Cathelicidin LL-37: A multitask antimicrobial peptide

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 15-25

  Bucki, Robert ^a   Leszczyńska, Katarzyna ^b   Namiot, Andrzej ^b   Sokołowski, Wojciech ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF BIALYSTOK   (Poland)

Author keywords

Antibacterial agents; Bacteria; HCAP 18; Infection

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BIOPOLYMER; CALCITRIOL; CATHELICIDIN ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE LL 37; CATIONIC ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDE; CPG OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; CYTOKINE; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; RECOMBINANT GELSOLIN; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN D;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BIOFILM; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CAUSE OF DEATH; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DEPOLYMERIZATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INHIBITION; FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY; HUMAN; HYDROPHOBICITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; LEUKOCYTE; MEDIATOR; MOLECULE; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANTIMICROBIAL CATIONIC PEPTIDES; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CYTOPROTECTION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1, ALPHA SUBUNIT; INTERLEUKIN-8; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; NEUTROPHILS; VITAMIN D;

EID: 76649101759     PISSN: 0004069X     EISSN: 16614917     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0057-2     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. JS Adams PT Liu R Chun, et al. 2007 Vitamin D in defense of the human immune response Ann N Y Acad Sci 1117 94 105 10.1196/annals.1402.036 17656563 (Pubitemid 350191275)
2. E Andersson OE Sorensen B Frohm, et al. 2002 Isolation of human cationic antimicrobial protein-18 from seminal plasma and its association with prostasomes Hum Reprod 17 2529 2534 10.1093/humrep/17.10.2529 12351523
3. R Bals X Wang M Zasloff, et al. 1998 The peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18 is expressed in epithelia of the human lung where it has broad antimicrobial activity at the airway surface Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 9541 9546 10.1073/pnas.95.16.9541 9689116 (Pubitemid 28506267)
4. R Bals DJ Weiner RL Meegalla, et al. 1999 Transfer of a cathelicidin peptide antibiotic gene restores bacterial killing in a cystic fibrosis xenograft model J Clin Invest 103 1113 1117 10.1172/JCI6570 10207162
5. L Bandholtz GJ Ekman M Vilhelmsson, et al. 2006 Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 internalized by immature human dendritic cells alters their phenotype Scand J Immunol 63 410 419 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.001752.x 16764694 (Pubitemid 43982195)
6. PG Barlow Y Li TS Wilkinson, et al. 2006 The human cationic host defense peptide LL-37 mediates contrasting effects on apoptotic pathways in different primary cells of the innate immune system J Leukoc Biol 80 509 520 10.1189/jlb.1005560 16793910 (Pubitemid 44835784)
7. P Bergman L Johansson V Asp, et al. 2005 Neisseria gonorrhoeae downregulates expression of the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 Cell Microbiol 7 1009 1017 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00530.x 15953032 (Pubitemid 40903322)
8. P Bergman L Walter-Jallow K Broliden, et al. 2007 The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 inhibits HIV-1 replication Curr HIV Res 5 410 415 10.2174/157016207781023947 17627504 (Pubitemid 47040482)
9. I Berkestedt A Nelson M Bodelsson 2008 Endogenous antimicrobial peptide LL-37 induces human vasodilatation Br J Anaesth 100 803 809 10.1093/bja/aen074 18397922 (Pubitemid 351774320)
