Cerebral protection, brain repair, plasticity and cell therapy in ischemic stroke

Cerebrovascular Diseases

Volumn 27, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2009, Pages 177-186

  Gutiérrez, María ^a,b   Merino, José Joaquín ^b   Alonso De Leciñana, María ^c   Díez Tejedor, Exuperio ^a,b,d  

^a Stroke Unit   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PAZ   (Spain)

^c HOSPITAL RAMÓN Y CAJAL   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Brain repair; Cell therapy; Cerebral protection; Ischemic stroke; Neuroprotection

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CITICOLINE; CLOMETHIAZOLE; DISUFENTON SODIUM; EBSELEN; GROWTH FACTOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LUBELUZOLE; MAGNESIUM; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; PIRACETAM; RECOMBINANT BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; RECOMBINANT ENDOTHELIAL CELL GROWTH FACTOR 2; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; RECOMBINANT FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANGIOGENESIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CELL THERAPY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL STUDY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG EFFICACY; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; HUMAN; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPERFUSION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; SYNAPTOGENESIS;

EID: 64149132110     PISSN: 10159770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000200457     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (119)

1. Dirnagl U, Simon RP, Hallenbeck JM: Ischemic tolerance and endogenous neuroprotection. Trends Neurosci 2003;26:248-254.
2. Diez Tejedor E, Fuentes B: Acute care in stroke: do stroke units make the difference? Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 11(suppl 1):31-39.
3. Diez Tejedor E, Fuentes B: Acute care in stroke: the importance of early intervention to achieve better brain protection. Cerebro-vasc Dis 2004; 17(suppl 1):130-137.
4. Ohab JJ, Fleming S, Blesch A, Carmichael ST: A neurovascular niche for neurogenesis after stroke. J Neurosci 2006; 26:13007-13016.
5. Grotta J: Acute stroke therapy at the millennium: consummating the marriage between the laboratory and the bedside. The Feinberg lecture. Stroke 1999;30:1722-1728.
6. Alonso de Leciñana M, Díez Tejedor E, Carceller F: Cerebral ischemia: from animal studies to clinical practice. Should the methods be reviewed? Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 11(suppl 1):20-30.
7. Mohr J, Orgogozo J, Hennerici M: Meta-analysis of oral nimodipine trials in acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994; 4: 197-203.
8. Horn J, de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, Limburg M: Very Early Nimodipine Use in Stroke (VENUS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2001; 32: 461-465.
9. Muir K, Lees K: Excitatory amino acid antagonists for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;CD001244.
10. Gandolfo C, Sandercock P, Conti M: Lubeluzole for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;CD001924.
11. Muir K, Lees K, Ford I, Davis S: Intravenous Magnesium Efficacy in Stroke (IMAGES) Study Investigators. Magnesium for acute stroke (Intravenous Magnesium Efficacy in Stroke trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 20 04;363:439-445.
12. Ogawa A, Yoshimoto T, Kikuchi H, Sano K, Saito I, Yamaguchi T, Yasuhara H: Ebselen in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion: a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;9:112-118.
13. Ricci S, Celani M, Cantisani A, Righetti E: Piracetam for acute ischaemic stroke. Co-chrane Database Syst Rev 2002;CD000419.
14. Wahlgren NG, Ranasinha KW, Rosolacci T, Franke CL, van Erven PM, Ashwood T, Claesson L: Clomethiazole acute stroke study (CLASS): results of a randomized, controlled trial of clomethiazole versus placebo in 1360 acute stroke patients. Stroke 1999;30: 21-28.
15. Lyden P, Shuaib A, Ng K, Levin K, Atkinson RP, Rajput A, Wechsler L , Ashwood T, Claesson L, Odergren T, Salazar- Grueso E; CLASS-I/H/T Investigators: Clomethiazole Acute Stroke Study in ischemic stroke (CLASS-I): final results. Stroke 2002;33:122-128.
16. ICTUS Study: International Citicholine Trial on acUte Stroke (NCT00331890). http:// www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/misc/ protocol/06PRT-3005.
