메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 343-352

Actions and therapeutic pathways of ghrelin for gastrointestinal disorders

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CISAPRIDE; EXENDIN 4; GHRELIN; GHRELIN AGONIST; GHRELIN RECEPTOR; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; HORMONE ANTAGONIST; IBUTAMOREN; LIRAGLUTIDE; MOTILIN; PEPTIDE YY; PLACEBO; PROKINETIC AGENT; RIMONABANT; SEROTONIN AGONIST; SMALL MOLECULE GHRELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; TZP 101; TZP 102; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; YIL 870;

EID: 67149136168     PISSN: 17595045     EISSN: 17595053     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2009.72     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (104)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 0035133586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin
    • Asakawa, A. et al. Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin. Gastroenterology 120, 337-345 (2001).
    • (2001) Gastroenterology , vol.120 , pp. 337-345
    • Asakawa, A.1
  • 2
    • 0033540056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach
    • Kojima, M. et al. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402, 656-660 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.402 , pp. 656-660
    • Kojima, M.1
  • 3
    • 9444246501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release
    • Howard, A. D. et al. A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science 273, 974-977 (1996).
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 974-977
    • Howard, A.D.1
  • 4
    • 0018899801 scopus 로고
    • Structure-activity relationships of a synthetic pentapeptide that specifically releases growth hormone in vitro
    • Bowers, C. Y. et al. Structure-activity relationships of a synthetic pentapeptide that specifically releases growth hormone in vitro. Endocrinology 106, 663-667 (1980).
    • (1980) Endocrinology , vol.106 , pp. 663-667
    • Bowers, C.Y.1
  • 5
    • 0033711116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The novel hypothalamic peptide ghrelin stimulates food intake and growth hormone secretion
    • Wren, A. M. et al. The novel hypothalamic peptide ghrelin stimulates food intake and growth hormone secretion. Endocrinology 141, 4325-4328 (2000).
    • (2000) Endocrinology , vol.141 , pp. 4325-4328
    • Wren, A.M.1
  • 6
    • 23844447768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin stimulates proliferation and differentiation and inhibits apoptosis in osteoblastic MC3T3-e1 cells
    • Kim, S. W. et al. Ghrelin stimulates proliferation and differentiation and inhibits apoptosis in osteoblastic MC3T3-e1 cells. Bone 37, 359-369 (2005).
    • (2005) Bone , vol.37 , pp. 359-369
    • Kim, S.W.1
  • 7
    • 0035026511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic and hormonal effects of human ghrelin in healthy volunteers
    • Nagaya, N. et al. Hemodynamic and hormonal effects of human ghrelin in healthy volunteers. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 280, R1483-R1487 (2001).
    • (2001) Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol , vol.280
    • Nagaya, N.1
  • 9
    • 55749097801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of an oral ghrelin mimetic on body composition and clinical outcomes in healthy older adults: A randomized trial
    • Nass, R. et al. Effects of an oral ghrelin mimetic on body composition and clinical outcomes in healthy older adults: A randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 149, 601-611 (2008).
    • (2008) Ann. Intern. Med , vol.149 , pp. 601-611
    • Nass, R.1
  • 10
    • 0033679897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans
    • Date, Y. et al. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans. Endocrinology 141 4255-4261 (2000).
    • (2000) Endocrinology , vol.141 , pp. 4255-4261
    • Date, Y.1
  • 11
    • 0037155558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunocytochemical observation of ghrelin-containing neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus
    • Lu, S. et al. Immunocytochemical observation of ghrelin-containing neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus. Neurosci. Lett. 321, 157-160 (2002).
    • (2002) Neurosci. Lett , vol.321 , pp. 157-160
    • Lu, S.1
  • 12
    • 0037456519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNs demonstrates a novel hypothalamic circuit regulating energy homeostasis
    • Cowley, M. A. et al. The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNs demonstrates a novel hypothalamic circuit regulating energy homeostasis. Neuron 37, 649-661 (2003).
