The role of T-cell subpopulations in psoriasis;Znaczenie subpopulacji limfocytów T w patogenezie łuszczycy

Postepy Dermatologii i Alergologii

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 20-33

  Nedoszytko, Bogusław ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GDANSK   (Poland)

Author keywords

DETC; NK T; Pathogenesis; Psoriasis; Subpopulations of T lymphocytes; Th17

Indexed keywords

T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR DELTA CHAIN; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR GAMMA CHAIN;

HELPER CELL; HUMAN; INNATE IMMUNITY; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NATURAL KILLER T CELL; PATHOGENESIS; PSORIASIS; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; SUPPRESSOR CELL; T LYMPHOCYTE; T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION;

EID: 41849107539     PISSN: 1642395X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Christophers E. Comorbidities in psoriasis. Clin Dermatol 2007; 25: 529-34.
2. Willan R. On Cutaneous Diseases. Vol. 1. J Johnson; St Paul's Church-Yard, London 1808.
3. Nickoloff BJ, Nestle FO. Recent insight into the pathogenesis of psoriasis provide new therapeutic opportunities. J Clin Invest 2004; 113: 1664-75.
4. Julien D. Psoriasis physiopathology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol 2006; 20 (Suppl 2): 10-23.
5. Gilhou JJ, Meynadier J, Clot J. New concept in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1978; 98: 585-92.
6. Krueger JG. The immunologic basis for the treatment of psoriasis with new biologic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 1-23.
7. Ottaviani C, Nasorri F, Bedini C, et al. CD56brightCD16 (-) NK cells accumulate in psoriatic skin in response to CXCL10 and CCL5 and exacerbate skin inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36: 118-28.
8. Christophers E, Mrowietz U. The inflammatory infiltrates in psoriasis. Clin Dermatol 1995; 13: 131-5.
9. Doger FK, Dikicioglu E, Ergin F, et al. Nature of cell kinetics in psoriatic epidermis. J Cutan Pathol 2007; 34: 257-63.
10. Krueger JG, Bowcock A. Psoriasis pathophysiology: current concepts of pathogenesis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64 (Suppl 2): ii3O-6.
11. Sugiyama H, Gyulai R, Toichi E, et al. Dysfunctional blood and target tissue CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells in psoriasis: mechanism underlying unrestrained pathogenic effector T cell proliferation. J Immunol 2005; 174: 164-73.
12. Bovenschen HJ, van Vlijmen-Willems IM, van der Kerkhof PC, et al. Identification of lesional CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in psoriasis. Dermatology 2006; 213: 111-7.
13. Bos JD, de Rie MA, Teunissen MB, Piskin G. Psoriasis: dysregulation of innate immunity. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152: 1098-107.
14. van de Kerkhof PC. The evolution of the psoriatic lesion. Br J Dermatol (Clin Res Ed) 2007; 157: 4-15.
15. Griffiths CE, Powles AV, Leonard JN, et al. Clearance of psoriasis with low dose of cyclosporin. Br Med J 1986; 293: 731-2.
16. Ellis CN, Garsulowsky DC, Hamilton TA, et al. Cyclosporine improves psoriasis in a double-blind study. JAMA 1986; 256: 3110-6.
17. Baker BS, Swain AF, Griffiths CE, et al. Epidermal T lymphocytes and dendritic cells in chronic plaque psoriasis: the effects of PUVA treatment. Clin Exp Immunol 1986; 61: 526-34.
18. Morel P, Vincent C, Wijdenes J, Revillard JP. Down-regulation of cell surface CD4 molecule expression induced by anti-CD4antibodies in human T lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 1992; 145: 287-98.
19. Gottlieb SL, Gilleaudeau P, Johnson R, et al. Response of psoriasis to a lymphocyte selective toxin (DAB389IL-2) suggests a primary immune, but not keratinocyte, pathogenic basis. Nat Med 1995; 1: 442-7.
