메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 1580-1592

Anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3 fatty acids in critical illness: Novel mechanisms and an integrative perspective

Author keywords

Endotoxins; Nuclear factor kappa B; Nutritional support; Omega 3 fatty acids; Sepsis; Vagus nerve

Indexed keywords

DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; FISH OIL; I KAPPA B KINASE; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PROTECTIN D1; RESOLVIN D1; SATURATED FATTY ACID; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 49749141035     PISSN: 03424642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1142-4     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (204)

References (81)
  • 2
    • 33749346693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunonutrition in surgery and critical care
    • KA Kudsk 2006 Immunonutrition in surgery and critical care Annu Rev Nutr 26 463 479
    • (2006) Annu Rev Nutr , vol.26 , pp. 463-479
    • Kudsk, K.A.1
  • 3
    • 33747464728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis and septic shock
    • A Pontes-Arruda AM Aragão JD Albuquerque 2006 Effects of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis and septic shock Crit Care Med 34 2325 2333
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , pp. 2325-2333
    • Pontes-Arruda, A.1    Aragão, A.M.2    Albuquerque, J.D.3
  • 4
    • 33645813176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefit of an enteral diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid in ventilated patients with acute lung injury
    • P Singer M Theilla H Fisher L Gibstein E Grozovski J Cohen 2006 Benefit of an enteral diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid in ventilated patients with acute lung injury Crit Care Med 34 1033 1038
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , pp. 1033-1038
    • Singer, P.1    Theilla, M.2    Fisher, H.3    Gibstein, L.4    Grozovski, E.5    Cohen, J.6
  • 7
    • 33947180675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enteral nutrition with Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and antioxidants in critical illness: A meta-analysis evaluation of outcome data
    • A Pontes-Arruda S DeMichele A Seth P Singer 2006 Enteral nutrition with Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and antioxidants in critical illness: a meta-analysis evaluation of outcome data Crit Care Med 34 S95
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , pp. 95
    • Pontes-Arruda, A.1    Demichele, S.2    Seth, A.3    Singer, P.4
  • 8
    • 33746830525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases
    • 6 Suppl
    • PC Calder 2006 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases Am J Clin Nutr 83 6 Suppl 1505S 1519S
    • (2006) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.83
    • Calder, P.C.1
  • 9
    • 33746809138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans
    • 6 Suppl
    • LM Arterburn EB Hall H Oken 2006 Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans Am J Clin Nutr 83 6 Suppl 1467S 1476S
    • (2006) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.83
    • Arterburn, L.M.1    Hall, E.B.2    Oken, H.3
  • 10
    • 34248344638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune modulation by parenteral lipid emulsions
    • GJ Wanten PC Calder 2007 Immune modulation by parenteral lipid emulsions Am J Clin Nutr 85 1171 1184
    • (2007) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.85 , pp. 1171-1184
    • Wanten, G.J.1    Calder, P.C.2
  • 11
    • 33846266165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipoproteins in inflammation and sepsis. II. Clinical aspects
    • M Wendel R Paul AR Heller 2007 Lipoproteins in inflammation and sepsis. II. Clinical aspects Intensive Care Med 33 25 35
    • (2007) Intensive Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 25-35
    • Wendel, M.1    Paul, R.2    Heller, A.R.3
  • 12
    • 0142031430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of Toll-like receptors in pathogen recognition
    • S Janssens R Beyaert 2003 Role of Toll-like receptors in pathogen recognition Clin Microbiol Rev 16 637 646
    • (2003) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.16 , pp. 637-646
    • Janssens, S.1    Beyaert, R.2
  • 14
    • 0036606913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipopolysaccharide recognition: CD14, TLRs and the LPS-activation cluster
