Vascular endothelial growth factor and related molecules in acute lung injury

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 97, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 1605-1617

  Mura, Marco ^a   Dos Santos, Claudia C ^a,b   Stewart, Duncan ^b,c   Liu, Mingyao ^a,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK   (Canada)

^b ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^d TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Angiopoietins; Hyperoxia; Hypoxia; Pulmonary edema

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPOIETIN 1; ANGIOPOIETIN 2; ANGIOPOIETIN 3; ANGIOPOIETIN 4; CYTOKINE; ENDOTHELIN; GROWTH FACTOR; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MESSENGER RNA; PLACENTAL GROWTH FACTOR; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN A; VASCULOTROPIN B; VASCULOTROPIN C; VASCULOTROPIN D; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR;

ANGIOGENESIS; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; DISEASE COURSE; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HUMAN; HYPOXEMIA; INFLAMMATION; ISCHEMIA; LUNG EDEMA; LUNG INJURY; LUNG INTERSTITIUM; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS; NONHUMAN; OXYGEN CONCENTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REPERFUSION INJURY; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; REVIEW; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VENTILATOR;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANIMALS; HUMANS; LUNG DISEASES; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 7044233292     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00202.2004     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Alavi A, Hood JD, Frausto R, Stupack DG, and Cheresh DA. Role of Raf in vascular protection from distinct apoptotic stimuli. Science 301: 94-96, 2003.
2. [Anon]. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 342: 1301-1308, 2000.
3. Asahara T, Chen D, Takahashi T, Fujikawa K, Kearney M, Magner M, Yancopoulos GD, and Isner JM. Tie2 receptor ligands, angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2, modulate VEGF-induced postnatal neovascularization. Circ Res 83: 233-240, 1998.
4. Autiero M, Waltenberger J, Communi D, Kranz A, Moons L, Lambrechts D, Kroll J, Plaisance S, De Mol M, Bono F, Kliche S, Fellbrich G, Ballmer-Hofer K, Maglione D, Mayr-Beyrle U, Dewerchin M, Dombrowski S, Stanimirovic D, Van Hummelen P, Dehio C, Hicklin DJ, Persico G, Herbert JM, Shibuya M, Collen D, Conway EM, and Carmeliet P. Role of PIGF in the intra- and intermolecular cross talk between the VEGF receptors Flt1 and Flk1. Nat Med 9: 936-943, 2003.
5. Baldwin ME, Catimel B, Nice EC, Roufail S, Hall NE, Stenvers KL, Karkkainen MJ, Alitalo K, Stacker SA, and Achen MG. The specificity of receptor binding by vascular endothelial growth factor-d is different in mouse and man. J Biol Chem 276: 19166-19171, 2001.
6. Bardales RH, Xie SS, Schaefer RF, and Hsu SM. Apoptosis is a major pathway responsible for the resolution of type II pneumocytes in acute lung injury. Am J Pathol 149: 845-852, 1996.
7. Barleon B, Hauser S, Schollmann C, Weindel K, Marme D, Yayon A, and Weich HA. Differential expression of the two VEGF receptors flt and KDR in placenta and vascular endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 54: 56-66, 1994.
8. Barleon B, Sozzani S, Zhou D, Weich HA, Mantovani A, and Marme D. Migration of human monocytes in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is mediated via the VEGF receptor flt-1. Blood 87: 3336-3343, 1996.
9. Bates DO, Hillman NJ, Williams B, Neal CR, and Pocock TM. Regulation of microvascular permeability by vascular endothelial growth factors. J Anat 200: 581-597, 2002.
10. Bates DO, Lodwick D, and Williams B. Vascular endothelial growth factor and microvascular permeability. Microcirculation 6: 83-96, 1999.
11. Becker PM, Alcasabas A, Yu AY, Semenza GL, and Bunton TE. Oxygen-independent upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular barrier dysfunction during ventilated pulmonary ischemia in isolated ferret lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 22: 272-279, 2000.
12. Becker PM, Verin AD, Booth MA, Liu F, Birukova A, and Garcia JG. Differential regulation of diverse physiological responses to VEGF in pulmonary endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281: L1500-L1511, 2001.
13. Berg JT, Fu Z, Breen EC, Tran HC, Mathieu-Costello O, and West JB. High lung inflation increases mRNA levels of ECM components and growth factors in lung parenchyma. J Appl Physiol 83: 120-128, 1997.
14. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson L, Lamy M, Legall JR, Morris A, and Spragg R. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149: 818-824, 1994.
