Celecoxib, NSAIDs and the skeleton

Drugs of Today

Volumn 44, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 693-709

  O'Connor, J Patrick ^a   Lysz, Thomas ^a  

^a RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

5 (4 CHLOROPHENYL) 1 (4 METHOXYPHENYL) 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL 1H PYRAZOLE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CARPROFEN; CELECOXIB; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DICLOFENAC; IBUPROFEN; INDOMETACIN; MELOXICAM; N (2 CYCLOHEXYLOXY 4 NITROPHENYL)METHANESULFONAMIDE; NAPROXEN; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NON PRESCRIPTION DRUG; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PARECOXIB; PIROXICAM; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; ROFECOXIB; VALDECOXIB;

BONE DENSITY; BONE METABOLISM; DRUG ACTIVITY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; FRACTURE HEALING; FRACTURE NONUNION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; NONHUMAN; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; ARTHRITIS; BONE AND BONES; BONE REGENERATION; HUMANS; OSSIFICATION, HETEROTOPIC; OSTEOPOROSIS; PAIN; PYRAZOLES; SPINAL FUSION; SULFONAMIDES; TENDON INJURIES;

EID: 57649121700     PISSN: 16993993     EISSN: 16994019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1358/dot.2008.44.9.1251573     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Vane, J.R. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis as a mechanism of action of aspirin-like drugs. Nat New Biol 1971, 231(25): 232-5.
2. Craven, L.L. Coronary thrombosis can be prevented. J Insur Med 1950, 5(4): 47-8.
3. Norman, R.J. Reproductive consequences of COX-2 inhibition. Lancet 2001, 358(9290): 1287-8.
4. Aiken, J.W. Aspirin and indomethacin prolong parturition in rats: Evidence that prostaglandins contribute to expulsion of fetus. Nature 1972, 240(5375): 21-5.
5. Chester, R., Dukes, M., Slater, S.R., Walpole, A.L. Delay of parturition in the rat by anti-inflammatory agents which inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Nature 1972, 240(5375): 37-8.
6. Corby, D.G. Aspirin in pregnancy: Maternal and fetal effects. Pediatrics 1978, 62(5 Pt. 2 Suppl.): 930-7.
7. Whelton, A., Hamilton, C.W. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Effects on kidney function. J Clin Pharmacol 1991, 31(7): 588-98.
8. Whelton, A., Maurath, C.J., Verburg, K.M., Geis, G.S. Renal safety and tolerability of celecoxib, a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Am J Ther 2000, 7(3): 159-75.
9. Whelton, A., Lefkowith, J.L., West, C.R., Verburg, K.M. Cardiorenal effects of celecoxib as compared with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and ibuprofen. Kidney Int 2006, 70(): 1495-502.
10. Wilson, S.L., Poulter, N.R. The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other commonly used non-narcotic analgesics on blood pressure level in adults. J Hypertens 2006, 24(8): 1457-69.
11. Wolfe, M.M., Lichtenstein, D.R., Singh, G. Gastrointestinal toxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med 1999, 340(24): 1888-99.
12. Tanabe, T., Tohnai, N. Cyclooxygenase isozymes and their gene structures and expression. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2002, 68-69: 95-114.
13. Silverstein, F.E., Faich, G., Goldstein, J.L. et al. Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: The CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. JAMA 2000, 284(10): 1247-55.
14. Singh, G., Fort, J.G., Goldstein, J.L. et al. Celecoxib versus naproxen and diclofenac in osteoarthritis patients: SUCCESS-I Study. Am J Med 2006, 119(3): 255-66.
15. Solomon, S.D., McMurray, J.J., Pfeffer, M.A. et al. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N Engl J Med 2005, 352(11): 1071-80.
16. Coutaux, A., Adam, F., Willer, J.C., Le Bars, D. Hyperalgesia and allodynia: Peripheral mechanisms. Joint Bone Spine 2005, 72(5): 359-71.
17. Brechter, A.B., Lerner, U.H. Characterization of bradykinin receptors in a human osteoblastic cell line. Regul Pept 2002, 103(1): 39-51.
18. 1 kinin receptor activity in pigs is associated with pre-existing infection. Immunopharmacology 1998, 40(1): 49-55.
19. Dray, A., Perkins, M. Bradykinin and inflammatory pain. Trends Neurosci 1993, 16(3): 99-104.
20. Dray, A. Kinins and their receptors in hyperalgesia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1997, 75(6): 704-12.
