Immunonutrition

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 216-222

  Grimble, Robert F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Arginine; Glutamine; Immunonutrition; Omega 3 fatty acids

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; ARGINASE; ARGININE; FISH OIL; GLUTAMINE; LIPID; MEDIUM CHAIN TRIACYLGLYCEROL; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; NUCLEOTIDE; OLIVE OIL; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID; STEROID; VEGETABLE OIL;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; CROHN DISEASE; ENTERIC FEEDING; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOLOGY; INFECTION RATE; INFLAMMATION; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTESTINE; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; LENGTH OF STAY; LUNG INJURY; MALNUTRITION; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NUTRITION; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; REMISSION; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SEPSIS; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; ARGININE; FATTY ACIDS; GLUTAMINE; GLUTATHIONE; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFECTION; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC; VARIATION (GENETICS); WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 14644417141     PISSN: 02671379     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.mog.0000153360.90653.82     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Grimble RF. Interaction between nutrients, pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 1996; 91:121-130.
2. DeLong WG Jr, Born CT. Cytokines in patients with polytrauma. Clin Orthop 2004; 422:57-65.
3. Schreck R, Albermann K, Baeuerle PA. Nuclear factor kappa B: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells. Free Radic Res Commun 1992; 17:221-237.
4. Bohrer H, Qiu F, Zimmermann T, et al. Role of NfkappaB in the mortality of sepsis. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:972-985.
5. Paterson RL, Galley HF, Dhillon JK, Webster NR. Increased nuclear factor kappa B activation in critically ill patients who die. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:1047-1051.
6. Arnalich F, Garcia-Palomero E, Lopez J, et al. Predictive value of nuclear factor kappaB activity and plasma cytokine levels in patients with sepsis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1942-1945.
7. Standen J, Bihari D. Immunonutrition: an update. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2000; 3:149-157.
8. Paoloni-Giacobino A, Grimble R, Pichard C. Genomic interactions with disease and nutrition. Clin Nutr 2003; 22:507-514. The paper gives an overview of the modulating influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in clinical situations where inflammation exerts an adverse influence and discusses nutrient gene interactions.
9. Kornman KS, Martha PM, Duff GW. Genetic variations and inflammation: a practical nutrigenomics opportunity. Nutrition 2004; 20:44-49. The review discusses the potential for current understanding on nutrient-gene interactions to be applied to nutritional therapy.
10. Montejo JC, Zarazaga A, Lopez-Martinez J, et al. Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units. Immunonutrition in the intensive care unit. A systematic review and consensus statement. Clin Nutr. 2003; 22:221-233. A systematic review of the effects of enteral immunonutrition in critically ill patients.
11. McCowen KC, Bistrian BR. Immunonutrition: problematic or problem solving? Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77:764-770. An excellent overview of current knowledge of the theory, limitations and practice of immunonutrition.
12. Krishnan JA, Parce PB, Martinez A, et al. Caloric intake in medical ICU patients: consistency of care with guidelines and relationship to clinical outcomes. Chest 2003; 124:297-305. This paper highlights the impact that the quantity of immunonutrition delivered to the patient has on clinical outcome.
13. Heyland DK, Drover J. Does immunonutrition make an impact? It depends on the analysis. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:906-907.
14. Heyland DK, Novak F, Drover JW, et al. Should immunonutrition become routine in critically ill patients? A systematic review of the evidence. JAMA 2001; 286:944-953.
15. Heyland DK, Novak F. Immunonutrition in the critically ill patient: more harm than good? J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001; 25(2 Suppl):S51-S55.
16. Heyland DK, Samis A. Does immunonutrition in patients with sepsis do more harm than good? Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:669-671; Epub 2003 Mar 27. This editorial highlights evidence for a possible deleterious influence of L-arginine in immunonutrient formulae in septic patients.
17. Bertolini G, Iapichino G, Radrizzani D, et al. Early enteral immunonutrition in patients with severe sepsis: results of an interim analysis of a randomized multicentre clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:834-840. This study shows an adverse effect of early enteral nutrition compared with parenteral nutrition on clinical outcome in septic patients.
18. Proceedings from Summit on Immune-Enhancing Enteral Therapy: J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001; 25:S1-S63.
19. Sacks GS, Genton L, Kudsk KA. Controversy of immunonutrition for surgical critical-illness patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 2003; 9:300-305. This review highlights current controversies in dangers and benefits of administering immunonutrition to critically ill patients.
