메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 297-309

Human T cell reconstitution in DiGeorge syndrome and HIV-1 infection

Author keywords

Anti retroviral drugs; DiGeorge syndrome; HIV AIDS; Thymopoiesis; Thymus

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GROWTH HORMONE; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 7; KERATINOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR;

EID: 36549062871     PISSN: 10445323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.002     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (20)

References (112)
  • 1
    • 0034124915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the thymus in immune reconstitution in aging, bone marrow transplantation, and HIV-1 infection
    • Haynes B.F., Markert M.L., Sempowski G.D., Patel D.D., and Hale L.P. The role of the thymus in immune reconstitution in aging, bone marrow transplantation, and HIV-1 infection. Annu Rev Immunol 18 (2000) 529-560
    • (2000) Annu Rev Immunol , vol.18 , pp. 529-560
    • Haynes, B.F.1    Markert, M.L.2    Sempowski, G.D.3    Patel, D.D.4    Hale, L.P.5
  • 3
    • 0003915574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Garland Publishing/Elsevier Science Ltd., New York, NY
    • Parham P. The Immune System (2000), Garland Publishing/Elsevier Science Ltd., New York, NY
    • (2000) The Immune System
    • Parham, P.1
  • 4
    • 33847622435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signalling in T-cell development: is it all location, location, location?
    • Miosge L., and Zamoyska R. Signalling in T-cell development: is it all location, location, location?. Curr Opin Immunol 19 (2007) 194-199
    • (2007) Curr Opin Immunol , vol.19 , pp. 194-199
    • Miosge, L.1    Zamoyska, R.2
  • 5
    • 33644845679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Journey through the thymus: stromal guides for T-cell development and selection
    • Takahama Y. Journey through the thymus: stromal guides for T-cell development and selection. Nat Rev Immunol 6 (2006) 127-135
    • (2006) Nat Rev Immunol , vol.6 , pp. 127-135
    • Takahama, Y.1
  • 6
    • 8544266027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategies to enhance T-cell reconstitution in immunocompromised patients
    • van den Brink M.R., Alpdogan O., and Boyd R.L. Strategies to enhance T-cell reconstitution in immunocompromised patients. Nat Rev Immunol 4 (2004) 856-867
    • (2004) Nat Rev Immunol , vol.4 , pp. 856-867
    • van den Brink, M.R.1    Alpdogan, O.2    Boyd, R.L.3
  • 7
    • 17444372347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection
    • Douek D.C., McFarland R.D., Keiser P.H., Gage E.A., Massey J.M., Haynes B.F., et al. Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection. Nature 396 (1998) 690-695
    • (1998) Nature , vol.396 , pp. 690-695
    • Douek, D.C.1    McFarland, R.D.2    Keiser, P.H.3    Gage, E.A.4    Massey, J.M.5    Haynes, B.F.6
  • 8
    • 0032104145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of thymic tissue in adults with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection
    • McCune J.M., Loftus R., Schmidt D.K., Carroll P., Webster D., Swor-Yim L.B., et al. High prevalence of thymic tissue in adults with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. J Clin Invest 101 (1998) 2301-2308
    • (1998) J Clin Invest , vol.101 , pp. 2301-2308
    • McCune, J.M.1    Loftus, R.2    Schmidt, D.K.3    Carroll, P.4    Webster, D.5    Swor-Yim, L.B.6
  • 10
    • 0034815185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FDG uptake in the morphologically normal thymus: comparison of FDG positron emission tomography and CT
    • Nakahara T., Fujii H., Ide M., Nishiumi N., Takahashi W., Yasuda S., et al. FDG uptake in the morphologically normal thymus: comparison of FDG positron emission tomography and CT. Br J Radiol 74 (2001) 821-824
    • (2001) Br J Radiol , vol.74 , pp. 821-824
    • Nakahara, T.1    Fujii, H.2    Ide, M.3    Nishiumi, N.4    Takahashi, W.5    Yasuda, S.6
  • 11
    • 10044256646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectrum of thymic uptake at 18F-FDG PET
    • Ferdinand B., Gupta P., and Kramer E.L. Spectrum of thymic uptake at 18F-FDG PET. Radiographics 24 (2004) 1611-1616
    • (2004) Radiographics , vol.24 , pp. 1611-1616
    • Ferdinand, B.1    Gupta, P.2    Kramer, E.L.3
  • 12
    • 0035126095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11-Color, 13-parameter flow cytometry: identification of human naive T cells by phenotype, function, and T-cell receptor diversity
    • De Rosa S.C., Herzenberg L.A., Herzenberg L.A., and Roederer M. 11-Color, 13-parameter flow cytometry: identification of human naive T cells by phenotype, function, and T-cell receptor diversity. Nat Med 7 (2001) 245-248
    • (2001) Nat Med , vol.7 , pp. 245-248
    • De Rosa, S.C.1    Herzenberg, L.A.2    Herzenberg, L.A.3    Roederer, M.4
  • 14
    • 0027488659 scopus 로고
    • T-cell regeneration after bone marrow transplantation: differential CD45 isoform expression on thymic-derived versus thymic-independent progeny
    • Mackall C.L., Granger L., Sheard M.A., Cepeda R., and Gress R.E. T-cell regeneration after bone marrow transplantation: differential CD45 isoform expression on thymic-derived versus thymic-independent progeny. Blood 82 (1993) 2585-2594
    • (1993) Blood , vol.82 , pp. 2585-2594
    • Mackall, C.L.1    Granger, L.2    Sheard, M.A.3    Cepeda, R.4    Gress, R.E.5
  • 15
    • 0031885673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymic function can be accurately monitored by the level of recent T cell emigrants in the circulation