17. Dávalos A, Castillo J, Álvarez- Sabin J, Secades J, Mercadal J, López S, Cobo E, Warach S, Sherman D, Clark W, Lozano R: Oral citicholine in acute ischemic stroke: an individual patient data pooling analysis of clinical tria ls. Stroke 2002;33:2850-2857.
18. Tovarelli G, DeMedio G, Dorman R, Piccinin G, Horrocks L, Porcellati G: Effects of cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) on ischemia-induced alteration of brain lipid in the gerbil. Neurochem Res 1981;6:821-833.
19. Hurtado O, Cárdenas A, Pradillo JM, Morales JR, Ortego F, Sobrino T, Castillo J, Moro MA, Lizasoain I: A chronic treatment with CDP-choline improves functional recovery and increases neuronal plasticity after experimental stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 26:105-111.
20. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, Toni D, Lesaffre E, von Kummer R, Boyse G, Bluhmki E, Höxter G, Mahagne MH, Hennerici M, for the ECASS Study Group: Int ravenous throm-bolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA 1995;274:1017-1025.
21. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, von Kummer R, Davalos A, Meier D, Larrue V, Bluhmki E, Davis S, Donnan G, Schneider D, Diez-Teje-dor E, Trouillas P: Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Lancet 1998; 352:1245-1251.
22. Hacke W, Brott T, Caplan L, Meier D, Fieschi C, von Kummer R, Donnan G, Heiss WD, Wahlgren NG, Spranger M, Boysen G, Marler JR: Thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: controlled trials and clinical experience. Neurology 1999;53(suppl 4):S3-S14.
23. Marler JR, Tilley BC, Lu M, Brott TG, Lyden PC, Grotta JC, Broderick JP, Levine SR, Frankel MP, Horowitz SH, Haley EC Jr, Lewandowski CA, Kwiatkowski TP: Early stroke treatment associated with better outcome: the NINDS rtPA Stroke Study. Neurology 2000;55:1649-1655.
24. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rtPA Stroke Study Group Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Eng J Med 1995; 333: 1581-1587.
25. Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, Kaste M, von Kummer R, Broderick JP, Brott T, Frankel M, Grotta JC, Haley EC Jr, Kwiatkowski T, Levine SR, Lewandowski C, Lu M, Lyden P, Marler JR, Patel S, Tilley BC, Albers G, Bluhmki E, Wilhelm M, Hamilton S, ATLANTIS Trials Investigators, ECASS Trials Investigators, NINDS rtPA Study Group Investigators: Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rtPA stroke tria ls. La ncet 2004;363:76 8-774.
26. Andersen M, Overgaard K, Meden P, Boysen G, Choi S: Effects of citicholine combined with thrombolytic therapy in a rat embolic stroke model. Stroke 1999;30:1464-1471.
27. Meden P, Overgaard K, Sereghy T, Boysen G: Enhancing the efficacy of thrombolysis by AMPA receptor blockade with NBQX in a rat embolic stroke model. J Neurol Sci 1993;119: 209-216.
28. Zivin J, Mazzarella V: Tissue plasminogen activator plus gluta mate antagonist improves outcome after embolic stroke. Arch Neurol 1991;48:1235-1238.
29. Zhang R, Zhang Z, Chopp M: Increased therapeutic efficacy with rt-PA and anti-CD18 antibody treatment of stroke in the rat. Neurology 1999;52:273-279.
30. Yang Y, Li Q, Shu a ib A: En ha nced neuroprotection and reduced hemorrhagic incidence in focal cerebral ischemia of rat by low dose combination therapy of urokinase and topiramate. Neuropharmacolog y 2000;39:881-888.
31. Lekieffre D, Benavides J, Scatton B, Nowicki J: Neuroprotection afforded by a combination of eliprodil and a thrombolytic agent, rt-PA, in a rat thromboembolic stroke model. Brain Res 1997;776:88-95.
