Angiogenesis in gliomas

Recent Results in Cancer Research

Volumn 171, Issue , 2009, Pages 193-215

  MacHein, Marcia ^a   De Miguel, Lourdes Sánchez ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFLIBERCEPT; ANGIOPOIETIN 2; ANGIOSTATIN; BEVACIZUMAB; CARMUSTINE; CEDIRANIB; CILENGITIDE; ENDOSTATIN; ENZASTAURIN; FUMAGILLOL CHLOROACETYLCARBAMATE; IMATINIB; INCYCLINIDE; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; IRINOTECAN; MARIMASTAT; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR; METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE INHIBITOR; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR; PRINOMASTAT; PROLACTIN; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; THALIDOMIDE; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4; THROMBOSPONDIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANDETANIB; VATALANIB; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANGIOPOIETIN; DLL4 PROTEIN, HUMAN; SEMAPHORIN; SIGNAL PEPTIDE; VASCULOTROPIN A; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; GLIOBLASTOMA; GLIOMA; HUMAN; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; TUMOR GROWTH; VASCULARIZATION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); PHYSIOLOGY;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANGIOPOIETINS; GLIOMA; HUMANS; INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; RECEPTORS, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR; SEMAPHORINS; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 67449104606     PISSN: 00800015     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-31206-2_12     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Acker T, Diez-Juan A, Aragones J, Tjwa M, Brusselmans K, Moons L, Fukumura D, Moreno- Murciano MP, Herbert JM, Burger A, Riedel J, Elvert G, Flamme I, Maxwell PH, Collen D, Dewerchin M, Jain RK, Plate KH, Carmeliet P (2005) Genetic evidence for a tumor suppressor role of HIF-2alpha. Cancer Cell. 8:131-141
2. Adini A, Kornaga T, Firoozbakht F, Benjamin LE (2002) Placental growth factor is a survival factor for tumor endothelial cells and macrophages. Cancer Res. 62 2749-2752
3. Albini A, Noonan D, Santi L (1999) Angiogenesis at the interface between basic and clinical research. Int J Biol Markers 14:202-206
4. Arrieta O, Guevara P, Tamariz J, Rembao D, Rivera E, Sotelo J (2002) Antiproliferative effect of thalidomide alone and combined with carmustine against C6 rat glioma. Int J Exp Pathol 83:99-104
5. Audero E, Cascone I, Zanon I, Previtali SC, Piva R, Schiffer D, Bussolino F (2001) Expression of angiopoietin-1 in human glioblastomas regulates tumor-induced angiogenesis: in vivo and in vitro studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21:536-541
6. Augustin HG, Reiss Y (2003) EphB receptors and ephrinB ligands: regulators of vascular assembly and homeostasis. Cell Tissue Res 314:25-31
7. Bao S, Wu Q, Sathornsumetee S, Hao Y, Li Z, Hjelmeland AB, Shi Q, McLendon RE, Bigner DD, Rich JN (2006) Stem cell-like glioma cells promote tumor angiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factor. Cancer Res 66:7843-7848
8. Batchelor TT, Sorensen AG, di Tomaso E, Zhang WT, Duda DG, Cohen KS, Kozak KR, Cahill DP, Chen PJ, Zhu M, Ancukiewicz M, Mrugala MM, Plotkin S, Drappatz J, Louis DN, Ivy P, Scadden DT, Benner T, Loeffler JS, Wen PY, Jain RK (2007) AZD2171, a pan-VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, normalizes tumor vasculature and alleviates edema in glioblastoma patients. Cancer Cell 11:83-95
9. Baumann F, Bjeljac M, Kollias SS, Baumert BG, Brandner S, Rousson V, Yonekawa Y, Bernays RL (2004) Combined thalidomide and temozolomide treatment in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 67:191-200
10. Bello L, Francolini M, Marthyn P, Zhang J, Carroll RS, Nikas DC, Strasser JF, Villani R, Cheresh DA, Black PM (2001) Alpha(v)beta3 and alpha(v)beta5 integrin expression in glioma periphery. Neurosurgery 49:380-389
11. Benedito R, Duarte A (2005) Expression of Dll4 during mouse embryogenesis suggests multiple developmental roles. Gene Expr Patterns 5:750-755
12. Benny O, Fainaru O, Adini A, Cassiola F, Bazinet L, Adini I, Pravda E, Nahmias Y, Koirala S, Corfas G, D'Amato RJ, Folkman J (2008) An orally delivered small-molecule formulation with antiangiogenic and anticancer activity. Nat Biotechnol 26(7):799-807
13. Bian XW, Du LL, Shi JQ, Cheng YS, Liu FX (2000) Correlation of bFGF, FGFR-1 and VEGF expression with vascularity and malignancy of human astrocytomas. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 22:267-274
