Overview of interleukin-2 function, production and clinical applications

Cytokine

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 109-123

  Gaffen, Sarah L ^a   Liu, Kathleen D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; AMINO ACID; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CYCLOSPORIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR; RAPAMYCIN; RECEPTOR PROTEIN; TACROLIMUS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NFAT;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BINDING AFFINITY; CELL CULTURE; CHILL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFUSION; DIARRHEA; DYSPNEA; ERYTHEMA; FEVER; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC LINKAGE; HELPER CELL; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IN VITRO STUDY; INFECTION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; KIDNEY FAILURE; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; LUNG EDEMA; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; MALAISE; NONHUMAN; PANCYTOPENIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; RASH; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPECIES; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; VOMITING;

EID: 4744357460     PISSN: 10434666     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2004.06.010     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. D.A. Morgan, F.W. Ruscetti, and R. Gallo Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes from normal human bone marrows Science 193 1976 1007 1008
2. K.A. Smith The interleukin-2 receptor Annu Rev Cell Biol 5 1989 397 425
3. R. de Vos, G. Plaetinck, H. Cheroutre, G. Simons, W. Degrave, and J. Tavernier Molecular cloning of human interleukin 2 cDNA and its expression in E. coli Nucleic Acids Res 11 1983 4307 4323
4. T. Taniguchi, H. Matsui, T. Fujita, C. Takaoka, N. Kashima, and R. Yoshimoto Structure and expression of a cloned cDNA for human interleukin-2 Nature 302 1983 305 310
5. J.F. Bazan Unraveling the structure of IL-2 Science 257 1992 410 413
6. M. Lenardo, F.K.-M. Chan, F. Hornung, H. McFarland, R. Siegel, and J. Wang Mature T lymphocyte apoptosis - immune regulation in a dynamic and unpredictable environment Annu Rev Immunol 17 1999 221 253
7. T. Miyazaki, Z.-J. Liu, A. Kawahara, Y. Minami, K. Yamada, and Y. Tsujimoto Three distinct IL-2 signaling pathways mediated by bcl-2, c-myc, and lck cooperate in hematopoietic cell proliferation Cell 81 1995 223 231
8. J.C. Rathmell, M.G. Vander Heiden, M.H. Harris, K.A. Frauwirth, and C.B. Thompson In the absence of extrinsic signals, nutrient utilization by lymphocytes is insufficient to maintain either cell size or viability Mol Cell 6 2000 683 692
9. K.A. Frauwirth, and C.B. Thompson Regulation of T lymphocyte metabolism J Immunol 172 2004 4661 4665
10. Y. Refaeli, L. van Parijs, C.A. London, J. Tschopp, and A.K. Abbas Biochemical mechanisms of IL-2-regulated Fas-mediated T cell apoptosis Immunity 8 1998 615 623
11. L. Van Parijs, and A.K. Abbas Homeostasis and self-tolerance in the immune system: turning lymphocytes off Science 280 1998 243 248
12. H.C. Hsu, Y. Matsuki, H.G. Zhang, T. Zhou, and J.D. Mountz The Fas signaling connection between autoimmunity and embryonic lethality J Clin Immunol 21 2001 1 14
13. T.R. Malek, A. Yu, V. Vincek, P. Scibelli, and L. Kong CD4 regulatory T cells prevent lethal autoimmunity in IL-2Rbeta-deficient mice. Implications for the nonredundant function of IL-2 Immunity 17 2002 167 178
14. T. Malek, B.O. Porter, E.K. Codias, P. Scibelli, and A. Yu Normal lymphoid homeostasis and lack of lethal autoimmunity in mice containing mature T cells with severely impaired IL-2 receptors J Immunol 164 2000 2905 2914
