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Volumn 73, Issue 22, 2008, Pages 8851-8860

Mild conditions for Pd-catalyzed carboamination of N-protected hex-4-enylamines and 1-, 3-, and 4-substituted pent-4-enylamines. Scope, limitations, and mechanism of pyrrolidine formation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BROMINE COMPOUNDS; CESIUM; CHEMICAL REACTIONS; DEUTERIUM; ESTERS; FUNCTIONAL GROUPS; KETONES; OLEFINS; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PALLADIUM; PALLADIUM COMPOUNDS; STEREOCHEMISTRY;

EID: 56449098619     PISSN: 00223263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jo801631v     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (86)

References (89)
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    • For closely related approaches to the synthesis of piperazines, imidazolidin-2-ones, and isoxazolidines via Pd-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions, see: (a) Nakhla, J. S.; Wolfe, J. P. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 3279-3282.
    • For closely related approaches to the synthesis of piperazines, imidazolidin-2-ones, and isoxazolidines via Pd-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions, see: (a) Nakhla, J. S.; Wolfe, J. P. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 3279-3282.
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    • Secondary carbamates decompose to afford reactive isocyanates when heated in the presence of NaOtBu. See: Tom, N. J.; Simon, W. M.; Frost, H. N.; Ewing, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 905-906.
    • Secondary carbamates decompose to afford reactive isocyanates when heated in the presence of NaOtBu. See: Tom, N. J.; Simon, W. M.; Frost, H. N.; Ewing, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 905-906.
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    • The only substrates of this type that have been effectively employed in Pd-catalyzed carboamination reactions are N-protected cyclopent-2-enylethylamine derivatives. See refs 5a, 5c, and 5d
    • The only substrates of this type that have been effectively employed in Pd-catalyzed carboamination reactions are N-protected cyclopent-2-enylethylamine derivatives. See refs 5a, 5c, and 5d.
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    • A portion of these studies have been previously communicated. See: a
    • A portion of these studies have been previously communicated. See: (a) Bertrand, M. B.; Leathen, M. L.; Wolfe, J. P. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 457-460.
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    • Dpe-phos = bis(2-diphenylphosphinophenyl)ether. Xantphos = 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene. Nixantphos = 4,6-bis (diphenylphosphino)phenoxazine. BINAP = 2,2′-diphenylphosphino-1,1′- binaphthyl. Dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane. (Chemical Equation Presented)
    • Dpe-phos = bis(2-diphenylphosphinophenyl)ether. Xantphos = 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene. Nixantphos = 4,6-bis (diphenylphosphino)phenoxazine. BINAP = 2,2′-diphenylphosphino-1,1′- binaphthyl. Dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane. (Chemical Equation Presented)
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    • In most instances the use of other bases led to very slow consumption of starting material and/or competing Heck arylation of the alkene moiety
    • In most instances the use of other bases led to very slow consumption of starting material and/or competing Heck arylation of the alkene moiety.
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    • 3 and other weak bases in Pd-catalyzed N-arylation reactions of amines with aryl halides has been reported. For reviews, see: (a) Muci, A. R.; Buchwald, S. L. Top. Curr. Chem. 2002, 219, 131-209.
    • 3 and other weak bases in Pd-catalyzed N-arylation reactions of amines with aryl halides has been reported. For reviews, see: (a) Muci, A. R.; Buchwald, S. L. Top. Curr. Chem. 2002, 219, 131-209.
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    • In some cases use of DME as solvent provided comparable results to those obtained with dioxane (see Table 2, entries 3, 4, 7, and 9).
    • In some cases use of DME as solvent provided comparable results to those obtained with dioxane (see Table 2, entries 3, 4, 7, and 9).
  • 40
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    • See Supporting Information for details on the assignment of product stereochemistry
    • See Supporting Information for details on the assignment of product stereochemistry.
  • 42
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    • Use of Nixantphos as the ligand for this transformation resulted in the formation of 26 in 22% yield with >20:1 dr.
