Physical optics basis for the X-ray phase imaging of low contrast samples: A primer

Crystallography Reviews

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 263-290

  Peele, A G ^a,b   Nugent, K A ^b,c  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Coherent diffractive imaging; Phase contrast; X ray imaging; X ray phase imaging

Indexed keywords

DIFFRACTION; HOLOGRAMS; HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY; LIGHT; OPTICAL PROPERTIES; REFRACTIVE INDEX; TERMINOLOGY; WATER ABSORPTION; X RAY ANALYSIS; X RAYS;

COHERENT DIFFRACTIVE IMAGING; CONTRAST MATERIALS; HIGH RESOLUTIONS; LOW CONTRASTS; PHASE CONTRAST; PHASE IMAGING; RETRIEVAL METHODS; X-RAY IMAGING; X-RAY PHASE IMAGING;

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS;

EID: 57349153068     PISSN: 0889311X     EISSN: 14763508     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08893110802531806     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Hooke, R. Micrographia, 1665. Observation 18, http://www.gutenberg.org/ files/15491/15491-h/15491-h.htm (accessed through Project Gutenberg Aug 5, 2008).
2. Huang, B.; Wang, W.; Bates, M.; Zhuang, X. Three-Dimensional Super-Resolution Imaging by Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy. Science 2008, 319, 810-813.
3. Schermelleh, L.; Carlton, P.M.; Haase, S.; Shao, L.; Winoto, L.; Kner, P.; Burke, B.; Cardoso, M.C.; Agard, D.A.; Gustafsson, G.L.; Leonhardt, H.; Sedat, J.W. Subdiffraction Multicolor Imaging of the Nuclear Periphery with 3D Structured Illumination Microscopy. Science 2008, 320, 1332-1336.
4. Noske, A.B.; Costin, A.J.; Morgan, G.P.; Marsh, B.J. Expedited Approaches to Whole Cell Electron Tomography and Organelle Mark-up In Situ in High-Pressure Frozen Pancreatic Islets. J. Struct. Biol. 2008, 161, 298-313.
5. Chao, W.; Harteneck, B.D.; Liddle, J.A.; Anderson, E.H.; Attwood, D.T. Soft X-ray Microscopy at a Spatial Resolution better than 15 nm. Nature 2005, 435, 1210-1213.
6. Nugent, K.A.; Paganin, D.; Gureyev, T.E. A Phase Odyssey. Phys. Today 2001, 54, 27-32.
7. Paganin, D.; Nugent, K.A. Phase Retrieval Using The Transport Of Intensity Equation. Ch 2 in Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics; Academic Press Inc: London, 2001; Vol. 118, pp. 85-127.
8. Webster, G.; Hilgenfeld, R. Perspectives On Single Molecule Diffraction using the X-ray Free Electron Laser. Single Molecules 2002, 3, 63-68.
9. Paganin, D. Coherent X-ray Optics; Oxford University Press; Oxford, 2006.
10. Momose, A. Phase-sensitive Imaging and Phase Tomography using X-ray Interferometers. Opt. Express. 2003, 11, 2303-2314.
11. Van der Veen, F.; Pfeiffer, F. Coherent X-ray Scattering. J. Phys. Condensed Matter 2004, 16, 5003-5030.
12. Withers, P.J. X-ray Nanotomography. Materials Today 2007, 10, 26-34.
13. Nugent, K.A. X-ray Noninterferometric Phase Imaging: A Unified Picture. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 2007, 24, 536-547.
14. Peele, A.G.; Nugent, K.A. Phase-contrast and Holographic Tomography. Ch 6 in Advanced Tomographic Methods in Materials Research and Engineering; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2008; pp. 161-180.
15. Miao, J.; Ishikawa, T.; Shen, Q.; Earnest, T. Extending X-ray Crystallography to Allow the Imaging of Noncrystalline Materials, Cells, and Single Protein Complexes. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2008, 59, 387-410.
16. Als-Nielsen, J.; McMorrow, D. Elements of Modern X-ray Physics; Wiley: New York, 2001.
17. Paganin, D.; Nugent, K.A. Non-Interferometric Phase Imaging with Partially-Coherent Light. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998, 80, 2586-2589.
