The role of high-resolution imaging in the evaluation of nanosystems for bioactive encapsulation and targeted nanotherapy

Micron

Volumn 38, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 804-818

  Khosravi Darani, Kianoush ^a   Pardakhty, Abbas ^b   Honarpisheh, Hamid ^c   Rao, V S N Malleswara ^d   Mozafari, M Reza ^d  

^a SHAHID BEHESHTI UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b KERMAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^c Iranian Council   (Iran)

^d MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Atomic force microscopy; Dendrimers; Electron microscopy; Gene therapy; Heating method; Nanoliposomes; Nanotechnology; Nanotherapy; Scanning probe microscopy; Scanning tunneling microscopy

Indexed keywords

DENDRIMERS; ENCAPSULATION; NANOSYSTEMS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY; SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS;

HEATING METHOD; MANIPULATION OF MATERIALS; NANOTHERAPY; TARGETED THERAPY;

IMAGE RESOLUTION;

DENDRIMER; DNA; DRUG CARRIER; LIPOSOME; NANOPARTICLE;

ARTICLE; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; GENE THERAPY; METHODOLOGY; SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

DENDRIMERS; DNA; DRUG CARRIERS; GENE THERAPY; LIPOSOMES; MICROSCOPY, ATOMIC FORCE; MICROSCOPY, SCANNING TUNNELING; NANOPARTICLES;

