Beta-cell function and mass in type 2 diabetes

Danish Medical Bulletin

Volumn 56, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 153-164

  Larsen, Marianne O ^a  

^a NOVO NORDISK A S   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARGININE; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; NICOTINAMIDE; STREPTOZOCIN;

BODY WEIGHT; CELL FUNCTION; CELL VOLUME; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MODEL; DISEASE SEVERITY; EXPERIMENTAL PIG; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RELEASE; MINIPIG; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PERIODICITY; REVIEW; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SWINE;

ANIMALS; DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; INSULIN; INSULIN-SECRETING CELLS; OBESITY; STREPTOZOCIN; SWINE; SWINE, MINIATURE;

EID: 70449808042     PISSN: 16039629     EISSN: 16039629     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Anon.: Shafrir E ed. Animal models of diabetes 2nd edn. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2007.
2. Ahren, B: Type 2 Diabetes, Insulin Secretion and Beta-Cell Mass. Current Molecular Medicine, 5:275-286, 2005.
3. ADA (American Diabetes Association): Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care, 30:S42-S47, 2007.
4. Bell, GI and Polonsky, KS: Diabetes Mellitus and Genetically Programmed Defects in Beta-Cell Function. Nature, 414:788-791, 2001.
5. Bergman, RN, Ader, M, Huecking, K, Van Citters, G: Accurate Assessment of Beta-Cell Function: The Hyperbolic Correction. Diabetes, 51:S212-S220, 2002.
6. Bevilacqua, S, Barrett, EJ, Smith, D et al.: Hepatic and Peripheral Insulin Resistance Following Streptozotocin-Induced Insulin Deficiency in the Dog. Metab -Clin Exp, 34:817-825, 1985.
7. Bingley, PJ, Matthews, DR, Williams, AJ, Bottazzo, GF, Gale, EA: Loss of Regular Oscillatory Insulin Secretion in Islet Cell Antibody Positive Non-Diabetic Subjects. Diabetologia, 35:32-38, 1992.
8. Bock, T, Pakkenberg, B, Buschard, K: The Endocrine Pancreas in Non-Diabetic Rats After Short-Term and Long-Term Treatment With the Long-Acting GLP-1 Derivative NN2211. APMIS, 111:1117-1124, 2003.
9. Bonner-Weir, S: Islet Growth and Development in the Adult. J Mol Endocrinol, 24:297-302, 2000.
10. Bonner-Weir, S, Trent, DF, Weir, GC: Partial Pancreatectomy in the Rat and Subsequent Defect in Glucose-Induced Insulin Release. J Clin Invest, 71: 1544-1553, 1983.
11. Bratusch Marrain, PR, Komjati, M, Waldhausl, WK: Efficacy of Pulsatile Versus Continuous Insulin Administration on Hepatic Glucose Production and Glucose Utilization in Type I Diabetic Humans. Diabetes, 35:922-926, 1986.
12. Brunzell, JD, Robertson, RP, Lerner, RL et al.: Relationships Between Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels and Insulin Secretion During Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Tests. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 42:222-229, 1976.
13. Butler, AE, Janson, J, Bonner-Weir, S, Ritzel, R, Rizza, RA, Butler, PC: Beta-Cell Deficit and Increased Beta-Cell Apoptosis in Humans With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes, 52:102-110, 2003.
14. Casiglia, E, Zanette, G, Mazza, A et al.: Cardiovascular Mortality in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. A Controlled Study Among 683 Diabetics and 683 Age- and Sex-Matched Normal Subjects. Eur J Epidemiol, 16:677-684, 2000.
15. Catchpole, B, Ristic, JM, Fleeman, LM, Davidson, LJ: Canine Diabetes Mellitus: Can Old Dogs Teach Us New Tricks? Diabetologia, 48:1948-1956, 2005.
16. Chiasson, JL and Rabasa-Lhoret, M: Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes - Insulin Resistance and Beta- Cell Function. Diabetes, 53:S34-S38, 2004.