32. Alonso de Leciñana M, Gutiárrez M, Roda JM, Carceller F, Díez-Tejedor E: Effect of combined therapy with thrombolysis and citicoline in a rat model of embolic stroke. J Neurol Sci 2006;247:121-129.
33. Overgaard K, Sereghy T, Boysen G, Pedersen H, Diemer N: Reduction of infarct volume and mortality by thrombolysis in a rat embolic stroke model. Stroke 1992;23:1167-1173.
34. Meden P, Overgaard K, Pedersen H, Boysen G: Effect of early treatment with tirilazad (U7400F) combined with delayed thrombolytic therapy in rat embolic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1996;6:141-148.
35. Sereghy T, Overgaard K, Boysen G: Neuro-protection by excitatory amino acid antagonist augments the benefit of thrombolysis in embolic stroke in rats. Stroke 1993;24:1702-1708.
36. Grotta J, on behalf of The Combination Therapy Stroke Trial Investigators: Combination therapy stroke trial: recombinant tissue plasminogen activator with/without lubeluzole. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 12: 258-263.
37. Lyden P, Jacoby M, Sch i m J, A lb ers G , Ma zzeo P, Ashwood T, Nord lund A, Oderg ren T: T he Clomethiazole Acute Stroke Study in tissue-type plasminogen activator-treated stroke (CLASS-T): final results. Neurology 2001; 57: 1199-1205.
38. Lees KR, Zivin JA, Ashwood T, Davalos A, Davis SM, Diener HC, Grotta J, Lyden P, Shuaib A, Hårdemark HG, Wasiewski WW, Stroke-Acute Ischemic NXY Treatment (SAINT I) Trial Investigators: NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:588-600.
39. Savitz SI, Fisher M: Future of neuroprotection for acute stroke: in the aftermath of the SAINT trials. Ann Neurol 2007;61:396-402.
40. Lo EH, Dalkara T, Moskowitz MA: Mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in stroke. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003;4:399-415.
41. Wei L, Erinjeri JP, Rovainen CM, Woolsey TA: Collateral growth and angiogenesis around cortical stroke. Stroke 2001;32:2179-2184.
42. Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka C, Pastore C, Silver M, Kearne M, Magner M, Isner JM: Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ Res 1999;85: 221-228.
43. Taguchi A, Soma T, Tanaka H, Kanda T, Nishimura H, Yoshikawa H, Tsukamoto Y, Iso H, Fujimori Y, Stern DM, Naritomi H, Matsuyama T: Administration of CD34+ cells after stroke enhances neurogenesis via angiogenesis in a mouse model. J Clin Invest 2004; 114: 330-338.
44. Zheng Y, Yi C, Xia W, Ding T, Zhou Z, Han Y, Guo S: Mesenchymal stem cells transduced by vascular endothelial growth factor gene for ischemic random skin flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121:59-69.
45. Plate KH: Mechanisms of angiogenesis in the brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1999;58: 313-320.
46. Leventhal C, Rafii S, Rafii D, Shahar A, Goldman SA: Endothelial tropic support of neuronal production and recruitment from the adult mammalian subependyma. Mol Cel l Neurosci 1999;13:450-464.
47. Bibel M, Barde YA: Neurotrophins: key regulators of cell fate and cell shape in the vertebrate nervous system. Genes Dev 2000; 14 : 2919-2937.
48. Louissaint A Jr, Rao S, Leventhal C, Goldman SA: Coordinated interaction of neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the adult songbird brain. Neuron 2002;34:945-960.
49. Ohab JJ, Fleming S, Blesch A, Carmichael ST: A neurovascular niche for neurogenesis after stroke. J Neurosci 2006;26:13007-13016.
50. Belmadani A, Tran PB, Ren D, Assimaco-poulos S, Grove EA, Miller RJ: The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 regulates the migration of sensory neuron progenitors. J Neurosci 2005;25:3995-4003.
51. Parent JM, Vexler ZS, Gong C, Derugin N, Ferriero DM: Rat forebrain neurogenesis and striatal neuron replacement after focal stroke. Ann Neurol 2002;52:802-813.