    • Kong F., Chen C.H., and Cooper M.D. Thymic function can be accurately monitored by the level of recent T cell emigrants in the circulation. Immunity 8 (1998) 97-104
    • (1998) Immunity , vol.8 , pp. 97-104
    • Kong, F.1    Chen, C.H.2    Cooper, M.D.3
  • 16
    • 0027262235 scopus 로고
    • Control of lymphocyte recirculation in man. I. Differential regulation of the peripheral lymph node homing receptor l-selectin on T cells during the virgin to memory cell transition
    • Picker L.J., Treer J.R., Ferguson-Darnell B., Collins P.A., Buck D., and Terstappen L.W. Control of lymphocyte recirculation in man. I. Differential regulation of the peripheral lymph node homing receptor l-selectin on T cells during the virgin to memory cell transition. J Immunol 150 (1993) 1105-1121
    • (1993) J Immunol , vol.150 , pp. 1105-1121
    • Picker, L.J.1    Treer, J.R.2    Ferguson-Darnell, B.3    Collins, P.A.4    Buck, D.5    Terstappen, L.W.6
  • 18
    • 0033769778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of thymopoiesis using T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs): differential correlation between adult and pediatric TRECs and naive phenotypes
    • Steffens C.M., Al-Harthi L., Shott S., Yogev R., and Landay A. Evaluation of thymopoiesis using T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs): differential correlation between adult and pediatric TRECs and naive phenotypes. Clin Immunol 97 (2000) 95-101
    • (2000) Clin Immunol , vol.97 , pp. 95-101
    • Steffens, C.M.1    Al-Harthi, L.2    Shott, S.3    Yogev, R.4    Landay, A.5
  • 19
    • 2142730100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: function, generation, and maintenance
    • Sallusto F., Geginat J., and Lanzavecchia A. Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: function, generation, and maintenance. Annu Rev Immunol 22 (2004) 745-763
    • (2004) Annu Rev Immunol , vol.22 , pp. 745-763
    • Sallusto, F.1    Geginat, J.2    Lanzavecchia, A.3
  • 20
    • 23744465597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring Ag-specific immune responses: understanding immunopathogenesis and improving diagnostics in infectious disease, autoimmunity and cancer
    • Kern F., LiPira G., Gratama J.W., Manca F., and Roederer M. Measuring Ag-specific immune responses: understanding immunopathogenesis and improving diagnostics in infectious disease, autoimmunity and cancer. Trends Immunol 26 (2005) 477-484
    • (2005) Trends Immunol , vol.26 , pp. 477-484
    • Kern, F.1    LiPira, G.2    Gratama, J.W.3    Manca, F.4    Roederer, M.5
  • 21
    • 33845875194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of direct antiviral effector functions by CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes with cellular maturation
    • Casazza J.P., Betts M.R., Price D.A., Precopio M.L., Ruff L.E., Brenchley J.M., et al. Acquisition of direct antiviral effector functions by CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes with cellular maturation. J Exp Med 203 (2006) 2865-2877
    • (2006) J Exp Med , vol.203 , pp. 2865-2877
    • Casazza, J.P.1    Betts, M.R.2    Price, D.A.3    Precopio, M.L.4    Ruff, L.E.5    Brenchley, J.M.6
  • 22
    • 23644439060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of prolonged survival of CD4+ T lymphocytes by intermittent IL-2 therapy in HIV-infected patients
    • Kovacs J.A., Lempicki R.A., Sidorov I.A., Adelsberger J.W., Sereti I., Sachau W., et al. Induction of prolonged survival of CD4+ T lymphocytes by intermittent IL-2 therapy in HIV-infected patients. J Clin Invest 115 (2005) 2139-2148
    • (2005) J Clin Invest , vol.115 , pp. 2139-2148
    • Kovacs, J.A.1    Lempicki, R.A.2    Sidorov, I.A.3    Adelsberger, J.W.4    Sereti, I.5    Sachau, W.6
  • 23
    • 10344254821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymic output and HIV infection: on the right TREC
    • Douek D. Thymic output and HIV infection: on the right TREC. Immunity 21 (2004) 744-745
    • (2004) Immunity , vol.21 , pp. 744-745
    • Douek, D.1
  • 25
    • 0035161658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T cell receptor excision circles as markers for recent thymic emigrants: basic aspects, technical approach, and guidelines for interpretation
    • Hazenberg M.D., Verschuren M.C., Hamann D., Miedema F., and van Dongen J.J. T cell receptor excision circles as markers for recent thymic emigrants: basic aspects, technical approach, and guidelines for interpretation. J Mol Med 79 (2001) 631-640
    • (2001) J Mol Med , vol.79 , pp. 631-640
    • Hazenberg, M.D.1    Verschuren, M.C.2    Hamann, D.3    Miedema, F.4    van Dongen, J.J.5
  • 26
    • 0037992765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring emigration of human thymocytes by T-cell receptor excision circles
    • Ye P., and Kirschner D.E. Measuring emigration of human thymocytes by T-cell receptor excision circles. Crit Rev Immunol 22 (2002) 483-497
    • (2002) Crit Rev Immunol , vol.22 , pp. 483-497
    • Ye, P.1    Kirschner, D.E.2
  • 27
    • 0037093992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reevaluation of T cell receptor excision circles as a measure of human recent thymic emigrants
    • Ye P., and Kirschner D.E. Reevaluation of T cell receptor excision circles as a measure of human recent thymic emigrants. J Immunol 168 (2002) 4968-4979
    • (2002) J Immunol , vol.168 , pp. 4968-4979
    • Ye, P.1    Kirschner, D.E.2
  • 28
    • 10344246581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV infection rapidly induces and maintains a substantial suppression of thymocyte proliferation
