Exopolysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria: A review

Journal of Food Science and Technology

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 1-11

  Behare, P V ^a   Singh, Rameshwar ^a   Kumar, M ^a   Prajapati, J B ^b   Singh, R P ^a  

^a NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

^b ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Exopolysaccharide; Fermented milk; Heteropolysaccharide; Homopolysaccharide; Lactic acid bacteria; Rheological properties

Indexed keywords

ACIDS; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS; BACTERIA; BACTERIOLOGY; BODY FLUIDS; CELL CULTURE; CELL MEMBRANES; DAIRY PRODUCTS; EMULSIFICATION; GELATION; LABORATORIES; LACTIC ACID; ORGANIC ACIDS; POLYSACCHARIDES; RHEOLOGY;

EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE; FERMENTED MILK; HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDE; HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDE; LACTIC ACID BACTERIA; RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES;

DAIRIES;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 58449104077     PISSN: 00221155     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Abbad-Andaloussi S, Talbaoui H, Marczak R, Bonaly R 1995. Isolation and characterization of exocellular polysaccharides produced by Bifidobacterium longum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 43:995-1000
2. Ariga H, Urashima T, Michihata E, Ito M, Morizono N, Kimura T, Takahashi S 1992. Extracellular polysaccharide from encapsulated Streptococcus salivarius subsp. Thermophilus OR 901 isolated from commercial yoghurt, J Food Sci 57:625-628
3. Awad, S, Hassan N, Muthukumarappan K 2005. Application of exopolysaccharideproducing cultures in reduced fat Cheddar cheese: Texture and melting properties. J Dairy Sci 88:4204-4213
4. Ayala-Hernandez, Goff HD, Corredig M 2008. Interactions between milk proteins and exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis observed by scanning electron microscopy. J Dairy Sci 91:25832590
5. Barker PE, Ajongwen NJ 1991. The production of the enzyme dextransucrase using nonaerated fermentation techniques. Biotechnol Bioeng 37:703-707
6. Becker A, Katzen F, Pulhler A, Ielpie L 1998. Xanthan gum biosynthesis and application: A biochemical/genetic prospective. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50:145-152
7. + lactic culture for prepration of reduced fat fermented milks. In: Souvenir, National Symp Synbiotic Dairy and Food Products in Human Health and Nutrition SYNBIO, Jan 19-20, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai p 123-126
8. Bergmaier D, Champagne CP, Lacroix C 2003. Exopolysaccharide production during batch cultures with free and immobilized Lactobacillus rhamnosus RW-9595 M. J Appl Microbiol 95:1049-1057
9. Bianchi E, Ciferri A, Conio G, Lanzavecchia L, Terbojevich M 1986. Mesophase formation and chain rigidity in cellulose and derivatives. 5. Cellulose acetate in N, N dimethylacetamide. Macromol 19:630-636
10. Bouzar F, Cerning J, Desmazeaud M 1997. Exopolysaccharide production and texture promoting abilities of mixed-strain starter cultures in yoghurt production. J Dairy Sci 80:2310-2317
11. Cerning J 1990. Exocellular polysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 87:113-130
12. Cerning J 1995. Production of exopoly saccharides by lactic acid bacteria and dairy Propionibacteria. Lait 75:463-472
13. Cerning J, Bouillanne C, Landon M, Desmazeaud M 1992. Isolation and characterization of exopolysaccharides from slime-forming mesophilic lactic acid bacteria. J Dairy Sci 75:692-699
14. Cerning J, Marshall VM 1999. Exopoly saccharides produced by the dairy lactic acid bacteria. Recent Res Develop Microbiol 3:195-209
15. Chabot S, Yu HL, De Leseleuc L, Cloutier D. van Calsteren MR. Lessard M, Roy D, Lacroix M, Oth D 2001. Exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus rhamnosus RQ-595M stimulate TNF, IL6 and IL-12 in human and mouse cultured immunocompetent cells, and IFN-g in mouse splenocytes. Lait 81:683-697
16. Christiansen PS, Madeira AI MR, Edelstein D 1999. The use of ropy milk as stabilizer in the manufacture of ice cream. Milchwissenschaft 54:138-140