17. Clark, A, Jones, LC, de Koning, E, Hansen, BC, Matthews, DR: Decreased Insulin Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes: a Problem of Cellular Mass or Function? Diabetes, 50 Suppl 1:S169-S171, 2001.
18. Clark, A, Wells, CA, Buley, ID et al.: Islet Amyloid, Increased A-Cells, Reduced B-Cells and Exocrine Fibrosis: Quantitative Changes in the Pancreas in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Res, 9:151-159, 1988.
19. DeFronzo, RA, Simonson, D, Ferrannini, E: Hepatic and Peripheral Insulin Resistance: a Common Feature of Type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent) and Type 1 (Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetologia, 23:313-319, 1982.
20. Del Prato, S: Beta-Cell Mass Plasticity in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, 6:319-331, 2004.
21. Deng, S: Structural and Functional Abnormalities in the Islets Isolated From Type 2 Diabetic Subjects. Diabetes, 53:624-632, 2004.
22. Diabetes-Control, ACTRG: Effect of Intensive Therapy on Residual Beta-Cell Function in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 128:517-523, 1998.
23. Donath, MY and Halban, PA: Decreased Beta-Cell Mass in Diabetes: Significance, Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Diabetologia, 47:581-589, 2004.
24. Drucker, DJ and Nauck, MA: The Incretin System: Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes. Lancet, 368:1696-1705, 2006.
25. Earnhardt, RC, Veldhuis, JD, Cornett, G, Hanks, JB: Pathophysiology of Hyperinsulinemia Following Pancreas Transplantation - Altered Pulsatile Versus Basal Insulin Secretion and the Role of Specific Transplant Anatomy in Dogs. Ann Surg, 236:480-491, 2002.
26. Ferrannini, E, Bjorkman, O, Reichard, GA et al.: The Disposal of an Oral Glucose Load in Healthy Subjects. A Quantitative Study. Diabetes, 34:580-588, 1985.
27. Finegood, DT, Scaglia, L, Bonner-Weir, S: Dynamics of Beta-Cell Mass in the Growing Rat Pancreas. Estimation With a Simple Mathematical Model. Diabetes, 44:249-256, 1995.
28. Finegood, DT, Weir, GC, Bonner-Weir, S: Prior Streptozotocin Treatment Does Not Inhibit Pancreas Regeneration After 90% Pancreatectomy in Rats. Am J Physiol -Endocrinol Metab, 276:E822-E827, 1999.
29. Gedulin, BR, Nikoulina, SE, Smith, PA et al.: Exenatide (Exendin-4) Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Beta-Cell Mass in Insulin-Resistant Obese Fa/Fa Zucker Rats Independent of Glycemia and Body Weight. Endocrinology, 146:2069-2076, 2005.
30. Gepts, W and Lecompte, PM: The Pancreatic Islets in Diabetes. Am J Med, 70:105-115, 1981.
31. Goodner, CJ, Koerker, DJ, Weigle, DS, McCulloch, DK: Decreased Insulin-and Glucagon-Pulse Amplitude Accompanying Beta-Cell Deficiency Induced by Streptozocin in Baboons. Diabetes, 38:925-931, 1989.
32. Goodner, CJ, Walike, BC, Koerker, DJ et al.: Insulin, Glucagon, and Glucose Exhibit Synchronous, Sustained Oscillations in Fasting Monkeys. Science, 195:177-179, 1977.
33. Green, A, Hirsch, NC, Pramming, SK: The Changing World Demography of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 19:3-7, 2003.
34. Grubert, JM, Lautz, M, Lacy, DB et al.: Impact of Continuous and Pulsatile Insulin Delivery on Net Hepatic Glucose Uptake. AJP - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 289:232-240, 2005.
35. Guiot, Y, Sempoux, C, Moulin, P, Rahier, J: No Decrease of the Beta-Cell Mass in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Diabetes, 50:S188, 2001.
36. Hansen, BC, Jen, KC, Belbez, PS, Wolfe, RA: Rapid Oscillations in Plasma Insulin, Glucagon, and Glucose in Obese and Normal Weight Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 54:785-792, 1982.