EID: 35148836674     PISSN: 09684328     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.06.009     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Allen T.M., and Cullis P.R. Drug delivery systems: entering the mainstream. Science 303 (2004) 1818-1822
2. Alyautdin R.N., Tezikov E.B., Ramge P., Kharkevich D.A., Begley D.J., and Kreuter J. Significant entry of tubocurarine into the brain of rats by adsorption to polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles: an in situ brain perfusion study. J. Microencapsul. 15 (1998) 67-74
3. Audouy S.A., de Leij L.F., Hoekstra D., and Molema G. In vivo characteristics of cationic liposomes as delivery vectors for gene therapy. Pharm. Res. 19 (2002) 1599-1605
4. Aulenta F., Hayes W., and Rannard S. Dendrimers a new class of nanoscopic containers and delivery devices. Eur. Polym. J. 39 (2003) 1741-1771
5. Bagwe R.P., Kanicky J.R., Palla B.J., Patanjali P.K., and Shah D.O. Improved drug delivery using microemulsions: rationale, recent progress and new horizons. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 18 (2001) 77-140
6. Baillie A.J., Florence A.T., Hume L.R., Muirhead G.T., and Rogerson A. The preparation and properties of niosomes non-ionic surfactant vesicles. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 37 (1985) 863-868
7. Barenholz Y., and Amselem S. Quality control assays in the development and clinical use of liposome-based formulations. In: Gregoriadis G. (Ed). Liposome Technology. Liposome Preparation and Related Techniques. second ed. vol. 1 (1993), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 527-616
8. Barry B.W. Novel mechanisms and devices to enable successful transdermal drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 14 (2001) 101-114
9. Beck J.S., Vartuli J.C., Roth W.J., Leonowicz M.E., Kresge C.T., Schmitt K.D., Chu C.T.-W., Olson D.H., Sheppard E.W., McCullen S.B., Higgins J.B., and Schlenker J.L. A new family of mesoporous molecular sieves prepared with liquid crystal templates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 27 (1992) 10834-10843
10. Berry C.C., and Curtis A.S.G. Functionalisation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36 (2003) R198-R206
11. Binnig G., Rohrer H., Gerber C., and Weibel E. Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 (1982) 57-61
12. Binnig G., Rohrer H., Gerber C., and Weibel E. Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap. Appl. Phys. Lett. 40 (1982) 178-180
13. Binning G., Quate C.F., and Gerber C. Atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 (1986) 930-933
14. Brzoska M., Langer K., Coester C., Loitsch S., Wagner T.O.F., and Mallinckrodt C.V. Incorporation of biodegradable nanoparticles into human airway epithelial cells-in vitro study of the suitability as a vehicle for drug or gene delivery in pulmonary diseases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 318 (2004) 562-570
15. Bummer P.M. Physical chemical considerations of lipid-based oral drug delivery-solid lipid nanoparticles. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 21 (2004) 1-20
16. Calvo P., Gouritin B., Chacun H., Desmaele D., D'Angelo J., and Noel J.P. Long-circulating PEGylated polycyanoacrylate nanoparticles as new drug carrier for brain delivery. Pharm. Res. 18 (2001) 1157-1166
17. Canham L.T. Bioactive silicon structure fabrication through nanoetching techniques. Adv. Mater. 7 (1995) 1033
18. Caruthers S.D., Wickline S.A., and Lanza G.M. Nanotechnological applications in medicine. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 18 (2007) 26-30
19. Cheng M.M., Cuda G., Bunimovich Y.L., Gaspari M., Heath J.R., and Hill H.D. Nanotechnologies for biomolecular detection and medical diagnostics. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 10 (2006) 11-19
20. Choi M.J., and Maibach H.I. Elastic vesicles as topical/transdermal drug delivery systems. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 27 (2005) 211-221
21. Cloninger M. Biological application of dendrimers. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 6 (2002) 742-748
22. Courrier H.M., Butz N., and Vandamme T.F. Pulmonary drug delivery systems: recent developments and prospects. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 19 (2002) 425-498