17. Crescenzi V 1995. Microbial polysaccharides of applied interest: On going research activities in Europe. Biotechnol Progr 11:251-259
18. Cummings JH. Englyst HNG 1995. Gastrointestinal effects of food carbohydrate. Am J Clin Nutr 61 (Suppl): 938S-945S
19. Dal Bello FD, Walter J, Hertel C, Hammes WP 2001. In vitro study of probiotic properties of levan-type exopoly saccharides from lactobacilli and non-digestible carbohydrates using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Syst Appl Microbiol 24:232-237
20. Degeest B, De Vuyst L 1999. Indication that the nitrogen source influences both amount and size of exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus themophilus LY03 and modeling of the bacterial growth and exopolysaccharide production in a complex medium. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:2863-2870
21. Degeest B, Janssens B, De Vuyst L 2001. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis by Lactobacillus sakei 0-1 : Production kinetics, enzyme activities and EPS yields. J Appl Microbiol 91:470-477
22. De Vuyst L, Degeest B 1999. Heteropolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 23:153-177
23. De Vuyst L, Zamfir M, Mozzi F, Adriany T, Marshall V, Degeest B, Vaningelgem F 2003. Exopolysaccharide-producing Streptococcus thermophilus strains as functional starter cultures in the production of fermented milks. Im Dairy J 13:707-717
24. Dierksen KP, Sandine WE. Trempy JE 1997. Expression of ropy and mucoid pheno-types in Lactococcus lactis, J Dairy Sci 80:1528-1536
25. Doco T, Wieruszeski JM. Fournet B, Carcano D, Ramos P. Loones A 1990. Structure of an exocellular polysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus. Carbohyd Res 198:313-321
26. Doleyres Y, Schaub L. Lacroix C 2005. Comparison of the functionality of exopolysaccharides produced in situ or added as bioingredients on yoghurt properties. J Dairy Sci 88:4146-4156
27. Duboc P, Mollet B 2001. Applications of exopolysaccharides in dairy industry. Int Dairy J 11:759-768
28. Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK. Rebers PA. Smith F 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugar and related substances, Anal Chem 28:350-356
29. Dupont I, Roy D. Lapointe G 2000. Comparison of exopolysaccharide production by strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus paracasei grown in chemically defined medium and milk. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 24:251-255
30. Faber EJ, Zoon P, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG 1998. The exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus thermophilus Rs and Sts have the same repeating unit but differ in viscosity of their milk cultures. Carbohyd Res 310:269-276
31. Faber EJ, Kamerling JP Vliegenthart JFG 2001a. Structure of the exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 291. Carbohyd Res 331:183-194
32. Faber EJ, van den Haak MJ, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG 2001b. Structure of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus S3. Carbohyd Res 331:173-182
33. Faber EJ, van Haaster DJ, Kamerling JP. Vliegenthart JFG 2002. Characterization of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus 8S containing an open chain nonionic acid. Eur J Biochem 269:5590-5598
34. Fife RL, McMahon DJ, Oberg CJ 1996. Functionality of low fat Mozzarella cheese. J Dairy Sci 79:1903-1910
35. Folkenberg DM, Dejmek P. Skriver A, Ipsen R 2005. Relation between sensory texture properties and exopolysaccharide distribution in set and in stirred yoghurts produced with different starter cultures. J Texture Stud 36:174-189
36. Francois Z, Ahmed N, Felicite MT, EL-Soda M 2004. Effect of ropy and capsular exopolysaccharides producing strains of Lactobacillus plumurum 162 RM on characteristics and functionality of fermented milk and soft Kareish type cheese. African J Biotechnol 3:512-518
37. Frengova GI. Simova ED. Beshkova DM. Simov ZI 2000. Production and monomer composition of exopolysaccharides by yoghurt starter cultures. Can J Microbiol 46:1123-1127
38. Funane K. Yamada M. Shiraiwa M. Takahara H. Yamamoto N. Ichishima E. Kobayushi M 1995. Aggregated forms of dextransucrases from Leuconostoc mesenterokles NRRL B-512F and its constitutive mutant. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 59:776-780