15. T.R. Malek The main function of IL-2 is to promote the development of T regulatory cells J Leukoc Biol 74 2003 961 965 Epub 2003 Sep 2002
16. A. Ma Pleiotropic functions of IL-15 in innate and adaptive immunity Mod Aspects Immunobiol 1 2000 102 104
17. W.E. Carson, T.A. Fehniger, S. Haldar, K. Eckhert, M.J. Lindemann, and C.F. Lai A potential role for interleukin-15 in the regulation of human natural killer cell survival J Clin Invest 99 1997 937 943
18. J.G. Giri, M. Ahdieh, J. Eisenmann, K. Shanebeck, K. Grabstein, and S. Kumaki Utilization of the β and γ chains of the IL-2 receptor by the novel cytokine IL-15 EMBO J 13 1994 2822 2830
19. J.G. Giri, S. Kumaki, M. Ahdieh, D.J. Friend, A. Loomis, and K. Shanebeck Identification and cloning of a novel IL-15 binding protein that is structurally related to the α chain of the IL-2 receptor EMBO J 14 1995 3654 3663
20. V.P. Khatri, T.A. Fehniger, R.A. Baiocchi, F. Yu, M.H. Shah, and D.S. Schiller Ultra low dose interleukin-2 therapy promotes a type 1 cytokine profile in vivo in patients with AIDS and AIDS-associated malignancies J Clin Invest 101 1998 1373 1378
21. M.A. Blackman, M.A. Tigges, M.E. Minie, and M.E. Koshland A model system for peptide hormone action in differentiation: interleukin-2 induces a B lymphoma to transcribe the J chain gene Cell 47 1986 609 617
22. M.E. Koshland The coming of age of the immunoglobulin J chain Annu Rev Immunol 3 1985 425 453
23. S.L. Gaffen, S.L. Wang, and M.E. Koshland Expression of the immunoglobulin J chain in a murine B lymphoma is driven by autocrine production of interleukin-2 Cytokine 8 1996 513 524
24. P. Denny, C.J. Lord, N.J. Hill, J.V. Goy, E.R. Levy, and P.L. Podolin Mapping of the IDDM locus Idd3 to a 0.35-cM interval containing the interleukin-2 gene Diabetes 46 1997 695 700
25. L.P. Kane, J. Lin, and A. Weiss It's all Rel-ative: NF-kappaB and CD28 costimulation of T-cell activation Trends Immunol 23 2002 413 420
26. N. Isakov, and A. Altman Protein kinase Cθ in T cell activation Annu Rev Immunol 20 2002 761 794
27. J. Jain, C. Loh, and A. Rao Transcriptional regulation of the IL-2 gene Curr Opin Immunol 7 1995 333 342
28. T.J. Novak, P.M. White, and E.V. Rothenberg Regulatory anatomy of the murine interleukin-2 gene Nucleic Acids Res 18 1990 4523 4533
29. P.A. Garrity, D. Chen, E.V. Rothenberg, and B.J. Wold Interleukin-2 transcription is regulated in vivo at the level of coordinated binding of both constitutive and regulated factors Mol Cell Biol 14 1994 2159 2169
30. G.R. Crabtree, and E.N. Olson NFAT signaling: choreographing the social lives of cells Cell 109 Suppl 2002 S67 S79
31. V.S. Shapiro, K.E. Truitt, J.B. Imboden, and A. Weiss CD28 mediates transcriptional upregulation of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter through a composite element containing the CD28RE and NF-IL-2B AP-1 sites Mol Cell Biol 17 1997 4051 4058
32. J.L. Attema, R. Reeves, V. Murray, I. Levichkin, M.D. Temple, and D.J. Tremethick The human IL-2 gene promoter can assemble a positioned nucleosome that becomes remodeled upon T cell activation J Immunol 169 2002 2466 2476
33. F. Brombacher, T. Schafer, U. Weissenstein, C. Tschopp, E. Andersen, and K. Burki IL-2 promoter-driven lacZ expression as a monitoring tool for IL-2 expression in primary T-cells of transgenic mice Int Immunol 6 1994 189 197
34. S. Agarwal, and A. Rao Long-range transcriptional regulation of cytokine gene expression Curr Opin Immunol 10 1998 345 352
35. M.A. Yui, G. Hernandez-Hoyos, and E.V. Rothenberg A new regulatory region of the IL-2 locus that confers position-independent transgene expression J Immunol 166 2001 1730 1739