    • Dion M.L., Poulin J.F., Bordi R., Sylvestre M., Corsini R., Kettaf N., et al. HIV infection rapidly induces and maintains a substantial suppression of thymocyte proliferation. Immunity 21 (2004) 757-768
    • (2004) Immunity , vol.21 , pp. 757-768
    • Dion, M.L.1    Poulin, J.F.2    Bordi, R.3    Sylvestre, M.4    Corsini, R.5    Kettaf, N.6
  • 29
    • 0035801476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T cell homeostasis: thymus regeneration and peripheral T cell restoration in mice with a reduced fraction of competent precursors
    • Almeida A.R., Borghans J.A., and Freitas A.A. T cell homeostasis: thymus regeneration and peripheral T cell restoration in mice with a reduced fraction of competent precursors. J Exp Med 194 (2001) 591-599
    • (2001) J Exp Med , vol.194 , pp. 591-599
    • Almeida, A.R.1    Borghans, J.A.2    Freitas, A.A.3
  • 30
    • 33947606768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slow disease progression and robust therapy-mediated CD4+ T-cell recovery are associated with efficient thymopoiesis during HIV-1 infection
    • Dion M.L., Bordi R., Zeidan J., Asaad R., Boulassel M.R., Routy J.P., et al. Slow disease progression and robust therapy-mediated CD4+ T-cell recovery are associated with efficient thymopoiesis during HIV-1 infection. Blood 109 (2006) 2912-2920
    • (2006) Blood , vol.109 , pp. 2912-2920
    • Dion, M.L.1    Bordi, R.2    Zeidan, J.3    Asaad, R.4    Boulassel, M.R.5    Routy, J.P.6
  • 32
    • 0023720148 scopus 로고
    • T-cell antigen receptor genes and T-cell recognition
    • Davis M.M., and Bjorkman P.J. T-cell antigen receptor genes and T-cell recognition. Nature 334 (1988) 395-402
    • (1988) Nature , vol.334 , pp. 395-402
    • Davis, M.M.1    Bjorkman, P.J.2
  • 33
    • 0026571274 scopus 로고
    • Variation in human T cell receptor V beta and J beta repertoire: analysis using anchor polymerase chain reaction
    • Rosenberg W.M., Moss P.A., and Bell J.I. Variation in human T cell receptor V beta and J beta repertoire: analysis using anchor polymerase chain reaction. Eur J Immunol 22 (1992) 541-549
    • (1992) Eur J Immunol , vol.22 , pp. 541-549
    • Rosenberg, W.M.1    Moss, P.A.2    Bell, J.I.3
  • 34
    • 0035411802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of the T cell repertoire using immunoscope analysis and its possible implementation in clinical practice
    • Ria F., van den Elzen P., Madakamutil L.T., Miller J.E., Maverakis E., and Sercarz E.E. Molecular characterization of the T cell repertoire using immunoscope analysis and its possible implementation in clinical practice. Curr Mol Med 1 (2001) 297-304
    • (2001) Curr Mol Med , vol.1 , pp. 297-304
    • Ria, F.1    van den Elzen, P.2    Madakamutil, L.T.3    Miller, J.E.4    Maverakis, E.5    Sercarz, E.E.6
  • 35
    • 0027251463 scopus 로고
    • The sizes of the CDR3 hypervariable regions of the murine T-cell receptor beta chains vary as a function of the recombined germ-line segments
    • Pannetier C., Cochet M., Darche S., Casrouge A., Zoller M., and Kourilsky P. The sizes of the CDR3 hypervariable regions of the murine T-cell receptor beta chains vary as a function of the recombined germ-line segments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 (1993) 4319-4323
    • (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.90 , pp. 4319-4323
    • Pannetier, C.1    Cochet, M.2    Darche, S.3    Casrouge, A.4    Zoller, M.5    Kourilsky, P.6
  • 36
    • 0033168639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invariant or highly conserved TCR alpha are expressed on double-negative (CD3+CD4-CD8-) and CD8+ T cells
    • Han M., Harrison L., Kehn P., Stevenson K., Currier J., and Robinson M.A. Invariant or highly conserved TCR alpha are expressed on double-negative (CD3+CD4-CD8-) and CD8+ T cells. J Immunol 163 (1999) 301-311
    • (1999) J Immunol , vol.163 , pp. 301-311
    • Han, M.1    Harrison, L.2    Kehn, P.3    Stevenson, K.4    Currier, J.5    Robinson, M.A.6
  • 37
    • 0028908698 scopus 로고
    • T-cell repertoire diversity and clonal expansions in normal and clinical samples
    • Pannetier C., Even J., and Kourilsky P. T-cell repertoire diversity and clonal expansions in normal and clinical samples. Immunol Today 16 (1995) 176-181
    • (1995) Immunol Today , vol.16 , pp. 176-181
    • Pannetier, C.1    Even, J.2    Kourilsky, P.3
  • 40
    • 24644447794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SpA: web-accessible spectratype analysis: data management, statistical analysis and visualization
    • He M., Tomfohr J.K., Devlin B.H., Sarzotti M., Markert M.L., and Kepler T.B. SpA: web-accessible spectratype analysis: data management, statistical analysis and visualization. Bioinformatics 21 (2005) 3697-3699
    • (2005) Bioinformatics , vol.21 , pp. 3697-3699
    • He, M.1    Tomfohr, J.K.2    Devlin, B.H.3    Sarzotti, M.4    Markert, M.L.5    Kepler, T.B.6
  • 43
    • 0023465867 scopus 로고
    • Embryologic and other developmental considerations of 38 possible variants of the DiGeorge anomaly
    • Thomas R.A., Landing B.H., and Wells T.R. Embryologic and other developmental considerations of 38 possible variants of the DiGeorge anomaly. Am J Med Genet Suppl 3 (1987) 43-66
    • (1987) Am J Med Genet Suppl , vol.3 , pp. 43-66
    • Thomas, R.A.1    Landing, B.H.2    Wells, T.R.3
  • 44
    • 0023919253 scopus 로고
    • The DiGeorge syndrome. I. Clinical evaluation and course of partial and complete forms of the syndrome