18. Eisebitt, S.; Lüning, J.; Schlotter, W.F.; Lörgen, M.; Hellwig, O.; Eberhardt, W.; Stöhr, J. Lensless Imaging of Magnetic Nanostructures by X-ray Spectro-holography. Nature 2004, 432, 885-888.
19. Tran, C.Q.; Peele, A.G.; Roberts, A.; Nugent, K.A.; Paterson, D.; McNulty, I. X-ray Imaging: a Generalized Approach using Phase-Space Tomography. /. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2005, 22, 1691-1700.
20. Nugent, K.A.; Arhatari, B.D.; Peele, A.G. A Coherence Approach to Phase-Contrast Microscopy: Theory. Ultramicroscopy 2008, 108, 937-945.
21. Wilkins, S.W.; Gureyev, T.E.; Gao, D.; Pogany, A.; Stevenson, A.W. Phase-Contrast Imaging using Polychromatic Hard X-rays. Nature 1996, 384, 335-338.
22. Paterson, D.; Allman, B.E.; McMahon, P.J.; Lin, J.; Moldovan, N.; Nugent, K.A.; McNulty, I.; Chantier, C.T.; Retsch, C.C; Irving, T.H.K.; Mancini, D.C. Spatial Coherence Measurement of X-ray Undulator Radiation. Opt. Commun. 2001, 195, 79-84.
23. Lin, J.J.A.; Paterson, D.; Peele, A.G.; McMahon, P.J.; Chantier, C.T.; Nugent, K.A.; Lai, B.; Moldovan, N.; Cai, Z.; Mancini, D.C.; McNulty, I. Measurement of the Spatial Coherence Function of Undulator Radiation using a Phase Mask. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 90, 074801.
24. Arhatari, B.; Mancuso, A.P.; Peele, A.G.; Nugent, K.A. Phase Contrast Radiography: Image Modelling and Optimization. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2004, 75, 5271-5276.
25. Peele, A.G.; De Carlo, F.; McMahon, P.J.; Dhal, B.B.; Nugent, K.A. X-ray Phase Contrast Tomography with a Bending Magnet Source. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2005, 76, 083707.
26. Davis, T.J.; Gao, D.; Gureyev, T.E.; Stevenson, A.W.; Wilkins, S.W. Phase-Contrast Imaging Of Weakly Absorbing Materials Using Hard X-rays. Nature 1995, 373, 595-598.
27. Nesterets, Y.I.; Gureyev, T.E.; Paganin, D.; Pavlov, K.M.; Wilkins, S.W. Quantitative Diffraction-Enhanced X-ray Imaging of Weak Objects. Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics 2004, 37, 1262-1274.
28. Bonse, U.; Hart, M. An X-ray Interferometer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1965, 6, 155-157.
29. Momose, A,; Takeda, T.; Itai, Y. Phase-contrast X-ray Computed Tomography for Observing Biological Specimens and Organic Materials. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1995, 66, 1434-1436.
30. Di Fabrizio, E.M.; Cojoc, D.; Cabrini, S.; Kaulich, B.; Susini, J.; Facci, P.; Wilhein, T. Diffractive Optical Elements For Differential Interference Contrast X-ray Microscopy. Opt. Express 2003, 11, 2278-2288.
31. de Jonge, M.D.; Hornberger, B.; Holzner, C.; Legnini, D.; Paterson, D.; McNulty, I.; Jacobsen, C.; Vogt, S. Quantitative Phase Imaging with a Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100, 163902.
32. Schmahl, G.; Rudolph, D.; Guttmann, P. Phase Contrast X-ray Microscopy - Experiments at the BESSY Storage Ring. X-ray Microscopy II; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1988; pp. 228-232.
33. Forster, E.; Goetz, K.; Zaumseil, P. Double Crystal Diffractometry for the Characterization of Targets for Laser Fusion Experiments. Krist. Tech. 1980, 15, 937-945.
34. Jacobsen, C.; Howells, M.; Kirz, J.; Rothman, S. X-ray Holographic Microscopy using Photoresists. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1990, 7, 1847-1861.
35. Snigerev, A.; Snigereva, I.; Kohn, V.; Kuznetsov, S.; Schelokov, I. On the Possibilities of X-ray Phase Contrast Microimaging by Coherent High-energy Synchrotron Radiation. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1995, 66, 5486-5492.
