The onset and early evolution of life

Memoir of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 198, Issue , 2006, Pages 1-32

  Russell, Michael J ^a,b   Hall, Allan J ^c  

^a SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIV GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKALINITY; AMINO ACIDS; ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; BACTERIA; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOSPHERICS; CATALYSIS; EARTH ATMOSPHERE; GENES; HOT SPRINGS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; OCEANOGRAPHY; ORE DEPOSITS; PEPTIDES; RNA; SULFUR COMPOUNDS;

ALKALINE SOLUTIONS; CHEMICAL SEDIMENT; GENETIC INFORMATION; INORGANIC MEMBRANES; MINERAL SURFACES; MODERATE TEMPERATURE; PROTON GRADIENT; SULFIDE CLUSTERS;

NICKEL COMPOUNDS;

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; BIFURCATION; BIOSPHERE; CRYSTALLIZATION; DISSOLUTION; ENZYME; EVOLUTION; GREIGITE; HADEAN; MACKINAWITE; METHANOGENESIS; OCEANIC CRUST; RNA; SEAFLOOR; THERMAL SPRING; WASTE;

EID: 36549019578     PISSN: 00721069     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2006.1198(01)     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (258)

1. Abe, M., and Ooe, M., 2001, Tidal history of the Earth-Moon dynamical system before Cambrian age: Journal of the Geodetic Society of Japan, v. 47, p. 514-520.
2. Adman, E.T., Sieker, L.C., and Jensen, L.H., 1973, The structure of a bacterial ferredoxin: Journal of Biological Chemistry, v. 248, p. 3987-3996.
3. Allen, J.F., 2004, Cytochrome b6f: Structure for signaling and vectorial metabolism: Trends in Plant Science, v. 9, p. 130-137, doi: 10.1016/ j.tplants.2004.01.009.
4. Allen, J.F., 2005, A redox switch hypothesis for the origin of two light reactions in photosynthesis: FEBS Letters, v. 579, p. 963-968, doi: 10.1016/ j.febslet.2005.01.015.
5. Allen, D.A., and Seyfried, W.E., 2003, Compositional controls on vent fluids from ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges: An experimental study at 400°C, 500 bars: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, p. 1531-1542, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01173-0. (Pubitemid 36509145)
6. Amend, J.P., and Shock, E.L., 1998, Energetics of amino acid synthesis in hydrothermal ecosystems: Science, v. 281, p. 1659-1662, doi: 10.1126/ science.281.5383.1659.
7. Amend, J.P., and Shock, E.L., 2001, Energetics of overall metabolic reactions of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic Archaea and Bacteria: FEMS Microbiology Reviews, v. 25, p. 175-243, doi: 10.1016/S0168-6445(00)00062-0. (Pubitemid 32203705)
8. Anbar, A.D., and Holland, H.D., 1992, The photochemistry of manganese and the origin of banded iron formations: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 2595-2603, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90346-K. (Pubitemid 23372695)
9. Arndt, N.T., 1999, Why was flood volcanism on submerged continental platforms so common in the Precambrian?: Precambrian Research, v. 97, p. 155-164, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00030-3. (Pubitemid 30030802)
10. Arndt, N.T., and Chauvel, C., 1990, Crust of the Hadean Earth: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, v. 39, p. 145-151.
11. Bada, J.L., 2004, How life began on Earth: A status report: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 226, p. 1-15, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00470-4.
12. Bahcall, J.N., Pinsonneault, M.H., and Basu, S., 2001, Solar models: Current epoch and time dependences, neutrinos, and helioseismological properties: Astrophysical Journal, v. 555, p. 990-1012, doi: 10.1086/321493.
13. + -PPases: A tightly membrane-bound family: FEBS Letters, v. 457, p. 527-533, doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)90617-8. (Pubitemid 29414757)
14. Ban, N., Nissen, P., Hansen, J., Moore, P.B., and Steitz, T.A., 2000, The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 Å resolution: Science, v. 289, p. 905-920, doi: 10.1126/science.289.5481.905. (Pubitemid 30659939)
15. Banks, D.A., 1985, A fossil hydrothermal worm assemblage from the Tynagh lead-zinc deposit in Ireland: Nature, v. 313, p. 128-131, doi: 10.1038/313128a0.
16. Banks, D.A., and Russell, M.J., 1992, Fluid mixing during ore deposition at the Tynagh base-metal deposit, Ireland: European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 4, p. 921-931.
17. Baymann, F., Brugna, M., Mühlenhoff, U., and Nitschke, W., 2001, Daddy, where did (PS)I come from?: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, v. 1507, p. 291-310.
18. Baymann, F., Lebrun, E., Brugna, M., Schoepp-Cothenet, B., Giudici-Orticoni, M.T., and Nitschke, W., 2003, The redox protein construction kit: prelast universal common ancestor evolution of energy-conserving enzymes: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. B, v. 358, p. 267-274, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1184. (Pubitemid 36178235)
19. Beinert, H., Holm, R.H., and Münck, E., 1997, Iron-sulfur clusters: Nature's modular, multipurpose structures: Science, v. 277, p. 653-659, doi: 10.1126/science.277.5326.653. (Pubitemid 27373905)
20. Bekker, A., Holland, H.D., Wang, P.-L., Stein, H.J., Hannah, J.L., Coetzee, L.L., and Beukes, N.J., 2004, Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen: Nature, v. 427, p. 117-120, doi: 10.1038/nature02260. (Pubitemid 38094946)
21. Béland, P., and Allen, T.F.H., 1994, The origin and evolution of the genetic code: Journal of Theoretical Biology, v. 170, p. 359-365, doi: 10.1006/ jtbi.1994.1198.
22. Bernal, J.D., 1960. The problem of stages in biopoesis, in Florkin, M. ed., Aspects of the origin of life: New York, Pergamon Press, p. 30-45.
23. Bethke, C., 1996, Geochemical reaction modeling: Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 397 p.
24. Beutner, R., 1913, New electric properties of a semipermeable membrane of copper ferrocyanide: Journal of Physical Chemistry, v. 17, p. 344-360, doi: 10.1021/j150139a006.
25. Bischoff, J.L., and Seyfried, W.E., 1978, Hydrothermal chemistry of seawater from 25° to 350°C: American Journal of Science, v. 278, p. 838-860.
26. Bjerrum, C.J., and Canfield, D.E., 2002, Ocean productivity before about 1.9 Gyr ago limited by phosphorus adsorption onto iron oxides: Nature, v. 417, p. 159-162, doi: 10.1038/417159a. (Pubitemid 34506793)
27. Blank, C.E., 2004, Evolutionary timing of the origins of mesophilic sulphate reduction and oxygenic photosynthesis: A phylogenomic dating approach: Geobiology, v. 2, p. 1-20, doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00020.x.
28. Blankenship, R.E., 2002, Molecular mechanisms of photosynthesis: Oxford, Blackwell Science.
29. Bonatti, E., Simmons, E.C., Breger, D., Hamlyn, P.R., and Lawrence, J., 1983, Ultramafic rock/seawater interaction in the oceanic crust: Mg-silicate (sepiolite) deposit from the Indian Ocean floor: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 62, p. 229-238, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(83)90086-9.