    • M Triantafilou K Triantafilou 2002 Lipopolysaccharide recognition: CD14, TLRs and the LPS-activation cluster Trends Immunol 23 301 304
    • (2002) Trends Immunol , vol.23 , pp. 301-304
    • Triantafilou, M.1    Triantafilou, K.2
  • 15
    • 0025285857 scopus 로고
    • Biochemistry of endotoxins
    • CR Raetz 1990 Biochemistry of endotoxins Annu Rev Biochem 59 129 170
    • (1990) Annu Rev Biochem , vol.59 , pp. 129-170
    • Raetz, C.R.1
  • 16
    • 33645116785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NF-kappa B activation as a pathological mechanism of septic shock and inflammation
    • SF Liu AB Malik 2006 NF-kappa B activation as a pathological mechanism of septic shock and inflammation Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 290 L622 L645
    • (2006) Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol , vol.290
    • Liu, S.F.1    Malik, A.B.2
  • 17
    • 33947629255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate immune sensing of pathogens and danger signals by cell surface Toll-like receptors
    • K Miyake 2007 Innate immune sensing of pathogens and danger signals by cell surface Toll-like receptors Semin Immunol 19 3 10
    • (2007) Semin Immunol , vol.19 , pp. 3-10
    • Miyake, K.1
  • 21
    • 0024521944 scopus 로고
    • Structural analysis of the nontoxic lipid a of Rhodobacter capsulatus 37b4
    • JH Krauss U Seydel J Weckesser H Mayer 1989 Structural analysis of the nontoxic lipid A of Rhodobacter capsulatus 37b4 Eur J Biochem 180 519 526
    • (1989) Eur J Biochem , vol.180 , pp. 519-526
    • Krauss, J.H.1    Seydel, U.2    Weckesser, J.3    Mayer, H.4
  • 22
    • 0026019704 scopus 로고
    • Diphosphoryl lipid a obtained from the nontoxic lipopolysaccharide of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides is an endotoxin antagonist in mice
    • N Qureshi K Takayama R Kurtz 1991 Diphosphoryl lipid A obtained from the nontoxic lipopolysaccharide of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides is an endotoxin antagonist in mice Infect Immun 59 441 444
    • (1991) Infect Immun , vol.59 , pp. 441-444
    • Qureshi, N.1    Takayama, K.2    Kurtz, R.3
  • 23
    • 33646543284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The modulation of inflammatory gene expression by lipids: Mediation through Toll-like receptors
    • JY Lee DH Hwang 2006 The modulation of inflammatory gene expression by lipids: mediation through Toll-like receptors Mol Cells 21 174 185
    • (2006) Mol Cells , vol.21 , pp. 174-185
    • Lee, J.Y.1    Hwang, D.H.2
  • 24
    • 0035907302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induce the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through Toll-like receptor 4
    • JY Lee KH Sohn SH Rhee D Hwang 2001 Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induce the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through Toll-like receptor 4 J Biol Chem 276 16683 16689
    • (2001) J Biol Chem , vol.276 , pp. 16683-16689
    • Lee, J.Y.1    Sohn, K.H.2    Rhee, S.H.3    Hwang, D.4
  • 25
    • 0038143617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential modulation of Toll-like receptors by fatty acids: Preferential inhibition by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
    • JY Lee A Plakidas WH Lee A Heikkinen P Chanmugam G Bray DH Hwang 2003 Differential modulation of Toll-like receptors by fatty acids: preferential inhibition by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids J Lipid Res 44 479 486
    • (2003) J Lipid Res , vol.44 , pp. 479-486
    • Lee, J.Y.1    Plakidas, A.2    Lee, W.H.3    Heikkinen, A.4    Chanmugam, P.5    Bray, G.6    Hwang, D.H.7
  • 26
    • 2342435824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saturated fatty acid activates but polyunsaturated fatty acid inhibits Toll-like receptor 2 dimerized with Toll-like receptor 6 or 1
    • JY Lee L Zhao HS Youn AR Weatherill R Tapping L Feng WH Lee KA Fitzgerald DH Hwang 2004 Saturated fatty acid activates but polyunsaturated fatty acid inhibits Toll-like receptor 2 dimerized with Toll-like receptor 6 or 1 J Biol Chem 279 16971 16979
    • (2004) J Biol Chem , vol.279 , pp. 16971-16979
    • Lee, J.Y.1    Zhao, L.2    Youn, H.S.3    Weatherill, A.R.4    Tapping, R.5    Feng, L.6    Lee, W.H.7    Fitzgerald, K.A.8    Hwang, D.H.9
  • 33
    • 0032817672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fish oil decreases macrophage tumor necrosis factor gene transcription by altering the NF kappa B activity