14. Board R, Jayson GC (2005) Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR): a target for anticancer therapeutics. Drug Resist Updat 8:75-83
15. Brat DJ, Bellail AC, Van Meir EG (2005) The role of interleukin-8 and its receptors in gliomagenesis and tumoral angiogenesis. Neurooncol 7:122-133
16. Breier G, Blum S, Peli J, Groot M, Wild C, Risau W, Reichmann E (2002) Transforming growth factorbeta and Ras regulate the VEGF/VEGF-receptor system during tumor angiogenesis. Int J Cancer 97:142-148
17. Broholm H, Laursen H (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor neuropilin-1's distribution in astrocytic tumors. APMIS 112:257-263
18. Brooks PC, Silletti S, von Schalscha TL, Friedlander M, Cheresh DA (1998) Disruption of angiogenesis by PEX, a noncatalytic metalloproteinase fragment with integrin binding activity. Cell 92:391-400
19. Burger PC, Fuller GN (1991) Pathology-trends and pitfalls in histologic diagnosis, immunopathology, and applications of oncogene research. Neurol Clin 9:249-271
20. Carmeliet P, Jain RK (2000) Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 407:249-257
21. Carmeliet P, Moons L, Luttun A, Vincenti V, Compernolle V, De Mol M, Wu Y, Bono F, Devy L, Beck H, Scholz D, Acker T, DiPalma T, Dewerchin M, Noel A, Stalmans I, Barra A, Blacher S, Vandendriessche T, Ponten A, Eriksson U, Plate KH, Foidart JM, Schaper W, Charnock-Jones DS, Hicklin DJ, Herbert JM, Collen D, Persico MG (2001) Synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor contributes to angiogenesis and plasma extravasation in pathological conditions. Nat Med 7:575-583
22. Carmeliet P, Tessier-Lavigne M (2005) Common mechanisms of nerve and blood vessel wiring. Nature 436:193-200
23. Chang SM, Lamborn KR, Malec M, Larson D, Wara W, Sneed P, Rabbitt J, Page M, Nicholas MK, Prados MD (2004) Phase II study of temozolomide and thalidomide with radiation therapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60:353-357
24. Cheng N, Brantley DM, Chen J (2002) The ephrins and Eph receptors in angiogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 13:75-85
25. Cirulli V, Yebra M (2007) Netrins: beyond the brain. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:296-306
26. Clauss M, Weich H, Breier G, Knies U, Rockl W, Waltenberger J, Risau W (1996) The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor Flt-1 mediates biological activities. Implications for a functional role of placenta growth factor in monocyte activation and chemotaxis. J Biol Chem 271:17629-17634
27. Cohen MH (2000) Thalidomide in the treatment of high-grade gliomas. J Clin Oncol 18:3453
28. Correa RG, Sasahara RM, Bengtson MH, Katayama ML, Salim AC, Brentani MM, Sogayar MC, de Souza SJ, Simpson AJ (2001) Human semaphorin 6B [(HSA)SEMA6B], a novel human class 6 semaphorin gene: alternative splicing and all-trans-retinoic acid-dependent downregulation in glioblastoma cell lines. Genomics 73:343-348
29. D'Amato RJ, Loughnan MS, Flynn E, Folkman J (1994) Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:4082-4085
30. Dai C, Celestino JC, Okada Y, Louis DN, Fuller GN, Holland EC (2001) PDGF autocrine stimulation dedifferentiates cultured astrocytes and induces oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas from neural progenitors and astrocytes in vivo. Genes Dev 15:1913-1925
31. Dallol A, Krex D, Hesson L, Eng C, Maher ER, Latif F (2003) Frequent epigenetic inactivation of the SLIT2 gene in gliomas. Oncogene 22:4611-4616
32. Damert A, Machein M, Breier G, Fujita MQ, Hanahan D, Risau W, Plate KH (1997) Up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in a rat glioma is conferred by two distinct hypoxiadriven mechanisms. Cancer Res 57:3860-3864
33. Desbaillets I, Diserens AC, de Tribolet N, Hamou MF, Van Meir EG (1999) Regulation of interleukin-8 expression by reduced oxygen pressure in human glioblastoma. Oncogene 18:1447-1456
34. Drevs J, Laus C, Medinger M, Schmidt-Gersbach C, Unger C (2002) Antiangiogenesis: current clinical data and future perspectives. Onkologie 25:520-527
35. Duda DG (2006) Antiangiogenesis and drug delivery to tumors: bench to bedside and back. Cancer Res 66:3967-3970
36. Dunn IF, Heese O, Black PM (2000) Growth factors in glioma angiogenesis: FGFs, PDGF, EGF, and TGFs. J Neurooncol 50:121-137
37. Erber R, Eichelsbacher U, Powajbo V, Korn T, Djonov V, Lin J, Hammes HP, Grobholz R, Ullrich A, Vajkoczy P (2006) EphB4 controls blood vascular morphogenesis during postnatal angiogenesis. EMBO J 25:628-641
38. Fearon ER, Cho KR, Nigro JM, Kern SE, Simons JW, Ruppert JM, Hamilton SR, Preisinger AC, Thomas G, Kinzler KW, (1990) Identification of a chromosome 18q gene that is altered in colorectal cancers. Science 247:49-56