20. Howard L, Ashley C. Nutrition in the perioperative patient. Annu Rev Nutr 2003; 23:263-282. This review highlights the beneficial effects of perioperative enteral nutrition on malnourished patients.
21. Martin CM, Doig GS, Heyland DK, et al. Southwestern Ontario Critical Care Research Network. Multicentre, cluster-randomized clinical trial of algorithms for critical-care enteral and parenteral therapy (ACCEPT). Can Med Assoc J 2004; 170:197-204. This study shows that the application of current insights in immunonutrition has a beneficial effect on patient outcome.
22. Griffiths RD. Is parenteral nutrition really that risky in the intensive care unit? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004; 7:175-181. This review puts the risks/benefits of parenteral nutrition into perspective.
23. Goh J, O'Morain CA. Review article: nutrition and adult inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17:307-320. An excellent overview of the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with a focus on nutritional intervention and its relative efficacy compared to steroids.
24. Grimble RF, Howell WM, O'Reilly G, et al. The ability of fish oil to suppress tumor necrosis factor alpha production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in healthy men is associated with polymorphisms in genes that influence tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:454-459.
25. Grimble RF, Grimble GK. Immunonutrition: role of sulfur amino acids, related amino acids, and polyamines. Nutrition 1998; 14:605-610.
26. Powanda MC, Beisel WR. Metabolic effects of infection on protein and energy status. J Nutr 2003; 133:322S-327S. An excellent review of current understanding of the effects of infection on protein and amino acids metabolism.
27. Burrin DG, Davis TA. Proteins and amino acids in enteral nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004; 7:79-87. The paper highlights current understandings of the importance of gut metabolism on whole body amino acid and protein metabolism.
28. Fouillet H, Gaudichon C, Bos C, et al. Contribution of plasma proteins to splachnic and total anabolic utilisation of dietary nitrogen in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285:E302-E312. Key paper referred to in [28].
29. Torrallardona D, Harris CL, Fuller MF. Lysine synthesised by the gastrointestinal flora of pigs is absorbed, mostly in the small intestine. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 284:E1246-E1257. Key paper referred to in [28].
30. Torrallardona D, Harris CL, Fuller MF. Pigs' gastrointestinal flora provide them with essential amino acids. J Nutr 2003; 284:1127-1131. Key paper referred to in [28].
31. Van Gouoever JB, Stoll B, et al. Adaptive regulation of intestinal lysine metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2000; 97:11620-11625.
32. Pencharz PB, Ball R. O. Different approaches to defining individual amino acid requirements. Annu Rev Nutr 2003; 23:101-116. This paper discusses how the mode of feeding amino acids may alter individual amino acid requirements.
33. Efron D, Barbul A. Role of arginine in immunonutrition. J Gastroenterol 2000; 35(Suppl 12):20-23.
34. Feihl F, Waeber B, Liaudet L. Is nitric oxide overproduction the target of choice for the management of septic shock? Pharmacol Ther 2001; 91:179-213.
35. Bansal V, Ochoa JB. Arginine availability, arginase, and the immune response. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2003; 6:223-228. An excellent overview of the benefits and risks of giving immunonutrient formulae containing L-arginine.
36. Bertolo RF, Brunton JA, Pencharz PB, Ball RO. Arginine, ornithine, and proline interconversion is dependent upon small intestinal metabolism in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 284:E915-E922. A study showing the pivotal importance of L-arginine in clinical nutrition.
37. de Jonge WJ, Kwikkers KL, te Velde AA, et al. Arginine deficiency affects early B cell maturation and lymphoid organ development in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:1539-1548.
38. Rodriguez PC, Zea AH, Culotta KS, et al. Regulation of T cell receptor CD3zeta Cain expresion by arginine. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:21123-21129.
39. Huang Y, Shao XM, Neu J. Immunonutrients and neonates. Eur J Pediatr 2003; 162:122-128. A study demonstrating the beneficial effects of parenteral L-arginine in necrotizing enterocolitis.
40. Amin HJ, Zamora SA, McMillan DD, et al. Arginine supplementation prevents necrotizing enterocolitis in the premature infant. J Pediatr 2002; 140:425-431. A study demonstrating the beneficial effects of parenteral L-arginine in necrotizing enterocolitis.
41. Fuentes-Orozco C, Anaya-Prado R, Gonzalez-Ojeda A, et al. L-alanyl-L-glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves infectious morbidity in secondary peritonitis. Clin Nutr 2004; 23:13-21. Beneficial effects of parenteral glutamine are reported.