36. G.A. Hollander, S. Zuklys, C. Morel, E. Mizoguchi, K. Mobisson, and S. Simpson Monoallelic expression of the interleukin-2 locus Science 279 1998 2118 2121
37. M. Bix, and R.M. Locksley Independent and epigenetic regulation of the interleukin-4 alleles in CD4+ T cells Science 281 1998 1352 1354
38. M. Naramura, R.J. Hu, and H. Gu Mice with a fluorescent marker for interleukin 2 gene activation Immunity 9 1998 209 216
39. G. Stoecklin, P. Stoeckle, M. Lu, O. Muehlemann, and C. Moroni Cellular mutants define a common mRNA degradation pathway targeting cytokine AU-rich elements RNA 7 2001 1578 1588
40. T. Lindsten, C.H. June, J.A. Ledbetter, G. Stella, and C.B. Thompson Regulation of lymphokine messenger RNA stability by a surface-mediated T-cell activation pathway Science 244 1989 339 343
41. C.Y. Chen, F. Del Gatto-Konczak, Z. Wu, and M. Karin Stabilization of interleukin-2 mRNA by the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathway Science 280 1998 1945 1949
42. C.Y. Chen, R. Gherzi, J.S. Andersen, G. Gaietta, K. Jurchott, and H.D. Royer Nucleolin and YB-1 are required for JNK-mediated interleukin-2 mRNA stabilization during T-cell activation Genes Dev 14 2000 1236 1248
43. I.C. Ho, J.I. Kim, S.J. Szabo, and L.H. Glimcher Tissue-specific regulation of cytokine gene expression Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 64 1999 573 584
44. E. Walker, T. Leemhuis, and W. Roeder Murine B lymphoma cell lines release functionally active interleukin 2 after stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus J Immunol 140 1988 859 865
45. F. Granucci, C. Vizzardelli, N. Pavelka, S. Feau, M. Persico, and E. Virzi Inducible IL-2 production by dendritic cells revealed by global gene expression analysis Nat Immunol 2 2001 882 888
46. F. Granucci, D.M. Andrews, M.A. Degli-Esposti, and P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli IL-2 mediates adjuvant effect of dendritic cells Trends Immunol 23 2002 169 171
47. R. Eckenberg, J.L. Moreau, O. Melnyk, and J. Theze IL-2R beta agonist P1-30 acts in synergy with IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, and IL- 15: biological and molecular effects J Immunol 165 2000 4312 4318
48. D. Rozwarski, A. Gronenborn, G. Clore, J. Bazan, A. Bohm, and A. Wlodawer Structural comparisons among the short-chain helical cytokines Structure 2 1994 159 173
49. S.M. Zurawski, F. Vega Jr., E.L. Doyle, B. Huyghe, K. Flaherty, and D.B. McKay Definition and spatial location of mouse interleukin-2 residues that interact with its heterotrimeric receptor EMBO J 12 1993 5113 5119
50. R.J. Robb, A. Munck, and K.A. Smith T cell growth factor receptors. Quantitation, specificity, and biological relevance J Exp Med 154 1981 1455 1474
51. P.L. Podolin, M.B. Wilusz, R.M. Cubbon, U. Pajvani, C.J. Lord, and J.A. Todd Differential glycosylation of interleukin 2, the molecular basis for the NOD Idd3 type 1 diabetes gene? Cytokine 12 2000 477 482
52. A. Weiss T-lymphocyte activation W.E. Paul Fundamental immunology 4th ed. 1999 Lippincott-Raven New York 411 448
53. A. Weiss, and D.R. Littman Signal transduction by lymphocyte antigen receptors Cell 76 1994 263 274
54. E.J. Brown, and S.L. Schreiber A signaling pathway to translational control Cell 86 1996 517 520
55. G. Wiederrecht, C. Sabers, G. Brunn, M. Martin, F. Dumont, and R. Abraham Mechanism of action of rapamycin: new insights into the regulation of G1-phase progression in eukaryotic cells Prog Cell Cycle Res 1 1995 53 71
56. S.L. Schreiber Chemistry and biology of the immunophilins and their immunosuppressive ligands Science 251 1991 283 287