39. Fenton BM, Paoni SF, Ding I (2004) Effect of VEGF receptor-2 antibody on vascular function and oxygenation in spontaneous and transplanted tumors. Radiother Oncol 72:221-230
40. Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J (2003) The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 9:669-676
41. Fiedler U, Augustin HG (2006) Angiopoietins: a link between angiogenesis and inflammation. Trends Immunol 27:552-558
42. Fine HA, Figg WD, Jaeckle K, Wen PY, Kyritsis AP, Loeffler JS, Levin VA, Black PM, Kaplan R, Pluda JM, Yung WK (2000) Phase II trial of the antiangiogenic agent thalidomide in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. J Clin Oncol 18:708-715
43. Fine HA, Wen PY, Maher EA, Viscosi E, Batchelor T, Lakhani N, Figg WD, Purow BW, Borkowf CB (2003) Phase II trial of thalidomide and carmustine for patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. J Clin Oncol 21:2299-2304
44. Fischer C, Jonckx B, Mazzone M, Zacchigna S, Loges S, Pattarini L, Chorianopoulos E, Liesenborghs L, Koch M, De Mol M, Autiero M, Wyns S, Plaisance S, Moons L, van Rooijen N, Giacca M, Stassen JM, Dewerchin M, Collen D, Carmeliet P (2007) Anti-PlGF inhibits growth of VEGF(R)-inhibitor-resistant tumors without affecting healthy vessels. Cell 131:463-475
45. Folkman J (1985) Tumor angiogenesis. Adv Cancer Res 43:175-203
46. Folkman J (1996) Endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis. Harvey Lect. 92:65-82
47. Forcet C, Stein E, Pays L, Corset V, Llambi F, Tessier-Lavigne M, Mehlen P (2002) Netrin-1-mediated axon outgrowth requires deleted in colorectal cancerdependent MAPK activation. Nature 417:443-447
48. Gale NW, Dominguez MG, Noguera I, Pan L, Hughes V, Valenzuela DM, Murphy AJ, Adams NC, Lin HC, Holash J, Thurston G, Yancopoulos GD (2004) Haploinsufficiency of delta-like 4 ligand results in embryonic lethality due to major defects in arterial and vascular development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:15949-15954
49. Goldbrunner RH, Bendszus M, Wood J, Kiderlen M, Sasaki M, Tonn JC (2004) PTK787/ZK222584, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, decreases glioma growth and vascularization. Neurosurgery 55:426-432
50. Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J, Jiang H, Glass TL, Lee HY, Hu M, Liu JL, Jasti SL, Liu TJ, Conrad CA, Yung WK (2003) Mechanisms underlying PTEN regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis. Ann Neurol 53:109-117
51. Grau SJ, Trillsch F, Herms J, Thon N, Nelson PJ, Tonn JC, Goldbrunner R (2007) Expression of VEGFR3 in glioma endothelium correlates with tumor grade. J Neurooncol 82:141-150
52. Gridley T (2007) Notch signaling in vascular development and physiology. Development 134:2709-2718
53. Groves MD, Puduvalli VK, Conrad CA, Gilbert MR, Yung WK, Jaeckle K, Liu V, Hess KR, Aldape KD, Levin VA (2006) Phase II trial of temozolomide plus marimastat for recurrent anaplastic gliomas: A relationship among efficacy, joint toxicity and anticonvulsant status. J Neurooncol 80:83-90
54. Guan M, Pang CP, Yam HF, Cheung KF, Liu WW, Lu Y (2004) Inhibition of glioma invasion by overexpression of pigment epithelium-derived factor. Cancer Gene Ther 11:325-332
55. Heidenreich R, Machein M, Nicolaus A, Hilbig A, Wild C, Clauss M, Plate KH, Breier G (2004) Inhibition of solid tumor growth by gene transfer of VEGF receptor-1 mutants. Int J Cancer 111:348-357
56. Holash J, Maisonpierre PC, Compton D, Boland P, Alexander CR, Zagzag D, Yancopoulos GD, Wiegand SJ (1999) Vessel cooption, regression, and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Science 284:1994-1998
57. Hong K, Hinck L, Nishiyama M, Poo MM, Tessier- Lavigne M, Stein E (1999) A ligand-gated association between cytoplasmic domains of UNC5 and DCC family receptors converts netrininduced growth cone attraction to repulsion. Cell 97:927-941
58. Hu B, Guo P, Fang Q, Tao HQ, Wang D, Nagane M, Huang HJ, Gunji Y, Nishikawa R, Alitalo K, Cavenee WK, Cheng SY (2003) Angiopoietin-2 induces human glioma invasion through the activation of matrix metalloprotease-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8904-8909
59. Izumi Y, di Tomaso E, Hooper A, Huang P, Huber J, Hicklin DJ, Fukumura D, Jain RK, Suit HD (2003) Responses to antiangiogenesis treatment of spontaneous autochthonous tumors and their isografts. Cancer Res 63:747-751
60. Jain RK (2005) Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science 307:58-62