10. K Brandenburg J Andra M Muller, et al. 2003 Physicochemical properties of bacterial glycopolymers in relation to bioactivity Carbohydr Res 338 2477 2489 10.1016/j.carres.2003.08.008 14670710 (Pubitemid 37509948)
11. LO Brandenburg D Varoga N Nicolaeva, et al. 2008 Role of glial cells in the functional expression of LL-37/rat cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide in meningitis J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67 1041 1054 10.1097/NEN.0b013e31818b4801 18957897
12. KA Brogden 2005 Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria? Nat Rev Microbiol 3 238 250 10.1038/nrmicro1098 15703760 (Pubitemid 40298223)
13. R Bucki PA Janmey 2006 Interact ion of the Gelsolin-derived antibacterial PBP10 peptides with cell membranes and lipids bilayers Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 2932 2940 10.1128/AAC.00134-06 16940084 (Pubitemid 44403774)
14. R Bucki JJ Pastore P Randhawa, et al. 2004 Antibacterial activities of rhodamine B-conjugated gelsolin-derived peptides compared to those of the antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin LL37, magainin II, and melittin Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 1526 1533 10.1128/AAC.48.5.1526-1533.2004 15105101 (Pubitemid 38544355)
15. R Bucki PC Georges Q Espinassous, et al. 2005 Inactivation of endotoxin by human plasma gelsolin Biochemistry 44 9590 9597 10.1021/bi0503504 16008344 (Pubitemid 40994353)
16. R Bucki FJ Byfield PA Janmey 2007 Release of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 from DNA/F-actin bundles in cystic fibrosis sputum Eur Respir J 29 624 632 10.1183/09031936.00080806 17215317 (Pubitemid 46554610)
17. R Bucki AG Sostarecz FJ Byfield, et al. 2007 Resistance of the antibacterial agent ceragenin CSA-13 to inactivation by DNA or F-actin and its activity in cystic fibrosis sputum J Antimicrob Chemother 60 535 545 10.1093/jac/dkm218 17584802 (Pubitemid 47299867)
18. R Bucki FJ Byfield A Kulakowska, et al. 2008 Extracellular gelsolin binds lipoteichoic acid and modulates cellular response to proinflammatory bacterial wall components J Immunol 181 4936 4944 18802097
19. R Bucki DB Namiot Z Namiot, et al. 2008 Salivary mucins inhibit antibacterial activity of the cathelicidin-derived LL-37 peptide but not the cationic steroid CSA-13 J Antimicrob Chemother 62 329 335 10.1093/jac/dkn176 18456648 (Pubitemid 351984776)
20. M Carretero MJ Escamez M Garcia, et al. 2008 In vitro and in vivo wound healing-promoting activities of human cathelicidin LL-37 J Invest Dermatol 128 223 236 10.1038/sj.jid.5701043 17805349 (Pubitemid 350249392)
21. K Chakraborty S Ghosh H Koley, et al. 2008 Bacterial exotoxins downregulate cathelicidin (hCAP-18/LL-37) and human beta-defensin 1 (HBD-1) expression in the intestinal epithelial cells Cell Microbiol 10 2520 2537 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01227.x 18717821
22. CI Chamorro G Weber A Gronberg, et al. 2009 The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 suppresses apoptosis in keratinocytes J Invest Dermatol 129 937 944 10.1038/jid.2008.321 18923446
23. CM Chuang A Monie A Wu, et al. 2009 Treatment with LL-37 peptide enhances the antitumor effects induced by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides against ovarian cancer Hum Gene Ther 20 303 313 10.1089/hum.2008.124 19272013
24. WO Chung H Dommisch L Yin, et al. 2007 Expression of defensins in gingiva and their role in periodontal health and disease Curr Pharm Des 13 3073 3083 10.2174/138161207782110435 17979750 (Pubitemid 350130959)
25. I Cinel SM Opal 2009 Molecular biology of inflammation and sepsis: a primer Crit Care Med 37 291 304 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819267fb 19050640
26. CD Ciornei T Sigurdardottir A Schmidtchen, et al. 2005 Antimicrobial and chemoattractant activity, lipopolysaccharide neutralization, cytotoxicity, and inhibition by serum of analogs of human cathelicidin LL-37 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 2845 2850 10.1128/AAC.49.7.2845-2850.2005 15980359 (Pubitemid 40917601)