    • (2003) Neuron , vol.37 , pp. 649-661
    • Cowley, M.A.1
  • 13
    • 0033756755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone secretagogue binding sites in peripheral human tissues
    • Papotti, M. et al. Growth hormone secretagogue binding sites in peripheral human tissues. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 3803-3807 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.85 , pp. 3803-3807
    • Papotti, M.1
  • 14
    • 0036073405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure
    • Banks, W. A., Tschop, M., robinson, S. M. & Heiman, M. L. Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302, 822-827 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther , vol.302 , pp. 822-827
    • Banks, W.A.1    Tschop, M.2    robinson, S.M.3    Heiman, M.L.4
  • 15
    • 0036787457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats
    • Date, Y. et al. The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats. Gastroenterology 123, 1120-1128 (2002).
    • (2002) Gastroenterology , vol.123 , pp. 1120-1128
    • Date, Y.1
  • 16
    • 7244257409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous administration of ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion in vagotomized patients as well as normal subjects
    • Takeno, R. et al. Intravenous administration of ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion in vagotomized patients as well as normal subjects. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 151, 447-450 (2004).
    • (2004) Eur. J. Endocrinol , vol.151 , pp. 447-450
    • Takeno, R.1
  • 17
    • 4344606222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic structure and characterization of the 5′-flanking region of the human ghrelin gene
    • Kanamoto, N. et al. Genomic structure and characterization of the 5′-flanking region of the human ghrelin gene. Endocrinology 145, 4144-4153 (2004).
    • (2004) Endocrinology , vol.145 , pp. 4144-4153
    • Kanamoto, N.1
  • 18
    • 39649090702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin gets its GOAT
    • Gardiner, J. & Bloom, S. Ghrelin gets its GOAT. Cell. Metab. 7 193-194 (2008).
    • (2008) Cell. Metab , vol.7 , pp. 193-194
    • Gardiner, J.1    Bloom, S.2
  • 20
    • 27744600963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intake
    • Zhang, J. V. et al. Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intake. Science 310, 996-999 (2005).
    • (2005) Science , vol.310 , pp. 996-999
    • Zhang, J.V.1
  • 21
    • 33846935917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obestatin - a ghrelin-associated peptide that does not hold its promise to suppress food intake and motility
    • Gourcerol, G. & Tache, Y. Obestatin - a ghrelin-associated peptide that does not hold its promise to suppress food intake and motility. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 19, 161-165 (2007).
    • (2007) Neurogastroenterol. Motil , vol.19 , pp. 161-165
    • Gourcerol, G.1    Tache, Y.2
  • 22
    • 33947423010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of proghrelin peptides in mammalian tissue and plasma
    • Bang, A. S., Soule, S. G., Yandle, T. G., Richards, A. M. & Pemberton, C. J. Characterisation of proghrelin peptides in mammalian tissue and plasma. J. Endocrinol. 192, 313-323 (2007).
    • (2007) J. Endocrinol , vol.192 , pp. 313-323
    • Bang, A.S.1    Soule, S.G.2    Yandle, T.G.3    Richards, A.M.4    Pemberton, C.J.5
  • 23
    • 0346949031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural divergence of human ghrelin. Identification of multiple ghrelin-derived molecules produced by posttranslational processing
    • Hosoda, H., Kojima, M., Mizushima, T., Shimizu, S. & Kangawa, K. Structural divergence of human ghrelin. Identification of multiple ghrelin-derived molecules produced by posttranslational processing. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 64-70 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem , vol.278 , pp. 64-70
    • Hosoda, H.1    Kojima, M.2    Mizushima, T.3    Shimizu, S.4    Kangawa, K.5
  • 24
    • 33645857375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Des-acyl ghrelin induces food intake by a mechanism independent of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor
    • Toshinai, K. et al. Des-acyl ghrelin induces food intake by a mechanism independent of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Endocrinology 147, 2306-2314 (2006).