30. 2 -(n=2,4) in aqueous media from iron salts, thiols and sulfur, sulfide, thiosulfi de plus rhodonase: Inorganic Chemistry, v. 24, p. 4331-4335, doi: 10.1021/ic00219a026.
31. Bounama, C., Franck, S., and Von Bloh, W., 2001, The fate of the Earth's ocean: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 5, p. 569-575.
32. Boyce, A.J., Coleman, M.L., and Russell, M.J., 1983, Formation of fossil hydrothermal chimneys and mounds from Silvermines, Ireland: Nature, v. 306, p. 545-550, doi: 10.1038/306545a0.
33. Braun, D., and Libchaber, A., 2004, Thermal force approach to molecular evolution: Physical Biology, v. 1, p. 1-8 (DOI: 10.1088/1478-3967/1/1/ P01), 8 p.
34. Brochier, C., and Philippe, H., 2002, A non-hyperthermophilic ancestor for bacteria: Nature, v. 417, p. 244, doi: 10.1038/417244a. (Pubitemid 34534699)
35. Burns, R.G., and Burns, V.M., 1979, Manganese oxides, in Burns, R.G., ed., Marine minerals: Washington, D.C., Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 6, p. 1-46.
36. Cairns-Smith, A.G., 1982, Genetic takeover and the mineral origins of life: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 477 p.
37. Cairns-Smith, A.G., Hall, A.J., and Russell, M.J., 1992, Mineral theories of the origin of life and an iron sulphide example: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 22, p. 161-180, doi: 10.1007/BF01808023.
38. Campbell, I.H., Griffiths, R.W., and Hill, R.I., 1989, Melting in an Archaean mantle plume: Heads it's basalts, tails it's komatiites: Nature, v. 339, p. 697-699, doi: 10.1038/339697a0. (Pubitemid 19315830)
39. Canuto, V.M., Levine, J.S., Augustsson, T.R., and Imhoff, C.L., 1982, UV radiation from the young Sun and oxygen and ozone levels in the prebiological palaeoatmosphere: Nature, v. 296, p. 816-820, doi: 10.1038/296816a0.
40. Catling, D.C., Zahnle, K.J., and McKay, C.P., 2001, Biogenic methane, hydrogen escape, and the irreversible oxidation of early Earth: Science, v. 293, p. 839-843, doi: 10.1126/science.1061976. (Pubitemid 32743969)
41. Chafetz, H.S., Akdim, B., Julia, R., and Reid, A., 1998, Mn-and Fe-rich black travertine shrubs: Bacterially (and nanobacterially) induced precipitates: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 68, p. 404-412.
42. Chen, K., Hirst, J., Camba, R., Bonagura, C.A., Stout, C.D., Burgess, B.K., and Armstrong, F.A., 2000, Atomically defined mechanism for proton transfer to a buried redox centre in a protein: Nature, v. 405, p. 814-817, doi: 10.1038/35015610. (Pubitemid 30407857)
43. Cockell, C.S., and Knowland, J., 1999, UV radiation screening compounds: Biological Reviews, v. 74, p. 311-345, doi: 10.1017/S0006323199005356. (Pubitemid 29381273)
44. Cody, G.D., 2004, Transition metal sulfides and the origin of metabolism: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 32, p. 569-599, doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120225. (Pubitemid 38847494)
45. Cody, G.D., Boctor, N.Z., Brandes, J.A., Filley, T.R., Hazen, R.M., and Yoder, H.S., 2004, Assaying the catalytic potential of transition metal sulfides for abiotic carbon fixation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. 2185-2196, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2003.11.020. (Pubitemid 38571145)
46. 2 S in anoxic lakes?: Marine Chemistry, v. 45, p. 243-256, doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(94)90007-8.
47. th International Geological Congress, Geology of Oceans Symposium, Paris, July 7-17, 1980, Oceanologica Acta, no. SP, p. 59-69.
48. Crick, F.H.C., 1968, The origin of the genetic code: Journal of Molecular Biology, v. 38, p. 367-379, doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(68)90392-6.
49. Da Silva, J.J.R.F., and Williams, R.J.P., 1991, The biological chemistry of the elements: Oxford, UK, Clarendon Press, 561 p.
50. Daly, M.J., Gaidamakova, E.K., Matrosova, V.Y., Vasilenko, A., Zhai, M., Venkateswaran, A., Hess, M., Omelchenko, M.V., Kostandarithes, H.M., Makarova, K.S., Wackett, L.P., Fredrickson, J.K., and Ghosall, D., 2004, Accumulation of Mn(II) in Deinococcus radiodurans facilitates gammaradiation resistance: Science, v. 306, p. 1025-1028, doi: 10.1126/science. 1103185.
51. Daniel, R.M., and Danson, M.J., 1995, Did primitive microorganisms use nonheme iron proteins in place of NAD/P?: Journal of Molecular Evolution, v. 40, p. 559-563, doi: 10.1007/BF00160501.
52. 4 ] clusters in closed and open α subunits of acetyl-CoA synthase/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase: Nature Structural Biology, v. 10, p. 271-279, doi: 10.10.1038/nsb912.
53. Davies, G.F., 1992, On the emergence of plate tectonics: Geology, v. 20, p. 963-966, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0963:OTEOPT>2.3.CO;2.
54. Deamer, D.W., 1985, Boundary structures are formed by organic components of the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite: Nature, v. 317, p. 792-794, doi: 10.1038/317792a0.
55. De Duve, C., 1991, Blueprint for a cell: The nature and origin of life: Burlington, North Carolina, Neil Patterson Publishers, 275 p.
56. De Zwart, I.I., Meade, S.J., and Pratt, A.J., 2004, Biomimetic phosphoryl transfer catalysed by iron(II)-mineral precipitates: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. 4093-4098, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2004.01.028. (Pubitemid 39337683)
57. Dismukes, G.C., Klimov, V.V., Baranov, S.V., Kozlov, Yu.N., DasGupta, J., and Tyryshkin, A., 2001, The origin of atmospheric oxygen on Earth: The innovation of oxygenic photosynthesis: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 98, p. 2170-2175, doi: 10.1073/pnas.061514798. (Pubitemid 32209454)
58. Dobbek, H., Svetlitchnyi, V., Gremer, L., Huber, R., and Meyer, O., 2001, Crystal structure of a carbon monoxide dehydrogenase reveals a [Ni-4Fe-5S] cluster: Science, v. 293, p. 1281-1285, doi: 10.1126/science.1061500. (Pubitemid 32777410)
59. Doukov, T.I., Iverson, T.M., Seravalli, J., Ragsdale, S.W., and Drennan, C.L., 2002, A Ni-Fe-Cu center in a bifunctional carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/ acetyl-CoA synthase: Science, v. 298, p. 567-572, doi: 10.1126/science. 1075843.
