A Landau primer for ferroelectrics

Topics in Applied Physics

Volumn 105, Issue , 2007, Pages 69-116

  Chandra, Premi ^a   Littlewood, Peter B ^b  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547582080     PISSN: 03034216     EISSN: 14370859     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-34591-6_3     Document Type: Article

References (184)

1. L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz: Statistical Physics (Pergamon, Oxford 1959) 69, 74, 84
2. J.-C. Toledano, P. Toledano: Landau Theory of Phase Transitions (World Scientific, Singapore 1987) 69, 84
3. E. Fatuzzo, W. M. Mertz: Ferroelectricity (North-Holland, Amsterdam. 1967) 69, 75, 76, 78, 80, 91
4. M. E. Lines, A. M. Glass: Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials (Oxford University Press, Oxford 1977) 69, 72, 75, 76, 78, 85, 91
5. F. Jona, G. Shirane: Ferroelectric Crystals (Dover, New York 1993) 69, 91
6. B. A. Strukov, A. P. Levanyuk: Ferroelectric Phenomena in Crystals (Springer, Berlin 1998) 69
7. J. F. Scott: Ferroelectric Memories, vol. 3, Springer Ser. Adv. Microelectron. (Springer, Berlin 2000) 69, 72, 92, 93
8. L. D. Landau: Phys. Z. Sowjun. 11, 545 (1937) 70, 74, 106
9. L. D. Landau: Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 7, 627 (1937) 70, 74, 106
10. D. ter Haar (Ed.): Collected Papers of L. D. Landau (Pergamon, Oxford 1965) contains Engl, transl. of [8] and [9] 70, 74
11. H. Mueller: Properties of Rochelle salt, Phys. Rev. 57, 829 (1940) 70
12. H. Mueller: Properties of Rochelle salt II, Phys. Rev. 58, 565 (1940) 70
13. H. Mueller: Properties of Rochelle salt III, Phys. Rev. 58, 805 (1940) 70
14. A. F. Devonshire: Philos. Mag. 40, 1040 (1949) 70, 74
15. A. F. Devonshire: Philos. Mag. 42, 1065 (1951) 70, 74
16. A. F. Devonshire: Adv. Phys. 3, 85 (1954) 70, 74
17. A. P. Levanyuk: Sov. Phys. JETP 36, 571 (1959) 71, 86, 87, 88
18. V. L. Ginzburg: Fiz. Tverd. Tela 2, 2031 (1960) 71, 86, 87, 88, 107
19. V. L. Ginzburg: Sov. Phys. - Solid State 2, 1824 (1960) engl, transl. of [18] 71, 86, 87, 88
20. A. I. Larkin, D. E. Khmel'nitskii: Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 55, 2345 (1968) 71, 88, 106, 107
21. A. I. Larkin, D. E. Khmel'nitskii: Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 56, 2087 (1969) 71, 88, 106, 107
22. A. I. Larkin, D. E. Khmernitskii: Sov. Phys. JETP 28, 1245 (1969) english translations of [20] and [21] 71, 88, 106
23. A. I. Larkin, D. E. Khmernitskii: Sov. Phys. JETP 29, 1123 (1969) english translations of [20] and [21] 71, 88, 106
24. 4, Phys. Rev. Lett. 34, 1227 (1975) 71
25. M. Born, K. Huang: Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1954) 72, 89
26. I. P. Batra, B. D. Silverman: Thermodynamic stability of thin ferroelectric films, Solid State Commun. 11, 291 (1972) 72, 96, 99
27. R. Mehta, B. Silverman, J. T. Jacobs: Depolarization fields in thin ferroelectric films, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 3379 (1973) 72, 96, 99
28. P. Wurfel, I. P. Batra: Depolarization-field-induced instability in thin ferroelectric films-experiment and theory, Phys. Rev. B 8, 5126 (1973) 72, 96
29. 3 ultrathin films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2767 (2000) 72, 99
30. J. Junquera, P. Ghosez: Critical thickness for ferroelectricity in perovskite ultrathin films, Nature 422, 506 (2003) 72, 99
31. M. Dawber, P. Chandra, P. B. Littlewood, J. F. Scott: Depolarization corrections to the coercive field in thin-film ferroelectrics, J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 15, L393 (2003) 72, 96, 98, 99
32. D. R. Tilley, B. Zeks: Landau theory of phase transitions in thick films, Solid State Commun. 49, 823 (1984) 73, 95
33. 3, Science 430, 758 (2004) 73, 100
34. 3 thin films, Phys. Rev. B 73, 184112 (2006) 73, 100
35. 3 single crystals, J. Appl. Phys. 98, 064101 (2005) 73, 104
36. 3 thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 072905 (2006) 73, 104
37. 3 epitaxial thin films, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 034112 (2005) 73, 104
38. W. Merz: The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the Curie point of barium titanate single crystals, Phys. Rev. B 77, 52 (1950) 80, 100
39. P. W. Forsbergh: Effect of a two-dimensional pressure on the Curie point of barium titanate, Phys. Rev. B 93, 686 (1954) 80, 100, 101
40. E. A. H. Love: A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity (Dover, New York 1944) p. 49 83
41. S. Kartha, J. A. Krumhansl, J. P. Sethna, L. K. Wickham: Disorder-driven pretransitional tweed pattern in martensitic transformations, Phys. Rev. B 52, 803 (1995) 83