    • (2006) Endocrinology , vol.147 , pp. 2306-2314
    • Toshinai, K.1
  • 25
    • 38149098503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proghrelin-derived peptides influence the secretion of insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin: A study on isolated islets from mouse and rat pancreas
    • Qader, S. S., Hakanson, R., Rehfeld, J. F., Lundquist, I. & Salehi, A. Proghrelin-derived peptides influence the secretion of insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin: A study on isolated islets from mouse and rat pancreas. Regul. Pept. 146, 230-237 (2008).
    • (2008) Regul. Pept , vol.146 , pp. 230-237
    • Qader, S.S.1    Hakanson, R.2    Rehfeld, J.F.3    Lundquist, I.4    Salehi, A.5
  • 26
    • 1042275336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin promote adipogenesis directly in vivo by a mechanism independent of the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor
    • Thompson, N. M. et al. Ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin promote adipogenesis directly in vivo by a mechanism independent of the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Endocrinology 145 234-242 (2004).
    • (2004) Endocrinology , vol.145 , pp. 234-242
    • Thompson, N.M.1
  • 27
    • 10844287775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin
    • Asakawa, A. et al. Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin. Gut 54, 18-24 (2005).
    • (2005) Gut , vol.54 , pp. 18-24
    • Asakawa, A.1
  • 28
    • 33846435771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acylated and unacylated ghrelin promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells and human islets: Involvement of 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling
    • Granata, R. et al. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells and human islets: Involvement of 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling. Endocrinology 148, 512-529 (2007).
    • (2007) Endocrinology , vol.148 , pp. 512-529
    • Granata, R.1
  • 29
    • 38849090670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • identification of the acyltransferase that octanoylates ghrelin, an appetite-stimulating peptide hormone
    • Yang, J., Brown, M. S., Liang, G., Grishin, N. V. & Goldstein, J. L. identification of the acyltransferase that octanoylates ghrelin, an appetite-stimulating peptide hormone. Cell 132, 387-396 (2008).
    • (2008) Cell , vol.132 , pp. 387-396
    • Yang, J.1    Brown, M.S.2    Liang, G.3    Grishin, N.V.4    Goldstein, J.L.5
  • 30
    • 48049083076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introducing GOAT: A target for obesity and anti-diabetic drugs?
    • Gualillo, O., Lago, F. & Dieguez, C. Introducing GOAT: A target for obesity and anti-diabetic drugs? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 29, 398-401 (2008).
    • (2008) Trends Pharmacol. Sci , vol.29 , pp. 398-401
    • Gualillo, O.1    Lago, F.2    Dieguez, C.3
  • 31
    • 0034687376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents
    • Tschop, M., Smiley, D. L. & Heiman, M. L. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 407, 908-913 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.407 , pp. 908-913
    • Tschop, M.1    Smiley, D.L.2    Heiman, M.L.3
  • 32
    • 9244226478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inhibition of gastric ghrelin production by food intake in rats is dependent on the type of macronutrient
    • Sanchez, J., Oliver, P., Palou, A. & Pico, C. The inhibition of gastric ghrelin production by food intake in rats is dependent on the type of macronutrient. Endocrinology 145, 5049-5055 (2004).
    • (2004) Endocrinology , vol.145 , pp. 5049-5055
    • Sanchez, J.1    Oliver, P.2    Palou, A.3    Pico, C.4
  • 33
    • 34547652457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secretion of ghrelin from rat stomach ghrelin cells in response to local microinfusion of candidate messenger compounds: A microdialysis study
    • de la Cour, C. D., Norlen, P. & Hakanson, R. Secretion of ghrelin from rat stomach ghrelin cells in response to local microinfusion of candidate messenger compounds: A microdialysis study. Regul. Pept. 143, 118-126 (2007).