27. O Cirioni A Giacometti R Ghiselli, et al. 2006 LL-37 protects rats against lethal sepsis caused by Gram-negative bacteria Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 1672 1679 10.1128/AAC.50.5.1672-1679.2006 16641434
28. O Cirioni R Ghiselli L Tomasinsig, et al. 2008 Efficacy of LL-37 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in a neutropenic murine sepsis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Shock 30 443 448 10.1097/SHK.0b013e31816d2269 18391859
29. SB Coffelt AB Scandurro 2008 Tumors sound the alarmin(s) Cancer Res 68 6482 6485 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0044 18701469
30. SB Coffelt RS Waterman L Florez, et al. 2008 Ovarian cancers overexpress the antimicrobial protein hCAP-18 and its derivative LL-37 increases ovarian cancer cell proliferation and invasion Int J Cancer 122 1030 1039 10.1002/ijc.23186 17960624 (Pubitemid 351214000)
31. K Conner K Nern J Rudisill, et al. 2002 The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is expressed by keratinocytes in condyloma acuminatum and verruca vulgaris J Am Acad Dermatol 47 347 350 10.1067/mjd.2002.122190 12196742
32. M Cozzolino M Vidal MV Arcidiacono, et al. 2003 HIV-protease inhibitors impair vitamin D bioactivation to 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D AIDS 17 513 520 10.1097/00002030-200303070-00006 12598771 (Pubitemid 36293104)
33. DJ Davidson AJ Currie GS Reid, et al. 2004 The cationic antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates dendritic cell differentiation and dendritic cell-induced T cell polarization J Immunol 172 1146 1156 14707090
34. Y De Q Chen AP Schmidt, et al. 2000 LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells J Exp Med 192 1069 1074 10.1084/jem.192.7.1069 (Pubitemid 30765699)
35. AL den Hertog J van Marle EC Veerman, et al. 2006 The human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 and truncated variants induce segregation of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane of Candida albicans Biol Chem 387 1495 1502 10.1515/BC.2006.187 (Pubitemid 44691432)
36. M Frohm B Agerberth G Ahangari, et al. 1997 The expression of the gene coding for the antibacterial peptide LL-37 is induced in human keratinocytes during inflammatory disorders J Biol Chem 272 15258 15263 10.1074/jbc.272.24. 15258 9182550 (Pubitemid 27255544)
37. E Gaudreault J Gosselin 2007 Leukotriene B4-mediated release of antimicrobial peptides against cytomegalovirus is BLT1 dependent Viral Immunol 20 407 420 10.1089/vim.2006.0099 17931111 (Pubitemid 47585325)
38. I Ginsburg 2004 Bactericidal cationic peptides can also function as bacteriolysis-inducing agents mimicking beta-lactam antibiotics? it is enigmatic why this concept is consistently disregarded Med Hypotheses 62 367 374 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.11.017 14975505 (Pubitemid 38388897)
39. K Hase M Murakami M Iimura, et al. 2003 Expression of LL-37 by human gastric epithelial cells as a potential host defense mechanism against Helicobacter pylori Gastroenterology 125 1613 1625 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.08.028 14724813 (Pubitemid 37500425)
40. JD Heilborn MF Nilsson CI Jimenez, et al. 2005 Antimicrobial protein hCAP18/LL-37 is highly expressed in breast cancer and is a putative growth factor for epithelial cells Int J Cancer 114 713 719 10.1002/ijc.20795 15609314 (Pubitemid 40344432)
41. Y Hosaka M Koslowski S Nuding, et al. 2008 Antimicrobial host defense in the upper gastrointestinal tract Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20 1151 1158 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283052ddb 18989140
42. D Islam L Bandholtz J Nilsson, et al. 2001 Downregulation of bactericidal peptides in enteric infections: a novel immune escape mechanism with bacterial DNA as a potential regulator Nat Med 7 180 185 10.1038/84627 11175848 (Pubitemid 32148484)
