Lithium and neuropsychiatric therapeutics: Neuroplasticity via glycogen synthase kinase-3β, β-catenin, and neurotrophin cascades

Journal of Pharmacological Sciences

Volumn 110, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 14-28

  Wada, Akihiko ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIYAZAKI   (Japan)

Author keywords

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK 3 ) catenin pathway; Lithium; Mood disorder; Neuroplasticity; Neurotrophin cascade

Indexed keywords

2 (2,4 DICHLOROPHENYL) 3 (1 METHYL 3 INDOLYL)MALEIMIDE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; AR A014418; BETA CATENIN; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RECEPTOR; CHLORAL HYDRATE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CLOZAPINE; DEXFENFLURAMINE; FLUOXETINE; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3ALPHA; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA; HALOTHANE; IMIPRAMINE; LITHIUM; LITHIUM CHLORIDE; MEMANTINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NEUROTROPHIN; OLANZAPINE; PENTOBARBITAL; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PHYSOSTIGMINE; PROTEIN KINASE B; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; SERINE; SODIUM CHANNEL; SOMATOMEDIN C; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZIPRASIDONE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHRONIC STRESS; DEPRESSION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; EXERCISE; HUMAN; MOOD DISORDER; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; UPREGULATION;

EID: 66349125663     PISSN: 13478613     EISSN: 13478648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09R02CR     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Quiroz JA, Gould TD, Manji HK. Molecular effects of lithium. Mol Interv. 2004;4:259-272. (Pubitemid 39429934)
2. Wada A, Yokoo H, Yanagita T, Kobayashi H. Lithium: potential therapeutics against acute brain injuries and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. J Pharmacol Sci. 2005;99:307-321. (Pubitemid 41813422)
3. Marmol F. Lithium: bipolar disorder and neurodegenerative diseases. Possible cellular mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of lithium. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32:1761-1771.
4. Krishnan V, Nestler EJ. The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature. 2008;455:894-902.
5. Pittenger C, Duman RS. Stress, depression, and neuroplasticity: a convergence of mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33:88-109. (Pubitemid 350191319)
6. Wada A, Yokoo H, Yanagita T, Kobayashi H. New twist on neuronal insulin receptor signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics. J Pharmacol Sci. 2005;99:128-143. (Pubitemid 41524451)
7. Takahashi-Yanaga F, Sasaguri T. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as a target in drug discovery. J Pharmacol Sci. 2007;104:293-302. (Pubitemid 47378416)
8. McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Konarski JZ, Woldeyohannes KO, Miranda A, Fulgosi D, et al. Should depressive syndromes be reclassified as "metabolic syndrome type II"? Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007;19:257-264.
9. Hoshaw BA, Malberg JE, Lucki I. Central administration of IGF-I and BDNF leads to long-lasting antidepressant-like effects. Brain Res. 2005;1037:204-208. (Pubitemid 40362398)
10. Hoshaw BA, Hill TI, Crowley JJ, Malberg JE, Khawaja X, Rosenzweig-Lipson S, et al. Antidepressant-like behavioral effects of IGF-I produced by enhanced serotonin transmission. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;594:109-116.
11. Malberg JE, Platt B, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Ring RH, Lucki I, Schechter LE, et al. Increasing the levels of insulin-like growth factor-I by an IGF binding protein inhibitor produces anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32:2360-2368. (Pubitemid 47587671)
12. Benedict C, Hallschmid M, Hatke A, Schultes B, Fehm HL, Born J, et al. Intranasal insulin improves memory in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004;29:1326-1334. (Pubitemid 39024358)
13. Trejo JL, Piriz J, Llorens-Martin MV, Fernandez AM, Bolós M, LeRoith D, et al. Central actions of liver-derived insulin-like growth factor I underlying its pro-cognitive effects. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12:1118-1128. (Pubitemid 350191366)
14. Trejo JL, Llorens-Martín MV, Torres-Alemán I. The effects of exercise on spatial learning and anxiety-like behavior are mediated by an IGF-I-dependent mechanism related to hippocampal neurogenesis. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2008;37:402-411.