    • Muller W., Peter H.H., Wilken M., Juppner H., Kallfelz H.C., Krohn H.P., et al. The DiGeorge syndrome. I. Clinical evaluation and course of partial and complete forms of the syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 147 (1988) 496-502
    • (1988) Eur J Pediatr , vol.147 , pp. 496-502
    • Muller, W.1    Peter, H.H.2    Wilken, M.3    Juppner, H.4    Kallfelz, H.C.5    Krohn, H.P.6
  • 45
    • 16944364802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectrum of clinical features associated with interstitial chromosome 22q11 deletions: a European collaborative study
    • Ryan A.K., Goodship J.A., Wilson D.I., Philip N., Levy A., Seidel H., et al. Spectrum of clinical features associated with interstitial chromosome 22q11 deletions: a European collaborative study. J Med Genet 34 (1997) 798-804
    • (1997) J Med Genet , vol.34 , pp. 798-804
    • Ryan, A.K.1    Goodship, J.A.2    Wilson, D.I.3    Philip, N.4    Levy, A.5    Seidel, H.6
  • 46
    • 34248381768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of 54 patients with complete DiGeorge anomaly enrolled in protocols for thymus transplantation: outcome of 44 consecutive transplants
    • Markert M.L., Devlin B.H., Alexieff M.J., Li J., McCarthy E.A., Gupton S.E., et al. Review of 54 patients with complete DiGeorge anomaly enrolled in protocols for thymus transplantation: outcome of 44 consecutive transplants. Blood 109 (2007) 4539-4547
    • (2007) Blood , vol.109 , pp. 4539-4547
    • Markert, M.L.1    Devlin, B.H.2    Alexieff, M.J.3    Li, J.4    McCarthy, E.A.5    Gupton, S.E.6
  • 47
    • 11144356685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete DiGeorge syndrome: development of rash, lymphadenopathy, and oligoclonal T cells in five cases
    • Markert M.L., Alexieff M.J., Li J., Sarzotti M., Ozaki D.A., Devlin B.H., et al. Complete DiGeorge syndrome: development of rash, lymphadenopathy, and oligoclonal T cells in five cases. J Allerg Clin Immunol 113 (2004) 734-741
    • (2004) J Allerg Clin Immunol , vol.113 , pp. 734-741
    • Markert, M.L.1    Alexieff, M.J.2    Li, J.3    Sarzotti, M.4    Ozaki, D.A.5    Devlin, B.H.6
  • 49
    • 0022472780 scopus 로고
    • Reconstitution of T-cell deficiency by thymic hormone or thymus transplantation therapy
    • Hong R. Reconstitution of T-cell deficiency by thymic hormone or thymus transplantation therapy. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 40 (1986) 136-141
    • (1986) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.40 , pp. 136-141
    • Hong, R.1
  • 50
    • 1942538141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postnatal thymus transplantation with immunosuppression as treatment for DiGeorge syndrome
    • Markert M.L., Alexieff M.J., Li J., Sarzotti M., Ozaki D.A., Devlin B.H., et al. Postnatal thymus transplantation with immunosuppression as treatment for DiGeorge syndrome. Blood 104 (2004) 2574-2581
    • (2004) Blood , vol.104 , pp. 2574-2581
    • Markert, M.L.1    Alexieff, M.J.2    Li, J.3    Sarzotti, M.4    Ozaki, D.A.5    Devlin, B.H.6
  • 52
    • 0041743085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymus transplantation in complete DiGeorge syndrome: immunologic and safety evaluations in 12 patients
    • Markert M.L., Sarzotti M., Ozaki D.A., Sempowski G.D., Rhein M.E., Hale L.P., et al. Thymus transplantation in complete DiGeorge syndrome: immunologic and safety evaluations in 12 patients. Blood 102 (2003) 1121-1130
    • (2003) Blood , vol.102 , pp. 1121-1130
    • Markert, M.L.1    Sarzotti, M.2    Ozaki, D.A.3    Sempowski, G.D.4    Rhein, M.E.5    Hale, L.P.6
  • 53
    • 0031568004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful formation of a chimeric human thymus allograft following transplantation of cultured postnatal human thymus
    • Markert M.L., Kostyu D.D., Ward F.E., McLaughlin T.M., Watson T.J., Buckley R.H., et al. Successful formation of a chimeric human thymus allograft following transplantation of cultured postnatal human thymus. J Immunol 158 (1997) 998-1005
    • (1997) J Immunol , vol.158 , pp. 998-1005
    • Markert, M.L.1    Kostyu, D.D.2    Ward, F.E.3    McLaughlin, T.M.4    Watson, T.J.5    Buckley, R.H.6
  • 55
    • 26644473419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymocyte-thymocyte interaction for efficient positive selection and maturation of CD4 T cells
    • Choi E.Y., Jung K.C., Park H.J., Chung D.H., Song J.S., Yang S.D., et al. Thymocyte-thymocyte interaction for efficient positive selection and maturation of CD4 T cells. Immunity 23 (2005) 387-396
    • (2005) Immunity , vol.23 , pp. 387-396
    • Choi, E.Y.1    Jung, K.C.2    Park, H.J.3    Chung, D.H.4    Song, J.S.5    Yang, S.D.6
  • 56
    • 26644471257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An alternate pathway for CD4 T cell development: thymocyte-expressed MHC class II selects a distinct T cell population
    • Li W., Kim M.G., Gourley T.S., McCarthy B.P., Sant'Angelo D.B., and Chang C.H. An alternate pathway for CD4 T cell development: thymocyte-expressed MHC class II selects a distinct T cell population. Immunity 23 (2005) 375-386
    • (2005) Immunity , vol.23 , pp. 375-386
    • Li, W.1    Kim, M.G.2    Gourley, T.S.3    McCarthy, B.P.4    Sant'Angelo, D.B.5    Chang, C.H.6
  • 58
    • 0031609352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunologic response to HIV
    • Hay C., and Rosenberg E. Immunologic response to HIV. AIDS Clin Care 10 (1998) 1-3
    • (1998) AIDS Clin Care , vol.10 , pp. 1-3
    • Hay, C.1    Rosenberg, E.2
  • 59
    • 0031935076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-induced decline in blood CD4/CD8 ratios: viral killing or altered lymphocyte trafficking?