36. Paganin, D.; Gureyev, T.E. Phase Contrast, Phase Retrieval and Aberration Balancing in Shift-Invariant Linear Imaging Systems. Optics Commun. 2008, 281, 965-981.
37. Guigay, J.-P.; Wade, R.H.; Delpha, C. Optical Diffraction of Lorentz Microscope Images. Proceedings of the 25th meeting of the Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group; The Institute of Physics: London, 1971; pp. 238-239.
38. Turner, L.D.; Dhal, B.B.; Hayes, J.P.; Mancuso, A.P.; Nugent, K.A.; Paterson, D.; Scholten, R.E.; Tran, C.Q.; Peele, A.G. X-ray Phase Imaging: Demonstration of Extended Conditions with Homogeneous Objects. Optics Express 2004, 12, 2960-2965.
39. Teague, M.R. Deterministic Phase Retrieval - A Green-Function Solution. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1983, 73, 1434-1441.
40. Gureyev, T.E.; Roberts, A.; Nugent, K.A. Partially Coherent Fields, the Transport-of-Intensity Equation, and Phase Uniqueness. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1995, 12, 1942-1946.
41. Nugent, K.A.; Gureyev, T.E.; Cookson, D.F.; Paganin, D.; Barnea, Z. Quantitative Phase Imaging Using Hard X-rays. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 2961-2964.
42. Paganin, D.; Nugent, K.A. Non-interferometric Phase Imaging with Partially-Coherent Light. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998, 80, 2586-2589.
43. Barty, A.; Nugent, K.A.; Roberts, A.; Paganin, D. Quantitative Phase Microscopy. Optics Letters 1998, 23, 817-819.
44. Allman, B.E.; McMahon, P.J.; Nugent, K.A.; Paganin, D.; Jacobson, D.L.; Arif, M.; Werner, S.A. Imaging-Phase Radiography with Neutrons. Nature 2000, 408, 158-159.
45. McMahon, P.J.; Peele, A.G.; Paterson, D.; Nugent, K.A.; Snigirev, A.; Weitkamp, T.; Rau, C. X-ray Tomographic Imaging of the Complex Refractive Index. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 1480-1482.
46. McMahon, P.J.; Peele, A.G.; Paterson, D.; Lin, J.J.A.; Irving, T.H.K.; McNulty, I.; Nugent, K.A. Quantitative X-ray Phase Tomography with Sub-micron Resolution. Opt. Comm. 2003, 217, 53-58.
47. Turner, L.D. PhD Thesis, University of Melbourne, 2005.
48. Gureyev, T.E.; Paganin, D.M.; Meyers, G.R.; Nesterets, Ya.I.; Wilkins, S.W. Phase-and-Amplitude Computer Tomography. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 034102.
49. Peele, A.G.; Quiney, H.M.; Dhal, B.B.; Mancuso, A.P.; Arhatari, B.D.; Nugent, K.A. New Opportunities in X-ray Tomography. Rad. Phys. Chem. 2006, 75, 2067-2071.
50. http://nobelprize.org/nobel-prizes/physics/laureates/1914/laue-lecture. pdf.
51. Born, M.; Wolf, E. Principles of Optics, 7th ed./ Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1999.
52. Bragg, W.L. A New Type of 'X-ray Microscope,'. Nature 1939, 143, 678.
53. Jenkins J.; William and Lawrence Bragg, Father and Son: the most extraordinary collaboration in science; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2008, pp. 355 (citing Bragg, W.H.; X-rays and crystal structure, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., 1915, 215A, 253-274).
54. Buerger, M.J. Optically Reciprocal Gratings and their Application to Synthesis of Fourier Series. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 1941, 27, 117-124.
55. Wilson, A.J.C; Prince, E. International Tables for Crystallography Volume C Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Tables; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1999.
56. Miao, J.; Sayre, D. On Possible Extensions of X-ray Crystallography Through Diffraction-Pattern Oversampling. Acta Crystaltogr. 2000, D56, 1312-1315.
57. Guinier, A. X-ray Diffraction in Crystals, Imperfect Crystals and Amorphous Bodies; Dover Publications Inc.: New York, 1994; pp. 27-81.
58. Robinson, I.K.; Vartanyants, I.A.; Williams, G.J.; Pfeifer, M.A.; Pitney, J.A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2001, 87, 1905-1-1905-4.