61. Jain RK, di Tomaso E, Duda DG, Loeffler JS, Sorensen AG, Batchelor TT (2007) Angiogenesis in brain tumours. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:610-622
62. Jain RK, Duda DG, Clark JW, Loeffler JS (2006) Lessons from phase III clinical trials on anti-VEGF therapy for cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 3:24-40
63. Janson, ET, Oberg K (2002) Malignant neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Chemother. Biol Response Modif 20:463-470
64. Jeffers M, Rong S, Woude GF (1996) Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-Met signaling in tumorigenicity and invasion/metastasis. J Mol Med 74:505-513
65. Jenny B, Harrison JA, Baetens D, Tille JC, Burkhardt K, Mottaz H, Kiss JZ, Dietrich PY, de Tribolet N, Pizzolato GP, Pepper MS (2006) Expression and localization of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in glioblastomas and haemangioblastomas. J Pathol 209:34-43
66. Jouanneau E (2008) Angiogenesis and gliomas: current issues and development of surrogate markers. Neurosurgery 62:31-50
67. Kabrun N, Buhring HJ, Choi K, Ullrich A, Risau W, Keller G (1997) Flk-1 expression defines a population of early embryonic hematopoietic precursors. Development 124:2039-2048
68. Kaminska B, Wesolowska A, Danilkiewicz M (2005) TGF beta signalling and its role in tumour pathogenesis. Acta Biochim Pol 52:329-337
69. Kaur B, Khwaja FW, Severson EA, Matheny SL, Brat DJ, Van Meir EG (2005) Hypoxia and the hypoxiainducible- factor pathway in glioma growth and angiogenesis. Neurooncol 7:134-153
70. Kazuno M, Tokunaga T, Oshika Y, Tanaka Y, Tsugane R, Kijima H, Yamazaki H, Ueyama Y, Nakamura M (1999) Thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) expression is inversely correlated with vascularity in glioma. Eur J Cancer 35:502-506
71. Kerbel RS (2008) Tumor angiogenesis. N Engl J Med 358:2039-2049
72. Kerber M, Reiss Y, Wickersheim A, Jugold M, Kiessling F, Heil M, Tchaikovski, V, Waltenberger J, Shibuya M, Plate KH, Machein MR (2008) Flt-1 signaling in macrophages promotes glioma growth in vivo. Cancer Res 68(18):7342-7351
73. Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, Armanini M, Gillett N, Phillips HS, Ferrara N (1993) Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature 362:841-844
74. Kim SK, Cargioli TG, Machluf M, Yang W, Sun Y, Al Hashem R, Kim SU, Black PM, Carroll RS (2005) PEX-producing human neural stem cells inhibit tumor growth in a mouse glioma model. Clin Cancer Res 11:5965-5970
75. Kirsch M, Schackert G, Black PM (2000) Angiogenesis, metastasis, and endogenous inhibition. J Neurooncol 50:173-180
76. Kirsch M, Strasser J, Allende R, Bello L, Zhang J, Black PM (1998) Angiostatin suppresses malignant glioma growth in vivo. Cancer Res 58:4654-4659
77. Klein R (2001) Excitatory Eph receptors and adhesive ephrin ligands. Curr Opin Cell Biol 13:196-203
78. Kragh M, Spang-Thomsen M, Kristjansen PE (1999) Time until initiation of tumor growth is an effective measure of the anti-angiogenic effect of TNP-470 on human glioblastoma in nude mice. Oncol Rep 6:759-762
79. Kruger RP, Aurandt J, Guan KL (2005) Semaphorins command cells to move. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:789-800
80. Kuroki T, Trapasso F, Yendamuri S, Matsuyama A, Alder H, Williams NN, Kaiser LR, Croce CM (2003) Allelic loss on chromosome 3p21.3 and promoter hypermethylation of semaphorin 3B in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 63:3352-3355
81. Lakka SS, Gondi CS, Yanamandra N, Olivero WC, Dinh DH, Gujrati M, Rao JS (2004) Inhibition of cathepsin B and MMP-9 gene expression in glioblastoma cell line via RNA interference reduces tumor cell invasion, tumor growth and angiogenesis. Oncogene 23:4681-4689
82. Lamszus K, Laterra J, Westphal M, Rosen EM (1999) Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF) content and function in human gliomas. Int J Dev Neurosci 17:517-530
83. Lamszus K, Ulbricht U, Matschke J, Brockmann MA, Fillbrandt R, Westphal M (2003) Levels of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 1 in astrocytic tumors and its relation to malignancy, vascularity, and VEGF-A. Clin Cancer Res 9:1399-1405
84. Larrivee B, Freitas C, Trombe M, Lv X, Delafarge B, Yuan L, Bouvree K, Breant C, Del Toro R, Brechot N, Germain S, Bono F, Dol F, Claes F, Fischer C, Autiero M, Thomas JL, Carmeliet P, Tessier-Lavigne M, Eichmann A (2007) Activation of the UNC5B receptor by Netrin-1 inhibits sprouting angiogenesis. Genes Dev 21:2433-2447
85. Lee CG, Heijn M, di Tomaso E, Griffon-Etienne G, Ancukiewicz M, Koike C, Park KR, Ferrara N, Jain RK, Suit HD, Boucher Y (2000) Antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment augments tumor radiation response under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Cancer Res 60:5565-5570