52. Arvidsson A, Collin T, Kirik D, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O: Neuronal replacement from endogenous precursors in the adult brain after stroke. Nat Med 2002;8:963-970.
53. Monje ML, Toda H, Palmer TD: Inflammatory blockade restores adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Science 2003;302:1760-1765.
54. Losif RE, Ekdahl CT, Ahlenius H, Pronk CJ, Bonde S, Kokaia Z, Jacobsen SE, Lindvall O: Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 is a negative regulator of progenitor proliferation in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J Neurosci 2006; 26:9703-9712.
55. Kolodziej A, Schulz S, Guyon A, Wu DF, Pfeiffer M, Odemis V, Höllt V, Stumm R: Tonic activation of CXC chemokine receptor 4 in immature granule cells supports neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. J Neurosci 2008;28:4488-4500.
56. Schönemeier B, Schulz S, Hoellt V, Stumm R: Enhanced expression of the CXCl12/SDF-1 chemokine receptor CXCR7 after cerebral ischemia in the rat brain. J Neuroimmunol 2008;198:39-45.
57. Wieloch T, Nikolich K: Mechanisms of neural plasticity following brain injury. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2006;16:258-264.
58. Nudo RJ: Functional and structural plasticity in motor cortex: implications for stroke recovery. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2003; 14(suppl 1):S57-S76.
59. Nudo RJ, Plautz EJ, Frost SB: Role of adaptive plasticity in recovery of function after damage to motor cortex. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24: 1000-1019.
60. Liao JK: Clinical implications for statin pleiotropy. Curr Opin Lipidol 2005; 16:624-629.
61. Shimazu S: The neurotropic action and brain protective effect of cerebrolysin (abstract). Neurobiol Aging 1992; 13(suppl 1):S50.
62. Satou T, Imano M, Akai F, Hashimoto S, Itoh T, Fujimoto M: Morphological observation of effect of cerebrolysin on culture neural cells (abstract). Advances in Biosciences 1993;87:195-196.
63. Fox GB, Kjøller C, Murphy KJ, Regan CM: The modulations of NCAM polysialylation state that follow transient global ischemia are brief on neurons but enduring on glia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001;60:132-140.
64. Iwai M, Sato K, Omori N, Nagano I, Manabe Y, Shoji M, Abe K: Three steps of neural stem cells development in gerbil dentate gyrus after transient ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002;22:411-419.
65. Leist M, Ghezzi P, Grasso G, Bianchi R, Villa P, Fratelli M, Savino C, Bianchi M, Nielsen J, Gerwien J, Kallunki P, Larsen AK, Helboe L, Christensen S, Pedersen LO, Nielsen M, Torup L, Sager T, Sfacteria A, Erbayraktar S, Erbayraktar Z, Gokmen N, Yilmaz O, Cerami-Hand C, Xie QW, Coleman T, Cerami A, Brines M: Derivatives of erythropoietin that are tissue protective but not erythropoietic. Science 2004;305:239-242.
66. Schneider A, Krüger C, Steigleder T, Weber D, Pitzer C, Laage R, Aronowski J, Maurer MH, Gassler N, Mier W, Hasselblatt M, Kollmar R, Schwab S, Sommer C, Bach A, Kuhn HG, Schäbitz WR: The hematopoietic factor G-CSF is a neuronal ligand that counteracts programmed cell death and drives neurogenesis. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 2083-2098.
67. Conner JM, Chiba AA, Tuszynski MH: The basal forebrain cholinergic system is essential for cortical plasticity and functional recovery following brain injury. Neuron 2005; 46: 173-17 9.
68. Nakatomi H, Kuriu T, Okabe S, Yamamoto S, Hatano O, Kawa hara N, Tamura A, Kirino T, Nakafuku M: Regeneration of hippocampal pyramidal neurons after ischemic brain injury by recruitment of endogenous neural progenitors. Cell 2002;110:429-441.
69. Arvidsson A, Collin T, Kirik D, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O: Neuronal replacement from endogenous precursors in the adult brain after stroke. Nat Med 2002;8:963-970.