43. J Johansson GH Gudmundsson ME Rottenberg, et al. 1998 Conformation-dependent antibacterial activity of the naturally occurring human peptide LL-37 J Biol Chem 273 3718 3724 10.1074/jbc.273.6.3718 9452503 (Pubitemid 28109800)
44. K Kandler R Shaykhiev P Kleemann, et al. 2006 The anti-microbial peptide LL-37 inhibits the activation of dendritic cells by TLR ligands Int Immunol 18 1729 1736 10.1093/intimm/dxl107 17041145 (Pubitemid 44884035)
45. A Kaus F Jacobsen M Sorkin, et al. 2008 Host defence peptides in human burns Burns 34 32 40 10.1016/j.burns.2007.04.017 17714876
46. AA Khine L Del Sorbo R Vaschetto, et al. 2006 Human neutrophil peptides induce interleukin-8 production through the P2Y6 signaling pathway Blood 107 2936 2942 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2314 16322472
47. JE Kim BJ Kim MS Jeong, et al. 2005 Expression and modulation of LL-37 in normal human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells, and inflammatory skin diseases J Korean Med Sci 20 649 654 10.3346/jkms.2005.20.4.649 16100459
48. AR Koczulla R Bals 2003 Antimicrobial peptides: current status and therapeutic potential Drugs 63 389 406 10.2165/00003495-200363040-00005 12558461 (Pubitemid 36259526)
49. R Koczulla G von Degenfeld C Kupatt, et al. 2003 An angiogenic role for the human peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18 J Clin Invest 111 1665 1672 12782669
50. A Kumar J Yin J Zhang, et al. 2007 Modulation of corneal epithelial innate immune response to pseudomonas infection by flagellin pretreatment Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48 4664 4670 10.1167/iovs.07-0473 17898290 (Pubitemid 351260984)
51. Lamb HM, Wiseman LR (1998) Pexiganan acetate. Drugs 56:1047-1052 (discussion 1053-1054)
52. X Li Y Li H Han, et al. 2006 Solution structures of human LL-37 fragments and NMR-based identification of a minimal membrane-targeting antimicrobial and anticancer region J Am Chem Soc 128 5776 5785 10.1021/ja0584875 16637646 (Pubitemid 43724381)
53. PT Liu S Stenger H Li, et al. 2006 Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response Science 311 1770 1773 10.1126/science.1123933 16497887
54. B Lopez-Garcia PH Lee K Yamasaki, et al. 2005 Anti-fungal activity of cathelicidins and their potential role in Candida albicans skin infection J Invest Dermatol 125 108 115 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23713.x 15982310 (Pubitemid 40981431)
55. L Mallbris DW Edstrom L Sundblad, et al. 2005 UVB upregulates the antimicrobial protein hCAP18 mRNA in human skin J Invest Dermatol 125 1072 1074 16297211
56. P Mendez-Samperio E Miranda A Trejo 2008 Expression and secretion of cathelicidin LL-37 in human epithelial cells after infection by Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Clin Vaccine Immunol 15 1450 1455 10.1128/CVI.00178-08 18579695
57. N Mookherjee KL Brown DM Bowdish, et al. 2006 Modulation of the TLR-mediated inflammatory response by the endogenous human host defense peptide LL-37 J Immunol 176 2455 2464 16456005
58. N Mookherjee HL Wilson S Doria, et al. 2006 Bovine and human cathelicidin cationic host defense peptides similarly suppress transcriptional responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide J Leukoc Biol 80 1563 1574 10.1189/jlb.0106048 16943385 (Pubitemid 44904995)
59. M Murakami T Ohtake RA Dorschner, et al. 2002 Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides are expressed in salivary glands and saliva J Dent Res 81 845 850 10.1177/154405910208101210 12454100
60. M Murakami T Ohtake RA Dorschner, et al. 2002 Cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide expression in sweat, an innate defense system for the skin J Invest Dermatol 119 1090 1095 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19507.x 12445197 (Pubitemid 35434172)
