sutker WL, Walker DH. Persistent infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17(5), 903-905 (1993).
62. Weinstein RS. Human ehrlichiosis. Am. Fam. Physician. 54(6), 1971-1976 (1996).
63. Bunnell JE, Trigiani ER, Srinivas SR, Dumler JS. Development and distribution of pathologic lesions are related to immune status and tissue deposition of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent-infected cells in a murine model system. J. Infect. Dis. 180(2), 546-550 (1999).
64. Olano JP, Wen G, Feng HM, McBridge JW, Walker DH. Histologic, serologic, and molecular analysis of persistent ehrlichiosis in a murine model. Am. J. Pathol. 165(3), 997-1006 (2004).
65. Stevenson HL, Crossley EC, Thirumalapura N, Walker DH, Ismail N. Regulatory roles of CD1d-restricted NKT cells in the induction of toxic shock-like syndrome in an animal model of fatal ehrlichiosis. Infect. Immun. 76(4), 1434-1444 (2008).
66. Volker B, Geoffrey MW, Hans SJ et al. The liver: a special case in transplantation tolerance. Semin. Liver. Dis. 27(2), 194-213 (2007).
67. Selmi C, Mackay IR, Gershwin ME. The immunological milieu of the liver. Semin. Liver. Dis. 27(2), 129-139 (2007).
68. Feld JJ, Heathcote EJ. Epidemiology of autoimmune liver disease. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18(10), 1118-1128 (2003).
69. He XS, Ansari AA, Ridgway WM, Coppel RL, Gershwin ME. New insights to the immunopathology and autoimmune responses in primary biliary cirrhosis. Cell. Immunol. 239(1), 1-13 (2006).
70. Selmi C, Mayo MJ, Bach N et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis in monozygotic and dizygotic twins: genetics, epigenetics, and environment. Gastroenterology 127(2), 485-492 (2004).
71. Gershwin ME, Ansari AA, Mackay IR et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis: an orchestrated immune response against epithelial cells. Immunol. Rev. 174, 210-225 (2000).
72. Kita H, Matsumura S, He XS et al. Quantitative and functional analysis of PDC-E2-specific autoreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes in primary biliary cirrhosis. J. Clin. Invest. 109(9), 1231-1240 (2002).
73. Leung PS, Krams S, Munoz S et al. Characterization and epitope mapping of human monoclonal antibodies to PDC-E2, the immunodominant autoantigen of primary biliary cirrhosis. J. Autoimmun. 5(6), 703-718 (1992).
74. Rieger R, Gershwin ME. The X and why of xenobiotics in primary biliary cirrhosis. J. Autoimmun. 28(2-3), 76-84 (2007).
75. Giorgini A, Selmi C, Invernizzi P, Podda MU, Zuin MS, Gershwin ME. Primary biliary cirrhosis: solving the enigma. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1051, 185-193 (2005). (Pubitemid 41362746)
76. Haydon GH, Neuberger J. PBC: an infectious disease? Gut 47(4), 586-588 (2000).
77. Wakabayashi K, Lian ZX, Leung PS et al. Loss of tolerance in C57BL/6 mice to the autoantigen E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase by a xenobiotic with ensuing biliary ductular disease. Hepatology 48, 531-540 (2008).
78. Brodie EL, DeSantis TZ, Parker JPM et al. Urban aerosols harbor diverse and dynamic bacterial populations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104(1), 299-304 (2007).
79. Cavicchioli R, Fegatella F, Ostrowski M, Eguchi M, Gottschal J. Sphingomonas from marine environments. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23(4-5), 268-272 (1999).
80. Barbeau J, Tanguay R, Faucher E et al. Multiparametric analysis of waterline contamination in dental units. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62(11), 3954-3959 (1996).
81. Shi T, Fredrickson JK, Balkwill DL. Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Sphingomonas strains isolated from the terrestrial subsurface. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 26(5), 283-289 (2001).
82. Pinyakong O, Habe H, Omori T. The unique aromatic catabolic genes in Sphingomonas degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 49(1), 1-19 (2003).
83. Halden RU, Halden BG, Dwyer DF. Removal of dibenzofuran, dibenzo-pdioxin, and 2-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from soils inoculated with Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(5), 2246-2249 (1999).