23. Crooke S.T. An overview of progress in antisense therapeutics. Antisense Nucl. Acid Drug Dev. 8 (1998) 115-122
24. Crystal R.G. Transfer of genes to humans-early lessons and obstacles to success. Science 270 (1995) 404-410
25. Cullis A.G., Canham L.T., Williams G.M., Smith P.W., and Dosser O.D. Correlation of the structural and optical-properties of luminescent, highly oxidized porous silicon. J. Appl. Phys. 75 1 (1994) 493-501
26. Daemen T., Hofstede G., Ten Kate M.T., Bakker-Woudenberg I.A., and Scherphof G.L. Liposomal doxorubicin-induced toxicity: depletion and impairment of phagocytic activity of liver macrophages. Int. J. Cancer 61 5 (1995) 716-721
27. D'Aquino R. Good drug therapy: it's not just the molecule-it's the delivery. CEP Magazine 100 (2004) 15S-17S
28. Dass C.R., and Su T. Particle-mediated intravascular delivery of oligonucleotides to tumors: associated biology and lessons from genotherapy. Drug Deliv. 8 (2001) 191-213
29. Davis H.L. Plasmid DNA expression systems for the purpose of immunization. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 8 (1997) 635-646
30. Davis S.S. Biomedical applications of nanotechnology-implications for drug targeting and gene therapy. Trends Biotechnol. 15 (1997) 217-224
31. de Kozak Y., Andrieux K., Villarroya H., Klein C., Thillaye-Goldenberg B., and Naud M.C. Intraocular injection of tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticles: a new treatment of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Eur. J. Immunol. 34 (2004) 3702-3712
32. de Lima M.C.P., Simoes S., Pires P., Faneca H., and Duzgunes N. Cationic lipid-DNA complexes in gene delivery: from biophysics to biological applications. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 47 (2001) 277-294
33. Desai M.P. Gastrointestinal uptake of biodegradable microparticles: effect of particle size. Pharm. Res. 13 (1996) 1838-1845
34. Dubin C.H. Special delivery: pharmaceutical companies aim to target their drugs with nano precision. Mech. Eng. Nanotechnol. 126 Suppl (2004) 10-12
35. Duncan R. The dawning era of polymer therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2 (2003) 347-360
36. Eastman S.J., and Scheule R.K. Cationic lipid: pDNA complexes for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 1 (1999) 186-196
37. El-Aneed A. An overview of current delivery systems in cancer gene therapy. J. Control. Release 94 (2004) 1-14
38. Elias P.M., Tsai J., Menon G.K., Hollern W.M., and Feingold K.R. The potential of metabolic interventions to enhance transdermal drug delivery. J. Invest. Dermatol. Sym. Proc. 7 (2002) 79-85
39. Elsayed M.M.A., Abdallah O.Y., Naggar V.F., and Khalafallah N.M. Deformable liposomes and ethosomes: Mechanism of enhanced skin delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 322 (2006) 60-66
40. Emerich D.F. Nanomedicine-prospective therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 5 (2005) 1-5
41. Feng L., Andrade J.D., and Hu C.Z. Scanning tunneling microscopy of proteins on graphite surfaces. Scann. Microsc. 3 (1989) 399-410
42. Feng S.S., Mu L., and Win K.Y. Nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers for clinical administration of paclitaxel. Curr. Med. Chem. 11 (2004) 413-424
43. Ferrari M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5 (2005) 161-171
44. In: Frechet J., and Tomalia D. (Eds). Dendrimers and other Dendritic Polymers (2001), J. Wiley & Sons, Chisester
45. Freitas S., Merkle H.P., and Gander B. Microencapsulation by solvent extraction/evaporation: reviewing the state of the art of microsphere preparation process technology. J. Control. Release 102 (2005) 313-332
46. Garcia-Garcia E., Gil S., and Andrieux K. A relevant in vitro rat model for the evaluation of blood-brain barrier translocation of nanoparticles. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62 (2005) 1400-1408
47. Gardikis K., Hatziantoniou S., Viras K., Wagner M., and Demetzos C. Interactions of dendrimers with model lipid membranes assessed by DSC and Raman spectroscopy. In: Mozafari M.R. (Ed). Nanocarrier Technologies: Frontiers of Nanotherapy (2006), Springer, The Netherlands 207-220
48. Goren D., Gabizon A., and Barenholz Y. Correlation between physical characteristics and pharmacological behavior of doxorubicin-containing liposomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1029 (1990) 285-294