61. I Nagaoka S Hirota F Niyonsaba, et al. 2001 Cathelicidin family of antibacterial peptides CAP18 and CAP11 inhibit the expression of TNF-alpha by blocking the binding of LPS to CD14(+) cells J Immunol 167 3329 3338 11544322
62. I Nagaoka H Tamura M Hirata 2006 An antimicrobial cathelicidin peptide, human CAP18/LL-37, suppresses neutrophil apoptosis via the activation of formyl-peptide receptor-like 1 and P2X7 J Immunol 176 3044 3052 16493063
63. A Nijnik RE Hancock 2009 The roles of cathelicidin LL-37 in immune defences and novel clinical applications Curr Opin Hematol 16 41 47 10.1097/MOH.0b013e32831ac517 19068548
64. F Niyonsaba H Ushio N Nakano, et al. 2007 Antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines J Invest Dermatol 127 594 604 10.1038/sj.jid.5700599 17068477 (Pubitemid 46271027)
65. EH Ooi PJ Wormald AS Carney, et al. 2007 Fungal allergens induce cathelicidin LL-37 expression in chronic rhinosinusitis patients in a nasal explant model Am J Rhinol 21 367 372 10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3025 17621825 (Pubitemid 46985148)
66. J Overhage A Campisano M Bains, et al. 2008 Human host defense peptide LL-37 prevents bacterial biofilm formation Infect Immun 76 4176 4182 10.1128/IAI.00318-08 18591225
67. HJ Park DH Cho HJ Kim, et al. 2009 Collagen synthesis is suppressed in dermal fibroblasts by the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 J Invest Dermatol 129 843 850 10.1038/jid.2008.320 18923445
68. C Peyssonnaux AT Boutin AS Zinkernagel, et al. 2008 Critical role of HIF-1alpha in keratinocyte defense against bacterial infection J Invest Dermatol 128 1964 1968 10.1038/jid.2008.27 18323789 (Pubitemid 352001211)
69. S Pochet S Tandel S Querriere, et al. 2006 Modulation by LL-37 of the responses of salivary glands to purinergic agonists Mol Pharmacol 69 2037 2046 10.1124/mol.105.021444 16514052 (Pubitemid 43894323)
70. B Rivas-Santiago R Hernandez-Pando C Carranza, et al. 2008 Expression of cathelicidin LL-37 during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in human alveolar macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and epithelial cells Infect Immun 76 935 941 10.1128/IAI.01218-07 18160480
71. Y Rosenfeld N Papo Y Shai 2006 Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) neutralization by innate immunity host-defense peptides Peptide properties and plausible modes of action. J Biol Chem 281 1636 1643
72. S Schaller-Bals A Schulze R Bals 2002 Increased levels of antimicrobial peptides in tracheal aspirates of newborn infants during infection Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 992 995 11934727
73. R Shaykhiev C Beisswenger K Kandler, et al. 2005 Human endogenous antibiotic LL-37 stimulates airway epithelial cell proliferation and wound closure Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289 L842 L848 10.1152/ajplung.00286. 2004 15964896 (Pubitemid 41504416)
74. CA Sheils J Kas W Travassos, et al. 1996 Actin filaments mediate DNA fiber formation in chronic inflammatory airway disease Am J Pathol 148 919 927 8774146
75. D Skokos MC Nussenzweig 2007 CD8- DCs induce IL-12-independent Th1 differentiation through Delta 4 Notch-like ligand in response to bacterial LPS J Exp Med 204 1525 1531 17576775
76. V Smeianov K Scott G Reid 2000 Activity of cecropin P1 and FA-LL-37 against urogenital microflora Microbes Infect 2 773 777 10.1016/S1286-4579(00) 90359-9 10955957 (Pubitemid 30451218)
77. EK Tai HP Wong EK Lam, et al. 2008 Cathelicidin stimulates colonic mucus synthesis by up-regulating MUC1 and MUC2 expression through a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway J Cell Biochem 104 251 258 10.1002/jcb.21615 18059019
78. JX Tang PA Janmey 1996 The polyelectrolyte nature of F-actin and the mechanism of actin bundle formation J Biol Chem 271 8556 8563 10.1074/jbc.271.15.8556 8621482 (Pubitemid 26123271)