20. Bata-Csorgo Z, Hammerberg C, Voorhees JJ, Cooper KD. Kinetics and regulation of human keratinocyte stem cell growth in short-term primary ex vivo culture. Cooperative growth factors from psoriatic lesional T lymphocytes stimulate proliferation among psoriatic uninvolved, but not normal, stem keratinocytes. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 317-27.
21. Wrone-Smith T, Nickoloff BJ. Dermal injection of immunocytes induces psoriasis. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 1878-87.
22. Prinz JC. The role of T cells in psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003; 17: 257-70.
23. Gaspari AA. Innate and adaptive immunity and the pathophysiology of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54 (3 Suppl 2): S67-80.
24. Blauveit A. New concept in the pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis: key role for IL-23, IL-17A and TGF-beta1. Expert Rev Dermatol 2007; 2: 69-78.
25. Griffiths CE. The immunological basis of psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003; 17: (Suppl 2): 1-5.
26. Gudjonsson JE, Johnston A, Sigmundsdottir H, Valdimarsson H. Immunopathogenetic mechanisms in psoriasis. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 135: 1-8.
27. Placek W, Haftek M, Thivolet J. Sequence of changes in psoriatic epidermis. Immunocompetent cell redistribution precedes altered expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers. Acta Derm Venereol (Stokh) 1988; 68: 369-77.
28. Lew W, Bowcock AM, Krueger JC. Psoriasis vulgaris: cutaneous lymphoid tissue support T-cell activation and "type 1" inflammatory gene expression. Trends Immunol 2004; 25: 295-305.
29. Wolska H, Langner A. Łuszczyca. Czelej, Lublin 2006.
30. Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, et al. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 1986; 136: 2348-57.
31. Gołab J, Jakubisiak M, Lasek W. Immunologia. PWN, Warszawa 2002.
32. Austin LM, Ozawa M, Kikuchi T, et al. The majority of epidermal T cells in psoriasis vulgaris lesions can produce type 1 cytokines, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, defining TC1 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) and TH1 effector populations: a type 1 differentiation bias is also measured in circulating blood T cells in psoriatic patients. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113: 752-9.
33. Bachelez H, Flageul B, Dubertret L, et al. Treatment of recalcitrant plaque psoriasis with a humanized nondepleting antibody to CD4. J Autoimmun 1998; 11: 53-62.
34. Bachelez H. Immunopathogenesis of psoriasis: recent insights an the role of adaptive and innate immunity. J Autoimmun 2005; 25 (Suppl): 69-73.
35. Nickoloff BJ, Wrone-Smith T. Injection of pre-psoriatic skin with CD4+ T cells induces psoriasis. Am J Pathol 1999; 155: 145-58.
36. Nickoloff BJ, Schroeder JM, von den Driesch P, et al. Is psoriasis a T-cell disease? Exp Dermatol 2000; 9: 359-75.
37. Langrish CL, Mc Kenzie BS, Wilson NJ, et al. IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med 2005; 201: 233-40.
38. Nickoloff BJ. Cracking the cytokine code in psoriasis. Nat Med 2007; 13: 242-4.
39. Oppmann B, Lesley R, Blom B, et al. Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12. Immunity 2000; 13: 715-25.
40. Toichi E, Torres G, Mc Cormick TS, et al. An anti IL-12p40 antibody down regulates type 1 cytokines, chemokines and IL12/IL-23 in psoriasis. J Immunol 2006; 177: 4917-26.
41. Benson J, Orlovsky Y, Staquet K, et al. The fully human antibody CNTO1275 effectively inhibits human IL-12 and IL-23 mediated Th1 and Th17 cell function and provides clinical benefit to patients with plaque psoriasis. Clin Immunol 2007; 123 (Suppl): S63.
42. Kaufman CL, Aria N, Toichi E, et al. A phase I study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical response of a human IL-12p40 antibody in subjects with plaque psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123: 1037-44.
43. Shaker OG, Moustafa W, Essmat S, et al. The role of interleukin-12 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Clin Biochem 2006; 39: 119-25.
44. Yawalkar N, Karlen S, Hunger R, et al. Expression of interleukin-12 is increased in psoriatic skin. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111: 1053-7.