15. Lopez-Lopez C, LeRoith D, Torres-Aleman I. Insulin-like growth factor I is required for vessel remodeling in the adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:9833-9838. (Pubitemid 38869322)
16. Khawaja X, Xu J, Liang J-J, Barrett JE. Proteomic analysis of protein changes developing in rat hippocampus after chronic antidepressant treatment: implications for depressive disorders and future therapies. J Neurosci Res. 2004;75:451-460. (Pubitemid 38160706)
17. Chen MJ, Russo-Neustadt AA. Running exercise- and antidepressant- induced increases in growth and survival-associated signaling molecules are IGF-dependent. Growth Factors. 2007;25:118-131. (Pubitemid 47487579)
18. Grunbaum-Novak N, Taler M, Gil-Ad I, Weizman A, Cohen H, Weizman R. Relationship between antidepressants and IGF-1 system in the brain: possible role in cognition. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;18:431-438.
19. Sinha D, Wang Z, Ruchalski KL, Levine JS, Krishnan S, Lieberthal W, et al. Lithium activates the Wnt and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Akt signaling pathway to promote cell survival in the absence of soluble survival factors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;288:F703-F713. (Pubitemid 40381737)
20. Ding Q, Vaynman S, Akhavan M, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function. Neuroscience. 2006;140:823-833. (Pubitemid 43767460)
21. McCusker RH, McCrea K, Zunich S, Dantzer R, Broussard SR, Johnson RW, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-I enhances the biological activity of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on cerebrocortical neurons. J Neuroimmunol. 2006;179:186-190. (Pubitemid 44441590)
22. Carro E, Torres-Aleman I. The role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;490:127-133. (Pubitemid 38482166)
23. Trejo JL, Carro E, Garcia-Galloway E, Torres-Aleman I. Role of insulin-like growth factor I signaling in neurodegenerative diseases. J Mol Med. 2004;82:156-162. (Pubitemid 38392165)
24. Fernandez S, Fernandez AM, Lopez-Lopez C, Torres-Aleman I. Emerging roles of insulin-like growth factor-I in the adult brain. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2007;17:89-95. (Pubitemid 46523779)
25. Torres-Aleman I. Mouse models of Alzheimer's dementia: current concepts and new trends. Endocrinology. 2008;149:5952-5957.
26. Llorens-Martín M, Torres-Alemán I, Trejo JL. Growth factors as mediators of exercise actions on the brain. Neuromol Med. 2008;10:99-107.
27. Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie LA. Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci. 2007;30:464-472.
28. D'Ercole AJ, Ye P. Expanding the mind: IGF-I and brain development. Endocrinology. 2008;149:5958-5962.
29. Jope RS, Johnson GVW. The glamour and gloom of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Trends Biochem Sci. 2004;29:95-102. (Pubitemid 38186580)
30. Jope RS, Yuskaitis CJ, Beurel E. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3): inflammation, diseases, and therapeutics. Neurochem Res. 2007;32:577-595. (Pubitemid 46481289)
31. Wada A. GSK-3 inhibitors and insulin receptor signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics. Front Biosci. 2009;14:1558-1570.