21. Mayer, S., Izydorczyk, I., Reeh, P.W., Grubb, B.D. Bradykinin-induced nociceptor sensitisation to heat depends on cox-1 and cox-2 in isolated rat skin. Pain 2007, 130(1-2): 14-24.
22. Re, J., Sudmann, E., Marton, P.F. Effect of indomethacin on fracture healing in rats. Acta Orthop Scand 1976, 47(6): 588-99.
23. Rø, J., Langeland, N., Sander, J. Effect of indomethacin on collagen metabolism of rat fracture callus in vitro. Acta Orthop Scand 1978, 49(4): 323-8.
24. Huo, M.H., Troiano, N.W., Pelker, R.R., Gundberg, C.M., Freidlander, G.E. The influence of ibuprofen on fracture repair: Biomechanical, biochemical, histological, and histomorphometric parameters in rats. J Orthop Res 1991, 9(3): 383-90.
25. Altman, R.D., Latta, L.L., Keer, R., Renfree, K., Hornicek, F.J., Banovac, K. Effect of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on fracture healing: A laboratory study in rats. J Orthop Trauma 1995, 9(5): 392-400.
26. Warner, T.D., Giuliano, F., Vojnovic, I., Bukasa, A., Mitchell, J.A., Vane, J.R. Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: A full in vitro analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96(13): 7563-8.
27. Kujubu, D.A., Fletcher, B.S., Varnum, B.C., Lim, R.W., Herschman, H.R. TIS10, a phorbol ester tumor promoter-inducible mRNA from Swiss 3T3 cells, encodes a novel prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase homologue. J Biol Chem 1991, 266(20): 12866-72.
28. O'Banion, M.K., Winn, V.D., Young, D.A. cDNA cloning and functional activity of a glucocorticoid-regulated inflammatory cyclooxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992, 89(11): 4888-92.
29. Ryseck, R.P., Raynoschek, C., Macdonald-Bravo, H., Dorfman, K., Mattei, M.G., Bravo, R. Identification of an immediate early gene, pghs-B, whose protein product has prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase activity. Cell Growth Differ 1992, 3(7): 443-50.
30. Hla, T., Neilson, K. Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992, 89(16): 7384-8.
31. Forwood, M.R. Inducible cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2) mediates the induction of bone formation by mechanical loading in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11(11): 1688-93.
32. Simon, A.M., Manigrasso, M.B., O'Connor, J.P. Cyclo-oxygenase 2 function is essential for bone fracture healing. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17(6): 963-76.
33. Brown, K.M., Saunders, M.M., Kirsch, T., Donahue, H.J., Reid, J.S. Effect of COX-2-specific inhibition on fracture-healing in the rat femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004, 86-A(1): 116-23.
34. Gerstenfeld, L.C., Thiede, M., Seibert, K. et al. Differential inhibition of fracture healing by non-selective and cyclooxygenase-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Orthop Res 2003, 21(4): 670-5.
35. Simon, A.M., O'Connor, J.P. Dose and time-dependent effects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on fracture-healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007, 89(3): 500-11.
36. Paulson, S.K., Zhang, J.Y., Breau, A. P. et al. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of celecoxib in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2000, 28(5): 514-21.
37. Bergenstock, M., Min, W., Simon, A.M., Sabatino, C., O'Connor, J.P. A comparison between the effects of acetaminophen and celecoxib on bone fracture healing in rats. J Orthop Trauma 2005, 19(10): 717-23.
38. 4 synthesis in patients taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gut 1993, 34(6): 742-7.
39. 4 production. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995, 121(9): 1017-20.
40. Tegeder, I., Neupert, W., Gühring, H., Geisslinger, G. Effects of selective and unselective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on prostanoid release from various rat organs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000, 292(3): 1161-8.
41. Mao, J.T., Tsu, I.H., Dubinett, S.M. et al. Modulation of pulmonary leukotriene B4 production by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and lipopolysaccharide. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10(20): 6872-8.
42. 4 in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: Role of transforming growth factor beta and eicosanoids. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50(12): 3925-33.
43. Masferrer, J.L., Koki, A., Seibert, K. COX-2 inhibitors. A new class of antiangiogenic agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999, 889: 84-6.
44. Leahy, K.M., Ornberg, R.L., Wang, Y., Zweifel, B.S., Koki, A.T., Masferrer, J.L. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by celecoxib reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in angiogenic endothelial cells in vivo. Cancer Res 2002, 62(3): 625-31.