15. Boussat S, Eddahibi S, Coste A, Fataccioli V, Gouge M, Housset B, Adnot S, and Maitre B. Expression and regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in human pulmonary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279: L371-L378, 2000.
16. Breier G, Damert A, Plate KH, and Risau W. Angiogenesis in embryos and ischemic diseases. Thromb Haemost 78: 678-683, 1997.
17. Brown KR, England KM, Goss KL, Snyder JM, and Acarregui MJ. VEGF induces airway epithelial cell proliferation in human fetal lung in vitro. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281: L1001-L1010, 2001.
18. Buckley S and Warburton D. Dynamics of metalloproteinase-2 and -9, TGF-beta, and uPA activities during normoxic vs. hyperoxic alveolarization. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 283: L747-L754, 2002.
19. Cao R, Eriksson A, Kubo H, Alitalo K, Cao Y, and Thyberg J. Comparative evaluation of FGF-2-, VEGF-A-, and VEGF-C-induced angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, vascular fenestrations, and permeability. Circ Res 94: 664-670, 2004.
20. Cao Y, Chen H, Zhou L, Chiang MK, Anand-Apte B, Weatherbee JA, Wang Y, Fang F, Flanagan JG, and Tsang ML. Heterodimers of placenta growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor. Endothelial activity, tumor cell expression, and high affinity binding to Flk-1/KDR. J Biol Chem 271: 3154-3162, 1996.
21. Carmeliet P, Moons L, Luttun A, Vincenti V, Compernolle V, De Mol M, Wu Y, Bono F, Devy L, Beck H, Scholz D, Acker T, DiPalma T, Dewerchin M, Noel A, Stalmans I, Barra A, Blacher S, Vandendriessche T, Ponten A, Eriksson U, Plate KH, Foidart JM, Schaper W, Charnock-Jones DS, Hicklin DJ, Herbert JM, Collen D, and Persico MG. Synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor contributes to angiogenesis and plasma extravasation in pathological conditions. Nat Med 7: 575-583, 2001.
22. Carmeliet P, Ng YS, Nuyens D, Theilmeier G, Brusselmans K, Cornelissen I, Ehler E, Kakkar VV, Stalmans I, Mattot V, Perriard JC, Dewerchin M, Flameng W, Nagy A, Lupu F, Moons L, Collen D, D'Amore PA, and Shima DT. Impaired myocardial angiogenesis and ischemic cardiomyopathy in mice lacking the vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms VEGF164 and VEGF188. Nat Med 5: 495-502, 1999.
23. Carpenter T, Schomberg S, Steudel W, Ozimek J, Colvin K, Stenmark K, and Ivy DD. Endothelin B receptor deficiency predisposes to pulmonary edema formation via increased lung vascular endothelial cell growth factor expression. Circ Res 93: 456-463, 2003.
24. Charnock-Jones DS, Sharkey AM, Boocock CA, Ahmed A, Plevin R, Ferrara N, and Smith SK. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor localization and activation in human trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cells. Biol Reprod 51: 524-530, 1994.
25. Choi WI, Quinn DA, Park KM, Moufarrej RK, Jafari B, Syrkina O, Bonventre JV, and Hales CA. Systemic microvascular leak in an in vivo rat model of ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167: 1627-1632, 2003.
26. Chou MT, Wang J, and Fujita DJ. Src kinase becomes preferentially associated with the VEGFR, KDR/Flk-1, following VEGF stimulation of vascular endothelial cells (Abstract). BMC Biochem 3: 32, 2002.
27. Chua CC, Hamdy RC, and Chua BH. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by H2O2 in rat heart endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 25: 891-897, 1998.
28. Cohen T, Nahari D, Cerem LW, Neufeld G, and Levi BZ. Interleukin 6 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol Chem 271: 736-741, 1996.
29. Compernolle V, Brusselmans K, Acker T, Hoet P, Tjwa M, Beck H, Plaisance S, Dor Y, Keshet E, Lupu F, Nemery B, Dewerchin M, Van Veldhoven P, Plate K, Moons L, Collen D, and Carmeliet P. Loss of HIF-2 alpha and inhibition of VEGF impair fetal lung maturation, whereas treatment with VEGF prevents fatal respiratory distress in premature mice. Nat Med 8: 702-710, 2002.
30. Corne J, Chupp G, Lee CG, Homer RJ, Zhu Z, Chen Q, Ma B, Du Y, Roux F, McArdle J, Waxman AB, and Elias JA. IL-13 stimulates vascular endothelial cell growth factor and protects against hyperoxic acute lung injury. J Clin Invest 106: 783-791, 2000.
