Nutrition and Bone Growth in Pediatrics

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 565-586

  Gat Yablonski, Galia ^a,b   Yackobovitch Gavan, Michal ^a   Phillip, Moshe ^a,b  

^a SCHNEIDER CHILDREN S MEDICAL CENTER OF ISRAEL   (Israel)

^b TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Children; Ghrelin; Growth; Growth plate; Leptin; Nutrition

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; CALCIUM; COLLAGEN; COPPER; GHRELIN; GROWTH HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1; INSULIN; IODINE; IRON; LEPTIN; MAGNESIUM; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MICRORNA; PHOSPHORUS; PROTEIN; PROTEOGLYCAN; RETINOL; SIRTUIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; SOMATOMEDIN C RECEPTOR; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN D; ZINC;

ANOREXIA NERVOSA; BODY HEIGHT; BONE GROWTH; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD GROWTH; CHILD NUTRITION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ENCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FOOD COMPOSITION; GROWTH PLATE; HUMAN; IRON DEFICIENCY; MARASMUS; MILK; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT SUPPLY; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CALORIE MALNUTRITION; REVIEW; RICKETS; SOCIAL STATUS; STUNTING SYNDROME; ZINC DEFICIENCY;

BONE DEVELOPMENT; CHILD; CHILD NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY PHENOMENA; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; GROWTH PLATE; HUMANS;

EID: 69249147316     PISSN: 08898529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2009.07.001     Document Type: Review

References (181)

1. Hoppe C., Molgaard C., and Michaelsen K.F. Cow's milk and linear growth in industrialized and developing countries. Annu Rev Nutr 26 (2006) 131-173
2. Thibault H., Souberbielle J.C., Taieb C., et al. Idiopathic prepubertal short stature is associated with low body mass index. Horm Res 40 4 (1993) 136-140
3. Wudy S.A., Hagemann S., Dempfle A., et al. Children with idiopathic short stature are poor eaters and have decreased body mass index. Pediatrics 116 1 (2005) e52-e57
4. van der Eerden B.C., Karperien M., and Wit J.M. Systemic and local regulation of the growth plate. Endocr Rev 24 6 (2003) 782-801
5. 3 is an autocrine regulator of extracellular matrix turnover and growth factor release via ERp60 activated matrix vesicle metalloproteinases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103 3-5 (2007) 467-472
6. Baker J., Liu J.P., Robertson E.J., et al. Role of insulin-like growth factors in embryonic and postnatal growth. Cell 75 1 (1993) 73-82
7. Liu J.P., Baker J., Perkins A.S., et al. Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (Igf-1) and type 1 IGF receptor (Igf1r). Cell 75 1 (1993) 59-72
8. Woods K.A., Camacho-Hubner C., Savage M.O., et al. Intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal growth failure associated with deletion of the insulin-like growth factor I gene. N Engl J Med 335 18 (1996) 1363-1367
9. Walenkamp M.J., de Muinck Keizer-Schrama S.M., de Mos M., et al. Successful long-term growth hormone therapy in a girl with haploinsufficiency of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor due to a terminal 15q26.2→qter deletion detected by multiplex ligation probe amplification. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 6 (2008) 2421-2425
10. Abuzzahab M.J., Schneider A., Goddard A., et al. IGF-I receptor mutations resulting in intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation. N Engl J Med 349 23 (2003) 2211-2222
11. Raile K., Klammt J., Schneider A., et al. Clinical and functional characteristics of the human Arg59Ter insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) mutation: implications for a gene dosage effect of the human IGF1R. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 6 (2006) 2264-2271
12. Inagaki K., Tiulpakov A., Rubtsov P., et al. A familial insulin-like growth factor-I receptor mutant leads to short stature: clinical and biochemical characterization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 4 (2007) 1542-1548
13. Peoples R., Milatovich A., and Francke U. Hemizygosity at the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) locus and growth failure in the ring chromosome 15 syndrome. Cytogenet Cell Genet 70 3-4 (1995) 228-234