45. Tsujii, M., Kawano, S., Tsuji, S., Sawaoka, H., Hori, M., DuBois, R.N. Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells. Cell 1998, 93(5): 705-16.
46. Murnaghan, M., Li, G., Marsh, D.R. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced fracture nonunion: An inhibition of angiogenesis? J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006, 88(Suppl. 3): 140-7.
47. Zhang, X., Schwarz, E.M., Young, D.A., Puzas, J.E., Rosier, R.N., O'Keefe, R.J. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates mesenchymal cell differentiation into the osteoblast lineage and is critically involved in bone repair. J Clin Invest 2002, 109(11): 1405-15.
48. Adolphson, P., Abbaszadegan, H., Jonsson, U., Dalén, N., Sjöberg, H.E., Kalén, S. No effect of piroxicam on osteopenia and recovery after Colles' fracture. Arch Orthop Trauma Sung 1993, 112(3): 127-30.
49. Giannoudis, P.V., MacDonald, D.A., Matthews, S.J., Smith, R.M., Furlong, A.J., De Boer, P. Nonunion of the femoral diaphysis: The influence of reaming and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2000, 82(5): 655-8.
50. Burd, T.A., Hughes, M.S., Anglen, J.O. Heterotopic ossification prophylaxis with indomethacin increases the risk of long-bone nonunion. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003, 85(5): 700-5.
51. Bhattacharyya, T., Levin, R., Vrahas, M.S., Solomon, D.H. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and nonunion of humeral shaft fractures. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 53(3): 364-7.
52. Haid, R.W., Jr., Branch, C.L., Jr., Alexander, J.T., Burkus, J.K. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein type 2 with cylindrical interbody cages. Spine J 2004, 4(5): 527-38.
53. Gumbs, A.A., Bloom, N.D., Bitan, F.D., Hanan, S.H. Open anterior approaches for lumbar spine procedures. Am J Surg 2007, 194(1): 98-102.
54. Slosar, P.J., Josey, R., Reynolds, J. Accelerating lumbar fusions by combining rhBMP-2 with allograft bone: A prospective analysis of interbody fusion rates and clinical outcomes. Spine J 2007, 7(3): 301-7.
55. Vaidya, R., Weir, R., Sethi, A., Meisterling, S., Hakeos, W., Wybo, C.D. Interbody fusion with allograft and rhBMP-2 leads to consistent fusion but early subsidence. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007, 89(3): 342-5.
56. Sengupta, D.K., Truumees, E., Patel, C.K. et al. Outcome of local bone versus autogenous iliac crest bone graft in the instrumented posterolateral fusion of the lumbar spine. Spine 2006, 31(9): 985-91.
57. Glassman, S.D., Carreon, L., Djurasovic, M. et al. Posterolateral lumbar spine fusion with INFUSE bone graft. Spine J 2007, 7(1): 44-9.
58. Long, J., Lewis, S., Kuklo, T., Zhu, Y., Riew, K.D. The effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on spinal fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002, 84-A(10): 1763-8.
59. Dimar, J.R., II, Ante, W.A., Zhang, Y.P., Glassman, S.D. The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on posterior spinal fusions in the rat. Spine 1996, 21(16): 1870-6.
60. Martin, G.J.Jr., Boden, S.D., Titus, L., Einhorn, T.A. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 overcomes the inhibitory effect of ketorolac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), on posterolateral lumbar intertransverse process spine fusion. Spine 1999, 24(21): 2188-93.
61. Riew, K.D., Long, J., Rhee, J. et al. Time-dependent inhibitory effects of indomethacin on spinal fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003, 85-A(4): 632-4.
62. Reuben, S.S., Ablett, D., Kaye, R. High dose nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compromise spinal fusion. Can J Anaesth 2005, 52(5): 506-12.
63. Reuben, S.S., Ekman, E.F. The effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on analgesia and spinal fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005, 87(3): 536-42.
64. Glassman, S.D., Rose, S.M., Dimar, J.R., Puno, R.M., Campbell, M.J., Johnson, J.R. The effect of postoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration on spinal fusion. Spine 1998, 23(7): 834-8.
65. Dahners, L.E., Gilbert, J.A., Lester, G.E., Taft, T.N., Payne, L.Z. The effect of a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug on the healing of ligaments. Am J Sports Med 1988, 16(6): 641-6.