31. Crapo JD. Morphologic changes in pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Annu Rev Physiol 48: 721-731, 1986.
32. Davis S, Aldrich TH, Jones PF, Acheson A, Compton DL, Jain V, Ryan TE, Bruno J, Radziejewski C, Maisonpierre PC, and Yancopoulos GD. Isolation of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, by secretion-trap expression cloning. Cell 87: 1161-1169, 1996.
33. Davis S and Yancopoulos GD. The angiopoietins: Yin and Yang in angiogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 237: 173-185, 1999.
34. Dejana E. Endothelial adherens junctions: implications in the control of vascular permeability and angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 98: 1949-1953, 1996.
35. Dixelius J, Makinen T, Wirzenius M, Karkkainen MJ, Wernstedt C, Alitalo K, and Claesson-Welsh L. Ligand-induced vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) heterodimerization with VEGFR-2 in primary lymphatic endothelial cells regulates tyrosine phosphorylation sites. J Biol Chem 278: 40973-40979, 2003.
36. D'Orleans-Juste P, Labonte J, Bkaily G, Choufani S, Plante M, and Honore JC. Function of the endothelin(B) receptor in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Pharmacol Ther 95: 221-238, 2002.
37. Downey GP, Dong Q, Kruger J, Dedhar S, and Cherapanov V. Regulation of neutrophil activation in acute lung injury. Chest 116: 46S-54S, 1999.
38. Ekekezie II, Thibeault DW, Rezaiekhaligh MH, Norberg M, Mabry S, Zhang X, and Truog WE. Endostatin and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) in piglet lungs: effect of inhaled nitric oxide and hyperoxia. Pediatr Res 53: 440-446, 2003.
39. Esser S, Wolburg K, Wolburg H, Breier G, Kurzchalia T, and Risau W. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces endothelial fenestrations in vitro. J Cell Biol 140: 947-959, 1998.
40. Fehrenbach A, Pufe T, Wittwer T, Nagib R, Dreyer N, Pech T, Petersen W, Fehrenbach H, Wahlers T, and Richter J. Reduced vascular endothelial growth factor correlates with alveolar epithelial damage after experimental ischemia and reperfusion. J Heart Lung Transplant 22: 967-978, 2003.
41. Fehrenbach H, Haase M, Kasper M, Koslowski R, Schuh D, and Muller M. Alterations in the immunohistochemical distribution patterns of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors Flk1 and Flt1 in bleomycin-induced rat lung fibrosis. Virchows Arch 435: 20-31, 1999.
42. Ferrara N, Carver-Moore K, Chen H, Dowd M, Lu L, O'Shea KS, Powell-Braxton L, Hillan KJ, and Moore MW. Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene. Nature 380: 439-442, 1996.
43. Ferrara N, Gerber HP, and LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 9: 669-676, 2003.
44. Fischer S, Cassivi SD, Xavier AM, Cardella JA, Cutz E, Edwards V, Liu M, and Keshavjee S. Cell death in human lung transplantation: apoptosis induction in human lungs during ischemia and after transplantation. Ann Surg 231: 424-431, 2000.
45. Fong GH, Rossant J, Gertsenstein M, and Breitman ML. Role of the Flt-1 receptor tyrosine kinase in regulating the assembly of vascular endothelium. Nature 376: 66-70, 1995.
46. Fong GH, Zhang L, Bryce DM, and Peng J. Increased hemangioblast commitment, not vascular disorganization, is the primary defect in flt-1 knock-out mice. Development 126: 3015-3025, 1999.
47. Forsythe JA, Jiang BH, Iyer NV, Agani F, Leung SW, Koos RD, and Semenza GL. Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Mol Cell Biol 16: 4604-4613, 1996.
48. Frank S, Hubner G, Breier G, Longaker MT, Greenhalgh DG, and Werner S. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in cultured keratinocytes. Implications for normal and impaired wound healing. J Biol Chem 270: 12607-12613, 1995.
49. Gamble JM, Drew J, Trezise L, Underwood A, Parsons M, Kasminkas L, Rudge J, Yancopoulos G, and Vadas MA. Angiopoietin-1 is an antipermeability and anti-inflammatory agent in vitro and targets cell junctions. Circ Res 87: 603-607, 2000.
50. Gaudry M, Bregerie O, Andrieu V, El Benna J, Pocidalo MA, and Hakim J. Intracellular pool of vascular endothelial growth factor in human neutrophils. Blood 90: 4153-4161, 1997.