86. Li JL, Sainson RC, Shi W, Leek R, Harrington LS, Preusser M, Biswas S, Turley H, Heikamp E, Hainfellner JA, Harris AL (2007) Delta-like 4 Notch ligand regulates tumor angiogenesis, improves tumor vascular function, and promotes tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Res 67:11244-11253
87. Lund EL, Bastholm L, Kristjansen PE (2000) Therapeutic synergy of TNP-470 and ionizing radiation: effects on tumor growth, vessel morphology, and angiogenesis in human glioblastoma multiforme xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 6:971-978
88. Ma J, Pulfer S, Li S, Chu J, Reed K, Gallo JM (2001) Pharmacodynamic- mediated reduction of temozolomide tumor concentrations by the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470. Cancer Res 61:5491-5498
89. Machein MR, Knedla A, Knoth R, Wagner S, Neuschl E, Plate KH (2004) Angiopoietin-1 promotes tumor angiogenesis in a rat glioma model. Am J Pathol 165:1557-1570
90. Machein MR, Plate KH (2000) VEGF in brain tumors. J Neurooncol 50:109-120
91. Machein MR, Risau W, Plate KH (1999) Antiangiogenic gene therapy in a rat glioma model using a dominant-negative vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. Hum Gene Ther 10:1117-1128
92. Maity A, Pore N, Lee J, Solomon D, O'Rourke DM (2000) Epidermal growth factor receptor transcriptionally up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human glioblastoma cells via a pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3 -kinase and distinct from that induced by hypoxia. Cancer Res 60:5879-5886
93. McDonald DM, Teicher BA, Stetler-Stevenson W, Ng SS, Figg WD, Folkman J, Hanahan D, Auerbach R, O'Reilly M, Herbst R, Cheresh D, Gordon M, Eggermont A, Libutti SK (2004) Report from the society for biological therapy and vascular biology faculty of the NCI workshop on angiogenesis monitoring. J Immunother 27:161-175
94. Mertsch S, Schmitz N, Jeibmann A, Geng JG, Paulus W, Senner V (2008) Slit2 involvement in glioma cell migration is mediated by Robo1 receptor. J Neurooncol 87:1-7
95. Meyerhardt JA, Caca K, Eckstrand BC, Hu G, Lengauer C, Banavali S, Look AT, Fearon ER (1999) Netrin-1: interaction with deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and alterations in brain tumors and neuroblastomas. Cell Growth Differ 10:35-42
96. Mignatti P, Morimoto T, Rifkin DB (1991) Basic fibroblast growth factor released by single, isolated cells stimulates their migration in an autocrine manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:11007-11011
97. Millauer B, Shawver LK, Plate KH, Risau W, Ullrich A (1994) Glioblastoma growth inhibited in vivo by a dominant-negative Flk-1 mutant. Nature 367:576-579
98. Millauer B, Wizigmann-Voos S, Schnurch H, Martinez R, Moller NP, Risau W, Ullrich A (1993) High affinity VEGF binding and developmental expression suggest Flk-1 as a major regulator of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Cell 72:835-846
99. Morimoto T, Aoyagi M, Tamaki M, Yoshino Y, Hori H, Duan L, Yano T, Shibata M, Ohno K, Hirakawa K, Yamaguchi N (2002) Increased levels of tissue endostatin in human malignant gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 8:2933-2938
100. Murata R, Nishimura Y, Hiraoka M (1997) An antiangiogenic agent (TNP-470) inhibited reoxygenation during fractionated radiotherapy of murine mammary carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 37:1107-1113
101. Nakada M, Drake KL, Nakada S, Niska JA, Berens ME (2006) Ephrin-B3 ligand promotes glioma invasion through activation of Rac1. Cancer Res 66:8492-8500
102. Nakada M, Niska JA, Tran NL, McDonough WS, Berens ME (2005) EphB2/R-Ras signaling regulates glioma cell adhesion, growth, and invasion. Am J Pathol 167:565-576
103. Neufeld G, Kessler O (2008) The semaphorins: versatile regulators of tumour progression and tumour angiogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 8:632-645
104. Noguera-Troise I, Daly C, Papadopoulos NJ, Coetzee S, Boland P, Gale NW, Lin HC, Yancopoulos GD, Thurston G (2006) Blockade of Dll4 inhibits tumour growth by promoting non-productive angiogenesis. Nature 444:1032-1037
105. Noguera-Troise I, Daly C, Papadopoulos NJ, Coetzee S, Boland P, Gale NW, Lin HC, Yancopoulos GD, Thurston G (2007) Blockade of Dll4 inhibits tumour growth by promoting non-productive angiogenesis. Novartis Found Symp 283:106-120
106. Nomura M, Yamagishi S, Harada S, Yamashima T, Yamashita J, Yamamoto H (1998) Placenta growth factor (PlGF) mRNA expression in brain tumors. J Neurooncol 40:123-130