66. Elder, C.L., Dahners, L.E., Weinhold, P.S. A cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor impairs ligament healing in the rat. Am J Sports Med 2001, 29(6): 801-5.
67. Bogatov, V.B., Weinhold, P., Dahners, L.E. The influence of a cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor on injured and uninjured ligaments in the rat. Am J Sports Med 2003, 31(4): 574-6.
68. Hanson, C.A., Weinhold, P.S., Afshari, H.M., Dahners, L.E. The effect of analgesic agents on the healing rat medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med 2005, 33(5): 674-9.
69. Warden, S.J., Favaloro, J.M., Bennell, K.L. et al. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates a bone-forming response in UMR-106 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001, 286(3): 443-50.
70. Forslund, C., Bylander, B., Aspenberg, P. Indomethacin and celecoxib improve tendon healing in rats. Acta Orthop Scand 2003, 74(4): 465-9.
71. Yuan, J., Murrell, G.A., Wei, A.Q., Appleyard, R.C., Del Soldato, P., Wang, M.X. Addition of nitric oxide via nitroflurbiprofen enhances the material properties of early healing of young rat Achilles tendons. Inflamm Res 2003, 52(6): 230-7.
72. Marsolais, D., Côté, C.H., Frenette, J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug reduces neutrophil and macrophage accumulation but does not improve tendon regeneration. Lab Invest 2003, 83(7): 991-9.
73. Virchenko, O., Skoglund, B., Aspenberg, P. Parecoxib impairs early tendon repair but improves later remodeling. Am J Sports Med 2004, 32(7): 1743-7.
74. Carlstedt, C.A., Madsen, K. Wredmark, T. The influence of indomethacin on tendon healing. A biomechanical and biochemical study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1986, 105(6): 332-6.
75. Thomas, J., Taylor, D., Crowell, R., Assor, D. The effect of indomethacin on Achilles tendon healing in rabbits. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1991, (272): 308-11.
76. Moorman, C.T.3rd, Kukreti, U., Fenton, D.C., Belkoff, S.M. The early effect of ibuprofen on the mechanical properties of healing medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med 1999, 27(6): 738-41.
77. Kulick, M.I., Smith, S., Hadler, K. Oral ibuprofen: Evaluation of its effect on peritendinous adhesions and the breaking strength of a tenorrhaphy. J Hand Surg [Am] 1986, 11(1): 110-20.
78. Cohen, D.B., Kawamura, S., Ehteshami, J.R., Rodeo, S.A. Indomethacin and celecoxib impair rotator cuff tendon-to-bone healing. Am J Sports Med 2006, 34(3): 362-9.
79. Ferry, S.T., Dahners, L.E., Afshari, H.M., Weinhold, P.S. The effects of common anti-inflammatory drugs on the healing rat patellar tendon. Am J Sports Med 2007, 35(8): 1326-33.
80. Szabo, R.M., Younger, E. Effects of indomethacin on adhesion formation after repair of zone II tendon lacerations in the rabbit. J Hand Surg [Am] 1990, 15(3): 480-3.
81. Luyten, F.P., Geusens, P., Malaise, M. et al. A prospective randomised multicentre study comparing continuous and intermittent treatment with celecoxib in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Ann Rheum Dis 2007, 66(1): 99-106.
82. Geba, G.P., Weaver, A.L., Polis, A.B., Dixon, M.E., Schnitzer, T.J. Efficacy of rofecoxib, celecoxib, and acetaminophen in osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized trial. JAMA 2002, 287(1): 64-71.
83. Bombardier, C., Laine, L., Reicin, A. et al. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000, 343: 1520-8.
84. Juni, P., Rutjes, A.W., Dieppe, P.A. Are selective COX 2 inhibitors superior to traditional non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? Br Med J 2002, 324(734): 1287-8.
85. Muraoka, T., Hagino, H., Okano, T., Enokida, M., Teshima, R. Role of subchondral bone in osteoarthritis development: A comparative study of two strains of guinea pigs with and without spontaneously occurring osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007, 56(10): 3366-74.
86. Hulejova, H., Baresova, V., Klezl, Z., Polanska, M., Adam, M., Senolt, L. Increased level of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in osteoarthritic subchondral bone. Cytokine 2007, 38(3): 151-6.
87. Mastbergen, S.C., Marijnissen, A.C., Vianen, M.E. et al. Inhibition of COX-2 by celecoxib in the canine groove model of osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006, 45(4): 405-13.