59. Nugent, K.A.; Peele, A.G.; Chapman, H.N.; Mancuso, A.P. Unique Phase Recovery for Nonperiodic Objects. Phys Rev. Lett. 2003, 91, 203902.
60. McNulty, I.; Kirz, J.; Jacobsen, C.; Anderson, E.H.; Howells, M.R.; Kern, D.P. High-resolution Imaging by Fourier Transform X-ray Holography. Science 1992, 256, 1009-1012.
61. Marchesini, S.; Boutet, S.; Sakdinawat, A.E.; Bogan, M.J.; Bajt, S.; Barty, A.; Chapman, H.N.; Frank, M.; Hau-Riege, S.P.; Szöke, A.; Cui, C.; Shapiro, D.; Howells, M.R.; Spence, J.C.H.; Shaevitz, J.W.; Lee, J.Y.; Hajdu, J.; Seibert, M.M. Massively Parallel Holography. Nature Photonics 2008, 2, 560-563.
62. Sayre, D. Some Implications of a Theorem due to Shannon. Acta Cryst. 1952, 5, 843.
63. Sayre, D. Prospects for Long Wavelength X-ray Microscopy and Diffraction. In Imaging Processes and Coherence in Physics; Schlenker, M., Fink, M., Goedgebuer, J.P., Malgrange, C., Vienot, J.C, Wade, R.H., Eds.; Springer Lect. Notes Phys, Springer: Berlin, 1980; Vol. 112, pp. 229-235.
64. Bates, R.H.T. Fourier Phase Problems are Uniquely Solvable in More Than One Dimension. 1, Underlying Theory. Optik 1982, 61, 247-262.
65. Luke, D.R. Relaxed Averaging Alternating Reflections for Diffraction Imaging. Inverse Problems 2005, 21, 37-50.
66. Marchesini, S.A. Unified Evaluation of Iterative Projection Algorithms for Phase Retrieval. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2007, 78, 011301.
67. Fienup, J.R. Reconstruction of an Object from the Modulus of its Fourier Transform. Opt. Lett. 1978, 3, 27-29.
68. Fienup, J.R. Phase Retrieval Algorithms: A Comparison. Appl. Opt. 1982, 21, 2758-2769.
69. Millane, R.P. Phase Retrieval in Crystallography and Optics. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 1990, 7, 394-411.
70. Williams, G.J.; Quiney, H.M.; Dhal, B.B.; Tran, C.Q.; Nugent, K.A.; Peele, A.G.; Paterson, D.; de Jonge, M.D. Fresnel Coherent Diffractive Imaging. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 97, 025506.
71. Quiney, H.M.; Nugent, K.A.; Peele, A.G. Iterative Image Reconstruction Algorithms using Wavefront Intensity and Phase Variation. Optics. Lett. 2005, 30, 1638-1640.
72. Whitehead, L.W.; Williams, G.J.; Quiney, H.M.; Nugent, K.A.; Peele, A.G.; Paterson, D.; de Jonge, M.D. Fresnel Diffractive Imaging: An Experimental Study of Coherence and Curvature. Phys. Rev. B. 2008, 77, 104112.
73. Clark, J.N.; Williams, G.J.; Quiney, H.M.; Whitehead, L.; de Jonge, M.D.; Hanssen, E.; Altissimo, M,; Nugent, K.A.; Peele, A.G. Quantitative Phase Measurement in Coherent Diffractive Imaging. Optics Express 2008, 16, 3342-3348.
74. Abbey, B.; Nugent, K.A.; Williams, G.J.; Clark, J.N.; Peele, A.G.; Pfeifer, M.A.; de Jonge, M.D.; McNulty, I. Keyhole Coherent Diffractive Imaging. Nat. Phys. 2008, 4, 394-398.
75. De Caro, L.; Giannini, C.; Pelliccia, D.; Mocuta, C.; Metzger, T.H.; Guagliardi, A.; Cedola, A.; Burkeeva, I.; Lagomarsino, S. In-line Holography and Coherent Diffractive Imaging with X-Ray Waveguides. Phys. Rev. B 2008, 77, 081408.
76. Maio, J.; Charalambous, P.; Kirz, J.; Sayre, D. Extending the Methodology of X-ray Crystallography to Allow Imaging of Micrometer-sized Non-crystalline Specimens. Nature 1999, 400, 342-344.
