The antiquity of microbial sulfate reduction

Earth-Science Reviews

Volumn 64, Issue 3-4, 2004, Pages 243-272

  Shen, Yanan ^a   Buick, Roger ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Archean; Barite; Early evolution; Gypsum; Microbial metabolism; Pyrite; Sulfate reduction; Sulfur isotopes

Indexed keywords

ARCHEAN; BARITE; EARLY EARTH; EVOLUTION; GYPSUM; PYRITE; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIUM; SULFUR ISOTOPE;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA;

EID: 0742270464     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00054-0     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Bak F. Cypionka H. A novel type of energy metabolism involving fermentation of inorganic sulphur compounds Nature 326 1987 891-892
2. Banfield J.F. Marshall C.R. Genomics and the geosciences Science 287 2000 605-606
3. Beaudoin G. Taylor B.E. Rumble D. Thiemens M. Variations in the sulfur isotope composition of troilite from the Cañon Diablo iron meteorite Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 1994 4253-4255
4. Beaumont V. Robert F. Nitrogen isotope ratios of kerogens in Precambrian cherts: a record of the evolution of atmosphere chemistry? Precambrian Res. 96 1999 63-82
5. Berner R.A. Sedimentary pyrite formation Am. J. Sci. 268 1970 2-23
6. Berner R.A. Sedimentary pyrite formation: an update Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 1984 605-615
7. Bolliger C. Schroth M.H. Bernasconi S.M. Kleikemper J. Zeyer J. Sulfur isotope fractionation during microbial sulfate reduction by toluene-degrading bacteria Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 2001 3289-3298
8. Böttcher M.E. Rusch A. Hopner T. Brumsack H.J. Stable sulfur isotope effects related to local intense sulfate reduction in a tidal sandflat (southern North Sea): results from loading experiments Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 33 1997 109-129
9. Böttcher M.E. Smock A.M. Cypionka H. Sulfur isotope fractionation during experimental precipitation of iron (II) and manganese (II) sulfide at room temperature Chem. Geol. 146 1998 127-134
10. Böttcher M.E. Sievert S.M. Kuever J. Fractionation of sulfur isotopes during dissimilatory reduction of sulfate by a thermophilic gram-negative becaterium at 60 °C Arch. Microbiol. 172 1999 125-128
11. 2 Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 2001 1573-1581
12. Böttcher M.E. Thamdrup B. Vennemann T.W. Oxygen and sulfur isotope fractionation during anaerobic bacterial disproportionation of elemental sulfur Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 2001 1601-1609
13. Boulter C.A. Glover J.E. Chert with relict hopper moulds from Rocklea Dome, Pilbara craton, western Australia: an Archaean halite-bearing evaporite Geology 14 1986 128-131
14. Brocks J.J. Logan G.A. Buick R. Summons R. Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes Science 285 1999 1033-1036
15. Brüchert V. Knoblauch C. Jørgensen B.B. Controls on stable sulfur isotope fractionation during bacterial sulfate reduction in Arctic sediments Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 2001 763-776
16. Buick R. The antiquity of oxygenic photosythesis: evidence from stromatolites in sulphate-deficient Archaean lakes Science 255 1992 74-77
17. Buick R. Life in the Archaean Briggs D.E.G. Crowther P.R. Palaeobiology II 2001 13-21 Blackwell Oxford
18. Buick R. Barnes K.R. Cherts in the Warrawoona Group: early Archaean silicified sediments deposited in shallow water environments Univ. West. Aust., Geol. Dept. - Univ. Extension Spec. Publ. 9 1984 37-53
19. Buick R. Dunlop J.S.R. Evaporite sediments of early Archaean age from the Warrawoona Group, North Pole, western Australia Sedimentology 37 1990 247-277
20. Buick R. Dunlop J.S.R. Groves D.I. Stromatolite recognition in ancient rocks; an appraisal of irregularly laminated structures in an early Archean chert-barite unit from North Pole, western Australia Alcheringa 5 1981 161-179