37. Hansen, BC and Tigno, XT: The rhesus monkey (Macaca Mulatta) manifests all features of human type 2 diabetes in Shafrir E ed. Animal models of diabetes 2nd edn. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp 251-270, 2007.
38. Hollingdal, M, Juhl, CB, Pincus, SM et al.: Failure of Physiological Plasma Glucose Excursions to Entrain High-Frequency Pulsatile Insulin Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes, 49:1334-1340, 2000.
39. Holman, RR: Assessing the Potential for Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors in Prediabetic States 1298. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 40:S21-S25, 1998.
40. Hunter, SJ, Atkinson, AB, Ennis, CN, Sheridan, B, Bell, PM: Association Between Insulin Secretory Pulse Frequency and Peripheral Insulin Action in NIDDM and Normal Subjects. Diabetes, 45:683-686, 1996.
41. IDF (International Diabetes Federation): Diabetes Atlas 2000. Gan, D (ed.). Brussels, International Diabetes Federation, 2000.
42. Juhl, C, Grofte, T, Butler, PC, Veldhuis, JD, Schmitz, O, Porksen, N: Effects of Fasting on Physiologically Pulsatile Insulin Release in Healthy Humans. Diabetes, 51:S255-S257, 2002.
43. Kahn, SE: The Relative Contributions of Insulin Resistance and Beta-Cell Dysfunction to the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetologia, 46:3-19, 2003.
44. Kahn, SE, Prigeon, RL, McCulloch, DK et al.: Quantification of the Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and Beta-Cell Function in Human Subjects. Evidence for a Hyperbolic Function. Diabetes, 42:1663-1672, 1993.
45. Kelley, D, Mitrakou, A, Marsh, H et al.: Skeletal Muscle Glycolysis, Oxidation, and Storage of an Oral Glucose Load. J Clin Invest, 81:1563-1571, 1988.
46. Kendall, DM, Sutherland, DE, Najarian, JS, Goetz, FC, Robertson, RP: Effects of Hemipancreatectomy on Insulin Secretion and Glucose Tolerance in Healthy Humans. N Engl J Med, 322:898-903, 1990.
47. Kerner, W, Brückel, J, Zier, H et al.: Similar Effects of Pulsatile and Constant Intravenous Insulin Delivery. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 4:269-274, 1988.
48. Kjems, LL, Kirby, BM, Welsh, EM et al.: Decrease in Beta-Cell Mass Leads to Impaired Pulsatile Insulin Secretion, Reduced Postprandial Hepatic Insulin Clearance, and Relative Hyperglucagonemia in the Minipig. Diabetes, 50:2001-2012, 2001.
49. Klöppel, G, Öhr, M, Habich, K, Oberholzer, M, Heitz, PU: Islet Pathology and the Pathogenesis of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Revisited. Surv Synth Pathol Res, 4:110-125, 1985.
50. Kobayashi, T, Nakanishi, K, Nakase, H et al.: In Situ Characterization of Islets in Diabetes With a Mitochondrial DNA Mutation at Nucleotide Position 3243. Diabetes, 46:1567-1571, 1997.
51. Kolterman, OG, Gray, RS, Griffin, J et al.: Receptor and Postreceptor Defects Contribute to the Insulin Resistance in Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Invest, 68:957-969, 1981.
52. Komjati, M, Bratusch Marrain, P, Waldhausl, W: Superior Efficacy of Pulsatile Versus Continuous Hormone Exposure on Hepatic Glucose Production in Vitro. Endocrinology, 118:312-319, 1986.
53. Koopmans, SJ, Mroz, Z, Dekker, R, Corbinj, H, Ackermans, M, Sauerwein, H: Association of Insulin Resistance With Hyperglycemia in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Pigs. Effects of Metformin at Isoenergetic Feeding in a Type 2-Like Diabetic Pig Model. Metab -Clin Exp, 55:960-971, 2006.
