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of special interest. When read with Abbas et al., 1996 [1], this review provides a concise and very current review of the cellular and molecular events in T helper subset development.
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Murphy KM. T lymphocyte differentiation in the periphery. of special interest Curr Opin Immunol. 10:1998;226-232 When read with Abbas et al., 1996 [1], this review provides a concise and very current review of the cellular and molecular events in T helper subset development.
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Murphy, K.M.1
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Carter LL, Dutton RW. Type 1 and type 2: a fundamental dichotomy for all T-cell subsets. Curr Opin Immunol. 8:1996;336-342.
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Ernst P, Smale ST. Combinatorial regulation of transcription I: general aspects of transcriptional control. Immunity. 2:1995;311-319.
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Ernst, P.1
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Mechanisms of transcriptional complex assembly
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Pugh BF. Mechanisms of transcriptional complex assembly. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 8:1996;303-311.
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Pugh, B.F.1
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0030710153
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How does DNA methylation repress transcription?
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of special interest. This is a recent review providing mechanistic models for transcriptional repression by DNA methylation and for the developmental modulation of methylation of gene loci.
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Kass SU, Pruss D, Wolffe AP. How does DNA methylation repress transcription? of special interest Trends Genet. 13:1997;444-449 This is a recent review providing mechanistic models for transcriptional repression by DNA methylation and for the developmental modulation of methylation of gene loci.
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Trends Genet
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Kass, S.U.1
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Wolffe, A.P.3
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8
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0032488855
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Eukaryotic transcription: An interlaced network of transcription factors and chromatin-modifying machines
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of special interest. This is a review discussing the regulatory role of chromatin in transcription and the nuclear factors such as acetyltranferases and multisubunit 'remodeling factors' which couple chromatin-remodeling and transcription.
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Kadonaga JT. Eukaryotic transcription: an interlaced network of transcription factors and chromatin-modifying machines. of special interest Cell. 92:1998;307-313 This is a review discussing the regulatory role of chromatin in transcription and the nuclear factors such as acetyltranferases and multisubunit 'remodeling factors' which couple chromatin-remodeling and transcription.
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Cell
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Kadonaga, J.T.1
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9
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0030726908
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Locus control regions: Overcoming heterochromatin-induced gene inactivation in mammals
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of special interest. An excellent review of the various functions of the β-globin and human CD2 locus control regions, demonstrated in mammals through transgenic experiments. The authors discuss how transcriptionally silent regions in chromatin might be formed and how locus control region elements might counteract these mechanisms.
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Kioussis D, Festenstein R. Locus control regions: overcoming heterochromatin-induced gene inactivation in mammals. of special interest Curr Opin Genet Dev. 7:1997;614-619 An excellent review of the various functions of the β-globin and human CD2 locus control regions, demonstrated in mammals through transgenic experiments. The authors discuss how transcriptionally silent regions in chromatin might be formed and how locus control region elements might counteract these mechanisms.
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Curr Opin Genet Dev
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Kioussis, D.1
Festenstein, R.2
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A lineage-specific transcriptional silencer regulates CD4 gene expression during T lymphocyte development
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Sawada S, Scarborough JD, Killeen N, Littman DR. A lineage-specific transcriptional silencer regulates CD4 gene expression during T lymphocyte development. Cell. 77:1994;917-929.
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Sawada, S.1
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A transcriptional silencer controls the developmental expression of the CD4 gene
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Siu G, Wurster AL, Duncan DD, Soliman TM, Hedrick SM. A transcriptional silencer controls the developmental expression of the CD4 gene. EMBO J. 13:1994;3570-3579.
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Siu, G.1
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12
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0030992767
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An enhancer-blocking element between a and d gene segments within the human T cell receptor α/gd locus
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of special interest. The authors identify an element in the TCR α/δ locus that appears to have properties of an insulator, since it confers position-dependent blocking of an enhancer in the context of chromatin. The insulator may thus separate the regulation of the TCR α and δ loci.
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Zhong X, Krangel MS. An enhancer-blocking element between a and d gene segments within the human T cell receptor α/gd locus. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;5219-5224 The authors identify an element in the TCR α/δ locus that appears to have properties of an insulator, since it confers position-dependent blocking of an enhancer in the context of chromatin. The insulator may thus separate the regulation of the TCR α and δ loci.
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Zhong, X.1
Krangel, M.S.2
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13
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0031030535
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Extension of chromatin accessibility by nuclear matrix attachment regions
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of special interest. In this paper, matrix attachment regions (MARS) were shown to extend the chromatin accessibility conferred by an enhancer in stably integrated transgenes. The MARs simultaneously extended the region of DNA demethylation. Both functions support a chromatin-based role for MARs in regulating transcription.
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Jenuwein T, Forrester WC, Fernandez-Herrero LA, Laible G, Dull M, Grosschedl R. Extension of chromatin accessibility by nuclear matrix attachment regions. of special interest Nature. 385:1997;269-272 In this paper, matrix attachment regions (MARS) were shown to extend the chromatin accessibility conferred by an enhancer in stably integrated transgenes. The MARs simultaneously extended the region of DNA demethylation. Both functions support a chromatin-based role for MARs in regulating transcription.
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Nature
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Jenuwein, T.1
Forrester, W.C.2
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Dull, M.5
Grosschedl, R.6
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Mechanism and regulation of transcriptional elongation and termination by RNA polymerase II
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Shilatifard A, Conaway JW, Conaway RC. Mechanism and regulation of transcriptional elongation and termination by RNA polymerase II. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 7:1997;199-204.