70. Yang YR, Wang RY, Wang PS: Early and late treadmill training after focal brain ischemia in rats. Neurosci Lett 2003;339:91-94.
71. Paolucci S, Antonucci G, Grasso MG, Mo-relli D, Troisi E, Coiro P, Bragoni M: Early versus delayed inpatient stroke rehabilitation: a matched comparison conducted in Italy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:695-700.
72. Stroemer RP, Kent TA, Hulsebosch CE: Neocortical neural sprouting, synaptogenesis, and behavioral recovery after neocortical infarction in rats. Stroke 1995;26:2135-2144.
73. Schäbitz W-R, Berger C, Kollmar R, Seitz M, Tanay E, Kiessling M, Schwab S, Sommer C: Effect of BDNF treatment and forced arm use on functional motor recovery after small cortical ischemia. Stroke 2004;35:992-997.
74. Craig CG, Tropepe V, Morshead CM, Reynolds BA, Weiss S, van der Kooy D: In vivo growth factor expansion of endogenous subependymal neural precursor cell populations in the adult mouse brain. J Neurosci 1996; 16:2649-2658.
75. Zheng W, Nowakowski RS, Vaccarino FM: Fibroblast growth factor 2 is required for maintaining the neural stem cell pool in the mouse brain subventricular zone. Dev Neurosci 2004; 26: 181-196.
76. Kuhn HG, Winkler J, Kempermann G, Thal LJ, Gage FH: Epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2 have different effects on neural progenitors in the adult rat brain. J Neurosci 1997; 17:5820-5829.
77. Chen J, Zhang C, Jiang H, Li Y, Zhang L, Robin A, Katakowski M, Lu M, Chopp M: Atorvastatin induction of VEGF and BDNF promotes brain plasticity after stroke in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25: 281-290.
78. Liu XS, Zhang ZG, Zhang L, Morris DC, Kapke A, Lu M, Chopp M: Atorvastatin downregulates tissue plasminogen activator-aggravated genes mediating coagulation and vascular permeability in single cerebral endothelial cells captured by laser microdis-section. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006;26: 787-796.
79. Ding G, Jiang Q, Li L, Zhang L, Zhang ZG, Panda S, Ewing JR, Chopp M: MRI of combination treatment of embolic stroke in rat with rtPA and atorvastatin. J Neurol Sci 2006;246:139-147.
80. Wang L, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang R, Chopp M: Treatment of stroke with erythropoietin enhances neurogenesis and angiogenesis and improves neurological function in rats. Stroke 2004;35:1732-1737.
81. Lu D, Mahmood A, Qu C, Goussev A, Schallert T, Chopp M: Erythropoietin enhances neurogenesis and restores spatial memory in rats after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2005;22:1011-1017.
82. ChenJ, Zacharek A, Li Y, LiA, Wang L, Katakowski M, Roberts C, Lu M, Chopp M: N-cadherin mediates nitric oxide-induced neurogenesis in young and retired breeder neurospheres. Neuroscience 2006; 140: 377-388.
83. Zhang RL, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Chopp M: Delayed treatment with sildenafil enhances neurogenesis and improves functional recovery in aged rats after focal cerebralischemia. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83: 1213-1219.
84. Meng H, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Liu X, Wang L, Robin AM, Chopp M: Biphasic effects of exogenous VEGF on VEGF expression of adult neural progenitors. Neurosci Lett 2006;393: 97-101.
85. Wang L, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang R, Chopp M: Treatment of stroke with erythropoietin enhances neurogenesis and angiogenesis and improves neurological function in rats. Stroke 2004;35:1732-1737.
86. Jiang Q, Zhang ZG, Ding GL, Zhang L, Ewing JR, Wang L, Zhang R, Li L, Lu M, Meng H, Arbab AS, Hu J, Li QJ, Pourabdollah Nejad DS, Athiraman H, Chopp M: Investigation of neural progenitor cell induced angiogenesis after embolic stroke in rat using MRI. Neuroimage 2005;28:698-707.