54. Koopmans, SJ, Sips, HC, Krans, HM, Radder, JK: Pulsatile Intravenous Insulin Replacement in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats Is More Efficient Than Continuous Delivery: Effects on Glycaemic Control, Insulin-Mediated Glucose Metabolism and Lipolysis. Diabetologia, 39:391-400, 1996.
55. Kruszynska, YT, Meyer-Alber, A, Darakhshan, F, Home, PD, McIntyre, N: Metabolic Handling of Orally Administered Glucose in Cirrhosis. J Clin Invest, 91:1057-1066, 1993.
56. Lang, DA, Matthews, DR, Burnett, M, Turner, RC: Brief, Irregular Oscillations of Basal Plasma Insulin and Glucose Concentrations in Diabetic Man. Diabetes, 30:435-439, 1981.
57. Lang, DA, Matthews, DR, Peto, J, Turner, RC: Cyclic Oscillations of Basal Plasma Glucose and Insulin Concentrations in Human Beings. N Engl J Med, 301:1023-1027, 1979.
58. Larsen, MO, Raun, K, Ribel, U et al.: Insulin Sensitivity Is Negatively Correlated to Total Body Mass in Göttingen Minipigs. Diabetes & Metabolism, 29:S98, 2003a.
59. Larsen, MO and Rolin, B: Use of the Gottingen Minipig As a Model of Diabetes, With Special Focus on Type 1 Diabetes Research. ILAR Journal, 45:303-313, 2004.
60. Larsen, MO and Rolin, B: Pigs in Diabetes Research, with special Focus on Type 2 Diabetes Research in Shafrir E ed. Animal models of diabetes 2nd edn. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp 271-288, 2007a.
61. Larsen, MO, Rolin, B, Raun, K, Knudsen, LB, Gotfredsen, CF, Bock, T: Evaluation of Beta-Cell Mass and Function in the Göttingen Minipig. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 9 Suppl 2:170-179, 2007b.
62. Larsen, MO, Rolin, B, Ribel, U et al.: Valine Pyrrolidide Preserves Intact Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide and Improves Abnormal Glucose Tolerance in Minipigs With Reduced Beta-Cell Mass. Exp Diabesity Res, 4:93-105, 2003b.
63. Levy, JC, Rudenski, A, Burnett, M, Knight, R, Matthews, DR, Turner, RC: Simple Empirical Assessment of Beta-Cell Function by a Constant Infusion of Glucose Test in Normal and Type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent) Diabetic Subjects. Diabetologia, 34:488-499, 1991.
64. Lohr, M, Lubbersmeyer, J, Otremba, B, Klapdor, R, Grossner, D, Kloppel, G: Increase in B-Cells in the Pancreatic Remnant After Partial Pancreatectomy in Pigs. An Immunocytochemical and Functional Study. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol, 56:277-286, 1989.
65. Maclean, N and Ogilvie, RF: Quantitative Estimation of the Pancreatic Islet Tissue in Diabetic Subjects. Diabetes, 4:367-376, 1955.
66. Mao, CS, Berman, N, Roberts, K, Ipp, E: Glucose Entrainment of High-Frequency Plasma Insulin Oscillations in Control and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects. Diabetes, 48:714-721, 1999.
67. Masiello, P, Broca, C, Gross, R et al.: Experimental NIDDM: Development of a New Model in Adult Rats Administered Streptozotocin and Nicotinamide. Diabetes, 47:224-229, 1998.
68. Matthews, DR: Physiological Implications of Pulsatile Hormone Secretion. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 618:28-37, 1991.
69. Matthews, DR, Naylor, BA, Jones, RG, Ward, GM, Turner, RC: Pulsatile Insulin Has Greater Hypoglycemic Effect Than Continuous Delivery. Diabetes, 32:617-621, 1983.
70. McCulloch, DK, Koerker, DJ, Kahn, SE, Bonner-Weir, S, Palmer, JP: Correlations of in Vivo Beta-Cell Function Tests With Beta-Cell Mass and Pancreatic Insulin Content in Streptozocin-Administered Baboons. Diabetes, 40:673-679, 1991.