39. Gancel F. Novel G. Carcano D. Loones A. Ramos P 1989. Selection process for bacterial clones producing exopoly saccharide (s) or muc (plus), by adding cationic colourant to culture medium of bacteria strain. Sodima Union Corp. assignee. French Patent FR 263 2968
40. Gancel F. Novel G 1994. Exopolysaccharide production by Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus cultures. I. Conditions of production. J Dairy Sci 77:685-688
41. German B, Schiffrin E. Reniero R. Mollet B, Pfeifer A. Neeser JR 1999. The development of functional foods: Lessons from the gut. Trend Biotechnol 17:492-499
42. Germond J-E, Lapierre L, Delley M. Mollet B 1995. A new mobile genetic element in Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Mol Gen Genet 248:407-416
43. Grobben GJ, van Casteren WHM. Schols HA. Oosterveld A. Sala G. Smith MR. Sikkema J. de Bont JAM 1997. Analysis of the exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. baleáricas NCFB 2772 grown in continuous culture on glucose and fructose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 48:516-521
44. Gruter M. Leeflang BR. Kuiper J. Kamerling JP. Vliegenthart JFG 1992 Structure of the exopolysaccharide produced by Laaococcus lactis subsp cremoris H414 grown in a defined medium or skimmed milk. Carbohyd Res 231:273-291
45. Gruter M. Leeflang BR. Kuiper J. Kamerling JP. Vliegenthart JFG 1993. Structural characterisation of the exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus grown in skimmed milk. Carbohyd Res 239:209-226
46. Guedon G. Bourgoin F. Pebay M. Roussel Y. Colmin C, Simonet JM. Decaris B 1995. Characterization and distribution of two insertion sequences. IS 1191 and ISO-IS 981. in Streptococcus thermophilus: Does intergenic transfer of insertion sequences occur in lactic acid bacteria co-cultures? Mol Microbiol 16:69-78
47. Guven M, Yasar K, Karaca OB, Hayaloglu AA 2005. The effect of inulin as a fat replacer on the quality of set-type low-fat yoghurt manufacture. Int J Dairy Technol 58:180-184
48. Hamada S, Slade HD 1980. Biology, immunology and carcinogenicity of Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Rev 44:331-384
49. Haque ZU, Ji T 2003. Cheddar whey processing and source: II. Effect on non-fat ice cream and yoghurt. Int J Food Sci Technol 38:463-473
50. Harris PJ, Ferguson LR 1993. Dietary fiber: Its composition and role in protection against colorectal cancer. Mutat Res 290:97-110
51. Harvey LM, McNeil B 1998. Thickeners of microbial origin. In: Microbiology of fermented foods. Wood J B (ed), Blackie Academic and Professional, Glasgow, UK, p 148-171
52. Hassan AN, Frank JF, Schmidt KA, Shalabi Sl 1996a. Textural properties of yoghurt made with encapsulated non-ropy lactic cultures. J Dairy Sci 79:2098-2103
53. Hassan AN, Frank JF, Schmidt KA, Shalabi SI 1996b. Rheological properties of yoghurt made with encapsulated non-ropy lactic cultures. J Dairy Sci 79:2091-2097
54. Hassan AN 2008. ADSA Foundation Scholar Award: Possibilities and challenges of exopolysaccharide-producing lactic cultures in dairy foods. J Dairy Sci 91:1282-1298
55. Hosono A, Lee J, Ametani A, Natsume M, Hirayama M, Adachi T, Kaminogawa S 1997. Characterization of water soluble polysaccharide fraction with immunopotentiating activity from Bifidobacterium adolescentis M 101-4. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61:312-316
56. Kitazawa H, Harata T, Uemura J, Saito T, Kaneko T, Itoh T 1998. Phosphate group requirement for mitogenic activation of lymphocytes by an extracellular phosphopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. Int J Food Microbiol 40:169-175
57. Kleerebezem M, van Kranenburg R, Tuinier R, Boels IC, Zoon P, Looijesteijn E, Hugenholtz J, de Vos WM 1999. Exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis: from genetic engineering to improved rheological properties? Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 76:357-365
58. Korakli M, Rossmann A, Ganzle MG, Vogel RF 2002. Metabolism by bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria of polysaccharides from wheat and rye, and exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis. J Appl Microbiol 92:958-965