107. Nyberg P, Xie L, Kalluri R (2005) Endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis. Cancer Res 65:3967-3979
108. O'Reilly MS, Boehm T, Shing Y, Fukai N, Vasios G, Lane WS, Flynn E, Birkhead JR, Olsen BR, Folkman J (1997) Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 88:277-285
109. O'Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Shing Y, Chen C, Rosenthal RA, Cao Y, Moses M, Lane WS, Sage EH, Folkman J (1994) Angiostatin: a circulating endothelial cell inhibitor that suppresses angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 59:471-482
110. Olsson AK, Dimberg A, Kreuger J, Claesson-Welsh L (2006) VEGF receptor signalling - in control of vascular function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7:359-371
111. Osada H, Tokunaga T, Nishi M, Hatanaka H, Abe Y, Tsugu A, Kijima H, Yamazaki H, Ueyama Y, Nakamura M (2004) Overexpression of the neuropilin 1 (NRP1) gene correlated with poor prognosis in human glioma. Anticancer Res 24:547-552
112. Plate KH, Breier G, Millauer B, Ullrich A, Risau W (1993) Up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and its cognate receptors in a rat glioma model of tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res 53:5822-5827
113. Plate KH, Breier G, Weich HA, Mennel HD, Risau W (1994) Vascular endothelial growth factor and glioma angiogenesis: coordinate induction of VEGF receptors, distribution of VEGF protein and possible in vivo regulatory mechanisms. Int J Cancer 59:520-529
114. Plate KH, Breier G, Weich HA, Risau W (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature 359:845-848
115. Platten M, Wick W, Weller M (2001) Malignant glioma biology: role for TGF-beta in growth, motility, angiogenesis, and immune escape. Microsc Res Tech 52:401-410
116. Purow BW, Haque RM, Noel MW, Su Q, Burdick MJ, Lee J, Sundaresan T, Pastorino S, Park JK, Mikolaenko I, Maric D, Eberhart CG, Fine HA (2005) Expression of Notch-1 and its ligands, Delta-like-1 and Jagged-1, is critical for glioma cell survival and proliferation. Cancer Res 65:2353-2363
117. Read TA, Sorensen DR, Mahesparan R, Enger PO, Timpl R, Olsen BR, Hjelstuen MH, Haraldseth O, Bjerkvig R (2001) Local endostatin treatment of gliomas administered by microencapsulated producer cells. Nat Biotechnol 19:29-34
118. Rege TA, Fears CY, Gladson CL (2005) Endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis in malignant gliomas: nature's antiangiogenic therapy. Neurooncol 7:106-121
119. Reiss Y, Machein MR, Plate KH (2005) The role of angiopoietins during angiogenesis in gliomas. Brain Pathol 15:311-317
120. Rieger J, Wick W, Weller M (2003) Human malignant glioma cells express semaphorins and their receptors, neuropilins and plexins. Glia 42:379-389
121. Risau W, Drexler H, Mironov V, Smits A, Siegbahn A, Funa K, Heldin CH (1992) Platelet-derived growth factor is angiogenic in vivo. Growth Factors 7:261-266
122. Rodrigues S, De Wever O, Bruyneel E, Rooney RJ, Gespach C (2007) Opposing roles of netrin-1 and the dependence receptor DCC in cancer cell invasion, tumor growth and metastasis. Oncogene 26:5615-5625
123. Rolny C, Capparuccia L, Casazza A, Mazzone M, Vallario A, Cignetti A, Medico E, Carmeliet P, Comoglio PM, Tamagnone L (2008) The tumor suppressor semaphorin 3B triggers a prometastatic program mediated by interleukin 8 and the tumor microenvironment. J Exp Med 205:1155-1171
124. Rong Y, Durden DL, Van Meir EG, Brat DJ (2006) 'Pseudopalisading' necrosis in glioblastoma: a familiar morphologic feature that links vascular pathology, hypoxia, and angiogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 65:529-539
125. Rong Y, Post DE, Pieper RO, Durden DL, Van Meir EG, Brat DJ (2005) PTEN and hypoxia regulate tissue factor expression and plasma coagulation by glioblastoma. Cancer Res 65:1406-1413
126. Rubenstein JL, Kim J, Ozawa T, Zhang M, Westphal M, Deen DF, Shuman MA (2000) Anti-VEGF antibody treatment of glioblastoma prolongs survival but results in increased vascular cooption. Neoplasia 2:306-314
127. Samoto K, Ikezaki K, Ono M, Shono T, Kohno K, Kuwano M, Fukui M (1995) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its possible relation with neovascularization in human brain tumors. Cancer Res 55:1189-1193
128. Sasaki M, Wizigmann-Voos S, Risau W, Plate KH (1999) Retrovirus producer cells encoding antisense VEGF prolong survival of rats with intracranial GS9L gliomas. Int J Dev Neurosci 17:579-591
129. Sato H, Takino T, Okada Y, Cao J, Shinagawa A, Yamamoto E, Seiki M (1994) A matrix metalloproteinase expressed on the surface of invasive tumour cells. Nature 370:61-65