60. Douville, E., Charlou, J.L., Oelkers, E.H., Bienvenu, P., Colon, C.F.J., Donval, J.P., Fouquet, Y., Prieur, D., and Appriou, P., 2002, The rainbow vent fluids (36°14′N, MAR): The influence of ultramafic rocks and phase separation on trace metal content in Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal fluids: Chemical Geology, v. 184, p. 37-48, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00351-5. (Pubitemid 34299949)
61. Drennan, C.L., Heo, J., Sintchak, M.D., Schreiter, E., and Ludden, P.W., 2001, Life on carbon monoxide: X-ray structure of Rhodospirillium rubrum Ni-Fe-S carbon monoxide dehydrogenase: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 98, p. 11973-11978, doi: 10.1073/pnas.211429998. (Pubitemid 32959811)
62. Drobner, E., Huber, H., Wächtershäuser, G., Rose, D., and Stetter, K.O., 1990, Pyrite formation linked with hydrogen evolution under anaerobic conditions: Nature, v. 346, p. 742-744, doi: 10.1038/346742a0.
63. Dymek, R.F., and Klein, C., 1988, Chemistry, petrology and origin of banded iron-formation lithologies from the 3800 Ma Isua Supracrustal Belt: West Greenland: Precambrian Research, v. 39, p. 247-302, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(88) 90022-8.
64. Eck, R.V., and Dayhoff, M.O., 1966, Evolution of the structure of ferredoxin based on living relics of primitive amino acid sequences: Science, v. 152, p. 363-366.
65. Einsle, O., Tezcan, F.A., Andrade, S.L.A., Schmid, B., Yoshida, M., Howard, J.B., and Rees, D.C., 2002, Nitrogenase MoFe-protein at 1.16Å resolution: A central ligand in the FeMo-cofactor: Science, v. 297, p. 1696-1700, doi: 10.1126/science.1073877. (Pubitemid 35000783)
66. Elston, T., Wang, H., and Oster, G., 1998, Energy transduction in ATP synthase: Nature, v. 391, p. 510-513, doi: 10.1038/35185. (Pubitemid 28086555)
67. Eschenmoser, A., 1988, Vitamin B12: Experiments concerning the origin of its molecular structure: Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, v. 27, p. 5-39, doi: 10.1002/anie.198800051.
68. Farquhar, J., Bao, H., and Thiemens, M.H., 2000, Atmospheric influence of Earth's earliest sulfur cycle: Science, v. 289, p. 756-758, doi: 10.1126/ science.289.5480.756.
69. Ferris, F.G., Jack, T.R., and Bramhill, B.J., 1992, Corrosion products associated with attached bacteria at an oil field water injection plant: Canadian Journal of Microbiology, v. 38, p. 1320-1324.
70. Ferris, J.P., and Hagan, W.J., 1984, HCN and chemical evolution: The possible role of cyano compounds in prebiotic synthesis: Tetrahedron, v. 40, p. 1093-1120, doi: 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)99315-9.
71. Ferris, J.P., Hill, A.R., Liu, R., and Orgel, L.E., 1996, Synthesis of long prebiotic oligomers on mineral surfaces: Nature, v. 381, p. 59-61, doi: 10.1038/381059a0. (Pubitemid 26130000)
72. Ferris, J.P., Joshi, P.C., Edelson, E.H., and Lawless, J.G., 1978, HCN: A plausible source of purines, pyrimidines and amino acids on the primitive Earth: Journal of Molecular Evolution, v. 11, p. 293-311, doi: 10.1007/ BF01733839.
73. Filtness, M.J., Butler, I.B., and Rickard, D., 2003, The origin of life: The properties of iron sulphide membranes: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Applied Earth Science, v. 112B, p. 171-172.
74. Finklea, S., Cathey, S., and Amma, E.L., 1976, Investigation of the bonding mechanism in pyrite using the Mössbauer effect: Acta Crystallographica, v. A32, p. 529-537.
75. Foley, S.F., Buhre, S., and Jacob, D.E., 2003, Evolution of the Archaean crust by delamination and shallow subduction: Nature, v. 421, p. 249-252.
76. Fontecilla-Camps, J.C., and Ragsdale, S.W., 1999, Nickel-iron-sulfur active sites: Hydrogenase and CO dehydrogenase: Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, v. 47, p. 283-333.
77. Forterre, P., 1995, Thermoreduction, a hypothesis for the origin of prokaryotes: C.R: Academy of Science, v. 318, p. 415-422.
78. Forterre, P., 2002, A hot story from comparative genomics: reverse gyrase is the only hyperthermophile-specific protein: Trends in Genetics, v. 18, p. 236-237, doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02650-1. (Pubitemid 34607131)
79. Früh-Green, G.L., Kelley, D.D., Bernascono, S.M., Karson, J.A.. Ludwig, K.A., Butterfield, D.A., Boschi, C., and Proskurowski, G., 2003, 30,000 years of hydrothermal activity at the Lost City vent field: Science, v. 301, p. 495-498, doi: 10.1126/science.1085582. (Pubitemid 36900302)
80. Gaffey, M.J., 1997, The early solar system: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 27, p. 185-203, doi: 10.1023/A:1006578315384.
81. Garrels, R.M., and Christ, C.L., 1965, Minerals, solutions and equilibria: New York, Harper and Row, 450 p.
82. Gaucher, E.A., Thomson, J.M., Burgan, M., and Benner, S.A., 2003, Inferring the palaeoenvironment of ancient bacteria on the basis of resurrected proteins: Nature, v. 425, p. 285-288, doi: 10.1038/nature01977. (Pubitemid 37158402)
83. Geptner, A., Kristmannsdöttir, H., Kristjánsson, J.K., and Marteinsson, V.Th., 2002, Biogenic saponite from an active submarine hot spring, Iceland: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 50, p. 174-185, doi: 10.1346/00098600276 0832775.
84. Glansdorff, N., 1999, On the origin of operons and their possible role in evolution toward thermophily: Journal of Molecular Evolution, v. 49, p. 432-438.
85. Goldschmidt, V.M., 1937, The principles of distribution of chemical elements in minerals and rocks: Journal of the Chemical Society, v. 1937, p. 655-673.
86. Goldschmidt, V.M., 1952, Geochemical aspects of the origin of complex organic molecules on Earth, as precursors to organic life: New Biology, v. 12, p. 97-105.
87. th edition), translated by E.R. Lankester: London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., 422 p.
88. Haldane, J.B.S., 1929, The origin of life: Rationalist Annual, v. 3, p. 3-10.
89. Hall, D.O., Cammack, R., and Rao, K.K., 1971, Role for ferredoxins in the origin of life and biological evolution: Nature, v. 233, p. 136-138, doi: 10.1038/233136a0.
90. Hall, A.J., Boyce, A.J., and Fallick, A.E., 1994, A sulphur isotope study of iron sulphide in the late Precambrian Dalradian Ardrishaig Phyllite Formation, Knapdale, Argyll: Scottish Journal of Geology, v. 30, p. 63-71.