    • (2007) Regul. Pept , vol.143 , pp. 118-126
    • de la Cour, C.D.1    Norlen, P.2    Hakanson, R.3
  • 34
    • 11144356392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin secretion in childhood is refractory to the inhibitory effect of feeding
    • Bellone, s. et al. Ghrelin secretion in childhood is refractory to the inhibitory effect of feeding. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 1662-1665 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.89 , pp. 1662-1665
    • Bellone, S.1
  • 35
    • 18244391222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion
    • Shiiya, T. et al. Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 240-244 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.87 , pp. 240-244
    • Shiiya, T.1
  • 36
    • 33646854422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma ghrelin levels of gastrectomized and vagotomized patients are not affected by glucose administration
    • Pekic, s. et al. Plasma ghrelin levels of gastrectomized and vagotomized patients are not affected by glucose administration. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 64, 684-688 (2006).
    • (2006) Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) , vol.64 , pp. 684-688
    • Pekic, S.1
  • 37
    • 0042200265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in ghrelin and ghrelin receptor expression according to feeding status
    • Kim, M. S. et al. Changes in ghrelin and ghrelin receptor expression according to feeding status. Neuroreport 14, 1317-1320 (2003).
    • (2003) Neuroreport , vol.14 , pp. 1317-1320
    • Kim, M.S.1
  • 38
    • 0035514596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin causes hyperphagia and obesity in rats
    • Wren, A. M. et al. Ghrelin causes hyperphagia and obesity in rats. Diabetes 50, 2540-2547 (2001).
    • (2001) Diabetes , vol.50 , pp. 2540-2547
    • Wren, A.M.1
  • 39
    • 0035430665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin: An orexigenic and somatotrophic signal from the stomach
    • Inui, A. Ghrelin: An orexigenic and somatotrophic signal from the stomach. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 551-560 (2001).
    • (2001) Nat. Rev. Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 551-560
    • Inui, A.1
  • 40
    • 0035216623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans
    • Wren, A. M. et al. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 5992-5995 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.86 , pp. 5992-5995
    • Wren, A.M.1
  • 41
    • 9844230970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peptidomimetic regulation of growth hormone secretion
    • Smith, R. G. et al. Peptidomimetic regulation of growth hormone secretion. Endocr. Rev. 18, 621-645 (1997).
    • (1997) Endocr. Rev , vol.18 , pp. 621-645
    • Smith, R.G.1
  • 42
    • 0034802108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minireview: Ghrelin and the regulation of energy balance - a hypothalamic perspective
    • Horvath, T. L., Diano, S., Sotonyi, P., Heiman, M. & Tschop, M. Minireview: Ghrelin and the regulation of energy balance - a hypothalamic perspective. Endocrinology 142, 4163-4169 (2001).
    • (2001) Endocrinology , vol.142 , pp. 4163-4169
    • Horvath, T.L.1    Diano, S.2    Sotonyi, P.3    Heiman, M.4    Tschop, M.5
  • 43
    • 9444263726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormones regulating lipid metabolism and plasma lipids in childhood obesity
    • Gil-Campos, M., Canete, r. & Gil, A. Hormones regulating lipid metabolism and plasma lipids in childhood obesity. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 28 (suppl. 3), S75-S80 (2004).
    • (2004) Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord , vol.28 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Gil-Campos, M.1    Canete, R.2    Gil, A.3
  • 44
    • 0037240916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum ghrelin levels are inversely correlated with body mass index, age, and insulin concentrations in normal children and are markedly increased in Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Haqq, A. M. et al. Serum ghrelin levels are inversely correlated with body mass index, age, and insulin concentrations in normal children and are markedly increased in Prader-Willi syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 174-178 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.88 , pp. 174-178
    • Haqq, A.M.1
  • 45
    • 0038304457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice
    • Asakawa, A. et al. Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice. Gut 52, 947-952 (2003).
    • (2003) Gut , vol.52 , pp. 947-952
    • Asakawa, A.1
  • 46
    • 50349090968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor agonists on energy balance in rats
    • strassburg, S. et al. Long-term effects of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor agonists on energy balance in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 295, E78-E84 (2008).