130. Sato TN, Tozawa Y, Deutsch U, Wolburg-Buchholz K, Fujiwara Y, Gendron-Maguire M, Gridley T, Wolburg H, Risau W, Qin Y (1995) Distinct roles of the receptor tyrosine kinases Tie-1 and Tie-2 in blood vessel formation. Nature 376:70-74
131. Schmidt NO, Westphal M, Hagel C, Ergun S, Stavrou D, Rosen EM, Lamszus K (1999) Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in human gliomas and their relation to angiogenesis. Int J Cancer 84:10-18
132. Schnurch H, Risau W (1993) Expression of tie-2, a member of a novel family of receptor tyrosine kinases, in the endothelial cell lineage. Development 119:957-968
133. Schueneman AJ, Himmelfarb E, Geng L, Tan J, Donnelly E, Mendel D, McMahon G, Hallahan DE (2003) SU11248 maintenance therapy prevents tumor regrowth after fractionated irradiation of murine tumor models. Cancer Res 63:4009-4016
134. Semenza GL, Wang GL (1992) A nuclear factor induced by hypoxia via de novo protein synthesis binds to the human erythropoietin gene enhancer at a site required for transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol 12:5447-5454
135. Shekarabi M, Kennedy TE (2002) The netrin-1 receptor DCC promotes filopodia formation and cell spreading by activating Cdc42 and Rac1. Mol Cell Neurosci 19:1-17
136. Shibuya M (2006) Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1/Flt-1): a dual regulator for angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 9:225-230
137. Shih AH, Holland EC (2006a) Notch signaling enhances nestin expression in gliomas. Neoplasia 8:1072-1082
138. Shih AH, Holland EC (2006b) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and glial tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 232:139-147
139. Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359:843-845
140. Soker S, Miao HQ, Nomi M, Takashima S, Klagsbrun M (2002) VEGF165 mediates formation of complexes containing VEGFR-2 and neuropilin- 1 that enhance VEGF165-receptor binding. J Cell Biochem 85:357-368
141. Soker S, Takashima S, Miao HQ, Neufeld G, Klagsbrun M (1998) Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoformspecific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Cell 20;92:735-745
142. Stratmann A, Machein MR, Plate KH (1997) Antiangiogenic gene therapy of malignant glioma. Acta Neurochir (Suppl. 68):105-110
143. Stratmann A, Risau W, Plate KH (1998) Cell typespecific expression of angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin- 2 suggests a role in glioblastoma angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 153:1459-1466
144. Strik HM, Schluesener HJ, Seid K, Meyermann R, Deininger MH (2001) Localization of endostatin in rat and human gliomas. Cancer 91:1013-1019
145. Su JL, Yen CJ, Chen PS, Chuang SE, Hong CC, Kuo IH, Chen HY, Hung MC, Kuo ML (2007) The role of the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 axis in cancer progression. Br J Cancer 96:541-545
146. Taga T, Suzuki A, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Gilles FH, Stins M, Shimada H, Barsky L, Weinberg KI, Laug WE (2002) Alpha v-integrin antagonist EMD 121974 induces apoptosis in brain tumor cells growing on vitronectin and tenascin. Int J Cancer 98:690-697
147. Takamiya Y, Brem H, Ojeifo J, Mineta T, Martuza RL (1994) AGM-1470 inhibits the growth of human glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Neurosurgery 34:869-875
148. Tammela T, Zarkada G, Wallgard E, Murtomaki A, Suchting S, Wirzenius M, Waltari M, Hellstrom M, Schomber T, Peltonen R, Freitas C, Duarte A, Isoniemi H, Laakkonen P, Christofori G, Yla- Herttuala S, Shibuya M, Pytowski B, Eichmann A, Betsholtz C, Alitalo K (2008) Blocking VEGFR-3 suppresses angiogenic sprouting and vascular network formation. Nature 454:656-660
149. Tenan M, Fulci G, Albertoni M, Diserens AC, Hamou MF, Atifi-Borel M, Feige JJ, Pepper MS, Van Meir EG (2000) Thrombospondin-1 is downregulated by anoxia and suppresses tumorigenicity of human glioblastoma cells. J Exp Med 191:1789-1798
150. Thorns V, Walter GF, Thorns C (2003) Expression of MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10 and MMP-11 in human astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas. Anticancer Res 23:3937-3944
151. Tomizawa Y, Sekido Y, Kondo M, Gao B, Yokota J, Roche J, Drabkin H, Lerman MI, Gazdar AF, Minna JD (2001) Inhibition of lung cancer cell growth and induction of apoptosis after reexpression of 3p21.3 candidate tumor suppressor gene SEMA3B. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:13954-13959