59. Laws AP, Marshall VM 2001. The relevance of exopolysaccharides to the rheological properties in milk fermented with ropy strains of lactic acid bacteria. Int Dairy J 11:709-722
60. Lemoine J, Chirat F, Wieruszeski JM, Strecker G, Favre N, Neeser JR 1997, Structural characterization of the exocellular polysaccharides produced by Streptococcus thermophilus Sfi39 and Sfi 12. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 3512-3518
61. Levander F, Svensson M, Radstorm P 2001. Small-scale analysis of exopolysaccharides from Streptococcus thermophilus grown in a semi-defined medium. BMC Microbiol 1:23 On line available :http://www. biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/1/23. Accessed Sept 26
62. Levander F, Svensson M, Radström P 2002. Enhanced exopolysaccharide production by metabolic engineering of Streptococcus thermophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:784-790
63. Low D, Ahlgren JA, Home D, McMahon DJ, Oberg CJ, Broadbent JR 1998. Role of Streptococcus thermophilus MR-IC capsular exopolysaccharide in cheese moisture retention. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2147-2151
64. Ludbrook KA, Russell CM, Greig RI 1997. Exopolysaccharide production from lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented foods. J Food Sci 62:597-600
65. Macura D, Townsley PM 1984. Scandinavian ropy milk: Identification and characterization of endogenous ropy lactic streptococci and their extracellular excretion. J Dairy Sci 67:735-744
66. Macy H 1923. A ropy milk organism isolated from the Finnish "Pimma" or "Filli". J Dairy Sci 6:127-130
67. Manca de Nadra MC, Strasser de Saad AM, Pesce de Ruiz Holgado AA, Oliver G 1985. Extracellular polysaccharide production by Lactobacillus bulgaricus CRL. Milchwissenschaft 40:409-411
68. Marshall VM, Cowie EN, Moretón RS 1995. Analysis and production of two exopolysaccharides from Lactococcuslactis subsp. cremoris LC330. J Dairy Res 62:621-628
69. Marshall VM, Dunn H, Elvin M, Mclay N, Gu Y, Laws AP 2001. Structural characterization of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus EU 20. Carbohyd Res 331:413-422
70. Marshall VM, Rawson HL 1999. Effects of exopolysaccharide-producing strains of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria on the texture of stirred yoghurt. Int J Food Sci Technol 34:137-143
71. Michael T, Diane VH, Edyth M 2003, Rheology of low-fat cheddar cheese made with exopolysaccharide producing cultures. Am Chem Soc Paper Nr Agf cc 63 (Abstract)
72. Micheli, L Uccelletti D, Palleschi C, Creasenzi V 1999. Isolation and characterization of a ropy Lactobacillus strains producing the exopolysaccharide kefiran. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 53:69-74
73. Mistry VV 2001. Low-fat cheese technology. Int Dairy J 11:413-422
74. Mollet B, Delley MA 1990. β-Galactosidase deletion mutant of Lactobacillus bulgaricus reverts to generate an active enzyme by internal DNA sequence duplication. Mol Gen Genet 227:17-21
75. Monchois V, Remaud-Simeon M, Monson P, Willemot RM 1998. Cloning and sequencing of a gene coding for a extracellular dextransucrase (dsrB) from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B 1299 synthesizing only a a(l-6) glucan. FEMS Microbiol Lett 159:307-315
76. Monchois V, Willemot RM, Monsan P 1999. Glucansucrases: Mechanism of action and structure-function relationships. FEMS Microbiol Rev 23:131-151
77. Monsan P, Bozonnet S, Albenne C, Joucla G, Willemot RM, Remaud-Simeon M 2001. Homopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria. Int Dairy J 11:675-686
78. Monti ville TH, Cooney CL, Sinskey AJ 1978. Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase: A review. Adv Appl Microbiol 24:55-84
79. Mozzi F, Savoy de Giori GS, Oliver G, Font de Valdez GF 1994. Effect of culture pH on the growth characteristics and polysaccharides production by Lactobacillus casei. Milchwissenshaft 49:80-82
80. Mozzi F, Oliver G, Savoy de Giori G, Font de Valdez FG 1995. Influence of temperature on the production of exopoly saccharides by thermophilic lactic acid bacteria. Milchwissenschaft 50:80-82