51. Gerber HP, Condorelli F, Park J, and Ferrara N. Differential transcriptional regulation of the two vascular endothelial growth factor receptor genes. Flt-1, but not Flk-1/KDR, is up-regulated by hypoxia. J Biol Chem 272: 23659-23667, 1997.
52. Gerber HP, Dixit V, and Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and A1 in vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 273: 13313-13316, 1998.
53. Gerber HP, McMurtrey A, Kowalski J, Yan M, Keyt BA, Dixit V, and Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates endothelial cell survival through the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/Akt-signal transduction pathway. Requirement for Flk-1/KDR activation. J Biol Chem 273: 30336-30343, 1998.
54. Gille H, Kowalski J, Li B, LeCouter J, Moffat B, Zioncheck TF, Pelletier N, and Ferrara N. Analysis of biological effects and signaling properties of Flt-1 (VEGFR-1) and KDR (VEGFR-2). A reassessment using novel receptor-specific vascular endothelial growth factor mutants. J Biol Chem 276: 3222-3230, 2001.
55. Gruden G, Thomas S, Burt D, Lane S, Chusney G, Sacks S, and Viberti G. Mechanical stretch induces vascular permeability factor in human mesangial cells: mechanisms of signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 12112-12116, 1997.
56. Gurkan OU, O'Donnell C, Brower R, Ruckdeschel E, and Becker PM. Differential effects of mechanical ventilatory strategy on lung injury and systemic organ inflammation in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 285: L710-L718, 2003.
57. Gushima Y, Ichikado K, Suga M, Okamoto T, Iyonaga K, Sato K, Miyakawa H, and Ando M. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in pigs with hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury. Eur Respir J 18: 827-837, 2001.
58. Hauser S and Weich HA. A heparin-binding form of placenta growth factor (PIGF-2) is expressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in placenta. Growth Factors 9: 259-268, 1993.
59. Hippenstiel S, Krull M, Ikemann A, Risau W, Clauss M, and Suttorp N. VEGF induces hyperpermeability by a direct action on endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 274: L678-L684, 1998.
60. Houck KA, Leung DW, Rowland AM, Winer J, and Ferrara N. Dual regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioavailability by genetic and proteolytic mechanisms. J Biol Chem 267: 26031-26037, 1992.
61. Howdieshell TR, Webb WL, Sathyanarayana, and McNeil PL. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase results in reductions in wound vascular endothelial growth factor expression, granulation tissue formation, and local perfusion. Surgery 133: 528-537, 2003.
62. Huang K, Andersson C, Roomans GM, Ito N, and Claesson-Welsh L. Signaling properties of VEGF receptor-1 and -2 homo- and heterodimers. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 33: 315-324, 2001.
63. Jeltsch M, Kaipainen A, Joukov V, Meng X, Lakso M, Rauvala H, Swartz M, Fukumura D, Jain RK, and Alitalo K. Hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels in VEGF-C transgenic mice. Science 276: 1423-1425. 1997.
64. Joukov V, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, Chilov D, Lahtinen I, Kukk E, Saksela O, Kalkkinen N, and Alitalo K. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the FH4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases. EMBO J 15: 1751, 1996.
65. Jussila L and Alitalo K. Vascular growth factors and lymphangiogenesis. Physiol Rev 82: 673-700, 2002.
66. Kaner RJ and Crystal RG. Compartmentalization of vascular endothelial growth factor to the epithelial surface of the human lung. Mol Med 7: 240-246, 2001.
67. Kaner RJ, Laderto JV, Singh R, Fukuda JV, Matthay MA, and Crystal RG. Lung overexpression of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene induces pulmonary edema. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 22: 657-664, 2000.
68. Karkkainen MJ, Jussila L, Ferrell RE, Finegold DN, and Alitalo K. Molecular regulation of lymphangiogenesis and targets for tissue oedema. Trends Mol Med 7: 18-22, 2001.
69. Karmpaliotis D, Kosmidou I, Ingenito EP, Hong K, Malhotra A, Sunday ME, and Haley KJ. Angiogenic growth factors in the pathophysiology of a murine model of acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 283: L585-L595, 2002.
70. Kawasaki T, Kitsukawa T, Bekku Y, Matsuda Y, Sanbo M, Yagi T, and Fujisawa H. A requirement for neuropilin-1 in embryonic vessel formation. Development 126: 4895-4902, 1999.