49. Gouin S. Micro-encapsulation: industrial appraisal of existing technologies and trends. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 15 (2004) 330-347
50. Goverdhana S., Puntel M., Xiong W., Zirger J.M., Barcia C., and Curtin J.F. Regulatable gene expression systems for gene therapy applications: progress and future challenges. Mol. Ther. 12 (2005) 189-211
51. Hashizume H., Baluk P., Morikawa S., McLean J.W., Thurston G., Roberge S., Jain R.K., and McDonald D.M. Openings between defective endothelial cells explain tumor vessel leakiness. Am. J. Pathol. 156 (2000) 1363-1380
52. Hobbs S.K., Monsky W.L., Yuan F., Roberts W.G., Griffith L., Torchilin V.P., and Jain R.K. Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: Role of tumor type and microenvironment. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1998) 4607-4612
53. Hughes G.A. Nanostructure-mediated drug delivery. Nanomed. Nanotech. Biol. Med. 1 (2005) 22-30
54. Hussain N., Jaitley V., and Florence A.T. Recent advances in the understanding of uptake of microparticulates across the gastrointestinal lymphatics. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 50 (2001) 107-142
55. Igarashi S., Hattori Y., and Maitani Y. Biosurfactant MEL-A enhances cellular association and gene transfection by cationic liposome. J. Control. Release 112 (2006) 362-368
56. Kahveci G., Mozafari M.R., Rouhvand F., Altay G., and Zhdanov R.I. Proceedings of the 12th Nat. Cong. Biochem. Istanbul. Importance of nucleic acid-lipid interactions in functioning of the initial cell (1994) C-338
57. Kattan J., Droz J.P., and Couvreur P. Phase I clinical trial and pharmacokinetic evaluation of doxorubicin carried by polyisohexylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles. Invest. New Drugs 10 (1992) 191-199
58. Keller B.C. Liposomes in nutrition. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 12 (2001) 25-31
59. Keller B.C., Faulkner G., and Lasic D.D. Liposomes in breastmilk. Agro. Food Ind. HiTech. 11 (2000) 6-8
60. Kim I.H., Park J.H., Cheong I.W., and Kim J.H. Swelling and drug release behavior of tablets coated with aqueous hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) nanoparticles. J. Control. Release 89 (2003) 225-233
61. Kohli A.K., and Alpar H.O. Potential use of nanoparticles for transcutaneous vaccine delivery: effect of particle size and charge. Int. J. Pharm. 275 (2004) 13-17
62. Labhasetwar V. Nanotechnology for drug and gene therapy: the importance of understanding molecular mechanisms of delivery. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 16 (2005) 674-680
63. Landgraf W., Li N.H., and Benson J.R. Polymer microcarrier exhibiting zero-order release. Drug Deliv. Technol. 3 1 (2003) 56-63
64. LaVan D.A., Lynn D.M., and Langer R. Moving smaller in drug discovery and delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 1 (2002) 77-84
65. LaVan D.A., McGuire T., and Langer R. Small-scale systems for in vivo drug delivery. Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (2003) 1184-1191
66. Lawrence M.J., and Rees G.D. Microemulsion-based media as novel drug delivery systems. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 45 (2000) 89-121
67. Li H., Wang D.Q., Liu B.L., and Gao L.Z. Synthesis of a novel gelatincarbon nanotubes hybrid hydrogel. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 33 (2004) 85-88
68. Liang X., Mao G., and Simon Ng K.Y. Probing small unilamellar Egg PC vesicles on mica surface by atomic force microscopy. Colloids Surf. 34 (2004) 41-51
69. Lin A.M.Y., Chyi B.Y., Wang S.D., Yu H.H., Kanakamma P.P., and Lu T.Y. Carboxyfullerene prevents iron-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. J. Neurochem. 72 (1999) 1634-1640
70. Lopez O., Cocera M., Walther P., Wehrli E., Coderch L., Parra J.L., and de la Maza A. Liposomes as protective agents of stratum corneum against octyl glucoside: a study based on high-resolution, low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. Micron 32 (2001) 201-205
71. Lopez-Pinto J.M., Gonzalez-Rodriguez M.L., and Rabasco A.M. Effect of cholesterol and ethanol on dermal delivery from DPPC liposomes. Int. J. Pharm. 298 (2005) 1-12
72. Maeda H., Wu J., Sawa T., Matsumura Y., and Hori K. Tumor vascular permeability and the EPR effect in macromolecular therapeutics: a review. J. Control. Release 65 (2000) 271-284