    • (2008) Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.295
    • strassburg, S.1
  • 47
    • 33750115577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin: A hormone regulating food intake and energy homeostasis
    • Gil-Campos, M., Aguilera, C. M., Canete, R. & Gil, A. Ghrelin: A hormone regulating food intake and energy homeostasis. Br. J. Nutr. 96 201-226 (2006).
    • (2006) Br. J. Nutr , vol.96 , pp. 201-226
    • Gil-Campos, M.1    Aguilera, C.M.2    Canete, R.3    Gil, A.4
  • 48
    • 45549105470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin in the CNS: From hunger to a rewarding and memorable meal?
    • Olszewski, P. K., Schioth, H. B. & Levine, A. S. Ghrelin in the CNS: from hunger to a rewarding and memorable meal? Brain Res. Rev. 58, 160-170 (2008).
    • (2008) Brain Res. Rev , vol.58 , pp. 160-170
    • Olszewski, P.K.1    Schioth, H.B.2    Levine, A.S.3
  • 50
    • 33750496964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential of ghrelin as a therapeutic approach for gastrointestinal motility disorders
    • Peeters, T. L. Potential of ghrelin as a therapeutic approach for gastrointestinal motility disorders. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 6 553-558 (2006).
    • (2006) Curr. Opin. Pharmacol , vol.6 , pp. 553-558
    • Peeters, T.L.1
  • 51
    • 38349084347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin agonist (TZP-101): Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic evaluation in healthy volunteers: A phase I, first-in-human study
    • Lasseter, K. C. et al. Ghrelin agonist (TZP-101): Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic evaluation in healthy volunteers: A phase I, first-in-human study. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 48, 193-202 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Clin. Pharmacol , vol.48 , pp. 193-202
    • Lasseter, K.C.1
  • 52
    • 57349177561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological demarcation of the growth hormone, gut motility and feeding effects of ghrelin using a novel ghrelin receptor agonist
    • Fraser, G. L., Hoveyda, H. R. & Tannenbaum, G. S. Pharmacological demarcation of the growth hormone, gut motility and feeding effects of ghrelin using a novel ghrelin receptor agonist. Endocrinology 149, 6280-6288 (2008).
    • (2008) Endocrinology , vol.149 , pp. 6280-6288
    • Fraser, G.L.1    Hoveyda, H.R.2    Tannenbaum, G.S.3
  • 53
    • 67149088869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • online, 2009
    • Tranzymer® Pharma [online] http://www.tranzyme.com (2009).
    • Tranzymer® Pharma
  • 54
    • 34547110359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and its unacylated isoform stimulate the growth of adrenocortical tumor cells via an anti-apoptotic pathway
    • Delhanty, P. J. et al. Ghrelin and its unacylated isoform stimulate the growth of adrenocortical tumor cells via an anti-apoptotic pathway. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 293, E302-E309 (2007).
    • (2007) Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.293
    • Delhanty, P.J.1
  • 55
    • 47349101284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of insulin receptors and IGF-I receptors in cancer and other diseases
    • Frasca, F. et al. The role of insulin receptors and IGF-I receptors in cancer and other diseases. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 114, 23-37 (2008).
    • (2008) Arch. Physiol. Biochem , vol.114 , pp. 23-37
    • Frasca, F.1
  • 56
    • 0035869414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune enhancing effect of a growth hormone secretagogue
    • Koo, G. C. et al. Immune enhancing effect of a growth hormone secretagogue. J. Immunol. 166, 4195-4201 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Immunol , vol.166 , pp. 4195-4201
    • Koo, G.C.1
  • 58
    • 33750711396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity does not increase effects of synthetic ghrelin on human gastric motor functions
    • Cremonini, F. et al. Obesity does not increase effects of synthetic ghrelin on human gastric motor functions. Gastroenterology 131, 1431-1439 (2006).