84. Ederer MM, Crawford RL, Herwig RP, Orser CS. PCP degradation is mediated by closely related strains of the genus Sphingomonas. Mol. Ecol. 6(1), 39-49 (1997).
85. Yabuuchi E, Yano I, Oyaizu H, Hashimoto Y, Ezaki T, Yamamoto H. Proposals of Sphingomonas paucimobilis gen. nov. and comb. nov., Sphingomonas parapaucimobilis sp. nov., Sphingomonas yanoikuyae sp. nov., Sphingomonas adhaesiva sp. nov., Sphingomonas capsulata comb. nov., and two genospecies of the genus Sphingomonas. Microbiol. Immunol. 34(2), 99-119 (1990).
86. Von Grevnitz A. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology (6th Edition). Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH (Eds). American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA, 520-532 (1995).
87. Glupczynski Y, Hansen W, Dratwa M et al. Pseudomonas paucimobilis peritonitis in patients treated by peritoneal dialysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 20(6), 1225-1226 (1984).
88. Morrison AJ Jr, Shulman JA. Communityacquired bloodstream infection caused by Pseudomonas paucimobilis: case report and review of the literature. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24(5), 853-855 (1986).
89. Peel MM, Davis JM, Armstrong WL, Wilson JR, Holmes B. Pseudomonas paucimobilis from a leg ulcer on a Japanese seaman. J. Clin. Microbiol. 9(5), 561-564 (1979).
90. Reina J, Bassa A, Llompart I, Portela D, Borrell N. Infections with Pseudomonas paucimobilis: report of four cases and review. Rev. Infect. Dis. 13(6), 1072-1076 (1991).
91. Salazar R, Martino R, Sureda A, Brunet S, Subira M, Domingo-Albos A. Catheterrelated bacteremia due to Pseudomonas paucimobilis in neutropenic cancer patients: report of two cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20 (6), 1573-1574 (1995).
92. Saltissi D, Macfarlane DJ. Successful treatment of Pseudomonas paucimobilis haemodialysis catheter-related sepsis without catheter removal. Postgrad. Med. J. 70(819), 47-48 (1994).
93. Southern PM Jr, Kutscher AE. Pseudomonas paucimobilis bacteremia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 13(6), 1070-1073 (1981).
94. Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Yang PC, Luh KT. Nosocomial infections caused by Sphingomonas paucimobilis: clinical features and microbiological characteristics. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26(3), 676-681 (1998).
95. Perola O, Nousiainen T, Suomalainen S. Recurrent Sphingomonas paucimobilisbacteraemia associated with a multibacterial water-borne epidemic among neutropenic patients. J. Hosp. Infect. 50(3), 196-201 (2002).
96. Martino R, Martinez C, Pericas R et al. Bacteremia due to glucose non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli in patients with hematological neoplasias and solid tumors. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15(7), 610-615 (1996).
97. Cohen J, Powderly WG: Infectious Diseases (2nd Edition). Elsevier, Health Sciences Division, St. Louis, MO, USA (2004).
98. Kawahara K, Kuraishi H, Zahringer U. Chemical structure and function of glycosphingolipids of Sphingomonas spp and their distribution among members of theα-4 subclass of Proteobacteria. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23(4-5), 408-413 (1999).
99. Kawahara K, Lindner B, Isshiki Y et al. Structural analysis of a new glycosphingolipid from the lipopolysaccharide-lacking bacterium Sphingomonas adhaesiva. Carbohydr. Res. 333(1), 87-93 (2001).
100. Kawahara K, Moll H, Knirel YA et al. Structural analysis of two glycosphingolipids from the lipopolysaccharide-lacking bacterium Sphingomonas capsulata. Eur. J. Biochem. 267(6), 1837-1846 (2000).
101. Kosako Y, Yabuuchi E, Naka T, Fujiwara N, Kobayashi K. Proposal of Sphingomonadaceae fam. nov., consisting of Sphingomonas Yabuuchi et al. 1990, Erythrobacter Shiba and Shimidu 1982, Erythromicrobium Yurkov et al. 1994, Porphyrobacter Fuerst et al. 1993, Zymomonas Kluyver and van Niel 1936, and Sandaracinobacter Yurkov et al. 1997, with the type genus Sphingomonas Yabuuchi et al. 1990. Microbiol. Immunol. 44(7), 563-575 (2000).