32. Klein PS, Melton DA. A molecular mechanism for the effect of lithium on development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:8455-8459. (Pubitemid 26269579)
33. Ryves WJ, Harwood AJ. Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 by competition for magnesium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280:720-725. (Pubitemid 32924489)
34. Jope RS. Lithium and GSK-3: one inhibitor, two inhibitory actions, multiple outcomes. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003;24:441-443. (Pubitemid 37088166)
35. Chalecka-Franaszek E, Chuang D-M. Lithium activates the serine/threonine kinase Akt-1 and suppresses glutamate-induced inhibition of Akt-1 activity in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:8745-8750. (Pubitemid 29354862)
36. Sasaki T, Han F, Shioda N, Moriguchi S, Kasahara J, Ishiguro K, et al. Lithium-induced activation of Akt and CaM kinase II contributes to its neuroprotective action in a rat microsphere embolism model. Brain Res. 2006;1108:98-106. (Pubitemid 44278006)
37. Zhang F, Phiel CJ, Spece L, Gurvich N, Klein PS. Inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in response to lithium. Evidence for autoregulation of GSK-3. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:33067-33077. (Pubitemid 37055753)
38. Stambolic V, Ruel L, Woodgett JR. Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity and mimics Wingless signalling in intact cells. Curr Biol. 1996;6:1664-1668. (Pubitemid 27050234)
39. Gould TD, Chen G, Manji HK. In vivo evidence in the brain for lithium inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29:32-38.
40. Kaidanovich-Beilin O, Milman A, Weizman A, Pick CG, Eldar-Finkelman H. Rapid antidepressive-like activity of specific glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor and its effect on β-catenin in mouse hippocampus. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55:781-784. (Pubitemid 38429867)
41. O'Brien WT, Harper AD, Jové F, Woodgett JR, Maretto S, Piccolo S, et al. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β haploinsufficiency mimics the behavioral and molecular effects of lithium. J Neurosci. 2004;24:6791-6798. (Pubitemid 38993901)
42. Beaulieu J-M, Zhang X, Rodriguiz RM, Sotnikova TD, Cools MJ, Wetsel WC, et al. Role of GSK3β in behavioral abnormalities induced by serotonin deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:1333-1338.
43. Silva R, Mesquita AR, Bessa J, Sousa JC, Sotiropoulos I, Leão P, et al. Lithium blocks stress-induced changes in depressive-like behavior and hippocampal cell fate: the role of glycogensynthase-kinase-3β. Neuroscience. 2008;152:656-669.
44. Gould TD, Einat H, O'Donnell KC, Picchini AM, Schloesser RJ, Manji HK. β-Catenin overexpression in the mouse brain phenocopies lithium-sensitive behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32:2173-2183. (Pubitemid 47417687)
45. Gould TD, O'Donnell KC, Picchini AM, Dow ER, Chen G, Manji HK. Generation and behavioral characterization of β-catenin forebrain-specific conditional knock-out mice. Behav Brain Res. 2008;189:117-125.
46. Beaulieu J-M, Sotnikova TD, Yao W-D, Kockeritz L, Woodgett JR, Gainetdinov RR, et al. Lithium antagonizes dopamine-dependent behaviors mediated by an Akt /glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:5099-5104. (Pubitemid 38469209)
47. Prickaerts J, Moechars D, Cryns K, Lenaerts I, van Graenendonck H, Goris I, et al. Transgenic mice overexpressing glycogen synthase kinase 3β: a putative model of hyperactivity and mania. J Neurosci. 2006;26:9022-9029. (Pubitemid 44319393)
48. Wexler EM, Geschwind DH, Palmer TD. Lithium regulates adult hippocampal progenitor development through canonical Wnt pathway activation. Mol Psychiatry. 2008;13:285-292.
49. Boku S, Nakagawa S, Masuda T, Nishikawa H, Kato A, Kitaichi Y, et al. Glucocorticoids and lithium reciprocally regulate the proliferation of adult dentate gyrus-derived neural precursor cells through GSK-3β and β-catenin/TCF pathway. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34:805-815.
50. Silva R, Martins L, Longatto-Filho A, Almeida OFX, Sousa N. Lithium prevents stress-induced reduction of vascular endothelium growth factor levels. Neurosci Lett. 2007;429:33-38. (Pubitemid 350116349)
51. Tsankova NM, Berton O, Renthal W, Kumar A, Neve RL, Nestler EJ. Sustained hippocampal chromatin regulation in a mouse model of depression and antidepressant action. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9:519-525.
52. McColl G, Killilea DW, Hubbard AE, Vantipalli MC, Melov S, Lithgow GJ. Pharmacogenetic analysis of lithium-induced delayed aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:350-357.