    • Rosenberg Y.J., Anderson A.O., and Pabst R. HIV-induced decline in blood CD4/CD8 ratios: viral killing or altered lymphocyte trafficking?. Immunol Today 19 (1998) 10-17
    • (1998) Immunol Today , vol.19 , pp. 10-17
    • Rosenberg, Y.J.1    Anderson, A.O.2    Pabst, R.3
  • 60
    • 0032089101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV type 1-specific helper T cells: a critical host defense
    • Rosenberg E.S., and Walker B.D. HIV type 1-specific helper T cells: a critical host defense. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 14 Suppl 2 (1998) S143-S147
    • (1998) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.14 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Rosenberg, E.S.1    Walker, B.D.2
  • 61
    • 0031849216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral expansion of pre-existing mature T cells is an important means of CD4+ T-cell regeneration HIV-infected adults
    • Walker R.E., Carter C.S., Muul L., Natarajan V., Herpin B.R., Leitman S.F., et al. Peripheral expansion of pre-existing mature T cells is an important means of CD4+ T-cell regeneration HIV-infected adults. Nat Med 4 (1998) 852-856
    • (1998) Nat Med , vol.4 , pp. 852-856
    • Walker, R.E.1    Carter, C.S.2    Muul, L.3    Natarajan, V.4    Herpin, B.R.5    Leitman, S.F.6
  • 64
    • 0035501152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New insights into HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in exposed, persistently seronegative Kenyan sex workers
    • Kaul R., Rowland-Jones S.L., Kimani J., Fowke K., Dong T., Kiama P., et al. New insights into HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in exposed, persistently seronegative Kenyan sex workers. Immunol Lett 79 (2001) 3-13
    • (2001) Immunol Lett , vol.79 , pp. 3-13
    • Kaul, R.1    Rowland-Jones, S.L.2    Kimani, J.3    Fowke, K.4    Dong, T.5    Kiama, P.6
  • 66
    • 0037820578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS
    • Alimonti J.B., Ball T.B., and Fowke K.R. Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS. J Gen Virol 84 (2003) 1649-1661
    • (2003) J Gen Virol , vol.84 , pp. 1649-1661
    • Alimonti, J.B.1    Ball, T.B.2    Fowke, K.R.3
  • 67
    • 0028912254 scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph nodes
    • Finkel T.H., Tudor-Williams G., Banda N.K., Cotton M.F., Curiel T., Monks C., et al. Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph nodes. Nat Med 1 (1995) 129-134
    • (1995) Nat Med , vol.1 , pp. 129-134
    • Finkel, T.H.1    Tudor-Williams, G.2    Banda, N.K.3    Cotton, M.F.4    Curiel, T.5    Monks, C.6
  • 68
    • 0031449498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymic function in HIV-1 disease
    • McCune J.M. Thymic function in HIV-1 disease. Semin Immunol 9 (1997) 397-404
    • (1997) Semin Immunol , vol.9 , pp. 397-404
    • McCune, J.M.1
  • 69
    • 0035964691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poor CD4 T cell restoration after suppression of HIV-1 replication may reflect lower thymic function
    • Teixeira L., Valdez H., McCune J.M., Koup R.A., Badley A.D., Hellerstein M.K., et al. Poor CD4 T cell restoration after suppression of HIV-1 replication may reflect lower thymic function. AIDS 15 (2001) 1749-1756
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 1749-1756
    • Teixeira, L.1    Valdez, H.2    McCune, J.M.3    Koup, R.A.4    Badley, A.D.5    Hellerstein, M.K.6
  • 71
    • 0035575775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for increased T cell turnover and decreased thymic output in HIV infection
    • Douek D.C., Betts M.R., Hill B.J., Little S.J., Lempicki R., Metcalf J.A., et al. Evidence for increased T cell turnover and decreased thymic output in HIV infection. J Immunol 167 (2001) 6663-6668
    • (2001) J Immunol , vol.167 , pp. 6663-6668
    • Douek, D.C.1    Betts, M.R.2    Hill, B.J.3    Little, S.J.4    Lempicki, R.5    Metcalf, J.A.6
  • 72
    • 0032976665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV infection and the dynamic interplay between the thymus and the peripheral T cell pool
    • Haynes B.F. HIV infection and the dynamic interplay between the thymus and the peripheral T cell pool. Clin Immunol 92 (1999) 3-5
    • (1999) Clin Immunol , vol.92 , pp. 3-5
    • Haynes, B.F.1
  • 73
    • 24744449753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naive T cells are maintained in the periphery during the first 3 months of acute HIV-1 infection: implications for analysis of thymus function
    • Sempowski G.D., Hicks C.B., Eron J.J., Bartlett J.A., Hale L.P., Ferrari G., et al. Naive T cells are maintained in the periphery during the first 3 months of acute HIV-1 infection: implications for analysis of thymus function. J Clin Immunol 25 (2005) 462-472
    • (2005) J Clin Immunol , vol.25 , pp. 462-472
    • Sempowski, G.D.1    Hicks, C.B.2    Eron, J.J.3    Bartlett, J.A.4    Hale, L.P.5    Ferrari, G.6
  • 74
    • 17844374605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Massive infection and loss of memory CD4+ T cells in multiple tissues during acute SIV infection
    • Mattapallil J.J., Douek D.C., Hill B., Nishimura Y., Martin M., and Roederer M. Massive infection and loss of memory CD4+ T cells in multiple tissues during acute SIV infection. Nature 434 (2005) 1093-1097
    • (2005) Nature , vol.434 , pp. 1093-1097
    • Mattapallil, J.J.1    Douek, D.C.2    Hill, B.3    Nishimura, Y.4    Martin, M.5    Roederer, M.6
  • 75
    • 0031729349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reassessment of the effect of body mass upon flight speed and predation risk in birds
    • Veasey J.S., Metcalfe N.B., and Houston D.C. A reassessment of the effect of body mass upon flight speed and predation risk in birds. Anim Behav 56 (1998) 883-889
    • (1998) Anim Behav , vol.56 , pp. 883-889
    • Veasey, J.S.1    Metcalfe, N.B.2    Houston, D.C.3
  • 76
    • 0142092389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe CD4+ T-cell depletion in gut lymphoid tissue during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and substantial delay in restoration following highly active antiretroviral therapy