45. Cheng J, Tu Y, Li J, et al. A study on the expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 P35, P40 mRNA in the psoriatic lesions. J Tongji Med Univ 2001; 21: 86-8.
46. Lee E, Trepicchio WL, Oestreicher JL, et al. Increased expression of interleukin-23 p19 and p40 in lesional skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Exp Med 2004; 199: 125-30.
47. Piskin G, Sylva-Steenland RM, Bos JD, Teunissen MB. In vitro and in situ expression of IL-23 by keratinocytes in healthy skin and psoriasis lesions: enhanced expression in psoriatic skin. J Immunol 2006; 176: 1908-15.
48. Steinman L. A brief history of Th-17, the first major revision in the TH1/Th2 hypothesis of T cell mediated tissue damage. Nat Med 2007; 13: 139-45.
49. Afzali B, Lombardi R, Lechler RI, Lord GM. The role of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells in human organ transplantation and autoimmune disease. Clin Exper Immunol 2007; 148: 32-46.
50. Zheng Y, Danilenko DM, Valdez P, et al. Interleukin-22, a Th17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis. Nature 2007; 445: 648-51.
51. Sutton C, Beretom C, Keogh B, et al. A crucial role for interleukin (IL)-1 in the induction of IL-17-producing T cells that mediate autoimmune encephalitis. J Ex Med 2006; 203: 1685.
52. Cho ML, Kang JW, Moon YM, et al. STAT3 and NFkappaB signal pathway is required for IL 23-mediated IL-17 production in spontaneous arthritis animal model IL-1 receptor antagonist deficient mice. J Immunol 2006; 176: 56-2.
53. Kikly K, Liu L, Na S, et al. The IL23/Th17 axis: therapeutic targets for autoimmune inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18: 670-5.
54. Steinke JW, Borish LC. Cytokines and chemokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117: S442-45.
55. Batten M, Li J, Yi S, et al. Interleukin 27 limits autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing the development of interleukin 17-producing T cells. Nat Immunol 2006; 7: 929-36.
56. Stumhofer JS, Laurence A, Wilson EH, et al. Interleukin 27 negatively regulates the development of interleukin 17-producing T helper cells during chronic inflammation of the central nervous system. Nat Immunol 2006; 7: 937-45.
57. Villarino AV, Huang E, Hunter CA. Understanding the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of IL-27. J Immunol 2004; 173: 715-20.
58. Witowski J, Ksiazek K, Jörres A. Interleukin-17: a mediator of inflammatory responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004; 61: 567-79.
59. Albanesi C, Cavani A, Girolomoni A. IL-17 is produced by nickel-specific T lymphocytes and regulates ICAM-1 expression and chemokine production in human keratinocytes: synergistic or antagonist effects with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. J Immunol 1999; 162: 494-502.
60. Maertzdorf J, Osterhaus AD, Verjans GM. IL-17 expression in human herpetic stromal keratitis: modulatory effects on chemokine production by corneal fibroblasts. J Immunol 2002; 169: 5897-903.
61. Teunissen MB, Koomen CW, de Waal Malefyt R, et al. Interleukin-17 and interferon-gamma synergize in the enhancement of proinflammatory cytokine production by human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111: 645-9.
62. Li J, Li D, Tan Z. The expression of interleukin-17, interferon-gamma, and macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha mRNA in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2004; 24: 294-6.
63. Albanesi C, Scarponi CS, Cavani A, et al. Interleukin-17 is produced by both Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes, and modulates interferon-gamma and interleukin-4-induced activation of human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115: 1-9.
64. Homey B, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Wiesenborn A, et al. Up-regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha/CCL20 and CC chemokine receptor 6 in psoriasis. J Immunol 2000; 164: 6621-32.
65. Wolk K, Witte E, Wallace EK, et al. IL-22 regulates the expression of genes responsible for antimicrobial defense, cellular differentiation, and mobility in keratinocytes: a potential role in psoriasis. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36: 1309-23.