71. Meier, JJ, Veldhuis, JD, Butler, PC: Pulsatile Insulin Secretion Dictates Systemic Insulin Delivery by Regulating Hepatic Insulin Extraction in Humans. Diabetes, 54:1649-1656, 2005.
72. Mellert, J, Hering, BJ, Liu, X et al.: Critical Islet Mass for Successful Porcine Islet Autotrasplantation. J Mol Med, 77:126-129, 1999.
73. Mikines, KJ, Sonne, B, Tronier, B, Galbo, H: Effects of Training and Detraining on Dose-Response Relationship Between Glucose and Insulin Secretion. AJP - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 256:E588-E596, 1989.
74. Mokdad, AH, Ford, ES, Bowman, BA et al.: Prevalence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors, 2001. J Am Med Assoc, 289:76-79, 2003.
75. Nyholm, B, Porksen, N, Juhl, CB et al.: Assessment of Insulin Secretion in Relatives of Patients With Type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence of Early Beta-Cell Dysfunction. Metab-Clin Exp, 49: 896-905, 2000.
76. O'Meara, NM, Sturis, J, Blackman, JD et al.: Oscillatory Insulin Secretion After Pancreas Transplant. Diabetes, 42:855-861, 1993a.
77. O'Meara, NM, Sturis, J, Van Cauter, E, Polonsky, KS: Lack of Control by Glucose of Ultradian Insulin Secretory Oscillations in Impaired Glucose Tolerance and in Non-Insulin- Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Invest, 92:262-271, 1993b.
78. O'Rahilly, S, Turner, RC, Matthews, DR: Impaired Pulsatile Secretion of Insulin in Relatives of Patients With Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes. N Engl J Med, 318:1225-1230, 1988.
79. Ogilvie, RF: The Islands of Langerhans in 19 Cases of Obesity. Journal of Pathology, 37:473-481, 1933.
80. Otis, CR, Wamhoff, BR, Sturek, M: Hyperglycemia-Induced Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Dyslipidemic Yucatan Swine. Comparative Med, 53:53-64, 2003.
81. Paolisso, G, Scheen, AJ, Giugliano, D et al.: Pulsatile Insulin Delivery Has Greater Metabolic Effects Than Continuous Hormone Administration in Man: Importance of Pulse Frequency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 72:607-615, 1991.
82. Paolisso, G, Scheen, AJ, Verdin, EM, Luyckx, AS, Lefebvre, PJ: Insulin Oscillations Per Se Do Not Affect Glucose Turnover Parameters in Normal Man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 63:520-525, 1986.
83. Paolisso, G, Sgambato, S, Gentile, S et al.: Advantageous Metabolic Effects of Pulsatile Insulin Delivery in Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetic-Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 67:1005-1010, 1988a.
84. Paolisso, G, Sgambato, S, Passariello, N, Scheen, A, D'Onofrio, F, Lefebvre, PJ: Greater Efficacy of Pulsatile Insulin in Type I Diabetics Critically Depends on Plasma Glucagon Levels. Diabetes, 36:566-570, 1987.
85. Paolisso, G, Sgambato, S, Torella, R et al.: Pulsatile Insulin Delivery Is More Efficient Than Continuous Infusion in Modulating Islet Cell Function in Normal Subjects and Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 66:1220-1226, 1988b.
86. Peiris, AN, Stagner, JI, Vogel, RL, Nakagawa, A, Samols, E: Body Fat Distribution and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men: Role of Insulin Pulsatility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75:290-294, 1992.
87. Perley, MJ and Kipnis, DM: Plasma Insulin Responses to Oral and Intravenous Glucose: Studies in Normal and Diabetic Sujbjects. J Clin Invest, 46:1954-1962, 1967.
88. Polonsky, KS, Given, BD, Hirsch, LJ et al.: Abnormal Patterns of Insulin Secretion in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med, 318:1231-1239, 1988.
89. Porksen, N, Grofte, T, Greisen, J et al.: Human Insulin Release Processes Measured by Intraportal Sampling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 282: E695-E702, 2002.