21. Buick R. Thornett J.R. McNaughton N.J. Smith J.B. Barley M.E. Savage M. Record of emergent continental crust ∼3.5 billion years ago in the Pilbara craton of Australia Nature 375 1995 574-577
22. Buick R. Rasmussen B. Krapez B. Archean oil: evidence for extensive hydrocarbon generation and migration 2.5-3.5 Ga Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 82 1998 50-69
23. Cameron E.M. Sulphate and sulphate reduction in early Precambrian oceans Nature 296 1982 145-148
24. Cameron E.M. Hattori K. Archean gold mineralization and oxidized hydrothermal fluids Econ. Geol. 82 1987 1177-1191
25. Canfield D.E. Biogeochemistry of sulfur isotopes Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 43 2001 607-636
26. Canfield D.E. Isotope fractionation by natural populations of sulfate-reducing bacteria Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 2001 1117-1124
27. Canfield D.E. Des Marais D.J. Aerobic sulfate reduction in microbial mats Science 251 1991 1471-1473
28. Canfield D.E. Raiswell R. The evolution of the sulfur cycle Am. J. Sci. 299 1999 697-723
29. Canfield D.E. Teske A. Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur-isotope studies Nature 382 1996 127-132
30. 34S-depleted sulfide during bacterial disproportionation of elmental sulfur Science 266 1994 1973-1975
31. Canfield D.E. Habicht K.S. Thamdrup B. The Archean sulfur cycle and the early history of atmospheric oxygen Science 288 2000 658-661
32. Castro H.F. Williams N.H. Ogram A. Phylogeny of sulfate-reducing bacteria FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 31 2000 1-9
33. Chambers L.A. Trudinger P.A. Are thiosulfate and trithionate intermediates in dissimilatory sulfate reduction? J. Bacteriol. 123 1975 36-40
34. Chambers L.A. Trudinger P.A. Microbiological fractionation of stable sulfur isotopes: a review and critique Geomicrobiol. J. 1 1979 249-293
35. Chambers L.A. Trudinger P.A. Smith J.W. Burns M.S. Fractionation of sulfur isotopes by continuous cultures of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Can. J. Microbiol. 21 1975 1602-1607
36. Cypionka H. Novel metabolic capacities of sulfate reducing bacteria, and their activities in microbial mats Stal L.J. Caumette P. Microbial Mats NATO ASI Series vol. 35 1994 367-376 Springer Berlin
37. Cypionka H. Solute transport and cell energetics Barton L.L. Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria 1995 151-184 Plenum New York
38. Cypionka H. Oxygen respiration by Desulfovibrio species Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 54 2000 827-848
39. Cypionka H. Smock A.M. Böttcher M. A combined pathway of sulfur compound disproportionation in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 166 1998 181-186
40. Detmers J. Brüchert V. Habicht K.S. Kuever J. Diversity of sulfur isotope fractionation by sulfate-reducing prokaryotes Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 2001 888-894
41. Devereux R. Stahl D.A. Phylogeny of sulfate-reducing bacteria and a perspective for analyzing their natural communities Odom J.M. Singleton R. The Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria: Contemporary Perspectives 1993 131-160 Springer-Verlag Berlin
42. Ding T. Valkiers S. Kipphardt H. De Bièvre P. Taylor P.D.P. Gonfiantini R. Krouse R. Calibrated sulfur isotope abundance ratios of three IAEA sulfur isotope reference materials and V-CDT with a reassessment of the atomic weight of sulfur Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 2001 2433-2437
43. Donnelly T.H. Lambert I.B. Oehler D.Z. Hallberg J.A. Hudson D.R. Smith J.W. Bavinton O.A. Golding L. A reconnaissance study of stable isotope ratios in Archaean rocks from the Yilgarn Block, western Australia J. Geol. Soc. Aust. 24 1977 409-420
44. Drobner E. Huber H. Wachtershauser Rose D. Stetter K.O. Pyrite formation linked with hydrogen evolution under anaerobic conditions Nature 346 1990 742-744