73. Maeda N., Senden T.J., and di Meglio J.M. Micromanipulation of phospholipid bilayers by atomic force microscopy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1564 (2002) 165-172
74. Mannino R.J., and Gould-Fogerite S. Antigen cochleate formulations for oral and systemic vaccination in new generation vaccines. In: Levine M.M. (Ed). New Generation Vaccines (1997), Marcel Dekker, New York, NY 1-9
75. Matsumura Y., and Maeda H. A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent smancs. Cancer Res. 46 (1986) 6387-6392
76. Mazzola L. Commercializing nanotechnology. Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (2003) 1137-1143
77. McDonald D.M., and Baluk P. Significance of blood vessel leakiness in cancer. Cancer Res. 62 18 (2002) 5381-5385
78. Minotti G., Menna P., Salvatorelli E., Cairo G., and Gianni L. Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharmacologic developments in antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity. Pharmacol. Rev. 56 (2004) 185-229
79. Moghimi S.M., and Szebeni J. Stealth liposomes and long circulation nanoparticles: critical issues in pharmacokinetics, opsonization and protein-binding properties. Prog. Lipid Res. 42 (2003) 463-478
80. Moghimi S.M., Hunter A.C., and Murray J.C. Nanomedicine: current status and future prospects. FASEB J. 19 (2005) 311-330
81. Mortazavi S.M., Mohammadabadi M.R., Khosravi-Darani K., and Mozafari M.R. Preparation of liposomal gene therapy vectors by a scalable method without using volatile solvents or detergents. J. Biotechnol. 129 (2007) 604-613
82. Mozafari M.R. Liposomes: an overview of manufacturing techniques. Cell Mol. Biol. Lett. 10 (2005) 711-719
83. Mozafari, M.R., 1996. Liposome-derived model DNA delivery system. M.Sc. Thesis. Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
84. Mozafari M.R. Bioactive entrapment and targeting using nanocarrier technologies: an introduction. In: Mozafari M.R. (Ed). Nanocarrier Technologies: Frontiers of Nanotherapy (2006), Springer, The Netherlands 1-16
85. Mozafari M.R., and Hasirci V. Mechanism of calcium ion induced multilamellar vesicle-DNA interaction. J. Microencapsul. 15 1 (1998) 55-65
86. In: Mozafari M.R., and Mortazavi S.M. (Eds). Nanoliposomes: From Fundamentals to Recent Developments (2005), Trafford Publishing Ltd., Oxford, UK
87. Mozafari M.R., Zareie M.H., Piskin E., and Hasirci V. Formation of supramolecular structures by negatively charged liposomes in the presence of nucleic acids and divalent cations. Drug Deliv. 5 (1998) 135-141
88. Mozafari M.R., Reed C.J., Rostron C., Kocum C., and Piskin E. Construction of stable anionic liposome-plasmid particles using the heating method: a preliminary investigation. Cell Mol. Biol. Lett. 7 (2002) 923-927
89. Mozafari M.R., Reed C.J., Rostron C., Kocum C., and Piskin E. Formation and characterisation of non-toxic anionic liposomes for delivery of therapeutic agents to the pulmonary airways. Cell Mol. Biol. Lett. 7 (2002) 243-244
90. Mozafari M.R., Reed C.J., Rostron C., and Hasirci V. Construction of a gene delivery vector using anionic liposomes. In: Mozafari M.R., and Mortazavi S.M. (Eds). Nanoliposomes: From Fundamentals to Recent Developments (2005), Trafford Publishing Ltd., Oxford, UK 101-111
91. Mozafari M.R., Reed C.J., Rostron C., and Hasirci V. A review of scanning probe microscopy investigations of liposome-DNA complexes. J. Liposome Res. 15 1-2 (2005) 93-107
92. Mozafari M.R., Flanagan J., Matia-Merino L., Awati A., Omri A., Suntres Z.E., and Singh H. Recent trends in the lipid-based nanoencapsulation of antioxidants and their role in foods. J. Sci. Food Agric. 86 (2006) 2038-2045
93. Mozafari M.R., Reed C.J., and Rostron C. Cytotoxicity evaluation of anionic nanoliposomes and nanolipoplexes prepared by the heating method without employing volatile solvents and detergents. Pharmazie 62 (2007) 205-209
94. Nagayasu A., Uchiyama K., and Kiwada H. The size of liposomes: a factor which affects their targeting efficiency to tumors and therapeutic activity of liposomal antitumor drugs. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 40 (1999) 75-87
95. Omri A., Makabi-Panzu B., Agnew B.J., Sprott G.D., and Patel G.B. Influence of coenzyme Q10 on tissue distribution of archaeosomes and pegylated archaeosomes administered to mice by oral and intravenous routes. J. Drug Target. 7 (2000) 383-392