    • (2006) Gastroenterology , vol.131 , pp. 1431-1439
    • Cremonini, F.1
  • 59
    • 40649105561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motilin, ghrelin and related neuropeptides as targets for the treatment of GI diseases
    • Sanger, G. J. Motilin, ghrelin and related neuropeptides as targets for the treatment of GI diseases. Drug Discov. Today 13, 234-239 (2008).
    • (2008) Drug Discov. Today , vol.13 , pp. 234-239
    • Sanger, G.J.1
  • 60
    • 33144482883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of ghrelin on interdigestive gastrointestinal motility in humans
    • Tack, J. et al. Influence of ghrelin on interdigestive gastrointestinal motility in humans. Gut 55, 327-333 (2006).
    • (2006) Gut , vol.55 , pp. 327-333
    • Tack, J.1
  • 61
    • 1842476336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central and peripheral mechanisms by which ghrelin regulates gut motility
    • Peeters, T. L. Central and peripheral mechanisms by which ghrelin regulates gut motility. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 54, 95-103 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Physiol. Pharmacol , vol.54 , pp. 95-103
    • Peeters, T.L.1
  • 62
    • 41149108113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastric motor effects of ghrelin and growth hormone releasing peptide 6 in diabetic mice with gastroparesis
    • Qiu, W. C., Wang, Z. G., Wang, W. G., Yan, J. & Zheng, Q. Gastric motor effects of ghrelin and growth hormone releasing peptide 6 in diabetic mice with gastroparesis. World J. Gastroenterol. 14, 1419-1424 (2008).
    • (2008) World J. Gastroenterol , vol.14 , pp. 1419-1424
    • Qiu, W.C.1    Wang, Z.G.2    Wang, W.G.3    Yan, J.4    Zheng, Q.5
  • 63
    • 27744441026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin enhances gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis: A double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study
    • Murray, C. D. et al. Ghrelin enhances gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis: A double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. Gut 54, 1693-1698 (2005).
    • (2005) Gut , vol.54 , pp. 1693-1698
    • Murray, C.D.1
  • 64
    • 27444439455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of ghrelin on gastric emptying and meal-related symptoms in idiopathic gastroparesis
    • Tack, J. et al. Influence of ghrelin on gastric emptying and meal-related symptoms in idiopathic gastroparesis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 22, 847-853 (2005).
    • (2005) Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther , vol.22 , pp. 847-853
    • Tack, J.1
  • 65
    • 33744970471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin gastrokinetic action in patients with neurogenic gastroparesis
    • Binn, M. et al. Ghrelin gastrokinetic action in patients with neurogenic gastroparesis. Peptides 27, 1603-1606 (2006).
    • (2006) Peptides , vol.27 , pp. 1603-1606
    • Binn, M.1
  • 66
    • 33748752142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin stimulates gastric emptying and hunger in normal-weight humans
    • Levin, F. et al. Ghrelin stimulates gastric emptying and hunger in normal-weight humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 3296-3302 (2006).
    • (2006) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.91 , pp. 3296-3302
    • Levin, F.1
  • 67
    • 35548949948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small-molecule ghrelin receptor antagonists improve glucose tolerance, suppress appetite, and promote weight loss
    • Esler, W. P. et al. Small-molecule ghrelin receptor antagonists improve glucose tolerance, suppress appetite, and promote weight loss. Endocrinology 148, 5175-5185 (2007).
    • (2007) Endocrinology , vol.148 , pp. 5175-5185
    • Esler, W.P.1
  • 68
    • 0036083399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats
    • Adeghate, E. & Ponery, A. S Ghrelin stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 14, 555-560 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Neuroendocrinol , vol.14 , pp. 555-560
    • Adeghate, E.1    Ponery, A.S.2
  • 69
    • 0036959760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of ghrelin and of the GH secretagogue receptor by pancreatic islet cells and related endocrine tumors
    • Volante, M. et al. Expression of ghrelin and of the GH secretagogue receptor by pancreatic islet cells and related endocrine tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 1300-1308 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.87 , pp. 1300-1308
    • Volante, M.1
  • 70
    • 9444264700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ signaling in β-cells: Implication in the glycemic control in rodents
    • 2+ signaling in β-cells: implication in the glycemic control in rodents. Diabetes 53, 3142-3151 (2004).