45. Dunlop J.S.R. Buick R. Archaean epiclastic sediments derived from mafic volcanics, North Pole, Pilbara Block, western Australia Spec. Publs. Geol. Soc. Aust. 7 1981 225-233
46. Dutkiewicz A. Ridley J. Hydrocarbon pseudo-inclusions in barite: how to recognize and avoid artifacts J. Sediment. Res. 73 2003 171-176
47. England G.L. Rasmussen B. Krapez B. Groves D.I. Palaeoenvironmental significance of rounded pyrite in siliciclastic sequences of the Late Archaean Witwatersrand Basin: oxygen-deficient atmosphere or hydrothermal alteration? Sedimentology 49 2002 1133-1156
48. Farquhar J. Bao H. Thiemens M.H. Atmospheric influence of Earth's earliest sulfur cycle Science 289 2000 756-758
49. 2 photolysis: implications for the early atmosphere J. Geophys. Res. 106 2001 32829-32839
50. Fauque G. LeGall J. Barton L.L. Sulfate-reducing and sulfur-reducing bacteria Shively J.M. Barton L.L. Variations in Autotrophic Life 1991 271-337 Academic Press London
51. Fitz R.M. Cypionka H. Formation of thiosulfate and trithionate during sulfite reduction by washed cells of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Arch. Microbiol. 154 1990 400-406
52. 2 fixation Schlegel H.G. Bowien B. Autotrophic Bacteria 1989 365-382 Sci. Tech. New York
53. Fuchs G. Assimilation of macroelements and microelements Lengeler J.W. Drews G. Schlegel H.G. Biology of Prokaryotes 1999 163-182 Blackwell Oxford
54. Goldhaber M.B. Kaplan I.R. The sulfur cycle Goldberg E. The Sea vol. 5 1974 569-655 Wiley New York
55. Goldhaber M.B. Kaplan I.R. Mechanisms of sulfur incorporation and isotopic fractionation during early diagenesis in sediments of the Gulf of California Mar. Chem. 9 1980 95-143
56. Goodwin A.M. Monster J. Thode H.G. Carbon and sulfur isotope abundance in Archean Iron-Formations and early Precambrian life Econ. Geol. 71 1976 870-891
57. Grassineau N.V. Nisbet E.G. Bickle M.J. Fowler C.M.R. Lowry D. Mattey D.P. Abell P. Martin A. Antiquity of the biological sulphur cycle: evidence from sulphur and carbon isotopes in 2700 million-year- old rocks of the Belingwe Belt, Zimbabwe Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B 268 2000 113-119
58. Groves D.I. Dunlop J.S.R. Buick R. An early habitat of life Sci. Am. 245 1981 64-73
59. Habicht K. Canfield D.E. Sulphur isotope fractionation in modern microbial mats and the evolution of the sulphur cycle Nature 382 1996 342-343
60. Habicht K. Canfield D.E. Sulfur isotope fractionation during bacterial sulfate reduction in organic-rich sediments Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 1997 5351-5361
61. Habicht K. Canfield D.E. Isotope fractionation by sulfate-reducing natural populations and the isotopic composition of sulfide in marine sediments Geology 29 2001 555-558
62. Habicht K. Canfield D.E. Rethmeier J. Sulfur isotope fractionation during bacterial reduction and disproportionation of thiosulfate and sulfite Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 1998 2585-2595
63. Habicht K. Gade M. Thamdrup B. Berg P. Canfield D.E. Calibration of sulfate levels in the Archean ocean Science 298 2002 2372-2374
64. Hardie L.A. The gypsum-anhydrite equilibrium at one atmosphere pressure Am. Mineral. 52 1967 171-200
65. Harrison A.G. Thode H.G. Mechanism of the bacterial reduction of sulphate from isotope fractionation studies Trans. Faraday Soc. 54 1958 84-92
66. Hayes J.M. Global methanotrophy at the Archean-Proterozoic transition Bengtson S. Early Life on Earth 1994 220-236 Columbia Univ. Press New York
67. Hayes J.M. Lambert I.B. Strauss H. The sulfur-isotopic record Schopf J.W. Klein C. The Proterozoic Biosphere 1992 129-132 Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge
68. Holland H.D. The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans 1984 Princeton Univ. Press Princeton