91. Hanczyc, M.M., Fujikawa, S.M., and Szostak, J.W., 2003, Experimental models of primitive cellular compartments: Encapsulation, growth and division: Science, v. 302, p. 618-622, doi: 10.1126/science.1089904. (Pubitemid 37310912)
92. Hansson, Ö., and Wydrzynski, T., 1990, Current perceptions of Photosystem II: Photosynthesis Research, v. 23, p. 131-162, doi: 10.1007/BF00035006.
93. Heinen, W., and Lauwers, A.M., 1996, Organic sulfur compounds resulting from the interaction of iron sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in an anaerobic aqueous environment: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 26, p. 131-150, doi: 10.1007/BF01809852.
94. 2 -counterpart: Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, v. 100, p. 11-25.
95. Helz, G.R., Miller, C.V., Charnock, J.M., Mosselmans, J.F.W., Pattrick, R.A.D., Garner, C.D., and Vaughan, D.J., 1996, Mechanism of molybdenum removal from the sea and its concentration in black shales: EXAFS evidence: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 3631-3642.
96. Hemley, J.J., Cygan, G.L., Fein, J.B., Robinson, G.R., and D'Angelo, W.M., 1992, Hydrothermal ore-forming processes in the light of studies in rockbuffered systems: I. Iron-copper-zinc-lead sulfide solubility relations: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 87, p. 1-22.
97. Hennet, R.J.-C., Holm, N.G., and Engel, M.H., 1992, Abiotic synthesis of amino acids under hydrothermal conditions and the origin of life: A perpetual phenomenon?: Die Naturwissenschaften, v. 79, p. 361-365, doi: 10.1007/BF01140180.
98. Holm, N.G., 1987, Possible biological origin of banded iron formations from hydrothermal solutions: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 17, p. 229-250.
99. Huber, C., and Wächtershäuser, G., 1997, Activated acetic acid by carbon fixation on (Fe,Ni)S under primordial conditions: Science, v. 276, p. 245-247, doi: 10.1126/science.276.5310.245. (Pubitemid 27172680)
100. Huber, C., and Wächtershäuser, G., 1998, Peptides by activation of amino acids on (Fe,Ni)S surfaces: Implications for the origin of life: Science, v. 281, p. 670-672, doi: 10.1126/science.281.5377.670.
101. Huber, C., and Wächtershäuser, G., 2003, Primordial reductive amination revisited: Tetrahedron Letters, v. 44, p. 1695-1697, doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(02)02863-0. (Pubitemid 36170115)
102. Huber, C., Eisenreich, W., Hecht, S., and Wächtershäuser, G., 2003, A possible primordial peptide cycle: Science, v. 301, p. 938-940, doi: 10.1126/science. 1086501.
103. Janecky, D.R., and Seyfried, W.E., 1983, The solubility of magnesium-hydroxide-sulfate-hydrate in seawater at elevated temperatures and pressures: American Journal of Science, v. 283, p. 831-860.
104. Jernigan, R., Raghunathan, G., and Bahar, I., 1994, Characterization of interactions and metal ion binding sites in proteins: Current Opinions in Structural Biology, v. 4, p. 256-263, doi: 10.1016/S0959-440X(94)90317-4.
105. Jimenez-Sanchez, A., 1995, On the origin and evolution of the genetic code: Journal of Molecular Evolution, v. 41, p. 712-716.
106. Joyce, G.F., 1989, RNA evolution and the origins of life: Nature, v. 338, p. 217-224, doi: 10.1038/338217a0. (Pubitemid 19312999)
107. Joyce, G.F., Visser, G.M., Van Boeckel, C.A.A., Van Boom, J.H., Orgel, L.E., and Westrenen, J., 1984, Chiral selection in poly(C)-directed synthesis of oligo(G): Nature, v. 310, p. 602-604, doi: 10.1038/310602a0.
108. Kakegawa, T., Noda, M., and Nannri, H., 2002, Geochemical cycles of bioessential elements on the early Earth and their relationships to the origin of life: Resource Geology, v. 52, p. 83-89.
109. Karsten, J.L., Klein, E.M., and Sherman, S.B., 1996, Subduction zone geochemical characteristics in ocean ridge basalts from the southern Chile ridge: Implications of modern subduction systems for the Archean: Lithos, v. 37, p. 143-161, doi: 10.1016/0024-4937(95)00034-8.
110. Kashefi, K., Tor, J.M., Holmes, D.E., Gaw Van Praagh, C.V., Reysenbach, A.-L., and Lovley, D.R., 2002, Geoglobus ahangari, gen. nov., sp., nov., a novel hyperthermophile capable of oxidizing organic acids and growing autotrophically on hydrogen with Fe (III) serving as the sole electron accepter: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, v. 52, p. 719-728, doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.01953-0. (Pubitemid 34591195)
111. Kasting, J.F., 1993, Earth's early atmosphere: Science, v. 259, p. 920-926.
112. Kasting, J.F., 2001, The rise of atmospheric oxygen: Science, v. 293, p. 819-820, doi: 10.1126/science.1063811. (Pubitemid 32743965)
113. Kasting, J.F., and Ackerman, T.P., 1986, Climatic consequences of very high carbon dioxide levels in the earth's early atmosphere: Science, v. 234, p. 1383-1385.
114. Kasting, J.F., and Brown, L.L., 1998, The early atmosphere as a source of biogenic compounds, in Brack, A., ed., The molecular origins of life: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 35-56.
115. Kell, D.B., 1988, Protonmotive energy-transducing mechanisms: some physical principles and experimental approaches, in Anthony, C. ed., Bacterial energy transduction: London, Academic Press, p. 429-490.
116. Kelley, D.S., Karson, J.A., Blackman, D.K., et al., 2001, An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30° N: Nature, v. 412, p. 145-149, doi: 10.1038/35084000. (Pubitemid 32674703)
117. Kelley, D.S., Karson, J.A., Früh-Green, G.L., et al., 2005, A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: The Lost City hydrothermal field: Science, v. 307, p. 1428-1434, doi: 10.1126/science.1102556. (Pubitemid 40321933)
118. Koga, Y., Kyuragi, T., Nishihara, M., and Sone, N., 1998, Did archaeal and bacterial cells arise independently from noncellular precursors? A hypothesis stating that the advent of membrane phospholipid with enantiomeric glycerophosphate backbones caused the separation of the two lines of descent: Journal of Molecular Evolution, v. 46, p. 54-63. (Pubitemid 28047239)
119. Konecny, J., Schöniger, M., and Hofacker, G.L., 1995, Complementary coding conforms to the primeval comma-less code: Journal of Theoretical Biology, v. 173, p. 263-270, doi: 10.1006/jtbi.1995.0061.
120. Koonin, E.V., and Martin, W., 2005, On the origin of genomes and cells within inorganic compartments: Trends in Genetics, v. 21, p. 647-654.
121. Krishnarao, J.S.R., 1964, Native nickel-iron alloy, its mode of occurrence, distribution and origin: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 59, p. 443-448.
122. Krupp, R.E., 1994, Phase relations and phase transformations between low temperature iron sulfides mackinawite, greigite and smythite: European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 6, p. 389-396.