14. Walenkamp M.J., and Wit J.M. Single gene mutations causing SGA. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 22 3 (2008) 433-446
15. Hunziker E.B., Wagner J., and Zapf J. Differential effects of insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone on developmental stages of rat growth plate chondrocytes in vivo. J Clin Invest 93 3 (1994) 1078-1086
16. Cruickshank J., Grossman D.I., Peng R.K., et al. Spatial distribution of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and apoptotic chondrocytes during growth plate development. J Endocrinol 184 3 (2005) 543-553
17. Mosier Jr. H.D., and Jansons R.A. Growth hormone during catch-up growth and failure of catch-up growth in rats. Endocrinology 98 1 (1976) 214-219
18. Hermanussen M., Rol de Lama M.A., Romero A.P., et al. Differential catch-up in body weight and bone growth after short-term starvation in rats. Growth Regul 6 4 (1996) 230-237
19. Fontana L., Weiss E.P., Villareal D.T., et al. Long-term effects of calorie or protein restriction on serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentration in humans. Aging Cell 7 5 (2008) 681-687
20. Heinrichs C., Colli M., Yanovski J.A., et al. Effects of fasting on the growth plate: systemic and local mechanisms. Endocrinology 138 12 (1997) 5359-5365
21. Farnum C.E., Lee A.O., O'Hara K., et al. Effect of short-term fasting on bone elongation rates: an analysis of catch-up growth in young male rats. Pediatr Res 53 1 (2003) 33-41
22. Gat-Yablonski G., Shtaif B., Abraham E., et al. Nutrition-induced catch-up growth at the growth plate. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 21 9 (2008) 879-893
23. Even-Zohar N., Jacob J., Amariglio N., et al. Nutrition-induced catch-up growth increases hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha RNA levels in the growth plate. Bone 42 3 (2008) 505-515
24. Robson H., Phillip M., and Wit J.M. The Second European Growth Plate Working Group Symposium 25th September 2002, Madrid, Spain. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 16 3 (2003) 461-466
25. Lowe Jr. W.L., Adamo M., Werner H., et al. Regulation by fasting of rat insulin-like growth factor I and its receptor. Effects on gene expression and binding. J Clin Invest 84 2 (1989) 619-626
26. Kojima M., Hosoda H., Date Y., et al. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402 6762 (1999) 656-660
27. Shimbara T., Mondal M.S., Kawagoe T., et al. Central administration of ghrelin preferentially enhances fat ingestion. Neurosci Lett 369 1 (2004) 75-79
28. Holst B., Cygankiewicz A., Jensen T.H., et al. High constitutive signaling of the ghrelin receptor-identification of a potent inverse agonist. Mol Endocrinol 17 11 (2003) 2201-2210
29. Holst B., and Schwartz T.W. Constitutive ghrelin receptor activity as a signaling set-point in appetite regulation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25 3 (2004) 113-117
30. Costa T., and Cotecchia S. Historical review: negative efficacy and the constitutive activity of G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 26 12 (2005) 618-624
31. Holst B., and Schwartz T.W. Ghrelin receptor mutations-too little height and too much hunger. J Clin Invest 116 3 (2006) 637-641
32. Pantel J., Legendre M., Cabrol S., et al. Loss of constitutive activity of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in familial short stature. J Clin Invest 116 3 (2006) 760-768
33. Gueorguiev M., Lecoeur C., Benzinou M., et al. A genetic study of the ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) genes and stature. Ann Hum Genet 73 1 (2008) 1-9
34. Sun Y., Ahmed S., and Smith R.G. Deletion of ghrelin impairs neither growth nor appetite. Mol Cell Biol 23 22 (2003) 7973-7981
35. Wortley K.E., Anderson K.D., Garcia K., et al. Genetic deletion of ghrelin does not decrease food intake but influences metabolic fuel preference. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 21 (2004) 8227-8232
36. Wortley K.E., del Rincon J.P., Murray J.D., et al. Absence of ghrelin protects against early-onset obesity. J Clin Invest 115 12 (2005) 3573-3578