77. Miao, J.; Ishikawa, T.; Johnson, B.; Andreson, E.H.; Lai, B.; Hodgson, K.O. High Resolution 3D X-ray Diffraction Microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 89, 088303.
78. Marchesini, S.; He, H.; Chapman, H.N.; Hau-Riege, P.; Noy, A.; Howells, M.R.; Weirstall, U.; Spence, J.C.H. X-ray Image Reconstruction from a Diffraction Pattern Alone. Phys. Rev. B 2003, 68, 140101.
79. Miao, J.; Amonette, J.E.; Nishino, Y.; Ishikawa, T.; Hodgson, K.O. Direct Determination of the Absolute Electron Density of Nanostructured and Disordered Materials at Sub-10-nm Resolution. Phys. Rev. B 2003, 68, 102201.
80. Williams, G.J.; Pfeifer, M.A.; Vartanyants, I.A.; Robinson, I.K. Three-dimensional Imaging of Microstructure in Au Nonocrystals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 90, 175501.
81. Pfeifer, M.A.; Williams, G.J.; Vartanyants, I.A.; Harder, R.; Robinson, I.K. Three-dimensional Mapping of a Deformation Field Inside a Nanocrystal. Nature 2006, 442, 63-66.
82. Miao, J.; Hodgson, K.O.; Ishikawa, T.; Larabell, C.A.; LeGros, M.A.; Nishino, Y. Imaging Whole Escherichia coli Bacteria by using Single-Particle X-ray Diffraction. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 110-112.
83. Shapiro, D.; Thibault, P.; Beetz, T.; Elser, V.; Howells, M.; Jacobsen, C.; Kirz, J.; Lima, E.; Miao, H.; Neiman, A.M.; Sayre, D. Biological Imaging by Soft X-ray Diffraction Microscopy. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 15343-15346.
84. Quiney, H.M.; Peele, A.G.; Cai, Z.; Paterson, D.; Nugent, K.A. Diffractive Imaging of Highly Focused X-ray Fields. Nature Physics 2006, 2, 101-104.
85. Chapman, H.N.; Barty, A.; Marchesini, S.; Noy, A.; Hau-Riege, S.P.; Cui, C.; Howells, M.R.; Rosen, R.; He, H.; Spence, J.C.H.; Weierstall, U.; Beetz, T.; Jacobsen, C.; Shapiro, D. High-resolution Ab Initio Three-Dimensional X-ray Diffraction Microscopy. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2006, 25, 1179-1200.
86. Chapman, H.N.; Barty, A.; Bogan, MJ.; Boutet, S.; Frank, M.; Hau-Riege, S.P.; Marchesini, S.; Woods, B.W.; Bajt, S.; Benner, W.H.; London, R.A.; Plönjes, E.; Kuhlmann, M.; Treusch, R.; Düsterer, S.; Tscentscher, T.; Schneider, J.R.; Spiller, E.; Möller, T.; Bostedt, C.; Hoener, M.; Shapiro, D.; Hodgson, K.O.; van der Spoel, D.; Burmeister, F.; Bergh, M.; Caleman, C.; Huldt, G ; Seibert, M.M.; Maia, F.R.N.C.; Lee, R.W.; Szöke, A.; Timneanu, N.; Hajdu, J. Femtosecond Diffractive Imaging with a Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser. Nature Physics 2006, 2, 839-844.
87. Rodenburg, J.M.; Hurst, A.C.; Cullis, A.G.; Dobson, B.R.; Pfeiffer, F.; Bunk, O.; David, C.; Jefimovs, K.; Johnson, I. Hard X-ray Lensless Imaging of Extended Objects. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 98, 034801.
88. Sandberg, R.L.; Paul, A.; Raymondson, D.A.; Hádrich, S.; Gaudiosi, D.M.; Holtsnider, J.; Tobey, R.I.; Cohen, O.; Murnane, M.M.; Kapteyn, H.C. Lensless Diffractive Imaging using Tabletop Coherent High-Harmonic Soft-X-ray Beams. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 99, 093103.
89. Barty, A.; Marchesini, S.; Chapman, H.N.; Cui, C.; Howells, M.R.; Shapiro, D.; Minor, A.M.; Spence, J.C.H.; Weierstall, U.; Ilavsky, J.; Noy, A.; Hau-Riege, S.P.; Artyukhin, A.B.; Baumann, T.; Willey, T.; Stolken, J.; van Buuren, T.; Kinney, J.H. Three-dimensional Coherent Diffractive Imaging of a Ceramic Nanofoam: Determination of Structural Deformation Mechanisms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 101, 055501.