    • (2004) Diabetes , vol.53 , pp. 3142-3151
    • Dezaki, K.1
  • 71
    • 1842480284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin stimulation of growth hormone release and appetite is mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor
    • Sun, Y., Wang, P., Zheng, H. & Smith, R. G. Ghrelin stimulation of growth hormone release and appetite is mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101 4679-4684 (2004).
    • (2004) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.101 , pp. 4679-4684
    • Sun, Y.1    Wang, P.2    Zheng, H.3    Smith, R.G.4
  • 72
    • 33745790094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of ghrelin on insulin secretion and glucose disposal rate in gastrectomized patients
    • Damjanovic, S. S. et al. Acute effects of ghrelin on insulin secretion and glucose disposal rate in gastrectomized patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 2574-2581 (2006).
    • (2006) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.91 , pp. 2574-2581
    • Damjanovic, S.S.1
  • 73
    • 10544241186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I axis by daily oral administration of a GH secretogogue (MK-677) in healthy elderly subjects
    • Chapman, I. M. et al. Stimulation of the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I axis by daily oral administration of a GH secretogogue (MK-677) in healthy elderly subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 4249-4257 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.81 , pp. 4249-4257
    • Chapman, I.M.1
  • 74
    • 33646141847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ablation of ghrelin improves the diabetic but not obese phenotype of ob/ob mice
    • Sun, Y., Asnicar, M., Saha, P. K., Chan, L. & Smith, R. G. Ablation of ghrelin improves the diabetic but not obese phenotype of ob/ob mice. Cell. Metab. 3, 379-386 (2006).
    • (2006) Cell. Metab , vol.3 , pp. 379-386
    • Sun, Y.1    Asnicar, M.2    Saha, P.K.3    Chan, L.4    Smith, R.G.5
  • 75
    • 34748874704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin differentially modulates glucose-induced insulin secretion according to feeding status in sheep
    • Takahashi, H. et al. Ghrelin differentially modulates glucose-induced insulin secretion according to feeding status in sheep. J. Endocrinol. 194, 621-625 (2007).
    • (2007) J. Endocrinol , vol.194 , pp. 621-625
    • Takahashi, H.1
  • 76
    • 33845534952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of pancreatic islet-derived ghrelin enhances insulin secretion to prevent high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance
    • Dezaki, K. et al. Blockade of pancreatic islet-derived ghrelin enhances insulin secretion to prevent high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance. Diabetes 55, 3486-3493 (2006).
    • (2006) Diabetes , vol.55 , pp. 3486-3493
    • Dezaki, K.1
  • 77
    • 2942666142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-acylated ghrelin counteracts the metabolic but not the neuroendocrine response to acylated ghrelin in humans
    • Broglio, F. et al. Non-acylated ghrelin counteracts the metabolic but not the neuroendocrine response to acylated ghrelin in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 3062-3065 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.89 , pp. 3062-3065
    • Broglio, F.1
  • 78
    • 14044250280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin stimulates, whereas desoctanoyl ghrelin inhibits, glucose output by primary hepatocytes
    • Gauna, C. et al. Ghrelin stimulates, whereas desoctanoyl ghrelin inhibits, glucose output by primary hepatocytes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 1055-1060 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab , vol.90 , pp. 1055-1060
    • Gauna, C.1
  • 79
    • 34447290269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin inhibits cell apoptosis in pancreatic beta cell line HIT-T15 via mitogen-activated protein kinase/ phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways
    • Zhang, Y. et al. Ghrelin inhibits cell apoptosis in pancreatic beta cell line HIT-T15 via mitogen-activated protein kinase/ phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways. Toxicology 237, 194-202 (2007).