    • CJ Lo KC Chiu M Fu R Lo S Helton 1999 Fish oil decreases macrophage tumor necrosis factor gene transcription by altering the NF kappa B activity J Surg Res 82 216 221
    • (1999) J Surg Res , vol.82 , pp. 216-221
    • Lo, C.J.1    Chiu, K.C.2    Fu, M.3    Lo, R.4    Helton, S.5
  • 34
    • 1042276587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents LPS-induced TNF-alpha expression by preventing NF-kappaB activation
    • Y Zhao S Joshi-Barve S Barve LH Chen 2004 Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents LPS-induced TNF-alpha expression by preventing NF-kappaB activation J Am Coll Nutr 23 71 78
    • (2004) J Am Coll Nutr , vol.23 , pp. 71-78
    • Zhao, Y.1    Joshi-Barve, S.2    Barve, S.3    Chen, L.H.4
  • 35
    • 33847796933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Docosahexaenoic acid induces an anti-inflammatory profile in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human THP-1 macrophages more effectively than eicosapentaenoic acid
    • SM Weldon AC Mullen CE Loscher LA Hurley HM Roche 2007 Docosahexaenoic acid induces an anti-inflammatory profile in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human THP-1 macrophages more effectively than eicosapentaenoic acid J Nutr Biochem 18 250 258
    • (2007) J Nutr Biochem , vol.18 , pp. 250-258
    • Weldon, S.M.1    Mullen, A.C.2    Loscher, C.E.3    Hurley, L.A.4    Roche, H.M.5
  • 38
    • 0141887308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in murine myotubes by proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF) is associated with activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB
    • AS Whitehouse MJ Tisdale 2003 Increased expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in murine myotubes by proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF) is associated with activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB Br J Cancer 89 1116 1122
    • (2003) Br J Cancer , vol.89 , pp. 1116-1122
    • Whitehouse, A.S.1    Tisdale, M.J.2
  • 39
    • 33644691914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory effect of docosahexaenoic acid on cytokine-induced adhesion molecule expression in human retinal vascular endothelial cells
    • W Chen WJ Esselman DB Jump JV Busik 2005 Anti-inflammatory effect of docosahexaenoic acid on cytokine-induced adhesion molecule expression in human retinal vascular endothelial cells Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46 4342 4347
    • (2005) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.46 , pp. 4342-4347
    • Chen, W.1    Esselman, W.J.2    Jump, D.B.3    Busik, J.V.4
  • 40
    • 0033860284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fish oil modulates macrophage P44/P42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity induced by lipopolysaccharide
    • CJ Lo KC Chiu M Fu A Chu S Helton 2000 Fish oil modulates macrophage P44/P42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity induced by lipopolysaccharide JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 24 159 163
    • (2000) JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr , vol.24 , pp. 159-163
    • Lo, C.J.1    Chiu, K.C.2    Fu, M.3    Chu, A.4    Helton, S.5
  • 41
    • 0038372423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of activator protein-1 transcription factor activation by omega-3 fatty acid modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling kinases
    • TA Babcock A Kurland WS Helton A Rahman KN Anwar NJ Espat 2003 Inhibition of activator protein-1 transcription factor activation by omega-3 fatty acid modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling kinases JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 27 176 180
    • (2003) JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr , vol.27 , pp. 176-180
    • Babcock, T.A.1    Kurland, A.2    Helton, W.S.3    Rahman, A.4    Anwar, K.N.5    Espat, N.J.6
  • 42
    • 0030881742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) is required for lipopolysaccharide stimulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) translation: Glucocorticoids inhibit TNF-alpha translation by blocking JNK/SAPK
    • JL Swantek MH Cobb TD Geppert 1997 Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) is required for lipopolysaccharide stimulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) translation: glucocorticoids inhibit TNF-alpha translation by blocking JNK/SAPK Mol Cell Biol 17 6274 6282
    • (1997) Mol Cell Biol , vol.17 , pp. 6274-6282
    • Swantek, J.L.1    Cobb, M.H.2    Geppert, T.D.3