    • Guadalupe M., Reay E., Sankaran S., Prindiville T., Flamm J., McNeil A., et al. Severe CD4+ T-cell depletion in gut lymphoid tissue during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and substantial delay in restoration following highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 77 (2003) 11708-11717
    • (2003) J Virol , vol.77 , pp. 11708-11717
    • Guadalupe, M.1    Reay, E.2    Sankaran, S.3    Prindiville, T.4    Flamm, J.5    McNeil, A.6
  • 77
    • 4644342929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract
    • Brenchley J.M., Schacker T.W., Ruff L.E., Price D.A., Taylor J.H., Beilman G.J., et al. CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med 200 (2004) 749-759
    • (2004) J Exp Med , vol.200 , pp. 749-759
    • Brenchley, J.M.1    Schacker, T.W.2    Ruff, L.E.3    Price, D.A.4    Taylor, J.H.5    Beilman, G.J.6
  • 78
    • 4644289983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract
    • Mehandru S., Poles M.A., Tenner-Racz K., Horowitz A., Hurley A., Hogan C., et al. Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med 200 (2004) 761-770
    • (2004) J Exp Med , vol.200 , pp. 761-770
    • Mehandru, S.1    Poles, M.A.2    Tenner-Racz, K.3    Horowitz, A.4    Hurley, A.5    Hogan, C.6
  • 79
    • 0035806289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Certified professionals: CD4(+)CD25(+) suppressor T cells
    • Shevach E.M. Certified professionals: CD4(+)CD25(+) suppressor T cells. J Exp Med 193 (2001) F41-F46
    • (2001) J Exp Med , vol.193
    • Shevach, E.M.1
  • 80
    • 0141449974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T cells regulate virus-specific primary and memory CD8+ T cell responses
    • Suvas S., Kumaraguru U., Pack C.D., Lee S., Rouse B.T., and CD4+CD25+. T cells regulate virus-specific primary and memory CD8+ T cell responses. J Exp Med 198 (2003) 889-901
    • (2003) J Exp Med , vol.198 , pp. 889-901
    • Suvas, S.1    Kumaraguru, U.2    Pack, C.D.3    Lee, S.4    Rouse, B.T.5    CD4+CD25+6
  • 81
    • 10744227590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells control T-cell responses to human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus antigens
    • Aandahl E.M., Michaelsson J., Moretto W.J., Hecht F.M., and Nixon D.F. Human CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells control T-cell responses to human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus antigens. J Virol 78 (2004) 2454-2459
    • (2004) J Virol , vol.78 , pp. 2454-2459
    • Aandahl, E.M.1    Michaelsson, J.2    Moretto, W.J.3    Hecht, F.M.4    Nixon, D.F.5
  • 82
    • 3543098686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells from the peripheral blood of asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals regulate CD4(+) and CD8(+) HIV-specific T cell immune responses in vitro and are associated with favorable clinical markers of disease status [see comment]
    • Kinter A.L., Hennessey M., Bell A., Kern S., Lin Y., Daucher M., et al. CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells from the peripheral blood of asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals regulate CD4(+) and CD8(+) HIV-specific T cell immune responses in vitro and are associated with favorable clinical markers of disease status [see comment]. J Exp Med 200 (2004) 331-343
    • (2004) J Exp Med , vol.200 , pp. 331-343
    • Kinter, A.L.1    Hennessey, M.2    Bell, A.3    Kern, S.4    Lin, Y.5    Daucher, M.6
  • 83
    • 0030868897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive effects of combined antiretroviral therapy on CD4+ T cell homeostasis and function in advanced HIV disease
    • Autran B., Carcelain G., Li T.S., Blanc C., Mathez D., Tubiana R., et al. Positive effects of combined antiretroviral therapy on CD4+ T cell homeostasis and function in advanced HIV disease. Science 277 (1997) 112-116
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 112-116
    • Autran, B.1    Carcelain, G.2    Li, T.S.3    Blanc, C.4    Mathez, D.5    Tubiana, R.6
  • 84
    • 16944367032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV infection induces changes in CD4+ T-cell phenotype and depletions within the CD4+ T-cell repertoire that are not immediately restored by antiviral or immune-based therapies
    • Connors M., Kovacs J.A., Krevat S., Gea-Banacloche J.C., Sneller M.C., Flanigan M., et al. HIV infection induces changes in CD4+ T-cell phenotype and depletions within the CD4+ T-cell repertoire that are not immediately restored by antiviral or immune-based therapies. Nat Med 3 (1997) 533-540
    • (1997) Nat Med , vol.3 , pp. 533-540
    • Connors, M.1    Kovacs, J.A.2    Krevat, S.3    Gea-Banacloche, J.C.4    Sneller, M.C.5    Flanigan, M.6
  • 86
    • 0037259857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune reconstitution with antiretroviral therapies in chronic HIV-1 infection
    • Lange C.G., and Lederman M.M. Immune reconstitution with antiretroviral therapies in chronic HIV-1 infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 51 (2003) 1-4
    • (2003) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 1-4
    • Lange, C.G.1    Lederman, M.M.2
  • 87
    • 0031889951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid CD4+ T-cell turnover in HIV-1 infection: a paradigm revisited
    • Wolthers K.C., Schuitemaker H., and Miedema F. Rapid CD4+ T-cell turnover in HIV-1 infection: a paradigm revisited. Immunol Today 19 (1998) 44-48
    • (1998) Immunol Today , vol.19 , pp. 44-48
    • Wolthers, K.C.1    Schuitemaker, H.2    Miedema, F.3
  • 88
    • 0032858367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring recent thymic emigrants in blood of normal and HIV-1-infected individuals before and after effective therapy
    • Zhang L., Lewin S.R., Markowitz M., Lin H.H., Skulsky E., Karanicolas R., et al. Measuring recent thymic emigrants in blood of normal and HIV-1-infected individuals before and after effective therapy. J Exp Med 190 (1999) 725-732
    • (1999) J Exp Med , vol.190 , pp. 725-732
    • Zhang, L.1    Lewin, S.R.2    Markowitz, M.3    Lin, H.H.4    Skulsky, E.5    Karanicolas, R.6
  • 89
    • 0033831175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased cell division but not thymic dysfunction rapidly affects the T-cell receptor excision circle content of the naive T cell population in HIV-1 infection