90. Porksen, N, Juhl, C, Hollingdal, M et al.: Concordant Induction of Rapid in Vivo Pulsatile Insulin Secretion by Recurrent Punctuated Glucose Infusions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 278:E162-E170, 2000.
91. Porksen, N, Munn, S, Steers, J, Veldhuis, JD, Butler, PC: Impact of Sampling Technique on Appraisal of Pulsatile Insulin Secretion by Deconvolution and Cluster Analysis. Am J Physiol, 269:E1106-14, 1995.
92. Porksen, N, Nyholm, B, Veldhuis, JD, Butler, PC, Schmitz, O: In Humans at Least 75% of Insulin Secretion Arises From Punctuated Insulin Secretory Bursts. Am J Physiol, 273:E908-14, 1997.
93. Pratley, RE and Weyer, C: Progression From IGT to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Central Role of Impaired Early Insulin Secretion. Current Diabetes Reports, 2:242-248, 2002.
94. Rahier, J, Goebbels, RM, Henquin, JC: Cellular Composition of the Human Diabetic Pancreas. Diabetologia, 24:366-371, 1983.
95. Rakieten, N, Gordon, BS, Beaty, A, Cooney, DA, Davis, RD, Schein, PS: Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumors Produced by the Combined Action of Streptozotocin and Nicotinamide. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 137:280-283, 1971.
96. Reaven, GM, Sageman, WS, Swenson, RS: Development of Insulin Resistance in Normal Dogs Following Alloxan-Induced Insulin Deficiency. Diabetologia, 13:459-462, 1977.
97. Ribel, U, Larsen, MO, Rolin, B et al.: NN2211: a Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Derivative With Antidiabetic Effects in Glucose-Intolerant Pigs. Eur J Pharmacol, 451:217-225, 2002.
98. Rickels, MR: Beta-Cell Function Following Human Islet Transplantation for Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes, 54:100-106, 2005.
99. Ritzel, R, Butler, AE, Rizza, RA, Veldhuis, JD, Butler, PC: Relationship Between Beta-Cell Mass and Fasting Blood Glucose Concentration in Humans. Diabetes Care, 29:717-718, 2007.
100. Robertson, RP: Consequences on Beta-Cell Function and Reserve After Long-Term Pancreas Transplantation. Diabetes, 53:633-644, 2004.
101. Robertson, RP, Franklin, G, Nelson, L: Intravenous Glucose-Tolerance and Pancreatic-Islet Beta-Cell Function in Patients With Multiple-Sclerosis During 2-Yr Treatment With Cyclosporine. Diabetes, 38:58-64, 1989.
102. Robertson, RP and Harmon, JS: Diabetes, Glucose Toxicity, and Oxidative Stress: A Case of Double Jeopardy for the Pancreatic Islet Beta Cell. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 41:177-184, 2006.
103. Rolin, B, Larsen, MO, Gotfredsen, CF et al.: The Long-Acting GLP-1 Derivative NN2211 Ameliorates Glycemia and Increases Beta-Cell Mass in Diabetic Mice. Am J Physiol -Endocrinol Metab, 283:E745-E752, 2002.
104. Ryan, EA: Successful Islet Transplantation: Continued Insulin Reserve Provides Long-Term Glycemic Control. Diabetes, 51:2148-2157, 2002.
105. Saito, K, Yaginuma, N, Takahashi, T: Differential Volumetry of A, B and D Cells in the Pancreatic Islets of Diabetic and Nondiabetic Subjects. Tohoku J Exp Med, 129:273-283, 1979.
106. Sakuraba, H, Mizukami, H, Yagihashi, N, Wada, R, Hanyu, C, Yagihashi, S: Reduced Beta-Cell Mass and Expression of Oxidative Stress- Related DNA Damage in the Islet of Japanese Type II Diabetic Patients. Diabetologia, 45:85-96, 2002.