66. Lowes MA, Bowcock AM, Krueger JG. Pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis. Nature 2007; 445: 866-73.
67. Miljkovic O, Trajkovic V. Inducible nitric oxide synthase activation by interleukin-17. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004; 15: 21-32.
68. Boniface K, Bernard FX, Garcia M, et al. IL-22 inhibits epidermal differeniation and induces proinflammatory gene expression and migration of human keratinocytes. J Immunol 2005; 174: 3695-702.
69. Aggarwal S, Ghilardi N, Xie MH, et al. Interleukin-23 promotes a distinct CD4 T cell activation state characterized by the production of interleukin-17. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 1910-4.
70. Chan JR, Blumenschen W, Murphy E, et al. Il-23 stimulation epidermal hyperplasia via TNF and IL-20R2-dependent mechanisms with implications for psoriasis pathogenesis. J Exp Med 2006; 203: 2577-87.
71. Cargill M, Schrodi SJ, Chang M, et al. A large-scale genetic association study confirms IL12B and leads to the identification of IL23R as psoriasis-risk genes. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 80: 273-90.
72. Duerr RH, Taylor KD, Brant SR, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies IL23R as an inflammatory bowel disease gene. Science 2006; 314: 1461-3.
73. Piskin G, Sylva-Steenland RM, Bos JD, Teunissen MB. In vitro and in situ expression of IL-23 by keratinocytes in healthy skin and psoriasis lesions: enhanced expression in psoriatic skin. J Immunol 2006; 176: 1908-15.
74. Rutella S, Lemoli RM. Regulatory T cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells: from basic biology to clinical applications. Immunol Lett 2004; 94: 11-26.
75. Rissoan MC, Soumelis V, Kadowaki N, et al. Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. Science 1999; 283: 1183-6.
76. Krajewska M, Weyde W, Klinger M. Limfocyty regulatorowe CD4+CD25+ - znaczenie w patogenezie i leczeniu chorób nerek. Postepy Hig Med Dość 2007; 61: 178-84.
77. Lewkowicz P, Lewkowicz N, Tchórzewski H. Limfocyty regulatorowe CD4+CD25+ w patofizjologii i terapii chorób o podłożu immunologicznym. Postepy Hig Med Dość 2005; 59: 371-6.
78. Trzonkowski P, Szmit E, Myśliwska J, Myśliwski A. CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells inhibit cytotoxic activity of CTL and NK cells in humans-impact of immunosenescence. Clin Immunol 2006; 119: 307-16.
79. Beissert S, Schwartz A, Schwartz T. Regulatory T-cells. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126: 15-24.
80. Roncarolo MG, Levings MK, Traversari C. Differentiation of T regulatory cells by immature dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2001; 193: F5-9.
81. Romagnani S. Regulation of the T cell response. Clin Exper Allergy 2006; 36: 1357-66.
82. Barrat FJ, Cua DJ, Boonstra A, et al. In vitro generation of interleukin 10-producing regulatory CD4(+) T cells is induced by immunosuppressive drugs and inhibited by T helper Type 1 (Th1)-and Th2-inducing cytokines. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 603-16.
83. Kopeć-Szlezak J. Subpopulacje limfocytów T. Onkol Pol 2005; 8: 17-20.
84. Nedoszytko B, Roszkiewicz J. Znaczenie subpopulacji komórek dendrytycznych w patogenezie łuszczycy. Post Dermatol Alergol 2007; 6: 263-70.
85. Wildin RS, Smyk-Pearson S, Filipovich AH. Clinical and molecular features of the immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X linked (IPEX) syndrome. J Med Genet 2002; 39: 537-45.
86. Penna G, Roncari A, Amuchastegui S, et al. Expression of the inhibitory receptor ILT3 on dendritic cells is dispensable for induction of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3. Blood 2005; 106: 3490-7.
87. Zylicz M, Bocian K, Korczak-Kowalska G. Komórki regulatorowe: powstawanie, mechanizmy i efekty działania oraz możliwe wykorzystanie w transplantologii. Postepy Hig Med Dośw 2005; 59: 160-71.