    • Use of Nixantphos as the ligand for this transformation resulted in the formation of 26 in 22% yield with >20:1 dr.
  • 43
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    • We have been unable to separate these regioisomers from the major product. The structures of 31 and 33 have been assigned on the basis of analysis of EI-MS fragmentation patterns and the observation of a triplet (assigned as the CH3 signal from the 2-ethyl group) at ∼0.9 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum of the mixture. Similar products have been observed in analogous reactions that generate N-aryl pyrrolidines. See ref 5a
    • 1H NMR spectrum of the mixture. Similar products have been observed in analogous reactions that generate N-aryl pyrrolidines. See ref 5a.
  • 44
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    • This product contained ca. 8% of an unidentified impurity
    • This product contained ca. 8% of an unidentified impurity.
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    • These results have been previously communicated. See: Bertrand, M. B.; Wolfe, J. P. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 3073-3075.
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    • This transformation is effective with a number of different aryl bromides. See ref 19
    • This transformation is effective with a number of different aryl bromides. See ref 19.
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    • Use of Dpe-phos as the ligand for this reaction afforded 47 in 43% isolated yield.
    • Use of Dpe-phos as the ligand for this reaction afforded 47 in 43% isolated yield.
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    • For related studies on the mechanism of Pd-catalyzed carboetherification reactions of γ-hydroxyalkenes that generate tetrahydrofuran products, see: Hay, M. B, Wolfe, J. P. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2005, 127, 16468-16476
    • For related studies on the mechanism of Pd-catalyzed carboetherification reactions of γ-hydroxyalkenes that generate tetrahydrofuran products, see: Hay, M. B.; Wolfe, J. P. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2005, 127, 16468-16476.
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    • The isolation of 5- and 6-aryl N-Boc-octahydrocyclopenta[b] pyrrole side products in the conversion of 43 to benzocyclobutene derivatives when certain aryl halides were employed was consistent with this mechanism. However, the formation of these side products was only observed in two cases. See ref 19
    • The isolation of 5- and 6-aryl N-Boc-octahydrocyclopenta[b] pyrrole side products in the conversion of 43 to benzocyclobutene derivatives when certain aryl halides were employed was consistent with this mechanism. However, the formation of these side products was only observed in two cases. See ref 19.
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    • This aryl bromide was chosen to facilitate elucidation of product stereochemistry. This was achieved by conversion of 64 to a tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative through treatment with TFA followed by Na 2CO3. See Supporting Information for complete details
    • 3. See Supporting Information for complete details.
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    • For examples of syn-alkene insertion into Pt-N bonds, see: (a) Cowan, R. L.; Trogler, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 4750-4761.
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    • For examples of .swj-alkene insertion into Ni-N bonds, see: (c) VanderLende, D. D.; Abboud, K. A.; Boncella, J. M. Inorg. Chem. 1995, 34, 5319-5326.
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    • For examples of swj-alkene insertion into Ir-N bonds, see: (d) Casalnuovo, A. L.; Calabrese, J. C.; Milstein, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 6738-6744.
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    • For examples of syn-insertion of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate into Pd-N bonds, see: (f) Villanueva, L. A, Abboud, K. A, Boncella, J. M. Organometallics 1992, 11, 2963-2965
    • For examples of syn-insertion of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate into Pd-N bonds, see: (f) Villanueva, L. A.; Abboud, K. A.; Boncella, J. M. Organometallics 1992, 11, 2963-2965.
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    • For a review on alkene aminopalladation (syn- and anti-), see: (g) Minatti, A.; Muniz, K. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2007, 36, 1142-1152.
    • For a review on alkene aminopalladation (syn- and anti-), see: (g) Minatti, A.; Muniz, K. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2007, 36, 1142-1152.
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    • For other Pd-catalyzed reactions that likely proceed via alkene syn- aminopalladation, see: (a) Helaja, J.; Gottlich, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 2002, 720-721.