107. Schmitz, O, Arnfred, J, Nielsen, OH, Beck Nielsen, H, Orskov, H: Glucose Uptake and Pulsatile Insulin Infusion: Euglycaemic Clamp and [3-3H]Glucose Studies in Healthy Subjects. Acta Endocrinol Copenh, 113:559-563, 1986.
108. Schmitz, O, Juhl, CB, Hollingdal, M, Veldhuis, JD, Porksen, N, Pincus, SM: Irregular Circulating Insulin Concentrations in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Inverse Relationship Between Circulating Free Fatty Acid and the Disorderliness of an Insulin Time Series in Diabetic and Healthy Individuals. Metab -Clin Exp, 50:41-46, 2001.
109. Schmitz, O, Porksen, N, Nyholm, B et al.: Disorderly and Nonstationary Insulin Secretion in Relatives of Patients With NIDDM. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 272:E218-E226, 1997.
110. Seaquist, ER and Robertson, RP: Effects of Hemipancreatectomy on Pancreatic Alpha and Beta-Cell Function in Healthy-Human Donors. J Clin Invest, 89:1761-1766, 1992.
111. Sladek, R, Rocheleau, G, Rung, J et al.: A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Risk Loci for Type 2 Diabetes. Nature, 445:881-885, 2007.
112. Song, SH, McIntyre, SS, Shah, H, Veldhuis, JD, Hayes, PC, Butler, PC: Direct Measurement of Pulsatile Insulin Secretion From the Portal Vein in Human Subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85:4491-4499, 2000.
113. Sonnenberg, GE, Hoffman, RG, Mueller, RA, Kissebah, AH: Splanchnic Insulin Dynamics and Secretion Pulsatilities in Abdominal Obesity. Diabetes, 43:468-477, 1994.
114. Souza, F, Freeby, M, Hultman, K et al.: Current Progress in Non-Invasive Imaging of Beta Cell Mass of the Endocrine Pancreas. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 13:2761-2773, 2006.
115. Stefan, Y, Orci, L, Malaisse-Lagae, F, Perrelet, A, Patel, Y, Unger, RH: Quantitation of Endocrine Cell Content in the Pancreas of Nondiabetic and Diabetic Humans. Diabetes, 31:694-700, 1982.
116. Street, CN, Lakey, JRT, Shapiro, AMJ et al.: Islet Graft Assessment in the Edmonton Protocol - Implications for Predicting Long-Term Clinical Outcome. Diabetes, 53:3107-3114, 2004.
117. Stumvoll, M, Goldstein, BJ, Van Haeften, TW: Type 2 Diabetes: Principles of Pathogenesis and Therapy. Lancet, 365:1333-1346, 2005.
118. Sturis, J, Gotfredsen, CF, Romer, J et al.: GLP-1 Derivative Liraglutide in Rats With Beta-Cell Deficiencies: Influence of Metabolic State on Beta-Cell Mass Dynamics. British Journal of Pharmacology, 140:123-132, 2003.
119. Sturis, J, Pugh, WL, Tang, J, Ostrega, DM, Polonsky, JS, Polonsky, KS: Alterations in Pulsatile Insulin Secretion in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat. Am J Physiol, 267:E250-9, 1994.
120. Sturis, J, Pugh, WL, Tang, J, Polonsky, KS: Prevention of Diabetes Does Not Completely Prevent Insulin Secretory Defects in the ZDF Rat. Am J Physiol, 269:E786-92, 1995.
121. Sweet, IR, Cook, DI, Lernmark, A, Greenbaum, CJ, Krohn, KA: Non-Invasive Imaging of Beta Cell Mass: A Quantitative Analysis. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 6:652-659, 2004.
122. Teuscher, AU, Kendall, DM, Smets, YFC, Leone, JP, Sutherland, DER, Robertson, RP: Successful Islet Autotransplantation in Humans: Functional Insulin Secretory Reserve As an Estimate of Surviving Islet Cell Mass. Diabetes, 47:324-330, 1998.
123. Tillil, H, Shapiro, ET, Miller, MA et al.: Dose-Dependent Effects of Oral and Intravenous Glucose on Insulin Secretion and Clearance in Normal Humans. Am J Physiol, 254:E349-57, 1988.