96. Omri A., Agnew B.J., and Patel G.B. Short-term repeated-dose toxicity profile of archaeosomes administered to mice via intravenous and oral routes. Int. J. Toxicol. 22 (2003) 9-23
97. Orive G., Hernandez R.M., Rodriguez Gascon A., Dominguez-Gil A., and Pedraz J.L. Drug delivery in biotechnology: present and future. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 14 (2003) 659-664
98. Pardridge W.M. Vector-mediated drug delivery to the brain. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 36 (1999) 299-321
99. Park K. Nanotechnology: what it can do for drug delivery. J. Control. Release 120 (2007) 1-3
100. Patel G.B., Agnew B.J., Deschatelets L., Fleming L.P., and Sprott G.D. In vitro assessment of archaeosome stability for developing oral delivery systems. Int. J. Pharm. 194 (2000) 39-49
101. Patel G.B., and Chen W. Archaeosomes as drug and vaccine nanodelivery systems. In: Mozafari M.R. (Ed). Nanocarrier Technologies: Frontiers of Nanotherapy. (2006), Springer, The Netherlands 17-40
102. Prater C.B., Wilson M.R., Garnaes J., Massie J., Elings V.B., and Hansma P.K. Atomic force microscopy of biological samples at low temperature. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14 (1991) 1399-1404
103. Ravi Kumar M.N. Nano and microparticles as controlled drug delivery devices. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 3 (2000) 234-258
104. Ruozi B., Tosi G., Leo E., and Vandelli M.A. Application of atomic force microscopy to characterize liposomes as drug and gene carriers. Talanta 73 (2007) 12-22
105. Sahoo S.K., and Labhasetwar V. Nanotech. approaches to drug delivery and imaging. Drug Discov. Today 8 (2003) 1112-1120
106. Sahoo S.K., Parveen S., and Panda J.J. The present and future of nanotechnology in human health care. Nanomed. Nanotech. Biol. Med. 3 (2007) 20-31
107. Saito R., Dresselhaus G., and Dresselhaus M.S. Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes (1998), Imperial College Press, London
108. Santos N.C., and Castanho M.A.R.B. An overview of the biophysical applications of atomic force microscopy. Biophys. Chem. 107 (2004) 133-149
109. Saupe A., and Rades T. Solid lipid nanoparticles. In: Mozafari M.R. (Ed). Nanocarrier Technologies: Frontiers of Nanotherapy (2006), Springer, The Netherlands 41-50
110. Schurer N.Y., and Elias P.M. The biochemistry and function of stratum corneum lipids. Adv. Lipid Res. 24 (1991) 27-56
111. Senior K. Nano-dumpling with drug delivery potential. Mol. Med. Today 4 (1998) 321
112. Shaffer C. Nanomedicine transforms drug delivery. Drug Discov. Today 10 (2005) 1581-1582
113. Shao Z., Shi D., and Somlyo A.V. Cryoatomic force microscopy of filamentous actin. Biophys. J. 78 (2000) 950-958
114. Shi Kam N.W., Jessop T.C., Wender P.A., and Dai H. Nanotube molecular transporters: internalization of carbon nanotube-protein conjugates into mammalian cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 6850-6851
115. Stull R.A., and Szoka Jr. F.C. Antigene, ribozyme and aptamer nucleic acid drugs: progress and prospects. Pharm. Res. 12 (1995) 465-483
116. Suntres Z.E., and Shek P.N. Alleviation of paraquat-induced lung injury by pretreatment with bifunctional liposomes containing α-tocopherol and glutathione. Biochem. Pharmacol. 52 (1996) 1515-1520
117. Tang Q., Xu Y., Wu D., Sun Y., Wang J., Xu J., and Deng F. Studies on a new carrier of trimethylsilyl-modified mesoporous material for controlled drug delivery. J. Control. Release 114 (2006) 41-46
118. Tartaj P., del Puerto Morales M., Veintemillas-Verdaguer S., Gonzales-Cerreno T., and Serena C.J. The preparation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36 (2003) R182-R197
119. Torchilin V.P. Targeted polymeric micelles for delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61 (2004) 2549-2559
120. Tripathy S.K., Black H.B., Goldwasser E., and Leiden J.M. Immune responses to transgene-encoded proteins limit the stability of gene expression after injection of replication-defective adenovirus vectors. Nat. Med. 2 (1996) 545-550
121. Tsao N., Luh T.Y., Chou C.K., Chang T.Y., Wu J.J., and Liu C.C. In vitro action of carboxyfullerene. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 49 (2002) 641-649
122. Uchegbu I.F., and Vyas S.P. Non-ionic surfactant based vesicles (niosomes) in drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 172 (1998) 33-70