37. Zigman J.M., Nakano Y., Coppari R., et al. Mice lacking ghrelin receptors resist the development of diet-induced obesity. J Clin Invest 115 12 (2005) 3564-3572
38. Petersenn S., Rasch A.C., Penshorn M., et al. Genomic structure and transcriptional regulation of the human growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Endocrinology 142 6 (2001) 2649-2659
39. Park S., Sohn S., and Kineman R.D. Fasting-induced changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-GH axis in the absence of GH expression: lessons from the spontaneous dwarf rat. J Endocrinol 180 3 (2004) 369-378
40. Kamegai J., Tamura H., Shimizu T., et al. Insulin-like growth factor-I down-regulates ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor) expression in the rat pituitary. Regul Pept 127 1-3 (2005) 203-206
41. Avram A.M., Jaffe C.A., Symons K.V., et al. Endogenous circulating ghrelin does not mediate growth hormone rhythmicity or response to fasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 5 (2005) 2982-2987
42. Caminos J.E., Gualillo O., Lago F., et al. The endogenous growth hormone secretagogue (ghrelin) is synthesized and secreted by chondrocytes. Endocrinology 146 3 (2005) 1285-1292
43. Gat-Yablonski G., and Phillip M. Leptin and regulation of linear growth. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 11 3 (2008) 303-308
44. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M., et al. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372 6505 (1994) 425-432
45. Pelleymounter M.A., Cullen M.J., Baker M.B., et al. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 269 5223 (1995) 540-543
46. Campfield L.A. Metabolic and hormonal controls of food intake: highlights of the last 25 years-1972-1997. Appetite 29 2 (1997) 135-152
47. Hoggard N., Mercer J.G., Rayner D.V., et al. Localization of leptin receptor mRNA splice variants in murine peripheral tissues by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 232 2 (1997) 383-387
48. Cohen Jr. M.M. Role of leptin in regulating appetite, neuroendocrine function, and bone remodeling. Am J Med Genet A 140 5 (2006) 515-524
49. Gat-Yablonski G., Ben-Ari T., Shtaif B., et al. Leptin reverses the inhibitory effect of caloric restriction on longitudinal growth. Endocrinology 145 1 (2004) 343-350
50. Gat-Yablonski G., Shtaif B., and Phillip M. Leptin stimulates parathyroid hormone related peptide expression in the endochondral growth plate. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 20 11 (2007) 1215-1222
51. Grisaru-Granovsky S., Samueloff A., and Elstein D. The role of leptin in fetal growth: a short review from conception to delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 136 2 (2008) 146-150
52. Apter D. The role of leptin in female adolescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 997 (2003) 64-76
53. Maqsood A.R., Trueman J.A., Whatmore A.J., et al. The relationship between nocturnal urinary leptin and gonadotrophins as children progress towards puberty. Horm Res 68 5 (2007) 225-230
54. Steppan C.M., Crawford D.T., Chidsey-Frink K.L., et al. Leptin is a potent stimulator of bone growth in ob/ob mice. Regul Pept 92 1-3 (2000) 73-78
55. Iwaniec U.T., Boghossian S., Lapke P.D., et al. Central leptin gene therapy corrects skeletal abnormalities in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Peptides 28 5 (2007) 1012-1019
56. Jin L., Burguera B.G., Couce M.E., et al. Leptin and leptin receptor expression in normal and neoplastic human pituitary: evidence of a regulatory role for leptin on pituitary cell proliferation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 8 (1999) 2903-2911
57. Accorsi P.A., Munno A., Gamberoni M., et al. Role of leptin on growth hormone and prolactin secretion by bovine pituitary explants. J Dairy Sci 90 4 (2007) 1683-1691
58. Clement K., Vaisse C., Lahlou N., et al. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 392 6674 (1998) 398-401
59. Luque R.M., Huang Z.H., Shah B., et al. Effects of leptin replacement on hypothalamic-pituitary growth hormone axis function and circulating ghrelin levels in ob/ob mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292 3 (2007) E891-E899
60. Kume K., Satomura K., Nishisho S., et al. Potential role of leptin in endochondral ossification. J Histochem Cytochem 50 2 (2002) 159-169