102. Mattner J, DeBord KL, Ismail N et al. Exogenous and endogenous glycolipid antigens activate NKT cells during microbial infections. Nature 434(7032), 525-529 (2005).
103. Kinjo Y, Wu D, Kim G et al. Recognition of bacterial glycosphingolipids by natural killer T cells. Nature 434(7032), 520-525 (2005).
104. Kita H, Naidenko O, Kronenberg M et al. Quantitation and phenotypic analysis of natural killer T cells in primary biliary cirrhosis using a human CD1d tetramer. Gastroenterology 123(4), 1031-1043 (2002).
105. Tsuneyama K, Yasoshima M, Harada K, Hiramatsu K, Gershwin ME, Nakanuma Y. Increased CD1d expression on small bile duct epithelium and epithelioid granuloma in livers in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 28(3), 620-623 (1998).
106. Harada K, Isse K, Tsuneyama K, Ohta H, Nakanuma Y. Accumulating CD57+ CD3+ natural killer T cells are related to intrahepatic bile duct lesions in primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Int. 23(2), 94-100 (2003).
107. Kita H, Imawari M, Gershwin ME. Cellular immune response in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol. Res. 28(1), 12-17 (2004).
108. Dyall SD, Brown MT, Johnson PJ. Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles. Science 304(5668), 253-257 (2004).
109. Mattner J, Savage P, Leung P et al. Liver autoimmunity triggered by microbial activation of natural killer T cells. Cell Host Microbe 3(5), 304-315 (2008).
110. Christen U, Edelmann KH, McGavern DB et al. A viral epitope that mimics a self antigen can accelerate but not initiate autoimmune diabetes. J. Clin. Invest. 114, 1290-1298 (2004).
111. Fujii S, Shimizu K, Smith C, Bonifaz L, Steinman RM. Activation of natural killer T cells by α-galactosylceramide rapidly induces the full maturation of dendritic cells in vivo and thereby acts as an adjuvant for combined CD4 and CD8 T cell immunity to a coadministered protein. J. Exp. Med. 198, 267-279 (2003).
112. Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Kaer LV, Bergmann CC et al. Natural killer T cell ligand α-galactosylceramide enhances protective immunity induced by malaria vaccines. J. Exp. Med. 195, 617-624 (2002).
113. Giaccone G, Punt CJA, Ando Y et al. A Phase I study of the natural killer T-cell ligand α-galactosylceramide (KRN7000) in patients with solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 3702-3709 (2002).
114. Nieda M, Okai M, Tazbirkova A et al. Therapeutic activation of the Vα24+Vβ11+ NKT cells in human subjects results in highly coordinated secondary activation of acquired and innate immunity. Blood 103, 383-389 (2004).
115. Ishikawa A, Motohashi S, Ishikawa E et al. A Phase I study of α-galactosylceramide (KRN7000)-pulsed dendritic cells in patients with advanced and recurrent non-small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 1910-1917 (2005).
116. Chang DH, Osman K, Connolly J et al. Sustained expansion of NKT cells and antigen-specific T cells after injection of α-galactosylceramide loaded mature dendritic cells in cancer patients. J. Exp. Med. 201, 1503-1517 (2005).
117. Bates JM, Akerlund J, Mittge E, Guillemin K. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase detoxifies lipopolysaccharide and prevents inflammation in zebrafish in response to the gut microbiota. Cell Host Microbe 2(6), 371-382 (2007).
118. Mitchison HC, Bassendine MF, Hendrick A et al. Positive antimitochondrial antibody but normal alkaline phosphatase: is this primary biliary cirrhosis? Hepatology 6(6), 1279-1284 (1986).
119. Metcalf JV, Mitchison HC, Palmer JM, Jones DE, Bassendine MF, James OF. Natural history of early primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 348(9039), 1399-1402 (1996).
120. Prince M, Chetwynd A, Newman W et al. Survival and symptom progression in a geographically based cohort of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: follow-up for up to 28 years. Gastroenterology 123(4), 1044-1051 (2002).