124. Tobin, BW, Lewis, JT, Chen, DZX, Finegood, DT: Insulin Secretory Function in Relation to Transplanted Islet Mass in Stz-Induced Diabetic Rats. Diabetes, 42:98-105, 1993.
125. Tripathy, D, Carlsson, M, Almgren, P et al.: Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity in Relation to Glucose Tolerance - Lessons From the Botnia Study. Diabetes, 49:975-980, 2000.
126. Tripathy, D, Wessman, Y, Gullstrom, M, Tuomi, T, Groop, L: Importance of Obtaining Independent Measures of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity During the Same Test: Results With the Botnia Clamp. Diabetes Care, 26:1395-1401, 2003.
127. Turner, RC, Holman, RR, Matthews, D, et, a: Insulin Deficiency and Insulin Resistance Interaction in Diabetes: Estimation of Their Relative Contribution by Feedback Analysis From Basal Plasma Insulin and Glucose Concentrations. Metab Clin Exp, 28:1086-1096, 1979.
128. Van Haeften, TW, Boonstra, E, Veneman, TF, Gerich, JE, Van Der, V: Dose-Response Characteristics for Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Release in Man and Assessment of Influence of Glucose on Arginine-Stimulated Insulin Release. Metab Clin Exp, 39:1292-1299, 1990.
129. Verdin, E, Catillo, M, Luyckx, AS, Lefebvre, PJ: Similar Metabolic Effects of Pulsatile Versus Continuous Human Insulin Delivery During Euglycemic, Hyperinsulinemic Glucose Clamp in Normal Man. Diabetes, 33:1169-1174, 1984.
130. Vilsboll, T: Liraglutide: a Once-Daily GLP-1 Analogue for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 16:231-237, 2007.
131. von Geldern, TW and Trevillyan, JM: "The Next Big Thing" in Diabetes: Clinical Progress on DPP-IV Inhibitors. Drug Development Research, 67:627-642, 2006.
132. Ward, GM, Walters, JM, Aitken, PM, Best, JD, Alford, FP: Effects of Prolonged Pulsatile Hyperinsulinemia in Humans. Enhancement of Insulin Sensitivity. Diabetes, 39:501-507, 1990.
133. Ward, WK, Bolgiano, DC, McKnight, B, Halter, JB, Porte, D: Diminished B Cell Secretory Capacity in Patients With Noninsulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Invest, 74:1318-1328, 1984.
134. Ward, WK, Wallum, BJ, Beard, JC, Taborsky, GJ, Porte, D: Reduction of Glycemic Potentiation. Sensitive Indicator of Beta-Cell Loss in Partially Pancreatectomized Dogs. Diabetes, 37:723-729, 1988.
135. Weigle, DS, Rumbaoa, AV, Goodner, CJ: Lack of Evidence for Improvement in Long-Term Glycemic Control by Pulsatile Insulin Infusion in Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Baboon. Diabetes, 40:349-357, 1991.
136. Weir, GC and Bonner-Weir, S: Five Stages of Evolving Beta-Cell Dysfunction During Progression to Diabetes. Diabetes, 53 Suppl 3:S16-S21, 2004.
137. Weir, GC, Leahy, JL, Bonner-Weir, S: Experimental Reduction of Beta-Cell Mass: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Rev, 2:125-161, 1986.
138. Westermark, P and Wilander, E: Influence of Amyloid Deposits on Islet Volume in Maturity Onset Diabetes-Mellitus. Diabetologia, 15:417-421, 1978.
139. Weyer, C, Bogardus, C, Mott, DM, Pratley, RE: The Natural History of Insulin Secretory Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Invest, 104:787-794, 1999.
140. WHO (World Health Organisation): Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus in Alberti, KG, Zimmet, P eds. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Geneva, World Health Organisation, pp1-59, 1999
141. Yoon, KH, Ko, SH, Cho, JH et al.: Selective Beta-Cell Loss and Beta-Cell Expansion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88:2300-2308, 2003.