88. Jaffre, B., Watrin, A., Loeuille, D. et al. Effects of antiinflammatory drugs on arthritic cartilage: A high-frequency quantitative ultrasound study in rats. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48(6): 1594-601.
89. Pelletier, J.P., Lajeunesse, D., Jovanovic, D.V. et al. Carprofen simultaneously reduces progression of morphological changes in cartilage and subchondral bone in experimental dog osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 2000, 27(12): 2893-902.
90. Huskisson, E.C., Berry, H., Gishen, P., Jubb, R.W., Whitehead, J. Effects of antiinflammatory drugs on the progression of osteoarthritis of the knee. LINK Study Group. Longitudinal Investigation of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Knee Osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 1995, 22(10): 1941-6.
91. Buckland-Wright, J.C., MacFarlane, D.G., Lynch, J.A., Jasani, M.K. Quantitative microfocal radiography detects changes in OA knee joint space width in patients in placebo controlled trial of NSAID therapy. J Rheumatol 1995, 22(5): 937-43.
92. Dieppe, P., Cushnaghan, J., Jasani, M.K., McCrae, F., Watt, I. A two-year, placebo-controlled trail of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Br J Rheumatol 1993, 32(7): 595-600.
93. Williams, H.J., Ward, J.R., Egger, M.J. et al. Comparison of naproxen and acetaminophen in a two-year study of treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum 1993, 36(9): 1196-206.
94. Tindall, E.A., Sharp, J.T., Burr, A. et al. A 12-month, multicenter, prospective, open-label trial of radiographic analysis of disease progression in osteoarthritis of the knee or hip in patients receiving celecoxib. Clin Ther 2002, 24(12): 2051-63.
95. Alvarez-Soria, M.A., Largo, R., Santillana, J. et al. Long term NSAID treatment inhibits COX-2 synthesis in the knee synovial membrane of patients with osteoarthritis: Differential proinflammatory cytokine profile between celecoxib and aceclofenac. Ann Rheum Dis 2006, 65(8): 998-1005.
96. Dingle, J.T. The effect of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on human articular cartilage glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1999, 7(3): 313-4.
97. Sanchez, C., Mateus, M.M., Defresne, M.P., Crielaard, J.M., Reginster, J.Y., Henrotin, Y.E. Metabolism of human articular chondrocytes cultured in alginate beads. Longterm effects of interleukin 1β and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Rheumatol 2002, 29(4): 772-82.
98. El Hajjaji, H., Marcelis, A., Devogelaer, J.P., Manicourt, D.H. Celecoxib has a positive effect on the overall metabolism of hyaluronan and proteoglycans in human osteoarthritic cartilage. J Rheumatol 2003, 30(11): 2444-51.
99. Nakamura, H., Masuko, K., Yudoh, K., Kato, T., Nishioka, K. Effects of celecoxib on human chondrocytes - enhanced production of chemokines. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007, 25(1): 11-6.
100. 2 modulates cartilage proteoglycan degradation in human osteoarthritis explants. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46(7): 1789-803.
101. Dingle, J.T. The effects of NSAID on the matrix of human articular cartilages. Z Rheumatol 1999, 58(3): 125-9.
102. Cohen, R.B., Hahn, G.V., Tabas, J.A. et al. The natural history of heterotopic ossification in patients who have fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993, 75(2): 215-9.
103. Garland, D.E. Clinical observations on fractures and heterotopic ossification in the spinal cord and traumatic brain injured populations. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1988, (233): 86-101.
104. McLaren, A.C. Prophylaxis with indomethacin for heterotopic bone after open reduction of fractures of the acetabulum. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990, 72(2): 245-7.
105. Moed, B.R., Letournel, E. Low-dose irradiation and indomethacin prevent heterotopic ossification after acetabular fracture repair. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1994, 76(6): 895-900.
106. Gebuhr, P., Wilbek, H., Soelberg, M. Naproxen for 8 days can prevent heterotopic ossification after hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995, 314: 166-9.
107. Pritchett, J.W. Ketorolac prophylaxis against heterotopic ossification after hip replacement. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995, 314: 162-5.
108. Moore, K.D., Goss, K., Anglen, J.O. Indomethacin versus radiation therapy for prophylaxis against heterotopic ossification in acetabular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998, 80(2): 259-63.
109. Burd, T.A., Lowry, K.J., Anglen, J.O. Indomethacin compared with localized irradiation for the prevention of heterotopic ossification following surgical treatment of acetabular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001, 83-A(12): 1783-8.