87. Zhang C, Li Y, Chen J, Gao Q, Zacharek A, Kapke A, Chopp M: Bone marrow stromal cells upregulate expression of bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4, gap junction protein connexin-43 and synaptophysin after stroke in rats. Neuroscience 2006; 141:687-695.
88. Shen LH, Li Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Vanguri P, Borneman J, Chopp M: Intracarotid transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells increases axon-myelin remodeling af ter stroke. Neuroscience 2006; 137:393-399.
89. Li Y, McIntosh K, Chen J, Zhang C, Gao Q, Borneman J, Raginski K, Mitchell J, Shen L, Zhang J, Lu D, Chopp M: Allogeneic bone marrow stromal cells promote glial-axonal remodeling without immunologic sensitization after stroke in rats. Exp Neurol 2006; 198:313-325.
90. Yan YP, Sailor KA, Vemuganti R, Dempsey RJ: Insulin-like growth factor-1 is an endogenous mediator of focal ischemia-induced neural progenitor proliferation. Eur J Neurosci 2006;24:45-54.
91. Li Y, Chopp M, Jiang N, Yao F, Zaloga C: Temporal profile of in situ DNA fragmentation after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995; 15: 389-397.
92. Sánchez-Ramos J, Song S, Dailey M, Cardo-zo-Pelaez F, Hazzi C, Stedeford T, Willing A, Freeman TB, Saporta S, Zigova T, Sanberg PR, Snyder EY: The X-gal caution in neural transplantation studies. Cell Transplant 2000;9:657-667.
93. Mahmood A, Lu D, Qu C, Goussev A, Chopp M: Long-term recovery after bone marrow stromal cell treatment of traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurosurg 2006; 104:272-277.
94. Chen J, Sanberg PR, Li Y, Wang L, Lu M, Willing AE, Sanchez-Ramos J, Chopp M: Intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood reduces behavioral deficits after stroke in rats. Stroke 2001; 32:2682-2688.
95. Lu D, Sanberg PR, Mahmood A, Li Y, Wang L, Sanchez-Ramos J, Chopp M: Intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood reduces neurological deficit in the rat after traumatic brain injury. Cell Transplant 2002; 11:275-281.
96. Lu D, Li Y, Mahmood A, Wang L, Rafiq T, Chopp M: Neural and marrow-derived stromal cell sphere transplantation in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2002;97:935-940.
97. Li Y, Yang X, Chen J, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang C: Transplantation of a new composite of fetal neural tissue and adult bone marrow stromal cells into the rat brain after stroke. Neurosci Res Commun 2002; 30: 155-163.
98. Zhang Z, Jiang Q, Jiang F, Ding G, Zhang R, Wang L, Zhang L, Robin AM, Katakowski M, Chopp M: In vivo magnetic resonance imaging tracks adult neural progenitor cell targeting of brain tumor. Neuroimage 2004;23:281-287.
99. Wislet-Gendebien S, Bruyère F, Hans G, Leprince P, Moonen G, Rogister B: Nestin-positive mesenchymal stem cells favour the astroglial lineage in neural progenitors and stem cells by releasing active BMP4. BMC Neurosci 2004;5:33.
100. Zhao LR, Duan WM, Reyes M, Keene CD, Verfaillie CM, Low WC: Human bone marrow stem cells exhibit neural phenotypes and ameliorate neurological deficits after grafting into the ischemic brain of rats. Exp Neurol 2002; 174:11-20.
101. Bang OY, Lee JS, Lee PH, Lee G: Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in stroke patients. Ann Neurol 2005;57:874-882.
102. Chen X, Li Y, Wang L, Katakowski M, Zhang L, Chen J, Xu Y, Gautam SC, Chopp M: Ischemic rat brain extracts induce human marrow stromal cell growth factor production. Neuropathology 2002;22:275-279.
103. Kurozumi K, Nakamura K, Tamiya T, Kawano Y, Ishii K, Kobune M, Hirai S, Uchida H, Sas a ki K, Ito Y, Kato K, Honmou O, Houkin K, Date I, Hamada H: Mesenchymal stem cells that produce neurotropic factors reduce ischemic damage in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Mol Ther 2005; 11:96-104.