    • (2007) Toxicology , vol.237 , pp. 194-202
    • Zhang, Y.1
  • 80
    • 0242580169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deletion of ghrelin impairs neither growth nor appetite
    • Sun, Y., Ahmed, S. & Smith, R. G. Deletion of ghrelin impairs neither growth nor appetite. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 7973-7981 (2003).
    • (2003) Mol. Cell. Biol , vol.23 , pp. 7973-7981
    • Sun, Y.1    Ahmed, S.2    Smith, R.G.3
  • 81
    • 38549133092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of adult ghrelin and ghrelin receptor knockout mice under positive and negative energy balance
    • Sun, Y., Butte, N. F., Garcia, J. M. & Smith, R. G. Characterization of adult ghrelin and ghrelin receptor knockout mice under positive and negative energy balance. Endocrinology 149, 843-850 (2008).
    • (2008) Endocrinology , vol.149 , pp. 843-850
    • Sun, Y.1    Butte, N.F.2    Garcia, J.M.3    Smith, R.G.4
  • 82
    • 43049132437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The First International Consensus summit for sleeve Gastrectomy (SG), New York City, October 25-27, 2007
    • Deitel, M., Crosby, R. D. & Gagner, M. The First International Consensus summit for sleeve Gastrectomy (SG), New York City, October 25-27, 2007. Obes. Surg. 18, 487-496 (2008).
    • (2008) Obes. Surg , vol.18 , pp. 487-496
    • Deitel, M.1    Crosby, R.D.2    Gagner, M.3
  • 83
    • 67149133580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schauer, P. R. & Schirmer, B. D. in Schwartz's Principles of Surgery 8th edn (ed. Brunicardi, F.) (McGraw-Hill Health Professions Division, New York, 2005).
    • Schauer, P. R. & Schirmer, B. D. in Schwartz's Principles of Surgery 8th edn (ed. Brunicardi, F.) (McGraw-Hill Health Professions Division, New York, 2005).
  • 84
    • 33646449671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • O'Brien, P. e. et al. Treatment of mild to moderate obesity with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding or an intensive medical program: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 144, 625-633 (2006).
    • O'Brien, P. e. et al. Treatment of mild to moderate obesity with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding or an intensive medical program: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 144, 625-633 (2006).
  • 85
    • 10844295087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery
    • Sjostrom, L. et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 351 2683-2693 (2004).
    • (2004) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.351 , pp. 2683-2693
    • Sjostrom, L.1
  • 86
    • 34548090763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects
    • Sjostrom, L. et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 741-752 (2007).
    • (2007) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.357 , pp. 741-752
    • Sjostrom, L.1
  • 87
    • 0037162116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cummings, D. e. et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 1623-1630 (2002).
    • Cummings, D. e. et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 1623-1630 (2002).
  • 88
    • 49649117747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of laparoscopic gastric banding surgery on plasma levels of appetite-control, insulinotropic, and digestive hormones
    • Shak, J. et al. The effect of laparoscopic gastric banding surgery on plasma levels of appetite-control, insulinotropic, and digestive hormones. Obes. Surg. 18, 1089-1096 (2008).
    • (2008) Obes. Surg , vol.18 , pp. 1089-1096
    • Shak, J.1
  • 89
    • 35649021752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
    • le Roux, C. W. et al. Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Ann. Surg. 246, 780-785 (2007).
    • (2007) Ann. Surg , vol.246 , pp. 780-785
    • le Roux, C.W.1
  • 90
    • 0035320623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin: Discovery of the natural endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor
    • Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Matsuo, H. & Kangawa, K. Ghrelin: Discovery of the natural endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 12, 118-122 (2001).
    • (2001) Trends Endocrinol. Metab , vol.12 , pp. 118-122
    • Kojima, M.1    Hosoda, H.2    Matsuo, H.3    Kangawa, K.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.