57. S. Martinez-Martinez, P. Gomez del Arco, A.L. Armesilla, J. Aramburu, C. Luo, and A. Rao Blockade of T-cell activation by dithiocarbamates involves novel mechanisms of inhibition of nuclear factor of activated T cells Mol Cell Biol 17 1997 6437 6447
58. Y.Z. Lin, S.Y. Yao, R.A. Veach, T.R. Torgerson, and J. Hawiger Inhibition of nuclear translocation of transcription factor NF-kappa B by a synthetic peptide containing a cell membrane-permeable motif and nuclear localization sequence J Biol Chem 270 1995 14255 14258
59. S.L. Gaffen Signaling domains of the interleukin-2 receptor Cytokine 14 2001 63 77
60. T. Taniguchi Cytokine signaling through nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases Science 178 1995 251 255
61. B.H. Nelson, J.D. Lord, and P.D. Greenberg Cytoplasmic domains of the interleukin-2 receptor β and γ chains mediate the signal for T-cell proliferation Nature 369 1994 333 336
62. M.A. Goldsmith, S.Y. Lai, W. Xu, M.C. Amaral, E.S. Kuczek, and L.J. Parent Growth signal transduction by the human IL-2 receptor requires cytoplasmic tyrosines of the β chain and non-tyrosine residues of the γc chain J Biol Chem 270 1995 21729 21737
63. Y. Nakamura, S.M. Russell, S.A. Mess, M. Friedmann, M. Erdos, and C. Francois Heterodimerization of the IL-2 receptor β- and γ-chain cytoplasmic domains is required for signaling Nature 369 1994 330 333
64. J.F. Bazan Structural design and molecular evolution of a cytokine receptor superfamily Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 1990 6934 6938
65. K. Ozaki, and W.J. Leonard Cytokine and cytokine receptor pleiotropy and redundancy J Biol Chem 277 2002 29355 29358
66. J. Gomez, A. Gonzalez, A.C. Martinez, and A. Rebollo IL-2-induced cellular events Crit Rev Immunol 18 1998 185 220
67. R.H. Buckley Primary immunodeficiency diseases due to defects in lymphocytes N Engl J Med 343 2000 1313 1324
68. F. Candotti, L. Notarangelo, R. Visconti, and J. O'Shea Molecular aspects of primary immunodeficiencies: lessons from cytokine and other signaling pathways J Clin Invest 109 2002 1261 1269
69. W.E. Carson, J.G. Giri, M.J. Lindemann, M.L. Linett, M. Ahdieh, and R. Paxton Interleukin (IL) 15 is a novel cytokine that activates human natural killer cells via components of the IL-2 receptor J Exp Med 180 1994 1395 1403
70. T.M. Kündig, H. Schorle, M.F. Bachmann, H. Hengartner, R.M. Zinkernagel, and I. Horak Immune responses in interleukin-2-deficient mice Science 262 1993 1059 1061
71. T. Hünig, and A. Schimpl The IL-2 deficiency syndrome: a lethal disease S.K. Durum K. Muegge Cytokine knockouts 1998 Humana Press Totowa 1 20
72. H. Schorle, T. Holtschke, T. Hunig, A. Schimpl, and I. Horak Development and function of T cells in mice rendered interleukin-2 deficient by gene targeting Nature 352 1991 621 624
73. C.C. Ku, M. Murakami, A. Sakamoto, J. Kappler, and P. Marrack Control of homeostasis of CD8+ memory T cells by opposing cytokines Science 288 2000 675 678
74. M. Murakami, A. Sakamoto, J. Bender, J. Kappler, and P. Marrack CD25+CD4+ T cells contribute to the control of memory CD8+ T cells Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 2002 8832 8837
75. T.R. Mosmann, T. Yokota, R. Kastelein, S.M. Zurawski, N. Arai, and Y. Takebe Species-specificity of T cell stimulating activities of IL 2 and BSF-1 (IL 4): comparison of normal and recombinant, mouse and human IL 2 and BSF-1 (IL 4) J Immunol 138 1987 1813 1816
76. K. Liu, W.C. Greene, and M. Goldsmith The alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor determines the species specificity of high-affinity IL-2 binding Cytokine 8 1996 613 621