69. Hoppe-Seyler F. Ueber die Gährung der Cellulose mit Bildung von Methan und Kohlensäure: II. Der Zerfall der Cellulose durch Gährung unter Bildung von Methan und Kohlensäure und die Erscheinungen, welche dieser Process veranlasst Zeitschr. Physiol. Chem. 10 1886 401-440
70. 36S contents of meteorites and their relation to chemical and nuclear effects J. Geophys. Res. 70 1965 3475-3484
71. 2S in iron sulfide transformations: examples from Effingham inlet, Orca Basin, and the Black Sea Am. J. Sci. 299 1999 556-588
72. Jørgensen B.B. A theoretical model of the stable isotope distribution in marine sediments Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43 1979 363-374
73. Jørgensen B.B. Mineralization of organic matter in the sea bed-the role of sulphate reduction Nature 296 1982 643-645
74. Jørgensen B.B. Ecology of the sulphur cycle: oxidative pathways in sediments Cole J.A. Ferguson S.J. The Nitrogen and Sulphur Cycle 1988 31-63 Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge
75. Jørgensen B.B. A thiosulfate shunt in the sulfur cycle of marine sediments Science 249 1990 152-154
76. Jørgensen B.B. Isaksen M.F. Jannasch H.W. Bacterial sulfate reduction above 100 °C in deep-sea hydrothermal vent sediments Science 258 1992 1756-1757
77. Kakegawa T. Kawai H. Ohmoto H. Origins of pyrites in the ∼2.5 Ga Mt. McRae Shale, the Hamersley District, western Australia Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 1999 3205-3220
78. Kaplan I.R. Rittenberg S.C. Microbial fractionation of sulfur isotopes J. Gen. Microbiol. 34 1964 195-212
79. Kaplan I.R. Emery K.O. Rittenberg S.C. The distribution and isotopic abundance of sulfur in recent marine sediments off southern California Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 27 1963 297-331
80. Kasting J.F. The rise of atmospheric oxygen Science 293 2001 819-820
81. Kasting J.F. Zahnle K.J. Pinto J.P. Young A.T. Sulfur, ultraviolet- radiation, and the early evolution of life Orig. Life Evol. B 19 1989 95-108
82. Kemp A.L.W. Thode H.G. The mechanism of bacterial reduction of sulfate and of sulfite from isotope fractionation studies Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 32 1968 71-91
83. Kim J.H. Akagi J.M. Characterization of a trithionate reductase system from Desulfovibrio vulgaris J. Bacteriol. 163 1985 472-475
84. Klein M. Friedrich M. Roger A.J. Hugenholtz P. Fishbain S. Abicht H. Blackall L.L. Stahl D.A. Wagner M. Multiple lateral transfers of dissimilatory sulfite reductase genes between major lineages of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes J. Bacteriol. 183 2001 6028-6035
85. Knoll A.H. The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective Science 256 1992 622-627
86. Knoll A.H. Archean and Proterozoic paleontology Jansonius J. McGregor D.C. Palynology: Principles and Applications vol. 1 1996 51-80 American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation College Station
87. Knoll A.H. A new molecular window on early life Science 285 1999 1025-1026
88. Knoll A.H. Canfield D.E. Isotopic inferences on early ecosystems Paleontol. Soc. Pap. 4 1998 212-243
89. Kobayashi K. Tachibana S. Ishimoto M. Intermediary formation of trithionate in sulfite reduction by a sulfate-reducing bacterium J. Biochem. 65 1969 155-157
90. Krouse H.R. Legge A. Brown H.M. Sulphur gas emissions in the boreal forest: the West Whitecourt Case Study V: stable sulphur isotopes Water Air Soil Pollut. 22 1984 321-347
91. Labrenz M. Druschel G.K. Thomsen-Ebert T. Gilbert B. Welch S.A. Kemner K.M. Logan G.A. Summons R. De Stasio G. Bond P.L. Lai B. Kelly S.D. Banfield J.F. Formation of sphalerite (ZnS) deposits in natural biofilms of sulfate-reducing bacteria Nature 290 2000 1744-1747
92. Lambert I.B. Donnelly T.H. The paleoenvironmental significance of trends in sulphur isotope compositions in the Precambrian: a critical review Herbert H.K. Ho S.E. Stable Isotopes and Fluid Processes in Mineralisation vol. 23 1990 260-268 Univ. West. Aust., Geol. Dept. - Univ. Extension Publ. 23