61. Maor G., Rochwerger M., Segev Y., et al. Leptin acts as a growth factor on the chondrocytes of skeletal growth centers. J Bone Miner Res 17 6 (2002) 1034-1043
62. Nakajima R., Inada H., Koike T., et al. Effects of leptin to cultured growth plate chondrocytes. Horm Res 60 2 (2003) 91-98
63. Ben-Eliezer M., Phillip M., and Gat-Yablonski G. Leptin regulates chondrogenic differentiation in ATDC5 cell-line through JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways. Endocrine 32 2 (2007) 235-244
64. Martin A., David V., Malaval L., et al. Opposite effects of leptin on bone metabolism: a dose-dependent balance related to energy intake and insulin-like growth factor-I pathway. Endocrinology 148 7 (2007) 3419-3425
65. Carro E., Senaris R., Considine R.V., et al. Regulation of in vivo growth hormone secretion by leptin. Endocrinology 138 5 (1997) 2203-2206
66. LaPaglia N., Steiner J., Kirsteins L., et al. Leptin alters the response of the growth hormone releasing factor-growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I axis to fasting. J Endocrinol 159 1 (1998) 79-83
67. Underwood L.E., Clemmons D.R., Maes M., et al. Regulation of somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I by nutrients. Horm Res 24 2-3 (1986) 166-176
68. Farooqi I.S., Keogh J.M., Kamath S., et al. Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity. Nature 414 6859 (2001) 34-35
69. Schwartz M.W., Woods S.C., Porte Jr. D., et al. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404 6778 (2000) 661-671
70. Baumeister F.A., Engelsberger I., and Schulze A. Pancreatic agenesis as cause for neonatal diabetes mellitus. Klin Padiatr 217 2 (2005) 76-81
71. Taylor S.I. Lilly Lecture: molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance. Lessons from patients with mutations in the insulin-receptor gene. Diabetes 41 11 (1992) 1473-1490
72. Krook A., and O'Rahilly S. Mutant insulin receptors in syndromes of insulin resistance. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 10 1 (1996) 97-122
73. Hattersley A.T., Beards F., Ballantyne E., et al. Mutations in the glucokinase gene of the fetus result in reduced birth weight. Nat Genet 19 3 (1998) 268-270
74. Rosenfeld R., and Cohen P. Disorders of growth hormone/insulin like growth factor secretion and action in pediatric endocrinology. In: Sperling M. (Ed). Pediatric endocrinology (2002), Saunders, Philadelphia 211-288
75. Kar B.R., Rao S.L., and Chandramouli B.A. Cognitive development in children with chronic protein energy malnutrition. Behav Brain Funct 4 (2008) 31-42
76. Soliman A.T., ElZalabany M.M., Salama M., et al. Serum leptin concentrations during severe protein-energy malnutrition: correlation with growth parameters and endocrine function. Metabolism 49 7 (2000) 819-825
77. Kilic M., Taskin E., Ustundag B., et al. The evaluation of serum leptin level and other hormonal parameters in children with severe malnutrition. Clin Biochem 37 5 (2004) 382-387
78. Torun B., and Chew F. Protein energy malnutrition. In: Shils M.E., Olson J., Shike M., and Ross C. (Eds). Modern nutrition in health and disease. 8th edition (1994), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 950-966
79. Zadik Z., Sinai T., Zung A., et al. Effect of nutrition on growth in short stature before and during growth-hormone therapy. Pediatrics 116 1 (2005) 68-72
80. Favaro A., Tenconi E., Degortes D., et al. Association between low height and eating disorders: cause or effect?. Int J Eat Disord 40 6 (2007) 549-553
81. Pugliese M.T., Lifshitz F., Grad G., et al. Fear of obesity. A cause of short stature and delayed puberty. N Engl J Med 309 9 (1983) 513-518
82. Danziger Y., Mukamel M., Zeharia A., et al. Stunting of growth in anorexia nervosa during the prepubertal and pubertal period. Isr J Med Sci 30 8 (1994) 581-584
83. Modan-Moses D., Yaroslavsky A., Novikov I., et al. Stunting of growth as a major feature of anorexia nervosa in male adolescents. Pediatrics 111 2 (2003) 270-276
84. Swenne I. Weight requirements for catch-up growth in girls with eating disorders and onset of weight loss before menarche. Int J Eat Disord 38 4 (2005) 340-345