71. Kazi AA, Lee WS, Wagner E, and Becker PM. VEGF, fetal liver kinase-1, and permeability increase during unilateral lung ischemia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279: L460-L467, 2000.
72. Kendall RL and Thomas KA. Inhibition of vascular endothelial cell growth factor activity by an endogenously encoded soluble receptor. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 90: 10705-10709, 1993.
73. Keyt BA, Berleau LT, Nguyen HV, Chen H, Heinsohn H, Vandlen R, and Ferrara N. The carboxyl-terminal domain (111-165) of vascular endothelial growth factor is critical for its mitogenic potency. J Biol Chem 271: 7788-7795, 1996.
74. Kim I, Kim JH, Moon SO, Kwak HJ, Kim NG, and Koh GY. Angiopoietin-2 at high concentration can enhance endothelial cell survival through the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway. Oncogens 19: 4549-4552, 2000.
75. Koehne P, Willam C, Strauss E, Schindler R, Eckardt KU, and Buhrer C. Lack of hypoxic stimulation of VEGF secretion from neutrophils and platelets. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 279: H817-H824, 2000.
76. Koyama S, Sato E, Tsukadaira A, Haniuda M, Numanami H, Kurai M, Nagai S, and Izumi T. Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA and protein expression in airway epithelial cell lines in vitro. Eur Respir J 20: 1449-1456, 2002.
77. Lee CG, Yoon HJ, Zhu Z, Link H, Wang Z, Gwaltney JM, Landry M, and Elias JA. Respiratory syncytial virus stimulation of vascular endothelial cell growth factor/vascular permeability factor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 23: 662-669, 2000.
78. Lee J, Gray A, Yuan J, Luoh SM, Avraham H, and Wood WI. Vascular endothelial growth factor-related protein: a ligand and specific activator of the tyrosine kinase receptor Flt4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 1988-1992, 1996.
79. Lee JW, Bae SH, Jeong JW, Kim SH, and Kim KW. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) alpha: its protein stability and biological functions. Exp Mol Med 36: 1-12, 2004.
80. Leung DW, Cachianes G, Kuang WJ, Goeddel DV, and Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science 246: 1306-1309, 1989.
81. Li JJ, Huang YQ, Basch R, and Karpatkin S. Thrombin induces the release of angiopoietin-1 from platelets. Thromb Haemost 85: 204-206, 2001.
82. Liu Y, Cox SR, Morita T, and Kourembanas S. Hypoxia regulates vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in endothelial cells. Identification of a 5′ enhancer. Circ Res 77: 638-643, 1995.
83. Loughna S and Sato TN. Angiopoietin and Tie signaling pathways in vascular development. Matrix Biol 20: 319-325, 2001.
84. Lymboussaki A, Partanen TA, Olofsson B, Thomas-Crusells J, Fletcher CD, de Waal RM, Kaipainen A, and Alitalo K. Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor C receptor VEGFR-3 in lymphatic endothelium of the skin and in vascular tumors. Am J Pathol 153: 395-403, 1998.
85. Maisonpierre PC, Suri C, Jones PF, Bartunkova S, Wiegand SJ, Radziejewski C, Compton D, McClain J, Aldrich TH, Papadopoulos N, Daly TJ, Davis S, Sato TN, and Yancopoulos GD. Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Science 277: 55-60, 1997.
86. Maitre B, Boussat S, Jean D, Gouge M, Brochard L, Housset B, Adnot S, and Delclaux C. Vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis in the acute phase of experimental and clinical lung injury. Eur Respir J 18: 100-106, 2001.
87. Mandriota SJ and Pepper MS. Regulation of angiopoietin-2 mRNA levels in bovine microvascular endothelial cells by cytokines and hypoxia. Circ Res 83: 852-859, 1998.
88. Maniscalco WM, Watkins RH, Finkelstein JN, and Campbell MH. Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA increases in alveolar epithelial cells during recovery from oxygen injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 13: 377-386, 1995.
89. Marti HH and Risau W. Systemic hypoxia changes the organ-specific distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 15809-15814, 1998.
90. Martin TR, Nakamura M, and Matute-Bello G. The role of apoptosis in acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 31: S184-S188, 2003.
91. Matthay MA, Zimmerman GA, Esmon C, Bhattacharya J, Coller B, Doerschuk CM, Floros J, Gimbrone MA Jr, Hoffman E, Hubmayr RD, Leppert M, Matalon S, Munford R, Parsons P, Slutsky AS, Tracey KJ, Ward P, Gail DB, and Harabin AL. Future research directions in acute lung injury: summary of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167: 1027-1035, 2003.