123. Lalou, C., Reys, J.-L., Brichet, E., Arnold, M., Thompson, G., Fouquet, Y., and Rona, P.A., 1993, New age data for Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal sites: TAG and Snakepit chronology revisited: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 9705-9713.
124. Lécuyer, C., and Ricard, Y., 1999, Long-term fluxes and budget of ferric iron for the redox states of the Earth's mantle and atmosphere: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 165, p. 197-211, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(98) 00267-2. (Pubitemid 29443476)
125. Leduc, S., 1911, The mechanism of life: London, Rebman, 172 p.
126. Leja, J., 1982, Surface chemistry of froth flotation: New York, Plenum Press, 640 p.
127. Leman, L., Orgel, L., and Ghadiri, M.R., 2004, Carbonyl sulfide-mediated prebiotic formation of peptides: Science, v. 306, p. 283-286, doi: 10.1126/ science.1102722.
128. Lindahl, P.A., 2002, The Ni-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase family: Light at the end of the tunnel?: Biochemistry, v. 41, p. 2097-2105, doi: 10.1021/bi015932+. (Pubitemid 34160868)
129. Liu, S.V., Zhou, J., Zhang, C., Cole, D.R., Gajdarziska-Josifovska, M., and Phelps, T.J., 1997, Thermophilic Fe(III)-reducing bacteria from the deep subsurface: The evolutionary implications: Science, v. 277, p. 1106-1109, doi: 10.1126/science.277.5329.1106. (Pubitemid 27371634)
130. Loll, B, Kern, J., Saenger, W., Zouni, A., and Biesiadka, J., 2005, Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3.0Å resolution structure of photosystem II: Nature, v. 438, p. 1040-1044, doi: 10.1038/nature04224. (Pubitemid 43093979)
131. 2 S, OCS and CS: Frontier molecular orbital considerations: Aqueous Geochemistry, v. 10, p. 81-97.
132. Luther, G.W., Theberge, S.M., and Rickard, D.T., 1999, Evidence for aqueous clusters as intermediates during zinc sulfide formation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 3159-3169, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00243-4. (Pubitemid 30106848)
133. Macalady, J., and Banfield, J.F., 2003, Molecular geomicrobiology: Genes and geochemical cycling: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 209, p. 1-17, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01010-5. (Pubitemid 36413306)
134. MacDermott, A.J., Tranter, G.E., and Trainor, S.J., 1992, The search for large parity-violating energy differences finds fruit in thiosubstituted DNA analogues: Chemical Physics Letters, v. 194, p. 152-156, doi: 10.1016/0009-2614(92)85525-F.
135. Macleod, G., McKeown, C., Hall, A.J., and Russell, M.J., 1994, Hydrothermal and oceanic pH conditions of possible relevance to the origin of life: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 24, p. 19-41, doi: 10.1007/ BF01582037.
136. Margolis, S.V., Ku, T.L., Glasby, G.P., Fein, C.D., and Audley-Charles, M.G., 1978, Fossil manganese nodules from Timor: Geochemical and radiochemical evidence for deep-sea origin: Chemical Geology, v. 21, p. 185-198, doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(78)90044-X.
137. Marshall, W.L., 1994, Hydrothermal synthesis of amino acids: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 2099-2106, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90288-7. (Pubitemid 24427435)
138. Marteinsson, V.Th., Kristjánsson, J.K., Kristmannsdöttir, H., et al., 2001, Discovery of giant submarine smectite cones on the seafloor in Eyjafjordur, Northern Iceland, and a novel thermal microbial habitat: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 67, p. 827-833, doi: 10.1128/ AEM.67.2.827-833.2001.
139. Martin, B., and Fyfe, W.S., 1970, Some experimental and theoretical observations on the kinetics of hydration reactions with particular reference to serpentinization: Chemical Geology, v. 6, p. 185-202.
140. Martin, W., and Russell, M.J., 2003, On the origin of cells: An hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. B, v. 358, p. 27-85, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1183. (Pubitemid 36178219)
141. McCollom, T., and Seewald, J.S., 2003, Experimental constraints on the hydrothermal reactivity of organic acids and acid anions: I. Formic acid and formate: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, p. 3625-3644, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00136-4. (Pubitemid 37245501)
142. Mellersh, A.R., 1993, A model for the prebiotic synthesis of peptides which throws light on the origin of the genetic code and the observed chirality of life: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 23, p. 261-274, doi: 10.1007/BF01581903.
143. Mellersh, A.R., and Wilkinson, A.-S., 2000, RNA bound to a solid phase can select an amino acid and facilitate subsequent amide bond formation: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 30, p. 3-7, doi: 10.1023/ A:1006620421068.
144. Michel, H., and Deisenhofer, J., 1988, Relevance of the photosynthetic reaction center from purple bacteria to the structure of photosystem II: Biochemistry, v. 27, p. 1-7, doi: 10.1021/bi00401a001.
145. Miller, S.L., 1992, The prebiotic synthesis of organic compounds as a step toward the origin of life, in Schopf, J.W., ed., Major events in the history of life: Boston, Jones and Bartlett, p. 1-28.
146. Miller, S.L., and Bada, J.L., 1988, Submarine hot springs and the origin of life: Nature, v. 334, p. 609-611, doi: 10.1038/334609a0. (Pubitemid 19308463)
147. Milner-White, E.J., and Russell, M.J., 2005, Nests as sites for phosphates and iron-sulfur thiolates in the first membranes: 3 to 6 residue anion-binding motifs: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 35, p. 19-27, doi: 10.1007/s11084-005-4582-7. (Pubitemid 40660308)
148. Mitchell, P., 1967, Proton-translocation phosphorylation in mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria: Natural fuel cells and solar cells: FASEB, v. 26, p. 1370-1379.
149. Morse, J.W., and Arakaki, T., 1993, Adsorption and coprecipitation of divalent metals with mackinawite (FeS): Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 3635-3640, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90145-M. (Pubitemid 24418327)
150. Moulton, V., Gardner, P.P., Pointon, R.F., Creamer, L.K., Jameson, G.B., and Penny, D., 2000, RNA folding argues against a hot origin of life: Journal of Molecular Evolution, v. 51, p. 416-421.
151. Mulkidjanian, A.Y., and Junge, W., 1997, On the origin of photosynthesis as inferred from sequence analysis-A primordial UV-protector as common ancestor of reaction centers and antenna proteins: Photosynthesis Research, v. 51, p. 27-42, doi: 10.1023/A:1005726809084. (Pubitemid 27284670)
152. Muller, A.W.J., 1995, Were the first organisms heat engines? A new model for biogenesis and the early evolution of biological energy conservation: Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, v. 63, p. 193-231, doi: 10.1016/0079-6107(95)00004-7.
153. Müller, V., 2003, Energy conservation in acetogenic bacteria: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 69, p. 6345-6353, doi: 10.1128/ AEM.69.11.6345-6353.2003.
154. Muth, G.W., Orteleva-Donnelly, L., and Strobel, S.A., 2000, A single adenosine with a neutral pKa in the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center: Science, v. 289, p. 947-950, doi: 10.1126/science.289.5481.947. (Pubitemid 30659946)
155. Myers, C.R., and Nealson, K.H., 1988, Bacterial manganese reduction and growth with manganese oxide as the sole electron acceptor: Science, v. 240, p. 1319-1321.