152. Tonn JC, Kerkau S, Hanke A, Bouterfa H, Mueller JG, Wagner S, Vince GH, Roosen K (1999) Effect of synthetic matrix-metalloproteinase inhibitors on invasive capacity and proliferation of human malignant gliomas in vitro. Int J Cancer 80:764-772
153. Tsai JC, Goldman CK, Gillespie GY (1995) Vascular endothelial growth factor in human glioma cell lines: induced secretion by EGF, PDGF-BB, and bFGF. J Neurosurg 82:864-873
154. Valtola R, Salven P, Heikkila P, Taipale J, Joensuu H, Rehn M, Pihlajaniemi T, Weich H, deWaal R, Alitalo K (1999) VEGFR-3 and its ligand VEGF-C are associated with angiogenesis in breast cancer. Am J Pathol 154:1381-1390
155. Van Meir EG, Polverini PJ, Chazin VR, Su Huang HJ, de Tribolet N, Cavenee WK (1994) Release of an inhibitor of angiogenesis upon induction of wild type p53 expression in glioblastoma cells. Nat Genet 8:171-176
156. Vitolo D, Paradiso P, Uccini S, Ruco LP, Baroni CD (1996) Expression of adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix proteins in glioblastomas: relation to angiogenesis and spread. Histopathology 28:521-528
157. Vredenburgh JJ, Desjardins A, Herndon JE, Dowell JM, Reardon DA, Quinn JA, Rich JN, Sathornsumetee S, Gururangan S, Wagner M, Bigner DD, Friedman AH, Friedman HS (2007a) Phase II trial of bevacizumab and irinotecan in recurrent malignant glioma. Clin Cancer Res 13:1253-1259
158. Vredenburgh JJ, Desjardins A, Herndon JE, Marcello J, Reardon DA, Quinn JA, Rich JN, Sathornsumetee S, Gururangan S, Sampson J, Wagner M, Bailey L, Bigner DD, Friedman AH, Friedman HS (2007b) Bevacizumab plus irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol 20;25:4722-4729 (Pubitemid 350086473)
159. Wang B, Xiao Y, Ding BB, Zhang N, Yuan X, Gui L, Qian KX, Duan S, Chen Z, Rao Y, Geng JG (2003) Induction of tumor angiogenesis by Slit-Robo signaling and inhibition of cancer growth by blocking Robo activity. Cancer Cell 4:19-29
160. Weindel K, Moringlane JR, Marme D, Weich HA (1994) Detection and quantification of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor in brain tumor tissue and cyst fluid: the key to angiogenesis? Neurosurgery 35: 439-448
161. Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE, Seyed SM, Jabado N, Angers-Loustau A, Agar NY, Wu J, Bjerkvig R, Antel JP, Faury D, Rao Y, Del Maestro RF (2006) Inhibition of medulloblastoma cell invasion by Slit. Oncogene 25:5103-5112
162. Wick W, Platten M, Weller M (2001) Glioma cell invasion: regulation of metalloproteinase activity by TGF-beta. J Neurooncol 53: 177-185
163. Witmer AN, van Blijswijk BC, Dai J, Hofman Partanen TA, Vrensen GF, Schlingemann RO (2001) VEGFR-3 in adult angiogenesis. J Pathol 195:490-497
164. Wong K, Park HT, Wu JY, Rao Y (2002) Slit proteins: molecular guidance cues for cells ranging from neurons to leukocytes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12:583-591
165. Yamada N, Kato M, Yamashita H, Nister M, Miyazono K, Heldin CH, Funa K (1995) Enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-beta and its type-I and type-II receptors in human glioblastoma. Int J Cancer 62:386-392
166. Yancopoulos GD, Klagsbrun M, Folkman J (1998) Vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and growth factors: ephrins enter the fray at the border. Cell 93:661-664
167. Zagzag D, Amirnovin R, Greco MA, Yee H, Holash J, Wiegand SJ, Zabski S, Yancopoulos GD, Grumet M (2000a) Vascular apoptosis and involution in gliomas precede neovascularization: a novel concept for glioma growth and angiogenesis. Lab Invest 80:837-849
168. Zagzag D, Friedlander DR, Miller DC, Dosik J, Cangiarella J, Kostianovsky M, Cohen H, Grumet M, Greco MA (1995) Tenascin expression in astrocytomas correlates with angiogenesis. Cancer Res 55:907-914
169. Zagzag D, Hooper A, Friedlander DR, Chan W, Holash J, Wiegand SJ, Yancopoulos GD, Grumet M (1999) In situ expression of angiopoietins in astrocytomas identifies angiopoietin-2 as an early marker of tumor angiogenesis. Exp. Neurol 159:391-400
170. Zagzag D, Miller DC, Sato Y, Rifkin DB, Burstein DE (1990) Immunohistochemical localization of basic fibroblast growth factor in astrocytomas. Cancer Res 50:7393-7398
171. Zagzag D, Shiff B, Jallo GI, Greco MA, Blanco C, Cohen H, Hukin J, Allen JC, Friedlander DR (2002) Tenascin-C promotes microvascular cell migration and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. Cancer Res 62:2660-2668
172. Zagzag D, Zhong H, Scalzitti JM, Laughner E, Simons JW, Semenza GL (2000b) Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha in brain tumors: association with angiogenesis, invasion, and progression. Cancer 88:2606-2618