93. Lambert I.B. Donnelly T.H. Dunlop J.S.R. Groves D.I. Stable isotopic compositions of early Archaean sulphate deposits of probable evaporitic and volcanogenic origins Nature 276 1978 808-811
94. Li J. Purdy K. Takii S. Hayashi H. Seasonal changes in ribosomal RNA of sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfate-reducing activity in a fresh water lake sediment FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 28 1999 31-39
95. Llobet-Brossa E. Rosselló-Mora R. Amann R. Microbial community composition of Wadden Sea sediments as revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 1998 2691-2696
96. Logan G.A. Calver C.R. Gorjan P. Summons R.E. Hayes J.M. Walter M.R. Terminal Proterozoic mid-shelf benthic microbial mats in the Centralian Superbasin and their significance Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63 1999 1345-1358
97. Machel H.G. Bacterial and thermochemical sulfate reduction in diagenetic settings-old and new insights Sediment. Geol. 140 2001 143-175
98. Machel H.G. Krouse H.R. Sassen R. Products and distinguishing criteria of bacterial and thermochemical sulfate reduction Appl. Geochem. 10 1995 373-389
99. McNaughton N.J Compston W. Barley M.E. Constraints on the age of the Warrawoona Group, eastern Pilbara Block, western Australia Precambrian Res. 60 1993 69-98
100. Mekhtieva V.L. Pankina R.G. Isotopic composition of sulfur in aquatic plants and dissolved sulfates Geochim. Int. 5 1968 624-627
101. Monster J. Appel P.W.U. Thode H.G. Schidlowski M. Carmichael C.M. Bridgwater D. Sulfur isotope studies in Early Archaean sediments from Isua, West Greenland: implications for the antiquity of bacterial sulfate reduction Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43 1979 405-413
102. Morita R.Y. Bioavailability and its relationship to growth and starvation survival in nature Can. J. Microbiol. 34 1987 436-441
103. Nijman W. de Bruijne K.C.H. Valkering M.E. Growth fault control of Early Archean cherts, barite mounds and chert-barite veins, North Pole Dome, Eastern Pilbara, western Australia Precambrian Res. 88 1999 25-52
104. Nisbet E.G. Sleep N.H. The habitat and nature of early life Nature 409 2001 1083-1091
105. Ohmoto H. Biogeochemistry of sulfur and the mechanisms of sulfide- sulfate mineralization in Archean oceans Schidlowski M. et-al. Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources 1992 378-397 Springer-Verlag Berlin
106. Ohmoto H. When did the Earth's atmosphere become oxic? Geochem. News 93 1997 12-27
107. Ohmoto H. Felder R.P. Bacterial activity in the warmer, sulphate- bearing, Archaean oceans Nature 328 1987 244-246
108. Ohmoto H. Goldhaber M.B. Sulfur and carbon isotopes Barnes H.L. Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits 1997 517-611 Wiley New York
109. Ohmoto H. Lasaga A.C. Kinetics of reactions between aqueous sulfates and sulfides in hydrothermal systems Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46 1982 1727-1745
110. Ohmoto H. Kakegawa T. Lowe D.R. 3.4-billion-year-old biogenic pyrites from Barberton, South Africa: sulfur isotope evidence Science 262 1993 555-557
111. Otte S. Kuenen J.G. Nielsen L.P. Paerl H.W. Zopfi J. Schulz H.N. Teske A. Strotmann B. Gallardo V.A. Jorgensen B.B. Nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur metabolism in natural Thioploca samples Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 1999 3148-3157
112. Pace N.R. A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere Science 276 1997 734-740
113. Paytan A. Sulfate clues for the early history of atmospheric oxygen Science 288 2000 626-627
114. Peck H.D.Jr. Lissolo T. Assimilatory and dissimilatory sulphate reduction: enzymology and bioenergetics Cole J.A. Ferguson S.J. The Nitrogen and Sulphur Cycles 1988 99-132 Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge
115. Postgate J.R. The Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria 2nd ed. 1984 1-208 Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge
116. Price F.T. Shieh Y.N. Fractionations of sulfur isotopes during laboratory synthesis of pyrite at low temperatures Chem. Geol. 27 1979 245-253
117. 2S-bearing fluid inclusions in baryte from the North Pole deposits, western Australia Mineral. Mag. 42 1978 408-410
118. Rasmussen B. Filamentous microfossils in a 3235-million-year-old volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit Nature 405 2000 676-679
119. Rasmussen B. Buick R. Redox state of the Archean atmosphere: evidence from detrital heavy minerals in ca. 3250-2750 Ma sandstone from the Pilbara Craton, Australia Geology 27 1999 115-118
120. Ravenschlag K. Sahm K. Knoblauch C. Jørgensen B.B. Amann R. Community structure, cellular rRNA content and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in marine arctic sediments Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 2000 3592-3602
121. Rees C.E. A steady-state model for sulphur isotopes fractionation in bacterial reduction process Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37 1973 1141-1162
122. Rickard D.T. Kinetics and mechanism of pyrite formation at low temperatures Am. J. Sci. 275 1975 636-652
123. 2S oxidation of Fe(II) monosulfide in aqueous solutions between 25 °C and 125 °C: the rate equation Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 1997 115-134
124. 13C-depleted carbon microparticles in >3700-Ma sea-floor sedimentary rocks from west Greenland Science 283 1999 674-676
125. Ross G.M. Bloch J.D. Krouse H.R. Neoproterozoic strata of the southern Canadian Cordillera and the isotopic evolution of seawater sulfate Precambrian Res. 73 1995 71-99
126. Roy A.B. Trudinger P.A. The Biochemistry of Inorganic Compounds of Sulfur 1970 Cambridge Univ. Press London
127. Rudnicki M.D. Elderfield H. Spiro B. Fractionation of sulfur isotopes during bacterial sulfate reduction in deep ocean sediments at elevated temperatures Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 2001 777-789
128. Runnegar B. Coath C.D. Lyons J.R. McKeegan K.D. Isotopic and geologic evidence for the nature of sulfur cycling during the Archean Abst. Astrobiol. Sci. Conf. 2 2002 149
129. Sagemann J. Jørgensen B.B. Greeff O. Temperature dependence and rates of sulfate reduction in cold sediments of Svalbard, Arctic ocean Geomicrobiol. J. 15 1998 85-100
130. Schidlowski M. A 3800-million-year isotopic record of life from carbon in sedimentary rocks Nature 333 1988 313-318
131. 9 yr old Isua sediments, West Greenland: implications for the Archaean carbon and oxygen cycles Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43 1979 189-199
132. Schidlowski M. Hayes J.M. Kaplan I.R. Isotope inferences of ancient biochemistries: carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, and nitrogen Schopf J.W. Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution 1983 149-186 Princeton Univ. Press Princeton
133. Schopf J.W. Earth's Earliest Biosphere. It's Origin and Evolution 1983 Princeton Univ. Press Princeton
134. Schopf J.W. Klein C. The Proterozoic Biosphere. A Multidisciplinary Study 1992 Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge
135. Shen Y. Buick R. Canfield D.E. Isotopic evidence for microbial sulphate reduction in the early Archaean era Nature 410 2001 77-81
136. Siegel L.M. Biochemistry of the sulfur cycle Greenberg D.M. Metabolic Pathways Metabolism of Sulfur Compounds vol. 7 1975 217-286 Academic Press New York
137. Skyring G.W. Sulfate reduction in coastal ecosystems Geomicrobiol. J. 5 1987 295-374
138. Stackebrandt E.D. Stahl D.A. Devereux R. Taxonomic relationships Barton L.L. Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria 1995 49-87 Plenum New York
139. Stetter K.O. Hyperthermophiles in the history of life Bock G.R. Goode J.A. Evolution of Hydrothermal Ecosystems on Earth (and Mars?) 1996 1-10 Wiley New York