88. Stassen M, Fondel S, Bopp T, et al. Human CD25+ regulatory T cells: two subsets defined by the integrins alpha 4 beta 7 or alpha 4 beta 1 confer distinct suppressive properties upon CD4+ T helper cells. Eur Immunol 2004; 34: 1303-11.
89. Stassen M, Schmitt E, Jonuleit H. Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and infectious tolerance. Transplantation 2004; 77: 523-5.
90. Dzionek A, Fuchs A, Schmidt P, et al. BDCA-2, BDCA-3 and BDCA-4: three markers for distinct subsets of dendritic cells in human peripheral blood. J Immunol 2000; 165: 6037-46.
91. Bos JD, de Rie MA. The pathogenesis of psoriasis: immunological facts and speculations. Immunol Today 1999; 20: 40-6.
92. Vollmer S, Menssen A, Trommler P, et al. T lymphocytes derived from skin lesions of patients with psoriasis vulgaris express a novel cytokine pattern that is distinct from that of T helper type 1 and T helper type 2 cells. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 2377.
93. Verhagen J, Akdis C, Traidl-Hoffmann C, et al. Absence of T-regulatory cell expression andfunction in atopic dermatitis skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117: 176-83.
94. Bovenschen HJ, Seyger HM, van der Kerkhof PC. Plaque psoriasis vs atopic dermatitis and lichen planus: a comparison for lesional T-cel subset, proliferation and differentiation. Clin Lab 2005; 153: 72-8.
95. de Boer OJ, van der Loos CM, Teeling P, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of regulatory T cell markers FOXP3 and GITR on CD4+CD25+ T cells in normal skin and inflammatory dermatoses. J Histochem Cytochem 2007; 55: 891-8.
96. Hirahara K, Liu L, Clark RA, et al. The majority of human peripheral blood CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T cells bear functional skin-homing receptors. J Immunol 2006; 177: 4488-94.
97. van der Vliet HJ, von Blomberg BM, Nishi N, et al. Circulating V (alpha24+) Vbeta11+ NKT cell numbers are decreased in a wide variety of diseases that are characterized by autoreactive tissue damage. Clin Immunol 2001; 100: 144-8.
98. Cameron AL, Kirby B, Fei W, Griffiths CE. Natural killer and natural killer-T cells in psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res 2002; 294: 363-9.
99. Cameron AL, Kirby B, Griffiths CE. Circulating natural killer cells in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149: 160-4.
100. Bonish B, Jullien D, Dutronc Y, et al. Overexpression of CD1d by keratinocytes in psoriasis and CD1d-dependent IFN-gamma production by NK-T cells. J Immunol 2000; 165: 4076-85.
101. Gilhar Y, Ullmann H, Kerner B, et al. Psoriasis is mediated by a cutaneous defect triggered by activated immunocytes: induction of psoriasis by cells with natural killer receptors. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119: 384-91.
102. Nickoloff BJ, Bonish B, Huang BB, Porcelli SA. Characterization of a T cell line bearing natural killer receptors and capable of creating psoriasis in a SCID mouse model system. J Dermatol Sci 2000; 24: 212-25.
103. Nickoloff BJ, Wrone-Smith T, Bonish B, Porcelli SA. Response of murine and normal human skin to injection of allogeneic blood derived psoriatic immunocytes: detection of T cells expressing receptors typically present on natural killer cells, including CD94, CD158, and CD161. Arch Dermatol 1999; 135: 546-52.
104. Majewski S. Układ odpornościowy skóry. W: Gołab J, Jakubisiak M, Lasek W (red.). Immunologia. PWN, Warszawa 2002; 303-13.
105. Pietrzak A, Janowski K, Chodorowska G, et al. Plasma interleukin-18 and dendritic cells in males with psoriasis vulgaris. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 61254.
106. Majewski S, Jablonska S. Possible involvement of epidermodysplasia verruciformis human papillomaviruses in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis: a proposed hypothesis. Exp Dermatol 2003; 12: 721-8.