85. Prabhakaran R., Misra M., Miller K.K., et al. Determinants of height in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Pediatrics 121 6 (2008) e1517-e1523
86. Misra M., Prabhakaran R., Miller K.K., et al. Weight gain and restoration of menses as predictors of bone mineral density change in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa-1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 4 (2008) 1231-1237
87. Srinivas V., Bohensky J., and Shapiro I.M. Autophagy: a new phase in the maturation of growth plate chondrocytes is regulated by HIF, mTOR and AMP kinase. Cells Tissues Organs 189 1-4 (2009) 88-92
88. Han E.S., and Hickey M. Microarray evaluation of dietary restriction. J Nutr 135 6 (2005) 1343-1346
89. Schipani E., Ryan H.E., Didrickson S., et al. Hypoxia in cartilage: HIF-1alpha is essential for chondrocyte growth arrest and survival. Genes Dev 15 21 (2001) 2865-2876
90. Schipani E. Hypoxia and HIF-1 alpha in chondrogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 16 4-5 (2005) 539-546
91. Tokunaga C., Yoshino K., and Yonezawa K. mTOR integrates amino acid- and energy-sensing pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 313 2 (2004) 443-446
92. Kim D.H., Sarbassov D.D., Ali S.M., et al. mTOR interacts with raptor to form a nutrient-sensitive complex that signals to the cell growth machinery. Cell 110 2 (2002) 163-175
93. Kim D.H., Sarbassov D.D., Ali S.M., et al. GbetaL, a positive regulator of the rapamycin-sensitive pathway required for the nutrient-sensitive interaction between raptor and mTOR. Mol Cell 11 4 (2003) 895-904
94. Wullschleger S., Loewith R., and Hall M.N. TOR signaling in growth and metabolism. Cell 124 3 (2006) 471-484
95. Sarbassov D.D., Ali S.M., Kim D.H., et al. Rictor, a novel binding partner of mTOR, defines a rapamycin-insensitive and raptor-independent pathway that regulates the cytoskeleton. Curr Biol 14 14 (2004) 1296-1302
96. Frias M.A., Thoreen C.C., Jaffe J.D., et al. mSin1 is necessary for Akt/PKB phosphorylation, and its isoforms define three distinct mTORC2s. Curr Biol 16 18 (2006) 1865-1870
97. Hay N., and Sonenberg N. Upstream and downstream of mTOR. Genes Dev 18 16 (2004) 1926-1945
98. Pullen N., and Thomas G. The modular phosphorylation and activation of p70s6k. FEBS Lett 410 1 (1997) 78-82
99. Saitoh M., Pullen N., Brennan P., et al. Regulation of an activated S6 kinase 1 variant reveals a novel mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation site. J Biol Chem 277 22 (2002) 20104-20112
100. Backer J.M. The regulation and function of Class III PI3Ks: novel roles for Vps34. Biochem J 410 1 (2008) 1-17
101. Phornphutkul C., Wu K.Y., Auyeung V., et al. mTOR signaling contributes to chondrocyte differentiation. Dev Dyn 237 3 (2008) 702-712
102. Klionsky D.J. The correct way to monitor autophagy in higher eukaryotes [comment]. Autophagy 1 2 (2005) 65
103. Levine B., and Klionsky D.J. Development by self-digestion: molecular mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy. Dev Cell 6 4 (2004) 463-477
104. Byfield M.P., Murray J.T., and Backer J.M. hVps34 is a nutrient-regulated lipid kinase required for activation of p70 S6 kinase. J Biol Chem 280 38 (2005) 33076-33082
105. Srinivas V., and Shapiro I.M. Chondrocytes embedded in the epiphyseal growth plates of long bones undergo autophagy prior to the induction of osteogenesis. Autophagy 2 3 (2006) 215-216
106. Savabi F. Interaction of creatine kinase and adenylate kinase systems in muscle cells. Mol Cell Biochem 133-134 (1994) 145-152
107. Kanfi Y., Peshti V., Gozlan Y.M., et al. Regulation of SIRT1 protein levels by nutrient availability. FEBS Lett 582 16 (2008) 2417-2423
108. Kanfi Y., Shalman R., Peshti V., et al. Regulation of SIRT6 protein levels by nutrient availability. FEBS Lett 582 5 (2008) 543-548
109. Picard F., Kurtev M., Chung N., et al. Sirt1 promotes fat mobilization in white adipocytes by repressing PPAR-gamma. Nature 429 6993 (2004) 771-776
110. Rodgers J.T., Lerin C., Haas W., et al. Nutrient control of glucose homeostasis through a complex of PGC-1alpha and SIRT1. Nature 434 7029 (2005) 113-118
111. Nemoto S., Fergusson M.M., and Finkel T. Nutrient availability regulates SIRT1 through a forkhead-dependent pathway. Science 306 5704 (2004) 2105-2108