  • 43
    • 13644270638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptor 4 coupled GI protein signaling pathways regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and AP-1 activation independent of NFkappaB activation
    • H Fan OM Peck GE Tempel PV Halushka JA Cook 2004 Toll-like receptor 4 coupled GI protein signaling pathways regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and AP-1 activation independent of NFkappaB activation Shock 22 57 62
    • (2004) Shock , vol.22 , pp. 57-62
    • Fan, H.1    Peck, O.M.2    Tempel, G.E.3    Halushka, P.V.4    Cook, J.A.5
  • 44
    • 39049183044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation and function of IKK and IKK-related kinases
    • Hacker H, Karin M (2006) Regulation and function of IKK and IKK-related kinases. Sci STKE (357):re13
    • (2006) Sci STKE , Issue.357
    • Hacker, H.1    Karin, M.2
  • 45
    • 33750475959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-talk between nuclear receptors and nuclear factor kappaB
    • K De Bosscher W Vanden Berghe G Haegeman 2006 Cross-talk between nuclear receptors and nuclear factor kappaB Oncogene 25 6868 6886
    • (2006) Oncogene , vol.25 , pp. 6868-6886
    • De Bosscher, K.1    Vanden Berghe, W.2    Haegeman, G.3
  • 46
    • 4444304524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidized omega-3 fatty acids inhibit NF-kappaB activation via a PPARalpha-dependent pathway
    • A Mishra A Chaudhary S Sethi 2004 Oxidized omega-3 fatty acids inhibit NF-kappaB activation via a PPARalpha-dependent pathway Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 1621 1627
    • (2004) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.24 , pp. 1621-1627
    • Mishra, A.1    Chaudhary, A.2    Sethi, S.3
  • 48
    • 0036929733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of leukocyte-endothelial interactions by oxidized omega-3 fatty acids: A novel mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil
    • S Sethi 2002 Inhibition of leukocyte-endothelial interactions by oxidized omega-3 fatty acids: a novel mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil Redox Rep 7 369 378
    • (2002) Redox Rep , vol.7 , pp. 369-378
    • Sethi, S.1
  • 51
    • 34247558036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eicosapentaenoic acid actions on adiposity and insulin resistance in control and high-fat-fed rats: Role of apoptosis, adiponectin and tumour necrosis factor-alpha
    • P Perez-Matute N Perez-Echarri JA Martinez A Marti MJ Moreno-Aliaga 2007 Eicosapentaenoic acid actions on adiposity and insulin resistance in control and high-fat-fed rats: role of apoptosis, adiponectin and tumour necrosis factor-alpha Br J Nutr 97 389 398
    • (2007) Br J Nutr , vol.97 , pp. 389-398
    • Perez-Matute, P.1    Perez-Echarri, N.2    Martinez, J.A.3    Marti, A.4    Moreno-Aliaga, M.J.5
  • 54
    • 33746228394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circulating concentrations of adiponectin, an endogenous lipopolysaccharide neutralizing protein, decrease in rats with polymicrobial sepsis
    • H Tsuchihashi H Yamamoto K Maeda S Ugi T Mori T Shimizu Y Endo K Hanasawa T Tani 2006 Circulating concentrations of adiponectin, an endogenous lipopolysaccharide neutralizing protein, decrease in rats with polymicrobial sepsis J Surg Res 134 348 353
    • (2006) J Surg Res , vol.134 , pp. 348-353
    • Tsuchihashi, H.1    Yamamoto, H.2    Maeda, K.3    Ugi, S.4    Mori, T.5    Shimizu, T.6    Endo, Y.7    Hanasawa, K.8    Tani, T.9
  • 56
    • 30044449982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolution of inflammation: The beginning programs the end
    • CN Serhan J Savill 2005 Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end Nat Immunol 6 1191 1197
    • (2005) Nat Immunol , vol.6 , pp. 1191-1197
    • Serhan, C.N.1    Savill, J.2
  • 59
    • 33947500462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolvins and protectins in the termination program of acute inflammation
    • A Ariel CN Serhan 2007 Resolvins and protectins in the termination program of acute inflammation Trends Immunol 28 176 183
    • (2007) Trends Immunol , vol.28 , pp. 176-183
    • Ariel, A.1    Serhan, C.N.2
  • 60
    • 11044221394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel omega-3-derived local mediators in anti-inflammation and resolution
    • CN Serhan 2005 Novel omega-3-derived local mediators in anti-inflammation and resolution Pharmacol Ther 105 7 21
    • (2005) Pharmacol Ther , vol.105 , pp. 7-21