    • For other Pd-catalyzed reactions that likely proceed via alkene syn- aminopalladation, see: (a) Helaja, J.; Gottlich, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 2002, 720-721.
  • 71
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    • The formation of benzocyclobutene 44 from the Pd-catalyzed reaction of 43 with 4-bromobiphenyl when Cs2CO3 is used as a base appears to arise from a divergence in mechanism prior to formation of intermediate palladium amido complex 71. For further discussion, see ref 19
    • 3 is used as a base appears to arise from a divergence in mechanism prior to formation of intermediate palladium amido complex 71. For further discussion, see ref 19.
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    • For a detailed discussion of all mechanistic possibilities in Pd-catalyzed reactions of unsaturated amines or alcohols that generate heterocyclic products, see ref 4b
    • For a detailed discussion of all mechanistic possibilities in Pd-catalyzed reactions of unsaturated amines or alcohols that generate heterocyclic products, see ref 4b.
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    • It is also possible that the o-chloro substituent facilitates β-hydride elimination by effecting dissociation of one arm of the chelating phosphine ligand. For a discussion of the effect of o-halo groups on ligand substitution processes, see: Kuniyasu, H.; Yamashita, F.; Terao, J.; Kambe, N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 5929-5933.
    • It is also possible that the o-chloro substituent facilitates β-hydride elimination by effecting dissociation of one arm of the chelating phosphine ligand. For a discussion of the effect of o-halo groups on ligand substitution processes, see: Kuniyasu, H.; Yamashita, F.; Terao, J.; Kambe, N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 5929-5933.
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    • The transition state for β-hydride elimination from the methyl group would contain a developing partial positive charge on a primary carbon atom
    • The transition state for β-hydride elimination from the methyl group would contain a developing partial positive charge on a primary carbon atom.
  • 82
    • 56449119392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The bite angle of flexible ligands is dependent on coordination environment. No X-ray structures of (Nixantphos)PdX2 complexes have been reported, and thus we cannot provide a precise value for the Nixantphos bite angle for comparison to the bite angles of Xantphos, Dpe-Phos, and BINAP, which were obtained from X-ray structures of their PdX2 complexes. However, the metal-independent calculated natural bite angle of Nixantphos is 114°, whereas that of Xantphos is 111°. Thus, we feel it is reasonable to estimate that the bite angle of (Nixantphos)PdX2 should exceed that of the analogous Xantphos complex
    • 2 should exceed that of the analogous Xantphos complex.
  • 83
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    • Xantphos has previously been demonstrated to provide good results in Pd-catalyzed N-arylation reactions of amides and carbamates. See: Yin, J, Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6043-6048
    • Xantphos has previously been demonstrated to provide good results in Pd-catalyzed N-arylation reactions of amides and carbamates. See: Yin, J.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6043-6048.
  • 84
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    • Related alkene carbopalladation processes that occur in intramolecular Heck reactions are believed to proceed through similar transition states. Other possible transition states in which the alkene is perpendicular to the M-C bond appear to be significantly higher in energy. See: Overman, L. E. Pure. Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 1423-1431, and references therein
    • Related alkene carbopalladation processes that occur in intramolecular Heck reactions are believed to proceed through similar transition states. Other possible transition states in which the alkene is perpendicular to the M-C bond appear to be significantly higher in energy. See: Overman, L. E. Pure. Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 1423-1431, and references therein.
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    • (1,3)-strain in transformations involving N-substituted amines, see: (a) Hoffmann, R. W. Chem. Rev. 1989, 89, 1841-1860.
    • (1,3)-strain in transformations involving N-substituted amines, see: (a) Hoffmann, R. W. Chem. Rev. 1989, 89, 1841-1860.
  • 89
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    • The conversion of 17 to 23 and 24 also occurs through a transition state in which the C-1 substituent (C9H 19) is pseudoaxial. For further discussion of this transformation in the context of a total synthesis of, )-preussin, see ref 5g
    • 19) is pseudoaxial. For further discussion of this transformation in the context of a total synthesis of (+)-preussin, see ref 5g.


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