42. Garcia-de-Lorenzo A, Zarazaga A, Garcia-Luna PP, et al. Clinical evidence for enteral nutritional support with glutamine: a systematic review. Nutrition 2003; 19:805-811. A good overview of the beneficial effects of glutamine in immunonutrient formulae.
43. Wessner B, Strasser EM, Spittler A, Roth E. Effect of single and combined supply of glutamine, glycine, N-acetylcysteine, and R,S-alpha-lipoic acid on glutathione content of myelomonocytic cells. Clin Nutr 2003; 22:515-522. An excellent in-vitro study demonstrating the relative importance of glycine, glutamine and cysteine for glutathione synthesis.
44. Spapen H, Zhang H, Demanet C, et al. Does N-acetyl-L-cysteine influence cytokine response during early human septic shock? Chest 1998; 113:1616-1624.
45. Rank N, Michel C, Haertel C, et al. N-acetylcysteine increases liver blood flow and improves liver function in septic shock patients: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:3799-3807.
46. Paterson RL, Galley HF, Webster NR. Effect of N-actylcysteine on mononuclear leucocyte nuclear factor kappa B activation in patients with sepsis. Br J Anaesth 1999; 83:170P-171P.
47. Mantovani G, Macciò A, Madeddu C, et al. The impact of different antioxidant agents alone or in combination on reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes and cytokines in a series of advanced cancer patients at different sites: correlation with disease progression. Free Radic Res 2003; 37:213-233. One of a series of studies showing the prime importance of antioxidants in reducing inflammatory stress and maintaining lymphocyte function in cancer patients.
48. Mantovani G, Maccio A, Melis G, et al. Restoration of functional defects in blood mononuclear cells isolated from cancer patients by thio antioxidants, alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine. Int J Cancer 2000; 86:842-847.
49. Mantovani G, Macciò A, Madeddu C, et al. Quantitative evaluation of oxidative stress, chronic inflammatory indexes and leptin in cancer patients: correlation with stage and performance status. Int J Cancer 2002; 98:84-91.
50. Mantovani G, Maccio A, Madeddu C, et al. Antioxidant agents are effective in inducing lymphocyte progression through cell cycle in advanced cancer patients: assessment of the most important laboratory indexes of cachexia and oxidative stress. J Mol Med 2003; 81:664-673. One of a series of studies showing the prime importance of antioxidants in reducing inflammatory stress and maintaining lymphocyte function in cancer patients.
51. Calder PC. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytokine production in health and disease. Ann Nutr Metab 1997; 41:203-234.
52. Calder PC. Dietary fatty acids and the immune system. Lipids 1999; 34(Suppl):S137-S140.
53. Grimble RF. Dietary lipids and the inflammatory response. Proc Nutr Soc 1998; 57:535-542.
54. Cabrero A, Laguna JC, Vazquez M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and the control of inflammation. Curr Drug Targets lnflamm Allergy 2002; 1:243-248.
55. Zhao Y, Joshi-Barve S, Barve S, Chen LH. Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents LPS-induced TNF-alpha expression by preventing NF-kappaB activation. J Am Coll Nutr 2004; 23:71-78. The paper shows one of the mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effects of fish oil.
56. Heyland DK, MacDonald S, Keefe L, Drover JW. Total parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1998; 280:2013-2019.
57. Lekka ME, Liokatis S, Nathanail C, et al. The impact of intravenous fat emulsion administration in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169:638-644. The study shows the damaging effects of intravenous solutions that are rich in omega-6 fatty acids on lung function and indicates a less damaging role for omega-3 fatty acids.
58. Mayer K, Gokorsch S, Fegbeutel C, et al. Parenteral nutrition with fish oil modulates cytokine response in patients with sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:1321-1328. The study shows that inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids in parenteral infusions counteracts the pro-inflammatory influence of omega-6 fatty acids.
59. Mayer K, Meyer S, Reinholz-Muhly M, et al. Short-time infusion of fish oil-based lipid emulsions, approved for parenteral nutrition, reduces monocyte proinflammatory cytokine generation and adhesive interaction with endothelium in humans. J lmmunol 2003; 171:4837-4843. The study shows that inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids in parenteral infusions counteracts the pro-inflammatory influence of omega-6 fatty acids.
60. Schulzki C, Mertes N, Wenn A, et al. Effects of a new type of lipid emulsion based on soybean oil, MCT, olive oil and fish oil (SMOF) in surgical patients. Clin Nutr 1999; 18:27A.