77. B. Sadlack, H. Merz, H. Schorle, A. Schimpl, A.C. Feller, and I. Horak Ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice with a disrupted interleukin-2 gene Cell 75 1993 253 261
78. S. Kramer, A. Schimpl, and T. Hunig Immunopathology of interleukin (IL) 2-deficient mice: thymus dependence and suppression by thymus-dependent cells with an intact IL-2 gene J Exp Med 182 1995 1769 1776
79. D.M. Willerford, J. Chen, J.A. Ferry, L. Davidson, A. Ma, and F.W. Alt Interleukin-2 receptor α chain regulates the size and content of the peripheral lymphoid compartment Immunity 3 1995 521 530
80. H. Suzuki, G.S. Duncan, H. Takimoto, and T.W. Mak Abnormal development of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and peripheral natural killer cells in mice lacking the IL-2 receptor β chain J Exp Med 185 1997 499 505
81. H. Suzuki, T.M. Kundig, C. Furlonger, A. Wakeham, E. Timms, and T. Matsuyama Deregulated T cell activation and autoimmunity in mice lacking interleukin-2 receptor β Science 268 1995 1472 1476
82. X. Cao, E.W. Shores, J. Hu-Li, M.R. Anver, B.L. Kelsall, and S.M. Russell Defective lymphoid development in mice lacking expression of the common cytokine receptor γ chain Immunity 2 1995 223 238
83. J.P. DiSanto, W. Muller, D. Guy-Grand, A. Fischer, and K. Rajewsky Lymphoid development in mice with a targeted deletion of the interleukin 2 receptor γ chain Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 1995 377 381
84. Y. Ishida, M. Nishi, O. Taguchi, K. Inaba, N. Minato, and M. Kawaichi Immune dysfunctions and activation of natural killer cells in human IL- 2 and IL-2/IL-2 receptor L-chain transgenic mice Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 54 1989 695 704
85. J. Allison, L. Malcolm, N. Chosich, and J. Miller Inflammation but not autoimmunity occurs in transgenic mice expressing constitutive levels of interleukin-2 in islet beta cells Eur J Immunol 22 1992 1115 1121
86. E.A. Elliott, and R.A. Flavell Transgenic mice expressing constitutive levels of IL-2 in islet beta cells develop diabetes Int Immunol 6 1994 1629 1637
87. Z. Dai, and F.G. Lakkis The role of cytokines, CTLA-4 and costimulation in transplant tolerance and rejection Curr Opin Immunol 11 1999 504 508
88. H.F. Yang-Yen, J.C. Chambard, Y.L. Sun, T. Smeal, T.J. Schmidt, and J. Drouin Transcriptional interference between c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor: mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction Cell 62 1990 1205 1215
89. N. Auphan, J.A. DiDonato, C. Rosette, A. Helmberg, and M. Karin Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NF-kappa B activity through induction of I kappa B synthesis Science 270 1995 286 290
90. E.C. Keystone, K.M. Snow, C. Bombardier, C.H. Chang, D.L. Nelson, and L.A. Rubin Elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in the sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 31 1988 844 849
91. J.A. Symons, N.C. Wood, F.S. Di Giovine, and G.W. Duff Soluble IL-2 receptor in rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation with disease activity, IL-1 and IL-2 inhibition J Immunol 141 1988 2612 2618
92. G.B. Colver, J.A. Symons, and G.W. Duff Soluble interleukin 2 receptor in atopic eczema BMJ 298 1989 1426 1428
93. C.G. McFarlane, and M.C. Meikle Interleukin-2, interleukin-2 receptor and interleukin-4 levels are elevated in the sera of patients with periodontal disease J Periodontal Res 26 1991 402 408
94. P.E. Kovanen, and W.J. Leonard Inhibitors keep cytokines in check Curr Biol 9 1999 R899 R902
95. M. Adachi, M. Ishino, T. Torigoe, Y. Minami, T. Matozaki, and T. Miyazaki Interleukin-2 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP-2 through IL-2 receptor beta chain Oncogene 14 1997 1629 1633