123. Uchegbu I.F., Double J.A., Kelland L.R., Turton J.A., and Florence A.T. The activity of doxorubicin niosomes against an ovarian-cancer cell-line and 3 in vivo mouse-tumor models. J. Drug Target. 3 (1996) 399-409
124. Uchegbu I.F., McCarthy D., Schatzlein A., and Florence A.T. Phase-transitions in aqueous dispersions of the hexadecyl diglycerol ether (c(16)g(2)) non-ionic surfactant, cholesterol and cholesteryl poly-24-oxyethylene ether-vesicles, tubules, discomes and micelles. STP Pharm. Sci. 6 (1996) 33-43
125. Ulrich K.E., Cannizzaro S.M., Langer R.S., and Shakeshelf K.M. Polymeric systems for controlled drug release. Chem. Rev. 99 (1999) 3181-3198
126. Ulrich H., Trujillo C.A., and Nery A.A. DNA and RNA aptamers: from tools for basic research towards therapeutic applications. Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen 9 (2006) 619-632
127. Uvarov V.Y., Ivanov Y.D., Romanov A.N., Gallyamov M.O., Kiselyova O.I., and Yaminsky I.V. Scanning tunneling microscopy study of cytochrome P450 2B4 incorporated in proteoliposomes. Biochimie 78 (1996) 780-784
128. Vaccari L., Canton D., Zaffaroni N., Villa R., Tormen M., and di Fabrizio E. Porous silicon as drug carrier for controlled delivery of doxorubicin anticancer agent. Microelectron. Eng. 83 (2006) 1598-1601
129. Vasir J.K., and Labhasetwar V. Targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 4 (2005) 363-374
130. Vasir J.K., Reddy M.K., and Labhasetwar V. Nanosystems in drug targeting: opportunities and challenges. Curr. Nanosci. 1 (2005) 47-64
131. 4+ T cells to proliferate and differentiate. Mol. Immun. 33 1 (1996) 1-14
132. Visser C.C., Stevanovic S., Voorwinden L.H., Bloois L.V., Gaillard P.J., Danhof M., Crommelin D.J.A., and Boer A.G. Targeting liposomes with protein drugs to the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 25 (2005) 299-305
133. Wagner V., Dullaart A., Bock A.K., and Zweck A. The emerging nanomedicine landscape. Nat. Biotechnol. 24 (2006) 1211-1217
134. Wilkinson J.M. Nanotechnology applications in medicine. Med. Device Technol. 14 (2003) 29-31
135. Williams D. Nanotechnology: a new look. Med. Device Technol. 15 (2004) 9-10
136. Williams A.C., and Barry B.W. Penetration enhancers. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 56 (2004) 603-618
137. Wozniak M.J., Wozniak P., Bystrzejewski M., Cudzilo S., Huczko A., Jelen P., Kaszuwara W., Kozubowski J.A., Lange H., Leonowicz M., and Lewandowska-Szumiel M. Magnetic nanoparticles of Fe and Nd-Fe-B alloy encapsulated in carbon shells for drug delivery systems: study of the structure and interaction with the living cells. J. Alloys Compounds 423 (2006) 87-91
138. Xue J.M., and Shi M. PLGA/mesoporous silica hybrid structure for controlled drug release. J. Control. Release 98 (2004) 209-217
139. Yurdugul S., and Mozafari M.R. Recent advances in micro- and nano-encapsulation of food ingredients. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 9 Suppl. 2 (2004) 64-65
140. Zanella I., Fagan S.B., Motac R., and Fazzio A. Ab initio study of pristine and Si-doped capped carbon nanotubes interacting with nimesulide molecules. Chem. Phys. Lett. 439 (2007) 348-353
141. 2+ complexes. J. Liposome Res. 7 (1997) 491-502
142. Zarif L., Graybill J.R., Perlin D., and Mannino R.J. Cochleates: new lipid-based drug delivery system. J. Liposome Res. 10 (2000) 523-538
143. Zarif L., and Mannino R.J. Cochleates: lipid-based vehicles for gene delivery - concept, achievements and future development. In: Habib N. (Ed). Cancer Gene Therapy: Past Achievements and Future Challenges (2000), Plenum, London 83-94
144. Zarif L. Nanocochleate cylinders for oral and parenteral delivery of drugs. J. Liposome Res. 13 (2003) 109-110
145. Zhang Y., Schlachetzki F., Li J.Y., Boado R.J., and Pardridge W.M. Organ-specific gene expression in the rhesus monkey eye following intravenous nonviral gene transfer. Mol. Vis. 9 (2003) 465-472
146. Zhdanov R.I., Volkova L.A., Artemova L.G., and Rodin V.V. Lipid spin labeling and n.m.r. study of the interaction between polyadenylic acid:polyuridilic acid duplex and egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Evidence for involvement of surface groups of bilayer, phosphoryl groups and bivalent metal cations. Appl. Magn. Res. 7 (1994) 131-145