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Shilatifard, A.1
Conaway, J.W.2
Conaway, R.C.3
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0031034468
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Two domains of MyoD mediate transcriptional activation of genes in repressive chromatin - A mechanism for lineage determination in myogenesis
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Gerber, A.N.1
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0028853170
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NF-E2 and GATA binding motifs are required for the formation of DNase I hypersensitive site 4 of the human beta-globin locus
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Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Goodwin A, Joyce T, Lowrey CH. NF-E2 and GATA binding motifs are required for the formation of DNase I hypersensitive site 4 of the human beta-globin locus. EMBO J. 14:1995;106-116.
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Transcriptional regulation of the IL-2 gene
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of special interest. This minireview addresses a timely question: do studies of transiently transfected gene promoters adequately model the transcriptional regulation of endogenous genes? With several examples, the authors argue that transient transfection studies can overlook many important aspects of endogenous gene regulation.
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Smith CL, Hager GL. Transcriptional regulation of mammalian genes in vivo: a tale of two templates. of special interest J Biol Chem. 272:1997;27493-27496 This minireview addresses a timely question: do studies of transiently transfected gene promoters adequately model the transcriptional regulation of endogenous genes? With several examples, the authors argue that transient transfection studies can overlook many important aspects of endogenous gene regulation.
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Hager, G.L.2
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The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/interleukin-3 locus is regulated by an inducible cyclosporin A-sensitive enhancer
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Cockerill PN, Shannon MF, Bert AG, Ryan CR, Vadas MA. The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/interleukin-3 locus is regulated by an inducible cyclosporin A-sensitive enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:1993;2466-2470.
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Gross DS, Garrard WT. Nuclease hypersensitive sites in chromatin. Annu Rev Biochem. 57:1988;159-197.
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0031002767
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A T cell-specific enhancer in the interleukin-3 locus is activated cooperatively by Oct and NFAT elements within a DNase l-hypersensitive site
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of outstanding interest. An excellent paper, in which the authors define a distal enhancer of the gene for IL-3 14 kilobases upstream of the IL-3 promoter. The authors propose a model for the multilevel regulation of the endogenous IL-3/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulatinn factor locus, which is presently the most comprehensive model of cytokine gene regulation.
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Duncliffe KN, Bert AG, Vadas MA, Cockerill PN. A T cell-specific enhancer in the interleukin-3 locus is activated cooperatively by Oct and NFAT elements within a DNase l-hypersensitive site. of outstanding interest Immunity. 6:1997;175-185 An excellent paper, in which the authors define a distal enhancer of the gene for IL-3 14 kilobases upstream of the IL-3 promoter. The authors propose a model for the multilevel regulation of the endogenous IL-3/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulatinn factor locus, which is presently the most comprehensive model of cytokine gene regulation.
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Immunity
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Duncliffe, K.N.1
Bert, A.G.2
Vadas, M.A.3
Cockerill, P.N.4
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Promoter region of interleukin-2 gene undergoes chromatin structure changes and confers inducibility on chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene during activation of T cells
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Siebenlist U, Durand DB, Bressler P, Holbrook NJ, Norris CA, Kamoun M, Kant JA, Crabtree GR. Promoter region of interleukin-2 gene undergoes chromatin structure changes and confers inducibility on chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene during activation of T cells. Mol Cell Biol. 6:1986;3042-3049.
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Identification of cis-acting regulatory elements controlling interleukin-4 gene expression in T cells: Roles for NF-Y and NF-ATc
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Szabo SJ, Gold JS, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Identification of cis-acting regulatory elements controlling interleukin-4 gene expression in T cells: roles for NF-Y and NF-ATc. Mol Cell Biol. 13:1993;4793-4805.
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Szabo, S.J.1
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Murphy, T.L.3
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Multiple closely-linked NFAT/octamer and HMG(I)Y binding sites are part of the interleukin-4 promoter
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Coordinate and cooperative roles for NF-AT and AP-1 in the regulation of the murine IL-4 gene
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Identification of IL-4 promoter elements conferring Th2-restricted expression during T helper cell subset development
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of special interest. The 800 base-pair IL-4 promoter is shown to direct Th2-specific expression in transgenic mice. The authors point out two important observations which implicate distal elements in regulation of IL-4 transcription: the expression level from the transgene was far below that of the endogenous gene, and one founder displayed disregulated expression of the transgene.
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Wenner CA, Szabo SJ, Murphy KM. Identification of IL-4 promoter elements conferring Th2-restricted expression during T helper cell subset development. of special interest J Immunol. 158:1997;765-773 The 800 base-pair IL-4 promoter is shown to direct Th2-specific expression in transgenic mice. The authors point out two important observations which implicate distal elements in regulation of IL-4 transcription: the expression level from the transgene was far below that of the endogenous gene, and one founder displayed disregulated expression of the transgene.
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J Immunol
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Wenner, C.A.1
Szabo, S.J.2
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45
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0030604714
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The proto-oncogene c-maf is responsible for tissue-specific expression of interleukin-4
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of special interest. The authors identify a Th2-specific transcription factor, c-Maf, and demonstrate binding sites in the IL-4 promoter. Using a B-cell line which does not normally produce IL-4, they show that forced overexpression of c-Maf results in IL-4 production from the endogenous gene.
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Ho I, Hodge MR, Rooney JW, Glimcher LH. The proto-oncogene c-maf is responsible for tissue-specific expression of interleukin-4. of special interest Cell. 85:1996;973-983 The authors identify a Th2-specific transcription factor, c-Maf, and demonstrate binding sites in the IL-4 promoter. Using a B-cell line which does not normally produce IL-4, they show that forced overexpression of c-Maf results in IL-4 production from the endogenous gene.
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Ho, I.1
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