112. Jing E., Gesta S., and Kahn C.R. SIRT2 regulates adipocyte differentiation through FoxO1 acetylation/deacetylation. Cell Metab 6 2 (2007) 105-114
113. Cheng H.L., Mostoslavsky R., Saito S., et al. Developmental defects and p53 hyperacetylation in Sir2 homolog (SIRT1)-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 19 (2003) 10794-10799
114. Mostoslavsky R., Chua K.F., Lombard D.B., et al. Genomic instability and aging-like phenotype in the absence of mammalian SIRT6. Cell 124 2 (2006) 315-329
115. Chen K., and Rajewsky N. The evolution of gene regulation by transcription factors and microRNAs. Nat Rev Genet 8 2 (2007) 93-103
116. He L., and Hannon G.J. MicroRNAs: small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation. Nat Rev Genet 5 7 (2004) 522-531
117. Saini H.K., Griffiths-Jones S., and Enright A.J. Genomic analysis of human microRNA transcripts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 45 (2007) 17719-17724
118. Ruvkun G., Wightman B., and Ha I. The 20 years it took to recognize the importance of tiny RNAs. Cell 116 Suppl 2 (2004) S93-S96 92 p following S96
119. Esau C., Kang X., Peralta E., et al. MicroRNA-143 regulates adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 279 50 (2004) 52361-52365
120. Lovis P., Gattesco S., and Regazzi R. Regulation of the expression of components of the exocytotic machinery of insulin-secreting cells by microRNAs. Biol Chem 389 3 (2008) 305-312
121. Krutzfeldt J., and Stoffel M. MicroRNAs: a new class of regulatory genes affecting metabolism. Cell Metab 4 1 (2006) 9-12
122. McManus M.T. MicroRNAs and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 13 4 (2003) 253-258
123. Wilson A.J., Byun D.S., Nasser S., et al. HDAC4 promotes growth of colon cancer cells via repression of p21. Mol Biol Cell 19 10 (2008) 4062-4075
124. Poy M.N., Eliasson L., Krutzfeldt J., et al. A pancreatic islet-specific microRNA regulates insulin secretion. Nature 432 7014 (2004) 226-230
125. Wienholds E., Kloosterman W.P., Miska E., et al. MicroRNA expression in zebrafish embryonic development. Science 309 5732 (2005) 310-311
126. Tuddenham L., Wheeler G., Ntounia-Fousara S., et al. The cartilage specific microRNA-140 targets histone deacetylase 4 in mouse cells. FEBS Lett 580 17 (2006) 4214-4217
127. Eberhart J.K., He X., Swartz M.E., et al. MicroRNA Mirn140 modulates Pdgf signaling during palatogenesis. Nat Genet 40 3 (2008) 290-298
128. Hornstein E., Mansfield J.H., Yekta S., et al. The microRNA miR-196 acts upstream of Hoxb8 and Shh in limb development. Nature 438 7068 (2005) 671-674
129. Harfe B.D., McManus M.T., Mansfield J.H., et al. The RNaseIII enzyme Dicer is required for morphogenesis but not patterning of the vertebrate limb. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 31 (2005) 10898-10903
130. Kobayashi T., Lu J., Cobb B.S., et al. Dicer-dependent pathways regulate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 6 (2008) 1949-1954
131. Boyan B.D., and Schwartz Z. Rapid vitamin D-dependent PKC signaling shares features with estrogen-dependent PKC signaling in cartilage and bone. Steroids 69 8-9 (2004) 591-597
132. Schwartz Z., Sylvia V.L., Luna M.H., et al. The effect of 24R,25-(OH) (2)D(3) on protein kinase C activity in chondrocytes is mediated by phospholipase D whereas the effect of 1alpha,25 (OH) (2)D(3) is mediated by phospholipase C. Steroids 66 9 (2001) 683-694
133. Jurutka P.W., Bartik L., Whitfield G.K., et al. Vitamin D receptor: key roles in bone mineral pathophysiology, molecular mechanism of action, and novel nutritional ligands. J Bone Miner Res 22 Suppl 2 (2007) V2-10
134. d'Alesio A., Garabedian M., Sabatier J.P., et al. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human vitamin D receptor promoter change protein-DNA complex formation and are associated with height and vitamin D status in adolescent girls. Hum Mol Genet 14 22 (2005) 3539-3548
135. Djakoure C., Guibourdenche J., Porquet D., et al. Vitamin A and retinoic acid stimulate within minutes cAMP release and growth hormone secretion in human pituitary cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 8 (1996) 3123-3126