156. Nealson, K.H., and Stahl, D.A., 1997, Microorganisms and biogeochemical cycles: What can we learn from layered microbial communities, in Banfield, J.F., and Nealson, K.H., eds., Geomicrobiology: Interactions between microbes and minerals: Washington, D.C., Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 35, p. 5-34.
157. Nisbet, E.G., and Sleep, N.H., 2001, The habitat and nature of early life: Nature, v. 409, p. 1083-1091, doi: 10.1038/35059210. (Pubitemid 32206166)
158. Ohmoto, H., Kakegawa, T., and Lowe, D.R., 1993, 3.4-billion-year-old biogenic pyrites from Barberton, South Africa: Sulfur isotope evidence: Science, v. 262, p. 555-557.
159. Oparin, A.I., 1924, Proiskhozhdenie Zhizny: Moscow, Rabochiî.
160. Oparin, A.I., 1938, Origin of life: New York, Dover.
161. Oró, L., 1961, Comets and the formation of biochemical compounds on the primitive earth: Nature, v. 190, p. 389-390.
162. Oró, J., and Kimball, A.P., 1961, Synthesis of purines under possible primitive Earth conditions. I. Adenine from hydrogen cyanide: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, v. 94, p. 217-227, doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(61) 90033-9.
163. Pace, N.R., 2002, The large scale topology of the tree of life [abs.]: Astrobiology, v. 2, p. 484.
164. Palandri, J.L., and Reed, M.H., 2004, Geochemical models of metasomatism in ultramafic systems: Serpentinization, rodingitization, and sea floor carbonate chimney precipitation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. 1115-1133, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2003.08.006. (Pubitemid 38306122)
165. Parkes, R.J., Cragg, B.A., Fry, J.C., Herbert, R.A., and Wimpenny, J.W.T., 1990, Bacterial biomass and activity in deep sediment layers from the Peru margin: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. A, v. 331, p. 139-153.
166. Parkes, R.J., Cragg, B.A., Bale, S.J., Getliff, J.M., Goodman, K., Rochelle, P.A., Fry, J.C., Weightman, A.J., and Harvey, S.M., 1994, Deep bacterial biosphere in Pacific Ocean sediments: Nature, v. 371, p. 410-413, doi: 10.1038/371410a0. (Pubitemid 24303544)
167. Pavlov, A.A., and Kasting, J.F., 2002, Mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes in Archean sediments: Strong evidence for an anoxic Archean atmosphere: Astrobiology, v. 2, p. 27-41, doi: 10.1089/15311070275362 1321.
168. Pedersen, K., 1993, The deep subterranean biosphere: Earth Science Reviews, v. 34, p. 243-260, doi: 10.1016/0012-8252(93)90058-F. (Pubitemid 24414204)
169. 2 S fixation and the evolution of autotrophy: International Microbiology, v. 2, p. 3-10.
170. Phoenix, V.R., Konhauser, K.O., Adams, D.G., and Bottrell, S.H., 2001, Role of biomineralization as an ultraviolet shield: Implications for Archean life: Geology, v. 29, p. 823-826, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0823: ROBAAU>2.0.CO;2.
171. Pinti, D.L., 2002, The isotopic record of Archean nitrogen and the early evolution of the early Earth: Trends in Geochemistry, v. 2, p. 117.
172. Pontes-Buarques, M., Tessis, A.C., Bonapace, J.A.P., Monte, M.B.M., Cortés-Lopez, G., De Souza-Barros, F., and Vieyra, A., 2001, Modulation of adenosine 5′-monophosphate adsorption onto aqueous resident pyrite: Potential mechanisms for prebiotic reactions: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 31, p. 343-362, doi: 10.1023/A:1011805332303. (Pubitemid 32925693)
173. Poole, A.M., Jeffares, D.C., and Penny, D., 1999, Early evolution: prokaryotes, the new kids on the block: BioEssays, v. 21, p. 880-889, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199910)21:10<880::AID-BIES11>3.0.CO;2-P. (Pubitemid 29475497)
174. 9 years of coordination chemistry: Pure and Applied Chemistry, v. 65, p. 1513-1520.
175. Prigogine, I., 1978, Time, structure, and fluctuations: Science, v. 201, p. 777-785.
176. Pullman, B., 1972, Electronic factors in biochemical evolution, in Ponnamperuma, C., ed., Exobiology: North Holland Publishing Company, p. 136-169.
177. Quayle, R.J., and Ferenci, T., 1978, Evolutionary aspects of autotrophy: Microbiological Reviews, v. 42, p. 251-273.
178. Raymond, J., Siefert, J.L., Staples, C.R., and Blankenship, R.E., 2004, The natural history of nitrogen fixation: Molecular Biology and Evolution, v. 21, p. 541-554.
179. Reader, J.S., and Joyce, G.F., 2002, A ribozyme composed of only two different nucleotides: Nature, v. 420, p. 841-844, doi: 10.1038/nature01185. (Pubitemid 36019635)
180. Ricardo, A., Carrigan, M.A., Olcott, A.N., and Benner, S.A., 2004, Borate minerals stabilize ribose: Science, v. 303, p. 196, doi: 10.1126/science. 1092464.
181. 2 S oxidation of iron(II) monosulfide in aqueous solutions between 25° and 125°C: The rate equation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 115-134, doi: 10.1016/ S0016-7037(96)00321-3. (Pubitemid 27295243)
182. Rickard, D., Butler, I.B., and Olroyd, A., 2001, A novel iron sulphide switch and its implications for earth and planetary science: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 189, p. 85-91, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00352-1. (Pubitemid 32626500)
183. Righter, K., Drake, M.J., and Yaxley, G., 1997, Prediction of siderophile element metal-silicate partition coefficients to 20 GPa and 2,800°C: The effects of pressure, temperature, oxygen fugacity, and silicate and metallic melt compositions: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 100, p. 115-134, doi: 10.1016/S0031-9201(96)03235-9.
184. Romero, I., Gómez-Priego, A., and Celis, H., 1991, A membrane-bound pyrophosphatase from respiratory membranes of Rhodospirillium rubrum: Journal of General Microbiology, v. 137, p. 2611-2616.
185. Rosing, M.T., 1999, 13C-depleted carbon microparticles in >3700-Ma sea-floor sedimentary rocks from West Greenland: Science, v. 283, p. 674-676, doi: 10.1126/science.283.5402.674. (Pubitemid 29075003)
186. Rosing, M.T., and Frei, R., 2004, U-rich Archaean sea-floor sediments from Greenland-Indications of >3700 Ma oxygenic photosynthesis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 217, p. 237-244, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00609- 5. (Pubitemid 38106836)
187. 2 O: The first occurrence of a condensed phosphate mineral: American Mineralogist, v. 73, p. 168-171.
188. Russell, M.J., 1974, Manganese halo surrounding the Tynagh ore deposit, Ireland: A preliminary note: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, section B, Applied Earth Science, v. 83, p. B65-B66.