81. Mozzi F, Rollan G, Savoy de Giori G, Font de Valdez G 2001. Effect of galactose and glucose on the exopolysaccharide production and the activities of biosynthetic enzymes in Lactobacillus casei CRL 87. J Appl Microbiol 91:160-167
82. Mozzi F, Savoy de Giori G, Font de Valdez G 2003. UDP-galactose 4-epimerase: a key enzyme in exopolysaccharide formation by Lactobacillus casei CRL 87 in controlled pH batch cultures. J Appl Microbiol 94:175-183
83. Mozzi F, Vaningelgem F, Hébert EM,Van der Meulen R, Moreno MRF, de Valdez GF, DeVuyst L 2006. Diversity of heteropolysaccharide-producing lactic acid bacterium strains and their biopolymers. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 4431-4435
84. Nakajima H. Toyoda S, Toba T, Itoh T, Mukai T, Kitazawa H, Adachi S 1990. A novel phosphopolysaccharide from slime forming Lactococcus lactis subspecies cremoris SBT 0495. J Dairy Sci 73:1472-1477
85. Nakajima H, Hirota T, Toba T, Itoh T, Adachi S 1992. Structure of the extracellular polysaccharide from slime-forming Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SBT 0495. Carbohydr Res 224:245-253
86. Nauth RK, Hayashi D 2004. Methods for manufacture of fat-free cream cheese. US Patent US 6,689,402
87. Navarini L, Abatangelo A. Bertocchi C. Conti E, Bosco M, Picotti F 2001. Isolation and characterization of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus SFi20. Biol Macromol 28:219-226
88. Neve H, Geis A, Teuber M 1988. Plasmidencoded functions of ropy lactic acid streptococcal strains from Scandinavian fermented milk, Biochimie 70:437-442
89. Obert G 1984. Manufacturing technology of cream turo with extended shelf-life, and isolation of a special strain of lactic acid bacteria which improves product consistency. Tejipar 33:47-48
90. Perry DB, McMahon DJ, Oberg CJ 1997. Effect of exopolysaccharide producing cultures on moisture retention in low-fat Mozzarella cheese. J Dairy Sci 80:799-805
91. Petry S, Furlan S, Waghorne E. Saulnier L. Cerning J, Maguin E 2003. Comparison of the thickening properties of four Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains and physicochemical characterization of their exopolysaccharides. FEMS Microbiol Lett 221:293-298
92. Pham PL, Dupont I, Roy D, Lapointe G. Cerning J 2000. Production of exopolysaccharides by Lactobacillus rhamnosus R and analysis of its enzymatic degradation during prolonged fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:2302-2310
93. Pigeon RM, Cuesta EP, Gilliland SE 2002. Binding of free bile acids by cells of yoghurt starter culture bacteria. J Dairy Sci 85:2705-2710
94. Rees DA 1977. Polysaccharide shapes. In: Outline studies in biology. Chapman & Hall. London
95. Ricciardi A, Clementi F 2000. Exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria: Structure production and technological applications. Italian J Food Sci 12(1):23-45
96. Ricciardi A, Parente E. Crudele MA, Zanetti F, Scolari G, Mannazzu I 2002. Exopolysaccharide production by Streptococcus thermophilus SY: Production and preliminary characterization of the polymer. J Appl Microbiol 92:297-306
97. Rimada PS, Abraham AG 2001. Polysaccharide production by kefir grains during whey fermentation. J Dairy Res 68:653661
98. Rimada PS. Abraham AG 2003. Polysaccharide production by kefir grains during whey fermentation. J Dairy Res ,68:653661
99. Roberts CM, Fett WF. Osman SF. Wijey C. O'Oonnor JV, Hoover DG 1995. Exopolysaccharide production by Bifidobacterium longum BB-79. J Appl Bacteriol 78:463-468
100. Robijn GW. van den Berg DJC. Haas H. Kamerling JP. Vliegenthart JFG1995. Determination of the structure of the exopolysaccharide produced by Lac tobacillus sake 0-1. Carbohyd Res 276:117136
101. Robijn GW, Wienk HLJ. Van den Berg DJC. Haas H, Kamerling JP, Vliegenhart JFG 1996 a. Structural studies of the exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus paracasei 34-1. Carbohydr Res 285:129-139
102. Robijn GW, Gallego RG, Van den Berg DJC. Haas H, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG 1996b. Structural characterization of the exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus LMG9433. Carbohydr Res 288:203-218
103. Robinson DK 1981. Yoghurt manufacturesome consderation of quality. Dairy Ind Int 46:31-35