53. Karege F, Perroud N, Burkhardt S, Schwald M, Ballmann E, La Harpe R, et al. Alteration in kinase activity but not protein levels of protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in ventral prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide victims. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61:240-245. (Pubitemid 46072784)
54. O'Brien WT, Klein PS. Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in patients with affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61:139-141. 55 Li X, Friedman AB, Zhu W, Wang L, Boswell S, May RS, et al. Lithium regulates glycogen synthase kinase-3β in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: implication in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61:216-222. (Pubitemid 46072792)
55. Li X, Zhu W, Roh M-S, Friedman AB, Rosborough K, Jope RS. In vivo regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) by serotonergic activity in mouse brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29:1426-1431.
56. Li X, Friedman AB, Roh M-S, Jope RS. Anesthesia and post-mortem interval profoundly influence the regulatory serine phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in mouse brain. J Neurochem. 2005;92:701-704. (Pubitemid 40189472)
57. Li X, Rosborough KM, Friedman AB, Zhu W, Roth KA. Regulation of mouse brain glycogen synthase kinase-3 by atypical antipsychotics. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;10:7-19. (Pubitemid 46122748)
58. De Sarno P, Bijur GN, Zmijewska AA, Li X, Jope RS. In vivo regulation of GSK3 phosphorylation by cholinergic and NMDA receptors. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27:413-422.
59. Beaulieu J-M. Not only lithium: regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by antipsychotics and serotonergic drugs. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;10:3-6. (Pubitemid 46122747)
60. Hye A, Kerr F, Archer N, Foy C, Poppe M, Brown R, et al. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is increased in white cells early in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett. 2005;373:1-4. (Pubitemid 39536210)
61. Leroy K, Yilmaz Z, Brion J-P. Increased level of active GSK-3β in Alzheimer's disease and accumulation in argyrophilic grains and in neurones at different stages of neurofibrillary degeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2007;33:43-55. (Pubitemid 46090309)
62. Terao T, Nakano H, Inoue Y, Okamoto T, Nakamura J, Iwata N. Lithium and dementia: a preliminary study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30:1125-1128. (Pubitemid 43928235)
63. Terao T. Lithium for prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;191:361-362. (Pubitemid 47555995)
64. Yang W, Leystra-Lantz C, Strong MJ. Upregulation of GSK3β expression in frontal and temporal cortex in ALS with cognitive impairment (ALSci). Brain Res. 2008;1196:131-139.
65. Kozlovsky N, Nadri C, Agam G. Low GSK-3β in schizophrenia as a consequence of neurodevelopmental insult. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2005;15:1-11. (Pubitemid 39585137)
66. Shapira M, Licht A, Milman A, Pick CG, Shohami E, Eldar-Finkelman H. Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in early depressive behavior induced by mild traumatic brain injury. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2007;34:571-577. (Pubitemid 46483079)
67. Wada A. Roles of voltage-dependent sodium channels in neuronal development, pain, and neurodegeneration. J Pharmacol Sci. 2006;102:253-268. (Pubitemid 44790687)
68. v1.7 sodium channels: multiple roles in adrenal chromaffin cells and peripheral nervous system. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2008;192:221-231.
69. Wiesel TN. Early explorations of the development and plasticity of the visual cortex: a personal view. J Neurobiol. 1999;41:7-9. (Pubitemid 29467598)
70. Lockerbie RO, Miller VE, Pfenninger KH. Regulated plasmalemmal expansion in nerve growth cones. J Cell Biol. 1991;112:1215-1227. (Pubitemid 21909664)
71. Wood MR, DeBin J, Strichartz GR, Pfenninger KH. Plasma-lemmal insertion and modification of sodium channels at the nerve growth cone. J Neurosci. 1992;12:2948-2959.