92. Meyer KC, Cardoni AL, Xiang Z, Cornwell RD, and Love RB. Vascular endothelial growth factor in human lung transplantation. Chest 119: 137-143, 2001.
93. Meyer M, Clauss M, Lepple-Wienhues A, Waltenberger J, Augustin HG, Ziehe M, Lanz C, Buttner M, Rziha HJ, and Dehio C. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor encoded by Orf virus, VEGF-E, mediates angiogenesis via signaling through VEGFR-2 (KDR) but not VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) receptor tyrosine kinases. EMBO J 18: 363-374, 1999.
94. Moraes TJ, Chow CW, and Downey GP. Proteases and lung injury. Crit Care Med 31: S189-S194, 2003.
95. Nagy JA, Vasile E, Feng D, Sundberg C, Brown LF, Detmar MJ, Lawitts JA, Benjamin L, Tan X, Manseau EJ, Dvorak AM, and Dvorak HF. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor induces lymphangiogenesis as well as angiogenesis. J Exp Med 196: 1497-1506, 2002.
96. Neufeld G, Cohen T, Shraga N, Lange T, Kessler O, and Herzog Y. The neuropilins: multifunctional semaphorin and VEGF receptors that modulate ax on guidance and angiogenesis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 12: 13-19, 2002.
97. Neufeld G, Kessler O, and Herzog Y. The interaction of neuropilin-1 and neuropilin-2 with tyrosine-kinase receptors for VEGF. Adv Exp Med Biol 515: 81-90, 2002.
98. Nishimura M, Miki T, Yashima R, Yokoi N, Yano H, Sato Y, and Seino S. Angiopoietin-3, a novel member of the angiopoietin family. FEBS Lett 448: 254-256, 1999.
99. Ogawa S, Oku A, Sawano A, Yamaguchi S, Yazaki Y, and Shibuya M. A novel type of vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-E (NZ-7 VEGF), preferentially utilizes KDR/Flk-1 receptor and carries a potent mitotic activity without heparin-binding domain. J Biol Chem 273: 31273-31282, 1998.
100. Oh H, Takagi H, Suzuma K, Otani A, Matsumura M, and Honda Y. Hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor selectively up-regulate angiopoietin-2 in bovine microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 274: 15732-15739, 1999.
101. Okuda Y, Tsurumaru K, Suzuki S, Miyauchi T, Asano M, Hong Y, Sone H, Fujita R, Mizutani M, Kawakami Y, Nakajima T, Soma M, Matsuo K, Suzuki H, and Yamashita K. Hypoxia and endothelin-1 induce VEGF production in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Life Sci 63: 477-484, 1998.
102. Olofsson B, Korpelainen E, Pepper MS, Mandriota SJ, Aase K, Kumar V, Gunji Y, Jeltsch MM, Shibuya M, Alitalo K, and Eriksson U. Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) binds to VEGF receptor-1 and regulates plasminogen activator activity in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 11709-11714, 1998.
103. Olofsson B, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, von Euler G, Joukov V, Saksela O, Orpana A, Pettersson RF, Alitalo K, and Eriksson U. Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 2576-2581, 1996.
104. Paavonen K, Mandelin J, Partanen T, Jussila L, Li TF, Ristimaki A, Alitalo K, and Konttinen YT. Vascular endothelial growth factors C and D and their VEGFR-2 and 3 receptors in blood and lymphatic vessels in healthy and arthritic synovium. J Rheumatol 29: 39-45, 2002.
105. Papapetropoulos A, Fulton D, Mahboubi K, Kalb RG, O'Connor DS, Li F, Altieri DC, and Sessa WC. Angiopoietin-1 inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis via the Akt/survivin pathway. J Biol Chem 275: 9102-9105, 2000.
106. Park JE, Chen HH, Winer J, Houck KA, and Ferrara N. Placenta growth factor. Potentiation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioactivity, in vitro and in vivo, and high affinity binding to Flt-1 but not to Flk-1/KDR. J Biol Chem 269: 25646-25654, 1994.
107. Park YS, Kim NH, and Jo I. Hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor acutely up-regulate angiopoietin-1 and Tie2 mRNA in bovine retinal pericytes. Microvasc Res 65: 125-131, 2003.
108. Persico MG, Vincenti V, and BiPalma T. Structure, expression and receptor-binding properties of placenta growth factor (PIGF). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 237: 31-40, 1999.