104. Roginski H 1999. Fermented milks: Product from Northern Europe. In: Encyclopedia of food microbiology. Robinson RK (ed). Academic Press, San Diego, p 791-798
105. Rohm H, Schimid W 1993. Influence of dry matter fortification on flow properties of yoghurt. 1. Evaluation of flow curves. Milchwissenschaft 48:556-560
106. Roussel Y. Pebay M, Guedon G, Simonet JM, Decaris B 1994. Physical and genetic map of Streptococcus thermophilus A054. J Bacteriol 176:7413-7422
107. Ruas-Madiedo P, Tuinier R, Kanning M, Zoon P 2002. Role of exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris on the viscosity of fermented milks. Im Dairy J 12:689-695
108. Ruas-Madiedo P. de los Reyes-Gavilan CG 2005. Methods for the screening, isolation, and characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria. J Dairy Sci 88:843-856
109. Ruas-Madiedo P, Moreno JA. Salazar N. Delgado S, Mayo B. Margolles A, de los Reyes-Gavilan CG 2007. Screening of exopolysaccharide-producing Lactobacil lus and Bifidobacterium strains isolated from the human intestinal microbiota. Appl Env Microbiol 73:4385-4388
110. Rudan MA. Barbano DM 1998. A model of Mozzarella cheese melting and browning during pizza baking. J Dairy Sci 81:2312-2319
111. Sanni AI. Onilude AA. Ogunbanwo ST. Fadahunsi HF. Afolabi RO 2002, Production of exopolysaccharide by lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional fermented foods in Nigeria. Eur Food Res Technol 214:405-407
112. Savadogo A. cheik Ouattara AT. Paul Savadogo W. Barro N, Ouattara AS. Traore AS 2004. Identification of exopolysaccharides-producing lactic acid bacteria from Burkino Faso fermented milk samples. African J Biotechnol 3:189-194
113. Schellhaass SM 1984. Characterization of exocellular slime produced by bacterial starter cultures used in the manufacture of fermented dairy products. Dissert Abstr Int B Sci Eng 44:2698
114. Sebastiani H. Zeiger G 1998. Texture formation by thermophilic lactic acid bacteria. Milchwissenschaft 53:15-20
115. Sikkema J, Oba 1998. Extracellular polysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria. Snow Brand R&D Rep 107:1-31
116. Smitinont T. Tansakul C. Tanasupawat S. Keeratipibul S. Navarini L. Bosco M. Cescutti P 1999. Exopolysaecharide-producing lactic acid bacteria strains from traditional thai fermented foods: isolation, identification and exopolysaccharides characterization. Int J Microbiol 51:105-111
117. Staat' M. Yang Z. Huttunen E. Widmulm G 2000. Structural elucidation of the viscous exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus helveticas Lb616. Carbohyd Res 326:113-119
118. Stingele F. Neeser J-R. Mollet B 1996. Identification and characterization of the cps (exopolysaccharide) gene cluster from Streptococcus thermophilus Sfi6. J Bacteriol 178:1680-1690
119. Stingele F. Lemoine J, Neeser JR 1997. Lactobacillus helveticas Lh 59 secretes an 0 exopolysaccharide that is identical to the one produced by Lactobacillus helveticas TY1-2. Carbohydr Res 302:197-202
120. Sutherland IW 1972. Bacterial exopoly saccharides. Adv Microb Physiol 8:143-212
121. Svensson M. Waak E. Svensson U. Radstrom P 2005. Metabolieally improved exopolysaccharide production by Streptococcus thermophilus and its influence on the rheological properties of fermented milk. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:6398-6400
122. Tamime AY, Robinson RK 1999. Yoghurt: Science and technology. CRC Press, Cambridge
123. Terzaghi BE, Sandine WE 1975. Improved medium for lactic Streptococci and their bacteriophages. Appl Environ Microbiol 29:807-813
124. Torino MI, Taranto MP, Sesma F, de Valdez GF 2001. Heterofermentative pattern. An exopolysaccharide production by Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 15807 in response to environmental pH. J Appl Microbiol 91:846-852
125. Torino MI, Mozzi F, Font de Valdez G 2005. Exopolysaccharide biosynthesis by Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 15807 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68:259-265
126. Tunick MH, Van Hekken DL, Malin EL, Guinée TP, Beresford TP, Broadbent J, McMahon DJ 2003 Rheology of low-fat cheddar cheeses made with exopoly saccharide-producing cultures Am Chem Soc Paper Nr AGF 0063 (abstract).