140. Strauss H. Carbon and sulfur isotopes in Precambrian sediments from the Canadian shield Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50 1986 2653-2662
141. Strauss H. Geological evolution from isotope proxy signals-sulfur Chem. Geol. 161 1999 89-101
142. Strauss H. The isotopic composition of Precambrian sulphides-seawater chemistry and biological evolution Altermann W. Corcoran P.L. Precambrian Sedimentary Environments: A Modern Approach to Ancient Depositional Systems Int. Assoc. Sediment. Spec. Publ. 2002 67-105 Blackwell Oxford
143. Strauss H. Beukes N. Carbon and sulfur isotopic compositions of organic carbon and pyrite in sediments from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa Precambrian Res. 79 1996 57-71
144. Summons R.E. Walter M.R. Molecular fossils and microfossils of prokaryotes and protists from Proterozoic sediments Am. J. Sci. 290A 1990 212-244
145. Summons R. Jahnke L.L. Hope J.M. Logan G.A. 2-Methylhopanoids as biomarkers for cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis Nature 400 1999 554-556
146. Taylor J. Parkes R.J. Identifying different populations of sulphate- reducing bacteria within marine sediment systems, using fatty acid biomarkers J. Gen. Microbiol. 131 1985 631-642
147. Thamdrup B. Finster K. Hansen J.W. Bak F. Bacterial disproportionation of elemental sulfur coupled to chemical reduction of iron or manganese Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 1993 101-108
148. Thode H.G. Kleerekoper H. McElcheran D.E. Isotope fractionation in the bacterial reduction of sulfate Research (London) 4 1951 581-582
149. Thorpe R.I. Hickman A.H. Davis D.W. Mortensen J.K. Trendall A.F. U-Pb zircon geochronology of felsic units in the Marble Bar region, Pilbara Craton, western Australia Precambrian Res. 56 1992 169-189
150. Thorpe R.I. Hickman A.H. Davis D.W. Mortensen J.K. Trendall A.F. Constraints to models for Archean lead evolution from precise U-Pb geochronology from the Marble Bar region, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia Univ. West. Aust., Geol. Dept. - Univ. Extension Publ. 22 1992 395-408
151. Trudinger P.A. Loughlin R.E. Metabolism of simple sulfur compounds Neuberger A. van Deenen L.L.M. Comprehensive Biochemistry 19a 1981 165-256 Elsevier Amsterdam
152. Trust B.A. Fry B. Stable sulfur isotopes in plants: a review Plant Cell Environ. 15 1992 1105-1110
153. Wagner M. Roger A.J. Flax J.L. Brusseau G.A. Stahl D.A. Phylogeny of dissimilatory sulfite reductase supports an early origin of sulfate respiration J. Bacteriol. 180 1998 2975-2982
154. Walker J.C.G. Brimblecombe P. Iron and sulfur in the Prebiologic ocean Precambrian Res. 28 1985 205-222
155. Westall F. de Wit M.J. Dann J. van der Gaast S. de Ronde C.E.J. Gernekee D. Early Archean fossil bacteria and biofilms in hydrothermally-influenced sediments from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa Precambrian Res. 106 2001 93-116
156. Widdel F. Microbiology and ecology of sulfate- and sulfur-reducing bacteria Zehnder A.J.B. Biology of Anaerobic Organisms 1988 469-585 Wiley New York
157. Widdel F. Hansen T.A. The dissimilatory sulfate- and sulfur-reducing bacteria Balows A. Trüper H.G. Dworkin M. Harder W. Schleifer K.H. The Prokaryotes vol. I 1992 583-624 Springer New York
158. Wilkin R.T. Barnes H.L. Pyrite formation by reactions of iron monosulfides with dissolved inorganic and organic sulfur species Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 1996 4167-4179
159. Wortmann U.G. Bernasconi S.M. Böttcher M. Hypersulfidic deep biosphere indicates extreme sulfur isotope fractionation during single-step microbial sulfate reduction Geology 29 2001 647-650
160. 2S in seawater Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 1993 1705-1718
161. Zopfi J. Ferdelman T.G. Jørgensen B.B. Teske A. Thamdrup B. Influence of water column dynamics on sulfide oxidation and other major biogeochemical processes in the chemocline of Mariager Fjord (Denmark) Mar. Chem. 74 2001 29-51