109. Poltorak Z, Cohen T, and Neufeld G. The VEGF splice variants: properties, receptors, and usage for the treatment of ischemic diseases. Herz 25: 126-129, 2000.
110. Ranieri VM, Suter PM, Tortorella C, De Tullio R, Dayer JM, Brienza A, Bruno F, and Slutsky AS. Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 282: 54-61, 1999.
111. Rissanen TT, Markkanen JE, Gruchala M, Heikura T, Puranen A, Kettunen MI, Kholova I, Kauppinen RA, Achen MG, Stacker SA, Alitalo K, and Yla-Herttuala S. VEGF-D is the strongest angiogenic and lymphangiogenic effector among VEGFs delivered into skeletal muscle via adenoviruses. Circ Res 92: 1098-1106, 2003.
112. Roberts WG and Palade GE. Increased microvascular permeability and endothelial fenestration induced by vascular endothelial growth factor. J Cell Sci 108: 2369-2379, 1995.
113. Robinson CJ and Stringer SE. The splice variants of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and their receptors. J Cell Sci 114: 853-865, 2001.
114. Moche J, Drabkin H, and Brambilla E. Neuropilin and its ligands in normal lung and cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 515: 103-114, 2002.
115. Saaristo A, Veikkola T, Enholm B, Hytonen M, Arola J, Pajusola K, Turunen P, Jeltsch M, Karkkainen MJ, Kerjaschki D, Bueler H, Yla-Herttuala S, and Alitalo K. Adenoviral VEGF-C overexpression induces blood vessel enlargement, tortuosity, and leakiness but no sprouting angiogenesis in the skin or mucous membranes. FASEB J 16: 1041-1049, 2002.
116. Satchell SC, Harper SJ, and Mathieson PW. Angiopoietin-1 is normally expressed by periendothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 86: 1597-1598, 2001.
117. Schoch HJ, Fischer S, and Marti HH. Hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression causes vascular leakage in the brain. Brain 125: 2549-2557, 2002.
118. Seetharam L, Gotoh N, Maru Y, Neufeld G, Yamaguchi S, and Shibuya M. A unique signal transduction from FLT tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF. Oncogene 10: 135-147, 1995.
119. Semenza GL, Agani F, Feldser D, Iyer N, Kotch L, Laughner E, and Yu A. Hypoxia, HIF-1, and the pathophysiology of common human diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol 475: 123-130, 2000.
120. Shalaby F, Rossant J, Yamaguchi TP, Gertsenstein M, Wu XF, Breitman ML, and Schuh AC. Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice. Nature 376: 62-66, 1995.
121. Shifren JL, Doldi N, Ferrara N, Mesiano S, and Jaffe RB. In the human fetus, vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in epithelial cells and myocytes, but not vascular endothelium: implications for mode of action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79: 316-322, 1994.
122. Shweiki D, Neeman M, Itin A, and Keshet E. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by hypoxia and by glucose deficiency in multicell spheroids: implications for tumor angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 768-772, 1995.
123. Sirois MG and Edelman ER. VEGF effect on vascular permeability is mediated by synthesis of platelet-activating factor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 272: H2746-H2756, 1997.
124. Skobe M, Hamberg LM, Hawighorst T, Schirner M, Wolf GL, Alitalo K, and Detmar M. Concurrent induction of lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis, and macrophage recruitment by vascular endothelial growth factor-C in melanoma. Am J Pathol 159: 893-903, 2001.
125. Slutsky AS and Tremblay LN. Multiple system organ failure. Is mechanical ventilation a contributing factor? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: 1721-1725, 1998.
126. Soker S, Takashima S, Miao HQ, Neufeld G, and Klagsbrun M. Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Cell 92: 735-745, 1998.
127. Spinella F, Rosano L, Di Castro V, Natali PG, and Bagnato A. Endothelin-1 induces vascular endothelial growth factor by increasing hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in ovarian carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 277: 27850-27855, 2002.
128. Suri C, Jones PF, Patan S, Bartunkova S, Maisonpierre PC, Davis S, Sato TN, and Yancopoulos GD. Requisite role of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, during embryonic angiogenesis. Cell 87: 1171-1180, 1996.
129. Suzuma I, Hata Y, Clermont A, Pokras F, Rook SL, Suzuma K, Feener EP, and Aiello LP. Cyclic stretch and hypertension induce retinal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2: potential mechanisms for exacerbation of diabetic retinopathy by hypertension. Diabetes 50: 444-454, 2001.