189. Russell, M.J., 1988, Chimneys, chemical gardens and feldspar horizons ± pyrrhotine in some SEDEX deposits: aspects of alkaline environments of deposition, in Zachrisson, E., ed., Proceedings of the Seventh IAGOD Symposium, Stuttgart, Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, p. 183-193.
190. Russell, M.J., 2003, On the importance of being alkaline: Science, v. 302, p. 580-581, doi: 10.1126/science.1091765. (Pubitemid 37310898)
191. Russell, M.J., and Arndt, N.T., 2005, Geodynamic and metabolic cycles in the Hadean: Biogeosciences, v. 2, p. 97-111, doi: 1726-4189/bg/2005-2-97.
192. Russell, M.J., and Hall, A.J., 1997, The emergence of life from iron monosulphide bubbles at a submarine hydrothermal redox and pH front: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 154, p. 377-402.
193. 2 : Sixth International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilization, September 9-14, 2001, Breckenridge, Colorado, Abstracts, p. 49.
194. Russell, M.J., and Hall, A.J., 2002, From geochemistry to biochemistry: chemiosmotic coupling and transition element clusters in the onset of life and photosynthesis: The Geochemical News, no. 113/October, p. 6-12.
195. Russell, M.J., and Martin, W., 2004, The rocky roots of the acetyl-CoA pathway: Trends in Biochemical Sciences, v. 29, p. 358-363, doi: 10.1016/ j.tibs.2004.05.007.
196. Russell, M.J., Hall, A.J., and Turner, D., 1989, In vitro growth of iron sulphide chimneys: possible culture chambers for origin-of-life experiments: Terra Nova, v. 1, p. 238-241.
197. Russell, M.J., Daniel, R.M., and Hall, A.J., 1993, On the emergence of life via catalytic iron sulphide membranes: Terra Nova, v. 5, p. 343-347.
198. Russell, M.J., Daia, D.E., and Hall, A.J., 1998, The emergence of life from FeS bubbles at alkaline hot springs in an acid ocean, in Wiegel, J., and Adams, M.W.W., eds., Thermophiles: The keys to molecular evolution and the origin of life: Washington, Taylor and Francis, p. 77-126.
199. Russell, M.J., Hall, A.J., and Mellersh, A.R., 2003, On the dissipation of thermal and chemical energies on the early Earth: The onsets of hydrothermal convection, chemiosmosis, genetically regulated metabolism and oxygenic photosynthesis, in Ikan, R. ed., Natural and laboratory-simulated thermal geochemical processes: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 325-388.
200. Russell, M.J., Hall, A.J., Cairns-Smith, A.G., and Braterman, P.S., 1988, Submarine hot springs and the origin of life: -correspondence-Nature, v. 336, p. 117.
201. Russell, M.J., Daniel, R.M., Hall, A.J., and Sherringham, J., 1994, A hydrothermally precipitated catalytic iron sulphide membrane as a first step toward life: Journal of Molecular Evolution, v. 39, p. 231-243, doi: 10.1007/ BF00160147.
202. Samson, I.M., and Russell, M.J., 1987, Genesis of the Silvermines zinc-leadbarite deposit, Ireland: fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 82, p. 371-394.
203. Sandars, P.G.H., 2003, A toy model for the generation of homochirality during polymerization: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 33, p. 575-587.
204. Sandiford, M., and McLaren, S., 2002, Tectonic feedback and the ordering of heat producing elements within the continental lithosphere: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 204, p. 133-150, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00958- 5. (Pubitemid 35381403)
205. Sauer, K., and Yachandra, V.K., 2004, The water-oxidation complex in photosynthesis: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta -Bioenergetics, v. 1655, p. 140-148.
206. Schäfer, G., Engelhard, M., and Müller, V., 1999, Bioenergetics of the Archaea: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, v. 63, p. 570-620.
207. Schink, B., 1997, Energetics of syntrophic cooperation in methanogenic degradation: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, v. 61, p. 262-280.
208. Schoofs, S., Trompert, R.A., and Hansen, U., 2000, The formation and evolution of layered structures in porous media: effects of porosity and mechanical dispersion: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 118, p. 205-225, doi: 10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00148-X. (Pubitemid 30218490)
209. 2 redox couple as reductant: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 29, p. 5-32, doi: 10.1023/A:1006558802113. (Pubitemid 29373022)
210. Schulte, M.D., and Rogers, K.L., 2004, Thiols in hydrothermal solution: Standard partial molar properties and their role in the organic geochemistry of hydrothermal environments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. 1087-1097, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2003.06.001. (Pubitemid 38301083)
211. Schulte, M.D., and Shock, E.L., 1995, Thermodynamics of Strecker synthesis in hydrothermal systems: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 25, p. 161-173, doi: 10.1007/BF01581580.
212. Seefeldt, L.C., Dance, I.G., and Dennis, R.D., 2004, Substrate interactions with nitrogenase: Fe versus Mo: Biochemistry, v. 43, p. 1401-1409.
213. Sen, S., Igarashi, R., Smith, A., Johnson, M.K., Seefeldt, L.C., and Peters, J.W., 2004, A conformational mimic of the MgATP-bound "on state" of the nitrogenase iron protein: Biochemistry, v. 43, p. 1787-1797.
214. Seyfried, W.M., and Bischoff, J.L., 1981, Experimental seawater-basalt interaction at 300°C, 500 bars: Chemical exchange, secondary mineral formation, and implications for transport of heavy metals: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, p. 135-147, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90157-5.
215. Shen, Y., and Buick, R., 2004, The antiquity of microbial sulfate reduction: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 64, p. 243-272, doi: 10.1016/S0012-8252(03) 00054-0. (Pubitemid 38149493)
216. Shock, E.L., 1990, Geochemical constraints on the origin of organic compounds in hydrothermal systems: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 20, p. 331-367, doi: 10.1007/BF01808115.
217. Shock, E.L., 1992, Chemical environments of submarine hydrothermal systems: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 22, p. 67-107, doi: 10.1007/BF01808019.
218. Shock, E.L., and Schulte, M.D., 1998, Organic synthesis during fluid mixing in hydrothermal systems: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 103E, p. 28513-28527, doi: 10.1029/98JE02142.
219. Shock, E.L., McCollom, T., and Schulte, M.D., 1998, The emergence of metabolism from within hydrothermal systems, in Wiegel, J., and Adams, M.W.W., eds., Thermophiles: The keys to molecular evolution and the origin of life: Washington, Taylor and Francis, p. 59-76.
220. Smith, J.V., 1981, The first 800 million years of the Earth's history: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. A, v. 301, p. 401-422.
221. Smith, B.E., 2002, Nitrogenase reveals its inner secrets: Science, v. 297, p. 1654-1655, doi: 10.1126/science.1076659. (Pubitemid 35000768)
222. Sowerby, S.J., and Heckl, W.M., 1998, The role of self-assembled monolayers of the purine and pyridine bases in the emergence of life: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 28, p. 283-310, doi: 10.1023/ A:1006570726326.