72. Pfenninger KH, Laurino L, Peretti D, Wang X, Rosso S, Morfini G, et al. Regulation of membrane expansion at the nerve growth cone. J Cell Sci. 2003;116:1209-1217. (Pubitemid 36410660)
73. Farrar NR, Spencer GE. Pursuing a "turning point" in growth cone research. Dev Biol. 2008;318:102-111.
74. Toledo-Aral JJ, Moss BL, He Z-J, Koszowski AG, Whisenand T, Levinson SR, et al. Identification of PN1, a predominant voltage-dependent sodium channel expressed principally in peripheral neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:1527-1532. (Pubitemid 27087885)
75. v1.7 expression. Neurochem Res. 2007;32:1469-1475.
76. D'Arcangelo G, Paradiso K, Shepherd D, Brehm P, Halegoua S, Mandel G. Neuronal growth factor regulation of two different sodium channel types through distinct signal transduction pathways. J Cell Biol. 1993;122:915-921. (Pubitemid 23241100)
77. Leroy K, Menu R, Conreur JL, Dayanandan R, Lovestone S, Anderton BH, et al. The function of the microtubule-associated protein tau is variably modulated by graded changes in glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity. FEBS Lett. 2000;465:34-38. (Pubitemid 30012111)
78. Laurino L, Wang XX, de la Houssaye BA, Sosa L, Dupraz S, Cáceres A, et al. PI3K activation of IGF-1 is essential for the regulation of membrane expansion at the nerve growth cone. J Cell Sci. 2005;118:3653-3663. (Pubitemid 41309412)
79. Sosa L, Dupraz S, Laurino L, Bollati F, Bisbal M, Cáceres A, et al. IGF-1 receptor is essential for the establishment of hippocampal neuronal polarity. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9:993-995. (Pubitemid 44264907)
80. Özdinler PH, Macklis JD. IGF-I specifically enhances axon outgrowth of corticospinal motor neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9:1371-1381. (Pubitemid 44646209)
81. Shepherd SP, Holzwarth MA. Chromaffin-adrenocortical cell interactions: effects of chromaffin cell activation in adrenal cell cocultures. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001;280:C61-C71. (Pubitemid 32523399)
82. Manivannan S, Terakawa S. Rapid sprouting of filopodia in nerve terminals of chromaffin cells, PC12 cells, and dorsal root neurons induced by electrical stimulation. J Neurosci. 1994;14:5917-5928. (Pubitemid 24307787)
83. 2+ influx decreases tau phosphorylation via glycogen synthase kinase-3β in adrenal chromaffin cells. Neurochem Int. 2009;54:497-505.
84. Lee G. Tau and src family tyrosine kinases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1739:323-330. (Pubitemid 40018548)
85. Reynolds CH, Garwood CJ, Wray S, Price C, Kellie S, Perera T, et al. Phosphorylation regulates tau interactions with Src homology 3 domains of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phospholipase Cγ1, Grb2, and Src family kinases. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:18177-18186.
86. Yamamoto R, Yanagita T, Kobayashi H, Yuhi T, Yokoo H, Wada A. Up-regulation of functional voltage-dependent sodium channels by insulin in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. J Neurochem. 1996;67:1401-1408. (Pubitemid 26314194)
87. Yamamoto R, Yanagita T, Kobayashi H, Yokoo H, Wada A. Upregulation of sodium channel subunit mRNAs and their cell surface expression by antiepileptic valproic acid: activation of calcium channel and catecholamine secretion in adrenal chromaffin cells. J Neurochem. 1997;68:1655-1662. (Pubitemid 27133075)
88. v1.7 sodium channel in adrenal chromaffin cells. J Pharmacol Sci. 2009;109:157-161.
89. Madsen TM, Newton SS, Eaton ME, Russell DS, Duman RS. Chronic electroconvulsive seizure up-regulates β-catenin expression in rat hippocampus: role in adult neurogenesis. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:1006-1014. (Pubitemid 37415035)
90. Warner-Schmidt JL, Madsen TM, Duman RS. Electroconvulsive seizure restores neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent fear memory after disruption by irradiation. Eur J Neurosci. 2008;27:1485-1493.