127. Tuinier R, Zoon P, Cohen-Stuart MA, Fleer GJ, de Kruif CG 1999a. Concentration and shear-rate dependance of an exocellular polysaccharide. Biopolymers 50:641-646
128. Tuinier R, Zoon P, Olieman C, Cohen-Stuart MA, Fleer GJ, de Kruif CG 1999b. Isolation and physical characterization of an exocellular polysaccharide. Biopolymers 49:1-9
129. Van Casteren WHM, Dijkema HA, Schols G, Beldman G, Voragen ADJ 2000. Structural characterization and enzymatic modification of the exopolysaccharide produced Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris B39. Carbohydr Res 324:170-181
130. Van den Berg DJC, Smits A, Pot B, Ledeboer AM, Kersters K, Verbakel JMA, Verrips CT 1993. Isolation, screening and identification of lactic acid bacteria from traditional food fermentation process and culture collections. Food Biotechnol 7:189-205
131. Van den Berg DJC, Robijn GW, Janssen AC, Giuseppin MLF, Vreeker R, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG, Ledeboer AM, Verrips CT 1995. Production of a novel extracellular polysaccharide by Lactobacillus sake 0-1 and characterization of the polysaccharide. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2840-2844
132. Van Geel-Schuten GH, Flesch F, Brink Bten, Smith MR, Dijkhuizen L 1998. Screening and characterization of Lactobacillus strains producing large amounts of exopolysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50:697-703
133. Van Geel-Schuten GH, Faber EJ, Smit E Bonting K, Smith MR, Brink, B,ten, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG, Dijkhuizen L 1999. Biochemical and structural characterization of the glucan and fructan exopolysaccharides synthesized by Lactobacillus reuteri wild-type strain and by mutant strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3008-3014
134. Vanhaverbeke C, Bosso C, Colin-Morel P, Gey C, Gamar-Nourani L, Blondeau K, Simonet J-M, Heyraud A 1998. Structure of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain C83. Carbohyd Res 314:211-220
135. Van Marie ME, Zoon P 1995. Permeability and rheological properties of microbially and chemically acidified skim-milk gels. Neth Milk Dairy J 49:47-65
136. Vedamuthu ER, Neville JM 1986. Involvement of a plasmid in production of ropiness (mucoidness) in milk cultures by Streptococcus cremoris MS. Appl Environ Microbiol 51:677-682
137. Vescovo M, Scolari GL, Bottazzi V 1989. Plasmid-encoded ropiness production in Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei. Biotechnol Lett 10:709-712
138. Vincent SJF, Faber EJ, Neeser JR, Stingele F, Kamerling JP 2001. Structure and properties of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus macedonicus Sc 136. Glycobiol 11:131-139
139. Von Wright A, Tynkkynen S 1987. Construction of Streptococcus lactis subsp. lactis strains with a single plasmid associated with mucoid phenotype. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:1385-1386
140. Wacher-Rodarte CM, Galvan MV, Farres A, Gallardo F, Marshall VME, Garcia- Garibay M 1993. Yoghurt production from reconstituted skim milk powders using different polymer and non-polymer forming starter cultures. J Dairy Res 60:247-254
141. Wood BJB 1997. Microbiology of fermented foods. Blackie Academic Professionals, London
142. Yang Z, Staaf M, Huttunen E, Widmaim G 2000. Structure of a viscous exopoly saccharide produced by Lactobacillus helveticus K16. Carbohyd Res 329:465-469
143. Zisu B, Shah NP 2005. Low-fat Mozzarella as influenced by microbial exopoly saccharides, preacidification and whey protein concentrate. J Dairy Sci 88:1973-1985
144. Zotta T, Piraino P, Parente E, Salzano G, Ricciardi A 2008. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from sourdoughs for Cornetto, a traditional bread produced in Basilicata (Southern Italy). World J Microbiol Biotechnol (accepted on 17 January 2008, Online available www.springerlink.com/ index/ e66367118kl0kml7.pdf)