90. Jiang, H.D.; Rammuno-Johnson, D.; Song, C.; Amerbekian, B.; Kohmura, Y.; Nishino, Y.; Takahashi, Y.; Ishikawa, T.; Miao, J.W. Nanoscale Imaging of Mineral Crystals Inside Biological Composite Materials using X-ray Diffraction Microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100, 038103.
91. Shen, Q.; Bazarov, I.; Thibault, P. Diffractive Imaging of Nonperiodic Materials with Future Coherent X-ray Sources. J. Synch. Rad. 2004, 11, 432-438.
92. Howells, M.R.; Beetz, T.; Chapman, H.N.; Cui, C.; Holton, J.M.; Jacobsen, C.; Kirz, J.; Lima, E.; Marchesini, S.; Miao, H.; Sayre, D.; Shapiro, D.A.; Spence, J.C.H. An Assessment of the Resolution Limitation due to Radiation-Damage in X-ray Diffraction Microscopy, http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/ 0502059 (accessed 2005).
93. Neutze, R.; Wouts, R.; Spoel, D.; Weckert, E.; Hadju, J. Potential for Biomolecular Imaging with Femtosecond X-ray Pulses. Nature 2000, 406, 752-757.
94. Starodub, D.; Rez, P.; Hembree, G.; Howells, M.; Shapiro, D.; Chapman, H.N.; Fromme, P.; Schmidt, K.; Weierstall, U.; Doak, R.B.; Spence, J.C.H Dose, Exposure Time and Resolution in Serial X-ray Crystallography. J. Synch. Rad. 2008, 15, 62-73.
95. Weierstall, U.; Doak, R.B.; Spence, J.C.H.; Starodub, D.; Shapiro, D.; Kennedy, P.; Warner, J.; Hembree, G.G.; Fromme, P.; Chapman, H.N. Droplet Streams for Serial Crystallography of Proteins. Exp Fluids 2008, 44, 675-689.
96. Bogan, M.J.; Benner, W.H.; Boutet, S.; Rohner, U.; Frank, M.; Barty, A.; Seibert, M.M.; Maia, F.; Marchesini, S.; Bajt, S.; Woods, B.; Riot, V.; Hau-Riege, S.P.; Svenda, M.; Marklund, E.; Spiller, E.; Hajdu, J.; Chapman, H.N. Single Particle X-ray Diffractive Imaging. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 310-316.
97. Hau-Riege, S.P.; London, R.A.; Chapman, H.N.; Szoke, A. Encapsulation and Diffraction-Pattern-Correction Methods to Reduce the Effect of Damage in X-ray Diffraction Imaging of Single Biological Molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 98, 198302.
98. Bajt, S.; Chapman, H.N.; Spiller, E.A.; Alameda, J.B.; Woods, B.W.; Frank, M.; Bogan, M.J.; Barty, A.; Boutet, S.; Marchesini, S.; Hau-Riege, S.P.; Hajdu, J.; Shapiro, D. Camera for Coherent Diffractive Imaging and Holography with a Soft-X-ray Free-Electron Laser. Appl. Opt. 2008, 47, 1673-1683.
99. Broennimann, Ch.; Eikenberry, E.F.; Henrich, B.; Horisberger, R.; Huelsen, G.; Pohl, E.; Schmitt, B.; Schulze-Briese, C.; Suzuki, M.; Tomizaki, T.; Toyokawa, H.; Wagner, A. The PILATUS 1M Detector. J. Synch. Rad. 2006, 13, 120-130.
100. Dilanian, R.A.; Chen, B.; Teichmann, S.; Dao, L.V.; Quiney, HM,; Nugent, K.A. HHG Spectrum Reconstruction from Young's Double Slit Interference Pattern using the Maximum Entropy Method, Opt. Lett. 2008, accepted for publication.
101. Chen, B.; Dilanian, R.A.; Teichmann, S.; Abbey, B.; Peele, A.G.; Williams, G.J.; Hannaford, P.; van Dao, L.; Quiney, H.M.; Nugent, K.A. Multiple Wavelength Diffractive Imaging, Submitted for publication, 2008.