    • Hazenberg M.D., Otto S.A., Cohen Stuart J.W., Verschuren M.C., Borleffs J.C., Boucher C.A., et al. Increased cell division but not thymic dysfunction rapidly affects the T-cell receptor excision circle content of the naive T cell population in HIV-1 infection. Nat Med 6 (2000) 1036-1042
    • (2000) Nat Med , vol.6 , pp. 1036-1042
    • Hazenberg, M.D.1    Otto, S.A.2    Cohen Stuart, J.W.3    Verschuren, M.C.4    Borleffs, J.C.5    Boucher, C.A.6
  • 90
    • 12144288106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of thymic reconstitution after highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection
    • Hardy G., Worrell S., Hayes P., Barnett C.M., Glass D., Pido-Lopez J., et al. Evidence of thymic reconstitution after highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. HIV Med 5 (2004) 67-73
    • (2004) HIV Med , vol.5 , pp. 67-73
    • Hardy, G.1    Worrell, S.2    Hayes, P.3    Barnett, C.M.4    Glass, D.5    Pido-Lopez, J.6
  • 91
    • 0030730288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of HIV-1 in blood and lymph nodes following potent antiretroviral therapy and the virologic correlates of treatment failure
    • Wong J.K., Gunthard H.F., Havlir D.V., Zhang Z.Q., Haase A.T., Ignacio C.C., et al. Reduction of HIV-1 in blood and lymph nodes following potent antiretroviral therapy and the virologic correlates of treatment failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 (1997) 12574-12579
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 12574-12579
    • Wong, J.K.1    Gunthard, H.F.2    Havlir, D.V.3    Zhang, Z.Q.4    Haase, A.T.5    Ignacio, C.C.6
  • 92
    • 0041326880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continued CD4 cell count increases in HIV-infected adults experiencing 4 years of viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy
    • Hunt P.W., Deeks S.G., Rodriguez B., Valdez H., Shade S.B., Abrams D.I., et al. Continued CD4 cell count increases in HIV-infected adults experiencing 4 years of viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 17 (2003) 1907-1915
    • (2003) AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 1907-1915
    • Hunt, P.W.1    Deeks, S.G.2    Rodriguez, B.3    Valdez, H.4    Shade, S.B.5    Abrams, D.I.6
  • 93
    • 0037072066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies
    • Egger M., May M., Chene G., Phillips A.N., Ledergerber B., Dabis F., et al. Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet 360 (2002) 119-129
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 119-129
    • Egger, M.1    May, M.2    Chene, G.3    Phillips, A.N.4    Ledergerber, B.5    Dabis, F.6
  • 94
    • 0037045057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymic volume predicts long-term immune reconstitution in HIV-infected children treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy
    • Clerici M., Saresella M., Trabattoni D., Ferrante P., Vanzulli A., and Vigano A. Thymic volume predicts long-term immune reconstitution in HIV-infected children treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 16 (2002) 2219-2221
    • (2002) AIDS , vol.16 , pp. 2219-2221
    • Clerici, M.1    Saresella, M.2    Trabattoni, D.3    Ferrante, P.4    Vanzulli, A.5    Vigano, A.6
  • 95
    • 0036605699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between larger thymic size and higher thymic output in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy
    • Kolte L., Dreves A.M., Ersboll A.K., Strandberg C., Jeppesen D.L., Nielsen J.O., et al. Association between larger thymic size and higher thymic output in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 185 (2002) 1578-1585
    • (2002) J Infect Dis , vol.185 , pp. 1578-1585
    • Kolte, L.1    Dreves, A.M.2    Ersboll, A.K.3    Strandberg, C.4    Jeppesen, D.L.5    Nielsen, J.O.6
  • 96
    • 0034096189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early immune reconstitution after potent antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children correlates with the increase in thymus volume
    • Vigano A., Vella S., Saresella M., Vanzulli A., Bricalli D., Di Fabio S., et al. Early immune reconstitution after potent antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children correlates with the increase in thymus volume. AIDS 14 (2000) 251-261
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 251-261
    • Vigano, A.1    Vella, S.2    Saresella, M.3    Vanzulli, A.4    Bricalli, D.5    Di Fabio, S.6
  • 97
    • 0033927811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of virological and immunological effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with advanced age
    • Manfredi R., and Chiodo F. A case-control study of virological and immunological effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with advanced age. AIDS 14 (2000) 1475-1477
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 1475-1477
    • Manfredi, R.1    Chiodo, F.2
  • 98
    • 0035831236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on outcomes in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers
    • Bidwell Goetz M., Morreale A.P., Rhew D.C., Berman S., Ing M., Eldridge D., et al. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on outcomes in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. AIDS 15 (2001) 530-532
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 530-532
    • Bidwell Goetz, M.1    Morreale, A.P.2    Rhew, D.C.3    Berman, S.4    Ing, M.5    Eldridge, D.6
  • 100
    • 0031882434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biphasic kinetics of peripheral blood T cells after triple combination therapy in HIV-1 infection: a composite of redistribution and proliferation
    • Pakker N.G., Notermans D.W., de Boer R.J., Roos M.T., de Wolf F., Hill A., et al. Biphasic kinetics of peripheral blood T cells after triple combination therapy in HIV-1 infection: a composite of redistribution and proliferation. Nat Med 4 (1998) 208-214
    • (1998) Nat Med , vol.4 , pp. 208-214
    • Pakker, N.G.1    Notermans, D.W.2    de Boer, R.J.3    Roos, M.T.4    de Wolf, F.5    Hill, A.6
  • 101
    • 10544220422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T cell telomere length in HIV-1 infection: no evidence for increased CD4+ T cell turnover
    • Wolthers K.C., Bea G., Wisman A., Otto S.A., de Roda Husman A.M., Schaft N., et al. T cell telomere length in HIV-1 infection: no evidence for increased CD4+ T cell turnover. Science 274 (1996) 1543-1547