136. De Luca F., Uyeda J.A., Mericq V., et al. Retinoic acid is a potent regulator of growth plate chondrogenesis. Endocrinology 141 1 (2000) 346-353
137. Kurugol Z., Egemen A., Keskinoglu P., et al. Vitamin A deficiency in healthy children aged 6-59 months in Izmir Province of Turkey. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 14 1 (2000) 64-69
138. Fuchs G.J., Ausayakhun S., Ruckphaopunt S., et al. Relationship between vitamin A deficiency, malnutrition, and conjunctival impression cytology. Am J Clin Nutr 60 2 (1994) 293-298
139. Fawzi W.W., Herrera M.G., Willett W.C., et al. Dietary vitamin A intake in relation to child growth. Epidemiology 8 4 (1997) 402-407
140. Bhandari N., Bahl R., and Taneja S. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on linear growth of children. Br J Nutr 85 Suppl 2 (2001) S131-S137
141. Ramakrishnan U., Aburto N., McCabe G., et al. Multimicronutrient interventions but not vitamin A or iron interventions alone improve child growth: results of 3 meta-analyses. J Nutr 134 10 (2004) 2592-2602
142. Sagazio A., Piantedosi R., Alba M., et al. Vitamin A deficiency does not influence longitudinal growth in mice. Nutrition 23 6 (2007) 483-488
143. Brown K.H., Peerson J.M., Rivera J., et al. Effect of supplemental zinc on the growth and serum zinc concentrations of prepubertal children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 75 6 (2002) 1062-1071
144. Hakimi S.M., Hashemi F., Valaeei N., et al. The effect of supplemental zinc on the height and weight percentiles of children. Arch Iran Med 9 2 (2006) 148-152
145. Gibson R.S., Manger M.S., Krittaphol W., et al. Does zinc deficiency play a role in stunting among primary school children in NE Thailand?. Br J Nutr 97 1 (2007) 167-175
146. Imamoglu S., Bereket A., Turan S., et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on growth hormone secretion, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, somatomedin generation, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and growth in prepubertal children with idiopathic short stature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 18 1 (2005) 69-74
147. Hershkovitz E., Printzman L., Segev Y., et al. Zinc supplementation increases the level of serum insulin-like growth factor-I but does not promote growth in infants with nonorganic failure to thrive. Horm Res 52 4 (1999) 200-204
148. Cole C.R., and Lifshitz F. Zinc nutrition and growth retardation. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 5 4 (2008) 889-896
149. Yu X.D., Yan C.H., Yu X.G., et al. [Effect of zinc deficiency on femoral pathological and morphological changes in growth-term rats]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 34 2 (2005) 178-180 [in Chinese]
150. Haeusler G., Walter I., Helmreich M., et al. Localization of matrix metalloproteinases, (MMPs) their tissue inhibitors, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in growth plates of children and adolescents indicates a role for MMPs in human postnatal growth and skeletal maturation. Calcif Tissue Int 76 5 (2005) 326-335
151. Holmbeck K., Bianco P., Caterina J., et al. MT1-MMP-deficient mice develop dwarfism, osteopenia, arthritis, and connective tissue disease due to inadequate collagen turnover. Cell 99 1 (1999) 81-92
152. Lin R., Amizuk N., Sasaki T., et al. 1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 promotes vascularization of the chondro-osseous junction by stimulating expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase 9. J Bone Miner Res 17 9 (2002) 1604-1612
153. Owen G.M., Lubin A.H., and Garry P.J. Preschool children in the United States: who has iron deficiency?. J Pediatr 79 4 (1971) 563-568
154. Rao K.V., Radhaiah G., and Raju S.V. Association of growth status and the prevalence of anaemia in preschool children. Indian J Med Res 71 (1980) 237-246
155. Beard J., Haas J., and Gomez L.H. The relationship of nutritional status to oxygen transport and growth in highland Bolivian children. Hum Biol 55 1 (1983) 151-164
156. Lawless J.W., Latham M.C., Stephenson L.S., et al. Iron supplementation improves appetite and growth in anemic Kenyan primary school children. J Nutr 124 5 (1994) 645-654
157. Sachdev H., Gera T., and Nestel P. Effect of iron supplementation on physical growth in children: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Public Health Nutr 9 7 (2006) 904-920