121. Bogdanos DP, Vergani D. Origin of cross-reactive autoimmunity in primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Int. 26(6), 633-635 (2006). (Pubitemid 43983878)
122. Honda M, Kawai H, Shirota Y et al. Differential gene expression profiles in stage I primary biliary cirrhosis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100(9), 2019-2030 (2005).
123. Baba N, Kobashi H, Yamamoto K et al. Gene expression profiling in biliary epithelial cells of primary biliary cirrhosis using laser capture microdissection and cDNA microarray. Transl. Res. 148 (3), 103-113 (2006).
124. Shackel NA, McGuinness PH, Abbott CA et al. Identification of novel molecules and pathogenic pathways in primary biliary cirrhosis: cDNA array analysis of intrahepatic differential gene expression. Gut 49(4), 565-576 (2001).
125. Van Voorhis WC, Schlekwey L, Trong HL. Molecular mimicry by Trypanosoma cruzi: the Fl-160 epitope that mimics mammalian nerve can be mapped to a 12-amino acid peptide. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 5993-5997 (1991).
126. Cunha-Neto E, Coelho V, Guilherme L, Fiorelli A, Stolf N, Kalil J. Autoimmunity in Chagas' disease. Identification of cardiac myosin-B13 Trypanosoma cruzi protein crossreactive T cell clones in heart lesions of a chronic Chagas' cardiomyopathy patient. J. Clin. Invest. 98(8), 1709-1712 (1996).
127. Ferrari I, Levin MJ, Wallukat G. Molecular mimicry between the immunodominant ribosomal protein PO of Trypanosoma crnzi and a functional epitope on the human β1-adrenergic receptor. J. Exp. Med. 182, 59-65 (1995).
128. Gironès N, Rodríguez CI, Carrasco- Marín E, Hernáez RF, López de Rego J, Fresno M. Dominant T- and B-cell epitopes in an autoantigen linked to Chagas' disease. J. Clin. Invest. 107, 985-993 (2001).
129. Goodyear CS, O'Hanlon GM, Plomp JJ et al. Monoclonal antibodies raised against Guillain-Barré syndrome-associated Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides react with neuronal gangliosides and paralyze muscle-nerve preparations. J. Clin. Invest. 104, 697-708 (1999).
130. Zhao Z-S, Granucci F, Yeh L, Schaffer PA, Cantor H. Molecular mimicry by herpes simplex virus-Type 1: autoimmune disease after viral infection. Science 279, 1344-1347 (1998).
131. Talbot PJ, Paquette JS, Ciurli C, Antel JP, Ouellet F. Myelin basic protein and human coronavirus 229E cross-reactive T cells in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 39(2), 233-240 (1996).
132. Schwimmbeck PL, Dyrberg T, Drachman DB, Oldstone MBA. Molecular mimicry and myasthenia gravis: an autoantigenic site of the acetylcholine receptor a-subunit that has biologic activity and reacts immunochemically with herpes simplex virus. J. Clin. Invest. 84, 1174-1180 (1989).
133. Krisher K, Cunningham MW. Myosin: a link between streptococci and heart. Science 227(4685), 413-415 (1985).
134. Huber SA, Moraska A, Cunningham M. Alterations in major histocompatibility complex association of myocarditis induced by coxsackievirus B3 mutants selected with monoclonal antibodies to group A streptococci. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5543-5547 (1994).
135. Appelmelk BJ, Simoons-smit I, Negrini R et al. Potential role of molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide and host lewis blood group antigens in autoimmunity. Infect. Immun. 64(6), 2031-2040 (1996).
136. Shimoda S, Nakamura M, Ishibashi H, Hayashida K, Niho Y. HLA DRB4 0101-restricted immunodominant T cell autoepitope of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in primary biliary cirrhosis: evidence of molecular mimicry in human autoimmune diseases. J. Exp. Med. 181, 1835-1845 (1995).
137. Rogers SW, Andrews PI, Gahring LC et al. Autoantibodies to glutamate receptor GluR3 in Rasmussen's encephalitis. Science 265(5172), 648-651 (1994).
138. Takahashi Y, Matsuda K, Kubota Y et al. Vaccination and infection as causative factors in Japanese patients with Rasmussen syndrome: molecular mimicry and HLA class I. Clin. Develop. Immunol. 13(2-4), 381-387 (2006).