104. Ikeda N, Nonoguchi N, Zhao MZ, Watanabe T, Kajimoto Y, Furutama D, Kimura F, Dezawa M, Coffin RS, Otsuki Y, Kuroiwa T, Miyatake S: Bone marrow stromal cells that enhanced fibroblast growth factor-2 secretion by herpes simplex virus vector improve neurological outcome after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 2005; 36: 2725-2730.
105. Carmeliet, Storkebaum E: Vascular and neuronal effects of VEGF in the nervous system: implications for neurological disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2002; 13:39-53.
106. Jin K, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Mao XO, Xie L, Greenberg DA: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:11946-11950.
107. Kang SK, Lee DH, Bae YC, Kim HK, Baik SY, Jung JS: Improvement of neurological deficits by intracerebral transplantation of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells after cerebral ischemia in rats. Exp Neurol 2003; 183:355-366.
108. Jang SH, Kim YH, Cho SH, Chang Y, Lee ZI, Ha JS: Cortical reorganization associated with motor recovery in hemiparetic stroke patients. Neuroreport 2003; 14: 1305-1310.
109. Jeong SW, Chu K, Jung KH, Kim SU, Kim M, Roh JK: Human neural stem cell transplantation promotes functional recovery in rats with experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2003; 34:2258-2263.
110. Park KI: Transplantation of neural stem cells: cellular & gene therapy for hypoxicischemic brain injury. Yonsei Med J 2000; 41:825-835.
111. Yip HK, Chang LT, Chang WN, Lu CH, Liou CW, Lan MY, Liu JS, Youssef AA, Chang HW: Level and value of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2008; 39: 69-74.
112. Sobrino T, Hurtado O, Moro MA, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Castel lanos M, Brea D, Moldes O, Blanco M, Arenillas JF, Leira R, Dávalos A, Lizasoain I, Castillo J: The increase of circulating endothelial progenitor cells after acute ischemic stroke is associated with good outcome. Stroke 2007; 38: 2759-2764.
113. Lapergue B, Mohammad A, Shuaib A: Endothelial progenitor cells and cerebrovascu lar diseases. Prog Neurobiol 20 07; 83: 349-362.
114. Kondziolka D, Steinberg GK, Wechsler L, Meltzer CC, Elder E, Gebel J, Decesare S, Jovin T, Zafonte R, Lebowitz J, Flickinger JC, Tong D, Marks MP, Jamieson C, Luu D, Bell-Stephens T, Teraoka J: Neurotrans-plantation for patients with subcortical motor stroke: a phase 2 randomized trial. J Neurosurg 2005; 103:38-45.
115. Kondziolka D, Wechsler L, Goldstein S, Meltzer C, Thulborn KR, Gebel J, Jannetta P, DeCesare S, Elder EM, McGrogan M, Reitman MA, Bynum L: Transplantation of cultured human neuronal cells for patients with stroke. Neurology 2000;55:565-569.
116. Bang OY, Lee JS, Lee PH, Lee G: Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in stroke patients. Ann Neurol 2005;57:874-882.
117. Jo DY, Hwang JH, Kim JM, Yun HJ, Kim S: Human bone marrow endothelial cells elaborate non-stromal-cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)-dependent chemoattraction and SDF-1-dependent transmigration of haematopoietic progenitors. Br J Haematol 2003;121:649-652.
118. Imitola J, Raddassi K, Park KI, Mueller FJ, Nieto M, Teng YD, Frenkel D, Li J, Sidman RL, Walsh CA, Snyder EY, Khoury SJ: Directed migration of neural stem cells to sites of CNS injury by the stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha/CXC chemokine receptor 4 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 18117-18122.
119. Belmadani A, Tran PB, Ren D, Miller RJ: Chemokines regulate the migration of neural progenitors to sites of neuroinflammation. J Neurosci 2006;26:3182-3191.