158. Perrone L., Salerno M., Gialanella G., et al. Long-term zinc and iron supplementation in children of short stature: effect of growth and on trace element content in tissues. J Trace Elem Med Biol 13 1-2 (1999) 51-56
159. Fahmida U., Rumawas J.S., Utomo B., et al. Zinc-iron, but not zinc- alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 16 2 (2007) 301-309
160. Rosado J.L., Lopez P., Munoz E., et al. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr 65 1 (1997) 13-19
161. Beckett C., Durnin J.V., Aitchison T.C., et al. Effects of an energy and micronutrient supplement on anthropometry in undernourished children in Indonesia. Eur J Clin Nutr 54 Suppl 2 (2000) S52-S59
162. Sandstead H.H., Penland J.G., Alcock N.W., et al. Effects of repletion with zinc and other micronutrients on neuropsychologic performance and growth of Chinese children. Am J Clin Nutr 68 Suppl 2 (1998) 470S-475S
163. Rosado J.L. Separate and joint effects of micronutrient deficiencies on linear growth. J Nutr 129 Suppl 2S (1999) 531S-533S
164. Rivera J.A., Gonzalez-Cossio T., Flores M., et al. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr 74 5 (2001) 657-663
165. Ash D.M., Tatala S.R., Frongillo Jr. E.A., et al. Randomized efficacy trial of a micronutrient-fortified beverage in primary school children in Tanzania. Am J Clin Nutr 77 4 (2003) 891-898
166. Abrams S.A., Mushi A., Hilmers D.C., et al. A multinutrient-fortified beverage enhances the nutritional status of children in Botswana. J Nutr 133 6 (2003) 1834-1840
167. Lartey A., Manu A., Brown K.H., et al. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr 70 3 (1999) 391-404
168. Liu D.S., Bates C.J., Yin T.A., et al. Nutritional efficacy of a fortified weaning rusk in a rural area near Beijing. Am J Clin Nutr 57 4 (1993) 506-511
169. Allen L.H., Backstrand J.R., Stanek III E.J., et al. The interactive effects of dietary quality on the growth and attained size of young Mexican children. Am J Clin Nutr 56 2 (1992) 353-364
170. Takahashi E. Secular trend in milk consumption and growth in Japan. Hum Biol 56 3 (1984) 427-437
171. Baker I.A., Elwood P.C., Hughes J., et al. A randomised controlled trial of the effect of the provision of free school milk on the growth of children. J Epidemiol Community Health 34 1 (1980) 31-34
172. Du X., Zhu K., Trube A., et al. School-milk intervention trial enhances growth and bone mineral accretion in Chinese girls aged 10-12 years in Beijing. Br J Nutr 92 1 (2004) 159-168
173. Berkey C.S., Rockett H.R., Willett W.C., et al. Milk, dairy fat, dietary calcium, and weight gain: a longitudinal study of adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159 6 (2005) 543-550
174. Black R.E., Williams S.M., Jones I.E., et al. Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health. Am J Clin Nutr 76 3 (2002) 675-680
175. Wiley A.S. Does milk make children grow? Relationships between milk consumption and height in NHANES 1999-2002. Am J Human Biol 17 4 (2005) 425-441
176. Cook J., Irwig L.M., Chinn S., et al. The influence of availability of free school milk on the height of children in England and Scotland. J Epidemiol Community Health 33 3 (1979) 171-176
177. Rona R.J., and Chinn S. School meals, school milk and height of primary school children in England and Scotland in the eighties. J Epidemiol Community Health 43 1 (1989) 66-71
178. Cadogan J., Eastell R., Jones N., et al. Milk intake and bone mineral acquisition in adolescent girls: randomised, controlled intervention trial. BMJ 315 7118 (1997) 1255-1260
179. Hoppe C., Molgaard C., Juul A., et al. High intakes of skimmed milk, but not meat, increase serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in eight-year-old boys. Eur J Clin Nutr 58 9 (2004) 1211-1216
180. Hoppe C., Udam T.R., Lauritzen L., et al. Animal protein intake, serum insulin-like growth factor I, and growth in healthy 2.5-y-old Danish children. Am J Clin Nutr 80 2 (2004) 447-452
181. Hoppe C., Molgaard C., Thomsen B.L., et al. Protein intake at 9 mo of age is associated with body size but not with body fat in 10-y-old Danish children. Am J Clin Nutr 79 3 (2004) 494-501