96. T.S. Migone, N.A. Cacalano, N. Taylor, T. Yi, T.A. Waldmann, and J.A. Johnston Recruitment of SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 to the interleukin 2 receptor; loss of SHP-1 expression in human T-lymphotropic virus type I-transformed T cells Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 1998 3845 3850
97. M. Orditura, C. Romano, F. De Vita, G. Galizia, E. Lieto, and S. Infusino Behaviour of interleukin-2 serum levels in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients: relationship with response to therapy and survival Cancer Immunol Immunother 49 2000 530 536
98. N.M. Forones, S.V. Mandowsky, and L.G. Lourenco Serum levels of interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha correlate to tumor progression in gastric cancer Hepatogastroenterology 48 2001 1199 1201
99. M.B. Kahaleh, and E.C. LeRoy Interleukin-2 in scleroderma: correlation of serum level with extent of skin involvement and disease duration Ann Intern Med 110 1989 446 450
100. J.G. Tebib, H. Boughaba, M.C. Letroublon, J. Bienvenu, E. Noel, and P. Armanet Serum IL-2 level in rheumatoid arthritis: correlation with joint destruction and disease progression Eur Cytokine Netw 2 1991 239 243
101. H. Bozkaya, M. Bozdayi, R. Turkyilmaz, M. Sarioglu, H. Cetinkaya, and K. Cinar Circulating IL-2, IL-10 and TNF-alpha in chronic hepatitis B: their relations to HBeAg status and the activity of liver disease Hepatogastroenterology 47 2000 1675 1679
102. M. Clerici, F.T. Hakim, D.J. Venzon, S. Blatt, C.W. Hendrix, and T.A. Wynn Changes in interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 production in asymptomatic, human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive individuals J Clin Invest 91 1993 759 765
103. L.A. Rubin, and D.L. Nelson The soluble interleukin-2 receptor: biology, function, and clinical application Ann Intern Med 113 1990 619 627
104. C. Roth, C. Rochlitz, and P. Kourilsky Immune response against tumors Adv Immunol 57 1994 281 351
105. R.A. Baiocchi, and M.A. Caligiuri Low-dose interleukin 2 prevents the development of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferative disease in scid/scid mice reconstituted i.p. with EBV-seropositive human peripheral blood lymphocytes Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 1994 5577 5581
106. P. Slos, M. De Meyer, P. Leroy, C. Rousseau, and B. Acres Immunotherapy of established tumors in mice by intratumoral injection of an adenovirus vector harboring the human IL-2 cDNA: induction of CD8(+) T-cell immunity and NK activity Cancer Gene Ther 8 2001 321 332
107. J.A. Glaspy Therapeutic options in the management of renal cell carcinoma Semin Oncol 29 2002 41 46
108. I. Sereti, H. Martinez-Wilson, J.A. Metcalf, M.W. Baseler, C.W. Hallahan, and B. Hahn Long-term effects of intermittent interleukin 2 therapy in patients with HIV infection: characterization of a novel subset of CD4(+)/CD25(+) T cells Blood 100 2002 2159 2167
109. V. Natarajan, R.A. Lempicki, I. Sereti, Y. Badralmaa, J.W. Adelsberger, and J.A. Metcalf Increased peripheral expansion of naive CD4+ T cells in vivo after IL-2 treatment of patients with HIV infection Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 2002 10712 10717
110. M.W. Konrad, G. Hemstreet, E.M. Hersh, P.W. Mansell, R. Mertelsmann, and J.E. Kolitz Pharmacokinetics of recombinant interleukin 2 in humans Cancer Res 50 1990 2009 2017
111. M.T. Lotze, Y.L. Matory, S.E. Ettinghausen, A.A. Rayner, S.O. Sharrow, and C.A. Seipp In vivo administration of purified human interleukin 2. II. Half life, immunologic effects, and expansion of peripheral lymphoid cells in vivo with recombinant IL 2 J Immunol 135 1985 2865 2875