110. Board, T.N., Karva, A., Board, R.E., Gambhir, A.K., Porter, M.L. The prophylaxis and treatment of heterotopic ossification following lower limb arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007, 89(4): 434-40.
111. Legenstein, R., Bösch, P., Ungersböck, A. Indomethacin versus meloxicam for prevention of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2003, 123(2-3): 91-4.
112. Romano, C.L., Duci, D., Romano, D., Mazza, M., Meani, E. Celecoxib versus indomethacin in the prevention of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2004, 19(1): 14-8.
113. Saudan, M., Saudan, P., Perneger, T., Riand, N., Keller, A., Hoffmeyer, P. Celecoxib versus ibuprofen in the prevention of heterotopic ossification following total hip replacement: A prospective randomised trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007, 89(2): 155-9.
114. van der Heide, H.J., Rijnberg, W.J., Van Sorge, A., Van Kampen, A., Schreurs, B.W. Similar effects of rofecoxib and indomethacin on the incidence of heterotopic ossification after hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthop 2007, 78(1): 90-4.
115. Goodman, S., Ma, T., Trindade, M. et al. COX-2 selective NSAID decreases bone ingrowth in vivo. J Orthop Res 2002, 20: 1164-9.
116. Goodman, S.B., Ma, T., Mitsunaga, L., Miyanishi, K., Genovese, M.C., Smith, R.L. Temporal effects of a COX-2-selective NSAID on bone ingrowth. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005, 72: 279-87.
117. Ma, T., Nelson, E. R., Mawatari, T. et al. Effects of local infusion of OP-1 on particle-induced and NSAID-induced inhibition of bone ingrowth in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006, 79: 740-6.
118. Persson, P.E., Nilsson, O. S., Berggren, A.M. Do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause endoprosthetic loosening? A 10-year follow-up of a randomized trial on ibuprofen for prevention of heterotopic ossification after hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthop 2005, 76(6): 735-40.
119. Hofmann, A.A., Bloebaum, R.D., Koller, K.E., Lahav, A. Does celecoxib have an adverse effect on bone remodeling and ingrowth in humans? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006, 452: 200-4.
120. Gregory, L.S., Forwood, M.R. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition delays the attainment of peak woven bone formation following four-point bending in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int 2007, 80(3): 176-83.
121. Li, J., Burr, D.B., Turner, C.H. Suppression of prostaglandin synthesis with NS-398 has different effects on endocortical and periosteal bone formation induced by mechanical loading. Calcif Tissue Int 2002, 70(4): 320-9.
122. Alam, I., Warden, S.J., Robling, A.G., Turner, C.H. Mechanotransduction in bone does not require a functional cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene. J Bone Miner Res 2005, 20(3): 438-46.
123. Woolf, A.D. An update on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2007, 19(4): 370-5.
124. Okada, Y., Lorenzo, J. A., Freeman, A.M. et al. Prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 is required for maximal formation of osteoclast-like cells in culture. J Olin Invest 2000, 105(6): 823-32.
125. Chikazu, D., Li, X., Kawaguchi, H. et al. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 induces cyclo-oxygenase 2 in osteoblasts via a Cbfa1 binding site: Role in effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 in vitro and in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17(8): 1430-40.
126. 2 preserve bone architecture following ovariectomy in adult rats. Bone 2006, 39(1): 134-42.
127. Igarashi, K., Woo, J.-T., Stern, P. H. Effects of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, on bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 2002, 63(3): 523-32.
128. van Staa, T. P., Leufkens, H. G., Cooper, C. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of fractures. Bone 2000, 27(4): 563-8.
129. Vestergaard, P., Rejnmark, L., Mosekilde, L. Fracture risk associated with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetylsalicylic acid, and acetaminophen and the effects of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Calcif Tissue Int 2006, 79(2): 84-94.
130. Morton, D.J., Barrett-Connor, E.L., Schneider, D.L. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bone mineral density in older women: The Rancho Bernardo study. J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13(12): 1924-31.
131. Carbone, L.D., Tylavsky, F.A., Cauley, J.A. et al. Association between bone mineral density and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin: Impact of cyclooxygenase selectivity. J Bone Miner Res 2003, 18(10): 1795-802.
132. Richards, J.B., Joseph, L., Schwartzman, K., Kreiger, N., Tenenhouse, A., Goltzman, D. The effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on bone mineral density: Results from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int 2006, 17(9): 1410-9.