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 1543-1547
    • Wolthers, K.C.1    Bea, G.2    Wisman, A.3    Otto, S.A.4    de Roda Husman, A.M.5    Schaft, N.6
  • 102
    • 0032741277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial increase in blood CD4(+) lymphocytes after HIV antiretroviral therapy reflects redistribution from lymphoid tissues
    • Bucy R.P., Hockett R.D., Derdeyn C.A., Saag M.S., Squires K., Sillers M., et al. Initial increase in blood CD4(+) lymphocytes after HIV antiretroviral therapy reflects redistribution from lymphoid tissues. J Clin Investig 103 (1999) 1391-1398
    • (1999) J Clin Investig , vol.103 , pp. 1391-1398
    • Bucy, R.P.1    Hockett, R.D.2    Derdeyn, C.A.3    Saag, M.S.4    Squires, K.5    Sillers, M.6
  • 104
    • 5144227138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone in T-lymphocyte thymic and postthymic development: a study in HIV-infected children
    • Vigano A., Saresella M., Trabattoni D., Giacomet V., di Natale B., Merlo M., et al. Growth hormone in T-lymphocyte thymic and postthymic development: a study in HIV-infected children. J Pediatr 145 (2004) 542-548
    • (2004) J Pediatr , vol.145 , pp. 542-548
    • Vigano, A.1    Saresella, M.2    Trabattoni, D.3    Giacomet, V.4    di Natale, B.5    Merlo, M.6
  • 105
    • 0037165910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased thymic mass and circulating naive CD4 T cells in HIV-1-infected adults treated with growth hormone
    • Napolitano L.A., Lo J.C., Gotway M.B., Mulligan K., Barbour J.D., Schmidt D., et al. Increased thymic mass and circulating naive CD4 T cells in HIV-1-infected adults treated with growth hormone. AIDS 16 (2002) 1103-1111
    • (2002) AIDS , vol.16 , pp. 1103-1111
    • Napolitano, L.A.1    Lo, J.C.2    Gotway, M.B.3    Mulligan, K.4    Barbour, J.D.5    Schmidt, D.6
  • 106
    • 0037436193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of interleukin-2 therapy combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy on immune restoration in HIV-1 infection: a randomized controlled trial
    • Levy Y., Durier C., Krzysiek R., Rabian C., Capitant C., Lascaux A.S., et al. Effects of interleukin-2 therapy combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy on immune restoration in HIV-1 infection: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS 17 (2003) 343-351
    • (2003) AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 343-351
    • Levy, Y.1    Durier, C.2    Krzysiek, R.3    Rabian, C.4    Capitant, C.5    Lascaux, A.S.6
  • 107
    • 0037439282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-2 increases CD4+ lymphocyte numbers but does not enhance responses to immunization: results of A5046s
    • Valdez H., Mitsuyasu R., Landay A., Sevin A.D., Chan E.S., Spritzler J., et al. Interleukin-2 increases CD4+ lymphocyte numbers but does not enhance responses to immunization: results of A5046s. J Infect Dis 187 (2003) 320-325
    • (2003) J Infect Dis , vol.187 , pp. 320-325
    • Valdez, H.1    Mitsuyasu, R.2    Landay, A.3    Sevin, A.D.4    Chan, E.S.5    Spritzler, J.6
  • 108
    • 0037296497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymic output during initial highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and during HAART supplementation with interleukin 2 and/or with HIV type 1 immunogen (Remune)
    • Pido-Lopez J., Burton C., Hardy G., Pires A., Sullivan A., Gazzard B., et al. Thymic output during initial highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and during HAART supplementation with interleukin 2 and/or with HIV type 1 immunogen (Remune). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 19 (2003) 103-109
    • (2003) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.19 , pp. 103-109
    • Pido-Lopez, J.1    Burton, C.2    Hardy, G.3    Pires, A.4    Sullivan, A.5    Gazzard, B.6
  • 109
    • 0242270799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase I/II trial of intravenous recombinant interleukin-2 in HIV-infected children
    • Starr S.E., McFarland E.J., Muresan P., Fenton T., Pitt J., Douglas S.D., et al. Phase I/II trial of intravenous recombinant interleukin-2 in HIV-infected children. AIDS 17 (2003) 2181-2189
    • (2003) AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 2181-2189
    • Starr, S.E.1    McFarland, E.J.2    Muresan, P.3    Fenton, T.4    Pitt, J.5    Douglas, S.D.6
  • 110
    • 0242550686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte subsets in healthy children from birth through 18 years of age: the pediatric AIDS clinical trials group P1009 study
    • Shearer W.T., Rosenblatt H.M., Gelman R.S., Oyomopito R., Plaeger S., Stiehm E.R., et al. Lymphocyte subsets in healthy children from birth through 18 years of age: the pediatric AIDS clinical trials group P1009 study. J Allerg Clin Immunol 112 (2003) 973-980
    • (2003) J Allerg Clin Immunol , vol.112 , pp. 973-980
    • Shearer, W.T.1    Rosenblatt, H.M.2    Gelman, R.S.3    Oyomopito, R.4    Plaeger, S.5    Stiehm, E.R.6
  • 111
    • 17444379333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directly measured kinetics of circulating T lymphocytes in normal and HIV-1-infected humans
    • Hellerstein M., Hanley M.B., Cesar D., Siler S., Papageorgopoulos C., Wieder E., et al. Directly measured kinetics of circulating T lymphocytes in normal and HIV-1-infected humans. Nat Med 5 (1999) 83-89
    • (1999) Nat Med , vol.5 , pp. 83-89
    • Hellerstein, M.1    Hanley, M.B.2    Cesar, D.3    Siler, S.4    Papageorgopoulos, C.5    Wieder, E.6
  • 112
    • 0031906044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of cell proliferation by labeling of DNA with stable isotope-labeled glucose: studies in vitro, in animals, and in humans
    • Macallan D.C., Fullerton C.A., Neese R.A., Haddock K., Park S.S., and Hellerstein M.K. Measurement of cell proliferation by labeling of DNA with stable isotope-labeled glucose: studies in vitro, in animals, and in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (1998) 708-713
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.95 , pp. 708-713
    • Macallan, D.C.1    Fullerton, C.A.2    Neese, R.A.3    Haddock, K.4    Park, S.S.5    Hellerstein, M.K.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.