91. Alimohamad H, Sutton L, Mouyal J, Rajakumar N, Rushlow WJ. The effects of antipsychotics on β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase-3 and dishvelled in the ventral midbrain of rats. J Neurochem. 2005;95:513-525. (Pubitemid 41457519)
92. Alihohamad H, Rajakumar N, Seah Y-H, Rushlow W. Antipsychotics alter the protein expression levels of β-catenin and GSK-3 in the rat medial prefrontal cortex and striatum. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:533-542. (Pubitemid 40311989)
93. Sutton LP, Honardoust D, Mouyal J, Rajakumar N, Rushlow WJ. Activation of the canonical Wnt pathway by the antipsychotics haloperidol and clozapine involves dishvelled-3. J Neurochem. 2007;102:153-169. (Pubitemid 46906265)
94. Mostany R, Valdizán EM, Pazos A. A role for nuclear β-catenin in SNRI antidepressant-induced hippocampal cell proliferation. Neuropharmacology. 2008;55:18-26.
95. Mason JL, Xuan S, Dragatsis I, Efstratiadis A, Goldman JE. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling through type 1 IGF receptor plays an important role in remyelination. J Neurosci. 2003;23:7710-7718. (Pubitemid 37034089)
96. Dietrich MO, Muller A, Bolos M, Carro E, Perry ML, Portela LV, et al. Western style diet impairs entrance of blood-borne insulin-like growth factor-1 into the brain. Neuromol Med. 2007;9:324-330. (Pubitemid 350242635)
97. Russo VC, Gluckman PD, Feldman EL, Werther GA. The insulin-like growth factor system and its pleiotropic functions in brain. Endocr Rev. 2005;26:916-943. (Pubitemid 41770158)
98. Chao W, D'Amore PA. IGF2: epigenetic regulation and role in development and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2008;19:111-120.
99. Sullivan KA, Kim B, Feldman EL. Insulin-like growth factors in the peripheral nervous system. Endocrinology. 2008;149:5963-5971.
100. Bezchlibnyk YB, Wang J-F, Shao L, Young LT. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 expression is decreased by lithium. Neuroreport. 2006;17:897-901. (Pubitemid 43869955)
101. Bezchlibnyk YB, Xu L, Wang J-F, Young LT. Decreased expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with bipolar disorder and its regulation by lithium treatment. Brain Res. 2007;1147:213-217. (Pubitemid 46574546)
102. Lewitt MS, Brismar K, Ohlson J, Hartman J. Lithium chloride inhibits the expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1. J Endocrinol. 2001;171:R11-R15. (Pubitemid 34026373)
103. Nemoto T, Yokoo H, Satoh S, Yanagita T, Sugano T, Yoshikawa N, et al. Constitutive activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β: positive regulation of steady-state levels of insulin receptor substrates-1 and -2 in adrenal chromaffin cells. Brain Res. 2006;1110:1-12.
104. Nemoto T, Kanai T, Yanagita T, Satoh S, Maruta T, Yoshikawa N, et al. Regulation of Akt mRNA and protein levels by glycogen synthase kinase-3β in adrenal chromaffin cells: effects of LiCl and SB216763. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;586:82-89.
105. Chen J, Wu A, Sun H, Drakas R, Garofalo C, Cascio S, et al. Functional significance of type 1 insulin-like growth factor-mediated nuclear translocation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 and β-catenin. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:29912-29920. (Pubitemid 41177069)
106. Playford MP, Bicknell D, Bodmer WF, Macaulay VM. Insulin-like growth factor 1 regulates the location, stability, and transcriptional activity of β-catenin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:12103-12108.
107. Yokoo H, Nemoto T, Yanagita T, Satoh S, Yoshikawa N, Maruta T, et al. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β: homologous regulation of cell surface insulin receptor via controlling insulin receptor mRNA stability in adrenal chromaffin cells. J Neurochem. 2007;103:1883-1896. (Pubitemid 350126638)