79. JX Tang Q Wen A Bennett, et al. 2005 Anionic poly(amino acid)s dissolve F-actin and DNA bundles, enhance DNase activity, and reduce the viscosity of cystic fibrosis sputum Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289 L599 L605 10.1152/ajplung.00061.2005 15964901 (Pubitemid 41361670)
80. CL Thomas-Virnig JM Centanni CE Johnston, et al. 2009 Inhibition of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii by nonviral expression of hCAP-18 in a bioengineered human skin tissue Mol Ther 17 562 569 10.1038/mt.2008.289 19190595
81. GS Tjabringa DK Ninaber JW Drijfhout, et al. 2006 Human cathelicidin LL-37 is a chemoattractant for eosinophils and neutrophils that acts via formyl-peptide receptors Int Arch Allergy Immunol 140 103 112 10.1159/000092305 16557028 (Pubitemid 43725804)
82. S Tokumaru K Sayama Y Shirakata, et al. 2005 Induction of keratinocyte migration via transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 J Immunol 175 4662 4668 16177113
83. A Torossian E Gurschi R Bals, et al. 2007 Effects of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and hyperthermic preconditioning in septic rats Anesthesiology 107 437 441 10.1097/01.anes.0000278906.86815.eb 17721246 (Pubitemid 47329542)
84. SM Travis NN Anderson WR Forsyth, et al. 2000 Bactericidal activity of mammalian cathelicidin-derived peptides Infect Immun 68 2748 2755 10.1128/IAI.68.5.2748-2755.2000 10768969 (Pubitemid 30253851)
85. J von Haussen R Koczulla R Shaykhiev, et al. 2008 The host defence peptide LL-37/hCAP-18 is a growth factor for lung cancer cells Lung Cancer 59 12 23 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.07.014
86. J Wah A Wellek M Frankenberger, et al. 2006 Antimicrobial peptides are present in immune and host defense cells of the human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts Cell Tissue Res 324 449 456 10.1007/s00441-005-0127-7 16501999 (Pubitemid 43673486)
87. TS Walker KL Tomlin GS Worthen, et al. 2005 Enhanced Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development mediated by human neutrophils Infect Immun 73 3693 3701 10.1128/IAI.73.6.3693-3701.2005 15908399 (Pubitemid 40745914)
88. DJ Weiner R Bucki PA Janmey 2003 The antimicrobial activity of the cathelicidin LL37 is inhibited by F-actin bundles and restored by gelsolin Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 28 738 745 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0191OC 12600826 (Pubitemid 36677178)
89. JS Woo JY Jeong YJ Hwang, et al. 2003 Expression of cathelicidin in human salivary glands Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129 211 214 12578451
90. M Yoshioka N Fukuishi Y Kubo, et al. 2008 Human cathelicidin CAP18/LL-37 changes mast cell function toward innate immunity Biol Pharm Bull 31 212 216 10.1248/bpb.31.212 18239275 (Pubitemid 351198391)
91. J Yu N Mookherjee K Wee, et al. 2007 Host defense peptide LL-37, in synergy with inflammatory mediator IL-1beta, augments immune responses by multiple pathways J Immunol 179 7684 7691 18025214
92. M Zasloff 2005 Sunlight, vitamin D, and the innate immune defenses of the human skin J Invest Dermatol 125 16 17 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23924.x
93. M Zasloff 2006 Fighting infections with vitamin D Nat Med 12 388 390 10.1038/nm0406-388 16598282
94. Z Zhang G Cherryholmes JE Shively 2008 Neutrophil secondary necrosis is induced by LL-37 derived from cathelicidin J Leukoc Biol 84 780 788 10.1189/jlb.0208086 18524973
95. Y Zheng F Niyonsaba H Ushio, et al. 2007 Cathelicidin LL-37 induces the generation of reactive oxygen species and release of human alpha-defensins from neutrophils Br J Dermatol 157 1124 1131 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08196.x 17916212 (Pubitemid 350115677)
96. S Zuyderduyn DK Ninaber PS Hiemstra, et al. 2006 The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 enhances IL-8 release by human airway smooth muscle cells J Allergy Clin Immunol 117 1328 1335 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.03.022 16750994 (Pubitemid 43795721)