130. Teichert-Kuliszewska K, Maisonpierre PC, Jones N, Campbell AI, Master Z, Bendeck MP, Alitalo K, Dumont DJ, Yancopoulos GD, and Stewart DJ. Biological action of angiopoietin-2 in a fibrin matrix model of angiogenesis is associated with activation of Tie2. Cardiovasc Res 49: 659-670, 2001.
131. Terman BI, Dougher-Vermazen M, Carrion ME, Dimitrov D, Armellino DC, Gospodarowicz D, and Bohlen P. Identification of the KDR tyrosine kinase as a receptor for vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187: 1579-1586, 1992.
132. Thickett DR, Armstrong L, Christie SJ, and Millar AB. Vascular endothelial growth factor may contribute to increased vascular permeability in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 1601-1605, 2001.
133. Thickett DR, Armstrong L, and Millar AB. A role for vascular endothelial growth factor in acute and resolving lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166: 1332-1337, 2002.
134. Thurston G, Rudge JS, Ioffe E, Zhou H, Ross L, Croll SD, Glazer N, Holash J, McDonald DM, and Yancopoulos GD. Angiopoietin-1 protects the adult vasculature against plasma leakage. Nat Med 6: 460-463, 2000.
135. Thurston G, Suri C, Smith K, McClain J, Sato TN, Yancopoulos GD, and McDonald DM. Leakage-resistant blood vessels in mice transgenically overexpressing angiopoietin-1. Science 286: 2511-2514, 1999.
136. Tischer E, Mitchell R, Hartman T, Silva M, Gospodarowicz D, Fiddes JC, and Abraham JA. The human gene for vascular endothelial growth factor. Multiple protein forms are encoded through alternative exon splicing. J Biol Chem 266: 11947-11954, 1991.
137. Trompezinski S, Denis A, Vinche A, Schmitt D, and Viac J. IL-4 and interferon-gamma differentially modulate vascular endothelial growth factor release from normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 11: 224-231, 2002.
138. Tsao PN, Su YN, Li H, Huang PH, Chien CT, Lai YL, Lee CN, Chen CA, Cheng WF, Wei SC, Yu CJ, Hsieh FJ, and Hsu SM. Overexpression of placenta growth factor contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169: 505-511, 2004.
139. Tuder RM, Flook BE, and Voelkel NF. Increased gene expression for VEGF and the VEGF receptors KDR/Flk and Flt in lungs exposed to acute or to chronic hypoxia. Modulation of gene expression by nitric oxide. J Clin Invest 95: 1798-1807, 1995.
140. Valenzuela DM, Griffiths JA, Rojas J, Aldrich TH, Jones PF, Zhou H, McClain J, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Huang T, Papadopoulos N, Maisonpierre PC, Davis S, and Yancopoulos GD. Angiopoietins 3 and 4: diverging gene counterparts in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 1904-1909, 1999.
141. Waltenbergen J, Claesson-Welsh L, Siegbahn A, Shibuya M, and Heldin CH. Different signal transduction properties of KDR and Flt1, two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol Chem 269: 26988-26995, 1994.
142. Wanstall JC, Gambino A, Jeffery TK, Cahill MM, Bellomo D, Hayward NK, and Kay GF. Vascular endothelial growth factor-B-deficient mice show impaired development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 55: 361-368, 2002.
143. Wen FQ, Liu X, Manda W, Terasaki Y, Kobayashi T, Abe S, Fang Q, Ertl R, Manouilova L, and Rennard SI. TH2 cytokine-enhanced and TGF-beta-enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor production by cultured human airway smooth muscle cells is attenuated by IFN-gamma and corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111: 1307-1318, 2003.
144. Wrigge H, Zinserling J, Stuber F, von Spiegel T, Hering R, Wetegrove S, Hoeft A, and Putensen C. Effects of mechanical ventilation on release of
145. Yan SF, Tritto I, Pinsky D, Liao H, Huang J, Fuller G, Brett J, May L, and Stern D. Induction of interleukin 6 (IL-6) by hypoxia in vascular cells. Central role of the binding site for nuclear factor-IL-6. J Biol Chem 270: 11463-11471, 1995.
146. Yancopoulos GD, Davis S, Gale NW, Mudge JS, Wiegand SJ, and Holash J. Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation, Nature 407: 242-248, 2000.
147. Zheng W, Seftor EA, Meininger CJ, Hendrix MJ, and Tomanek RJ. Mechanisms of coronary angiogenesis in response to stretch: role of VEGF and TGF-beta. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280: H909-H917, 2001.