223. Srere, P., 1987, Complexes of sequential metabolic enzymes: Annual Review of Biochemistry, v. 56, p. 89-124, doi: 10.1146/annurev. bi.56.070187.000513.
224. Steigerwald, V.J., Beckler, G.S., and Reeve, J.N., 1990, Conservation of hydrogenase and polyferredoxin structures in the hyperthermophilic Archaebacterium Methanothermus fervidus: Journal of Bacteriology, v. 172, p. 4715-4718.
225. Stetter, K.O., 1996, Hyperthermophilic prokaryotes: FEMS Microbiology Reviews, v. 18, p. 149-158, doi: 10.1016/0168-6445(96)00008-3. (Pubitemid 26186138)
226. Stetter, K.O., and Gaag, G., 1983, Reduction of molecular sulphur by methanogenic bacteria: Nature, v. 305, p. 309-311, doi: 10.1038/305309a0.
227. Stone, D.A., and Goldstein, R.E., 2004, Tubular precipitation and redox gradients on a bubbling template: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 101, p. 11537-11541, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0404544101. (Pubitemid 39095331)
228. 4 S] cluster in the monomeric acetyl-CoA synthase from Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 101, p. 446-451, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0304262101. (Pubitemid 38084656)
229. o C: Journal of Inorganic Nuclear Chemistry, v. 41, p. 1683-1687, doi: 10.1016/0022-1902(79)80106-2.
230. Thauer, R.K., 1998, Biochemistry of methanogenesis: A tribute to Marjory Stephenson: Microbiology, v. 144, p. 2377-2406.
231. Thauer, R.K., Jungermann, K., and Decker, K., 1977, Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria: Bacteriological Reviews, v. 41, p. 100-180.
232. Trifonov, E.N., 2000, Consensus temporal order of amino acids and evolution of the triplet code: Gene, v. 261, p. 139-151, doi: 10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00476-5. (Pubitemid 32103531)
233. Trifonov, E.N., Kirzhner, A., Kirzhner, V.M., and Berezovsky, I.N., 2001, Distinct stages of protein evolution as suggested by protein sequence analysis: Journal of Molecular Evolution, v. 53, p. 394-401, doi: 10.1007/ s002390010229.
234. Urey, H.C., 1952, On the early chemical history of the earth and the origin of life: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 38, p. 351-363.
235. + /ATP ratio of the ATP synthetase from the cyanobacterium Synechoccus 6716 varies with growth temperature and light intensity: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, v. 1318, p. 217-224.
236. Vargas, M., Kashefi, K., Blunt-Harris, E.L., and Lovley, D.R., 1998, Microbial evidence for Fe(III) reduction on early Earth: Nature, v. 395, p. 65-67, doi: 10.1038/25720. (Pubitemid 28420229)
237. Vaughan, D.J., and Ridout, M.S., 1971, Mössbauer studies of some sulfide minerals: Journal Inorganic Nuclear Chemistry, v. 33, p. 741-747, doi: 10.1016/0022-1902(71)80472-4.
238. Vaughan, D.J., and Craig, J.R., 1978, Mineral chemistry of natural sulfides: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 493 p.
239. Vermaas, W.F.J., 1994, Evolution of heliobacteria: Implications for photosynthetic reaction center complexes: Photosynthesis Research, v. 41, p. 285-294, doi: 10.1007/BF02184169.
240. Voet, A.B., and Schwartz, A.W., 1982, Uracil synthesis via HCN oligomerization: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, v. 12, p. 45-49, doi: 10.1007/BF00926910.
241. Von Damm, K.L., 1990, Sea floor hydrothermal activity: black smoker chemistry and chimneys: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 18, p. 173-204, doi: 10.1146/annurev.ea.18.050190.001133.
242. Von Damm, K.L., 2000, Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from 9°-10°N, East Pacific Rise: "Time zero," the immediate post eruptive period: Journal of Geophysical Research, 105B, 11,203-11,222.
243. Wächtershäuser, G., 1988, Pyrite formation, the first energy source for life: A hypothesis: Systematic and Applied Microbiology, v. 10, p. 207-210.
244. Wächtershäuser, G., 1992, Groundworks for an evolutionary biochemistry: The iron-sulphur world: Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, v. 58, p. 85-201, doi: 10.1016/0079-6107(92)90022-X.
245. Walker, J.C.G., and Brimblecombe, P., 1985, Iron and sulfur in the pre-biological ocean: Precambrian Research, v. 28, p. 205-222, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(85)90031-2.
246. Wenner, D.B., and Taylor, H.P., 1971, Temperatures of serpentinization of ultramafi c rocks based on 18O/16O fractionation between coexisting serpentine and magnetite: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 32, p. 165-185, doi: 10.1007/BF00643332.
247. Westall, F., De Witt, M.J., Dann, J., Van Der Gaast, S., De Ronde, C., and Gerneke, R., 2001, Early Archean fossil bacteria and biofilms in hydrothermally influenced sediments from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Precambrian Research, v. 106, p. 93-116, doi: 10.1016/ S0301-9268(00)00127-3.
248. Wicken, J.S., 1987, Evolution, information and thermodynamics: Extending the Darwinian program: New York, Oxford University Press, 243 p.
249. Wilde, S.A., Valley, J.W., Peck, W.H., and Graham, C.M., 2001, Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago: Nature, v. 409, p. 175-178, doi: 10.1038/35051550. (Pubitemid 32144279)
250. Woese, C.R., 1967, The genetic code: The molecular basis for genetic expression: New York, Harper and Row, 200 p. Printed in the USA
251. Woese, C.R., 1998, The universal ancestor: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 95, p. 6854-6859, doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.12.6854. (Pubitemid 28278070)
252. Woese, C.R., Dugre, D.H., Saxinger, W.C., and Dugre, S.A., 1966, The molecular basis for the genetic code: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 55, p. 966-974.
253. Woese, C.R., Kandler, O., and Wheelis, M.L., 1990, Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 87, p. 4576-4579.
254. Wolin, M.J., 1982, Hydrogen transfer in microbial communities, in Bull, A.T., and Slater, J.H. eds., Microbial interactions and communities: London, Academic Press, p. 323-356.
255. Wolthers, M., 2003, Geochemistry and environmental mineralogy of the ironsulphur-arsenic system: Geologica Ultraiectina, Mededelingen van de Faculteit Aardwetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht, no. 225, 185 p.
256. Wolthers, M., Van Der Gaast, S.J., and Rickard, D., 2003, The structure of disordered mackinawite: American Mineralogist, v. 88, p. 2007-2015.
257. Yamagata, Y., Wanatabe, H., Saitoh, M., and Namba, T., 1991, Volcanic production of polyphosphates and its relevance to prebiotic evolution: Nature, v. 352, p. 516-519, doi: 10.1038/352516a0.
258. Zachara, J.M., Kukkadapu, R.K., Frederickson, J.M., Gorby, Y.A., and Smith, S.C., 2002, Biomineralization of poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxides by dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria (DMRB): Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 19, p. 179-207, doi: 10.1080/01490450252864271. (Pubitemid 34497664)