    • Serhan, C.N.1
  • 61
    • 0038013967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel docosatrienes and 17S-resolvins generated from docosahexaenoic acid in murine brain, human blood, and glial cells. Autacoids in anti-inflammation
    • S Hong K Gronert PR Devchand RL Moussignac CN Serhan 2003 Novel docosatrienes and 17S-resolvins generated from docosahexaenoic acid in murine brain, human blood, and glial cells. Autacoids in anti-inflammation J Biol Chem 278 14677 14687
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 14677-14687
    • Hong, S.1    Gronert, K.2    Devchand, P.R.3    Moussignac, R.L.4    Serhan, C.N.5
  • 65
    • 31144469184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory actions of neuroprotectin D1/protectin D1 and its natural stereoisomers: Assignments of dihydroxy-containing docosatrienes
    • CN Serhan K Gotlinger S Hong Y Lu J Siegelman T Baer R Yang SP Colgan NA Petasis 2006 Anti-inflammatory actions of neuroprotectin D1/protectin D1 and its natural stereoisomers: assignments of dihydroxy-containing docosatrienes J Immunol 176 1848 1859
    • (2006) J Immunol , vol.176 , pp. 1848-1859
    • Serhan, C.N.1    Gotlinger, K.2    Hong, S.3    Lu, Y.4    Siegelman, J.5    Baer, T.6    Yang, R.7    Colgan, S.P.8    Petasis, N.A.9
  • 67
    • 34250357688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolvin E1 and protectin D1 activate inflammation-resolution programmes
    • JM Schwab N Chiang M Arita CN Serhan 2007 Resolvin E1 and protectin D1 activate inflammation-resolution programmes Nature 447 869 874
    • (2007) Nature , vol.447 , pp. 869-874
    • Schwab, J.M.1    Chiang, N.2    Arita, M.3    Serhan, C.N.4
  • 68
    • 33750112087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptotic neutrophils and T cells sequester chemokines during immune response resolution through modulation of CCR5 expression
    • A Ariel G Fredman YP Sun A Kantarci TE Van Dyke AD Luster CN Serhan 2006 Apoptotic neutrophils and T cells sequester chemokines during immune response resolution through modulation of CCR5 expression Nat Immunol 7 1209 1216
    • (2006) Nat Immunol , vol.7 , pp. 1209-1216
    • Ariel, A.1    Fredman, G.2    Sun, Y.P.3    Kantarci, A.4    Van Dyke, T.E.5    Luster, A.D.6    Serhan, C.N.7
  • 69
    • 13244281729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune regulation of central nervous system functions: From sickness responses to pathological pain
    • LR Watkins SF Maier 2005 Immune regulation of central nervous system functions: from sickness responses to pathological pain J Intern Med 257 139 155
    • (2005) J Intern Med , vol.257 , pp. 139-155
    • Watkins, L.R.1    Maier, S.F.2
  • 70
    • 33846817498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway
    • KJ Tracey 2007 Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway J Clin Invest 117 289 296
    • (2007) J Clin Invest , vol.117 , pp. 289-296
    • Tracey, K.J.1
  • 76
    • 14044279916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability measurements and the prediction of ventricular arrhythmias
    • MJ Reed CE Robertson PS Addison 2005 Heart rate variability measurements and the prediction of ventricular arrhythmias QJM 98 87 95
    • (2005) QJM , vol.98 , pp. 87-95
    • Reed, M.J.1    Robertson, C.E.2    Addison, P.S.3
  • 79
    • 33645738072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on resting heart rate, heart rate recovery after exercise, and heart rate variability in men with healed myocardial infarctions and depressed ejection fractions
    • JH O'Keefe Jr H Abuissa A Sastre DM Steinhaus WS Harris 2006 Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on resting heart rate, heart rate recovery after exercise, and heart rate variability in men with healed myocardial infarctions and depressed ejection fractions Am J Cardiol 97 1127 1130
    • (2006) Am J Cardiol , vol.97 , pp. 1127-1130
    • O'Keefe Jr., J.H.1    Abuissa, H.2    Sastre, A.3    Steinhaus, D.M.4    Harris, W.S.5
  • 80
    • 0034491138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effect(s) of n-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases: But, why and how?
    • UN Das 2000 Beneficial effect(s) of n-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases: but, why and how? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 63 351 362
    • (2000) Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids , vol.63 , pp. 351-362
    • Das, U.N.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.