112. S.A. Rosenberg, M.T. Lotze, L.M. Muul, A.E. Chang, F.P. Avis, and S. Leitman A progress report on the treatment of 157 patients with advanced cancer using lymphokine-activated killer cells and interleukin-2 or high-dose interleukin-2 alone N Engl J Med 316 1987 889 897
113. S.A. Rosenberg, M.T. Lotze, L.M. Muul, S. Leitman, A.E. Chang, and S.E. Ettinghausen Observations on the systemic administration of autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 to patients with metastatic cancer N Engl J Med 313 1985 1485 1492
114. M.B. Atkins, M.T. Lotze, J.P. Dutcher, R.I. Fisher, G. Weiss, and K. Margolin High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993 J Clin Oncol 17 1999 2105 2116
115. G. Fyfe, R.I. Fisher, S.A. Rosenberg, M. Sznol, D.R. Parkinson, and A.C. Louie Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy J Clin Oncol 13 1995 688 696
116. J.A. Kovacs, S. Vogel, J.M. Albert, J. Falloon, R.T. Davey, and R.E. Walker Controlled trial of interleukin-2 infusions in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus N Engl J Med 335 1996 1350 1356
117. S.A. Rosenberg, J.C. Yang, S.L. Topalian, D.J. Schwartzentruber, J.S. Weber, and D.R. Parkinson Treatment of 283 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer using high-dose bolus interleukin 2 JAMA 271 1994 907 913
118. U.S. Kammula, D.E. White, and S.A. Rosenberg Trends in the safety of high dose bolus interleukin-2 administration in patients with metastatic cancer Cancer 83 1998 797 805
119. R.S. Krouse, R.E. Royal, G. Heywood, B.D. Weintraub, D.E. White, and S.M. Steinberg Thyroid dysfunction in 281 patients with metastatic melanoma or renal carcinoma treated with interleukin-2 alone J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 18 1995 272 278
120. W.H. Kruit, R.L. Bolhuis, S.H. Goey, R.L. Jansen, A.M. Eggermont, and D. Batchelor Interleukin-2-induced thyroid dysfunction is correlated with treatment duration but not with tumor response J Clin Oncol 11 1993 921 924
121. P.M. Anderson, and M.A. Sorenson Effects of route and formulation on clinical pharmacokinetics of interleukin-2 Clin Pharmacokinet 27 1994 19 31
122. P.A. Palmer, J. Vinke, P. Evers, C. Pourreau, R. Oskam, and G. Roest Continuous infusion of recombinant interleukin-2 with or without autologous lymphokine activated killer cells for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma Eur J Cancer 1992 1038 1044
123. R. Whittington, and D. Faulds Interleukin-2. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in patients with cancer Drugs 46 1993 446 514
124. J.A. Kovacs, M. Baeler, R.J. Dewar, S. Vogel, R.T. Davey, and J. Falloon Increases in CD4 lymphocytes with intermittent courses of interleukin-2 in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection N Engl J Med 332 1995 567 575
125. Y. Levy, C. Capitant, S. Houhou, I. Carriere, J.P. Viard, and C. Goujard Comparison of subcutaneous and intravenous interleukin-2 in asymptomatic HIV-1 infection: a randomised controlled trial. ANRS 048 study group Lancet 353 1999 1923 1929
126. S. Emery, D.I. Abrams, D.A. Cooper, J.H. Darbyshire, H.C. Lane, and J.D. Lundgren The evaluation of subcutaneous proleukin (interleukin-2) in a randomized international trial: rationale, design, and methods of ESPRIT Control Clin Trials 23 2002 198 220
127. T.A. Waldmann, and J. O'Shea The use of antibodies against the IL-2 receptor in transplantation Curr Opin Immunol 10 1998 507 512
128. H. Berman, J. Westbrook, Z. Feng, G. Gilliland, T. Bhat, and H. Weissig The protein data bank Nucleic Acids Res 28 2000 235 242