107. Kirby B, Al-Jiffri O, Cooper RJ, et al. Investigation of cytomegalovirus and human herpes viruses 6 and 7 as possible causative antigens in psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol 2000; 80: 404-6.
108. Boyman O, Hefti HP, Conrad C, et al. Spontaneous development of psoriasis in a new animal model shows an essential role of resident T cells and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Exp Med 2004; 199: 731-6.
109. Motsinger A, Haas DW, Stanic AK, et al. CD1d-restricted human natural killer T cells are highly susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 869-79.
110. Alcami A, Koszinowski UH. Viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Mol Med Today 2000; 6: 365-72.
111. Ovigne JM, Baker BS, Davison SC, et al. Epidermal CD8+ T cells reactive with group A streptococcal antigens in chronicplaque psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2002; 11: 357-64.
112. Sigmundsdottir H, Gudjonsson JE, Jonsdottir I, et al. The frequency of CLA+CD8+ T cells in the blood of psoriasis patients correlates closely with the severity of their disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 126: 365-9.
113. Ortonne JP. Recent developments in the understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140 (Suppl 54): 1-7.
114. Austin LM, Ozawa M, Kikuchi T, et al. The majority of epidermal T cells in psoriasis vulgaris lesions can produce type 1 cytokines, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, defining TC1 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) and TH1 effector populations: a type 1 differentiation bias is also measured in circulating blood T cells in psoriatic patients. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113: 752-9.
115. Onuma S. Immunohistochemical studies of infiltrating cells in early and chronic lesions of psoriasis. J Dermatol 1994; 21: 223-32.
116. Vissers WH, Arndtz CH, Muys L, et al. Memory effector (CD45RO+) and cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells appear early in the margin zone of spreading psoriatic lesions in contrast to cells expressing natural killer receptors, which appear late. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150: 852-9.
117. Johnston A, Gudjonsson JE, Sigmundsdottir H, et al. Peripheral blood T cell responses to keratin peptides that share sequences with streptococcal M proteins are largely restricted to skin-homing CD8(+) T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 138: 83-93.
118. Chang JC, Smith LR, Froning KJ, et al. CD8+ T-cells in psoriatic lesions preferentially use T-cell receptor V beta 3 and/or V beta 13.1 genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 9282-6.
119. Tan JT, Ernst B, Kieper WC, et al. Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-7 jointly regulate homeostatic proliferation of memory phenotype CD8+ cells but are not required for memory phenotype CD4+ cells. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 1523-32.
120. Gryglewski A, Majcher P, Szczepaniec M. Immunologiczne aspekty urazu. Postepy Hig Med Dośw 2006; 60: 192-200.
121. Inaoki M, Sato S, Shirasaki F, et al. The frequency of type 2 CD8+ T cells is increased in peripheral blood from patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Clin Immunol 2003; 23: 269-78.
122. Piskin G, Tursen U, Sylva-Steenland RM, et al. Clinical improvement in chronic plaque-type psoriasis lesions after narrow-band UVB therapy is accompanied by a decrease in the expression of IFN-gamma inducers IL-12, IL-18 and IL-23. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13: 764-72.
123. Kabelitz D, Marischen L, Oberg HH, et al. Epithelial defence by gamma delta T cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 137: 73-81.
124. Jameson J, Ugarte K, Chen N, et al. A role for skin gammadelta T cells in wound repair. Science 2002; 296: 747-9.
125. de Boer OJ, Verhagen CE, Visser A, et al. Cellular interactions and adhesion molecules in psoriatic skin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994; 186: 15-8.
126. Ergun T, Eksioglu-Demiralp E, Direskeneli H, et al. TCR gamma delta (+) T-cell response to streptococcal antigens in patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res 2005; 296: 536-8.
127. Grinlinton FM, Skinner MA, Birchall NM, Tan PL. Gamma delta + T cells from patients with psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis respond to streptococcal antigen. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 982-7.
128. Odyniec A, Szczepanik M, Mycko MP, et al. Gammadelta T cells enhance the expression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by promoting antigen presentation and IL-12 production. J Immunol 2004; 173: 682-94.