42. S. R. Shenoy, T. Lookman, A. Saxena, A. R. Bishop: Martensitic textures: Multiscale consequences of elastic compatibility, Phys. Rev. B 60, R12537 (1999) 83, 105
43. T. Lookman, A. Saxena, D. A. Dimitrov, A. R. Bishop, R. C. Albers: Signatures of long-range elastic interaction in textured materials, Phys. Rev. B 87, 55704 (2001) 83
44. T. Lookman, S. R. Shenoy, K. O. Rasmussen, A. Saxena, A. R. Bishop: Ferroelastic dynamics and strain compatibility, Phys. Rev. B 67, 24114 (2003) 83
45. Y. Fujii, Y. Yamada: X-ray critical scattering in ferroelectric tri-glycine sulphate, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1676 (1971) 85
46. J. Als-Nielsen, R. Birgeneau: Mean field theory, the Ginzburg criterion and marginal dimensionality of phase transitions, Am. J. Phys. 45, 554 (1977) 87
47. R. M. White, T. H. Geballe: Long-Range Order in Solids (Academic Press, New York 1979) 89
48. W. Cochran: Adv. Phys. 9, 387 (1960) 89
49. R. A. Cowley: Temperature dependence of a transverse optic mode in strontium titanate, Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 159 (1962) 89
50. A. D. Bruce, R. A. Cowley: Structural Phase Transitions (Taylor and Francis, London 1981) 89
51. E. Burstein, A. Pinczuk, R. F. Wallace: in D. L. Carter, R. T. Bate (Eds.): Proceedings of the Conference on the Physics of Metals and Narrow Gap Semiconductors (Pergamon, New York 1970) pp. 251-272 90
52. P. B. Littlewood, V. Heine: The infrared effective charge in IV-VI compounds. I. A simple one-dimensional model, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 12, 4431 (1979) 90
53. P. B. Littlewood: The infrared effective charge in IV-VI compounds. II. A three-dimensional calculation, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 12, 4441 (1979) 90
54. T. Portengen, T. Ostreich, L. J. Sham: Linear and nonlinear optical characteristics of the Falicov-Kimball model, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3384 (1996) 90
55. T. Portengen, T. Ostreich, L. J. Sham: Theory of electronic ferroelectricity, Phys. Rev. B 54, 17452 (1996) 90
56. C. D. Batista, A. A. Aligia: Exact bond ordered ground state for the transition between the band and the mott insulator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 246405 (2004) 90
57. C. D. Batista, A. A. Aligia: Dimerized phase of ionic Hubbard models, Phys. Rev. B 71, 125110 (2005) 90
58. G. Gruner: Density Waves in Solids (Addison-Wesley, Reading 1994) 90
59. J. Schrieffer: Theory of Superconductivity (Benjamin, Reading 1964) 90
60. P. G. deGennes: Superconductivity of Metals and Alloys (Benjamin, New York 1966) 90, 94
61. M. Tinkham: Introduction to Superconductivity (McGraw-Hill, New York 1975) 90
62. 2, Phys. Rev. B 16, 643 (1977) 91
63. R. A. Cowley: Self-consistent phonon studies of a model diatomic ferroelectric, Physica A 232, 585 (1996) 91
64. D. V. Efremov, J. van den Brink, D. I. Khomskii: Bond- versus site-centred ordering and possible ferroelectricity in manganites, Nature Mater. 3, 853 (2004) 91
65. D. Vanderbilt, M. H. Cohen: Monoclinic and triclinicphases in higher-order Devonshire theory, Phys. Rev. B 63, 094108 (2001) 91
66. 3 solid solution, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2059 (1999) 91
67. 3, Ferroelectrics 99, 13 (1989) 91
68. 3 alloys from first principles, Phys. Rev. B 84, 5437 (2000) 91
69. 3, Phys. Rev. B 52, 6301 (1995) 91
70. C. H. Ahn, K. M. Rabe, J.-M. Triscone: Ferroelectricity at the nanoscale: Local polarization in oxide thin films and heterostructures, Science 303, 488 (2004) 92
71. M. Dawber, K. M. Rabe, J. F. Scott: Physics of thin-film ferroelectric oxides, Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 1083 (2005) 92, 103
72. 3 from first principles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1861 (1994) 92
73. 3, Phys. Rev. B 52, 6301 (1995) 92
74. 3 from first principles, Phys. Rev. B 63, 144103 (2001) 92
75. J. S. Langer: Statistical theory of the decay of metastable states, Ann. Phys. (NY) 54, 258 (1969) 92
76. D. B. McWhan, et al.: J. Phys. C 18, L307 (1985) 92
77. 3, Phys. Rev. B 32, 1866 (1985) 92
78. P. B. Littlewood, P. Chandra: Delayed nucleation at a weakly first-order transition, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2415 (1986) 92
79. P. Chandra: Nucleation in the presence of long-range interactions, Phys. Rev. A 39, 3672 (1989) 92
80. V. L. Ginzburg: Phase transitions in ferroelectrics: Some historical remarks, Phys.-Usp. 44, 1037 (2001) 92
81. S. Li, J. A. Eastman, Z. Li, C. M. Foster, R. E. Newnham, L. E. Cross: Size effects in nanostructured ferroelectrics, Phys. Lett. 212, 341 (1996) 92
82. S. Li, J. A. Eastman, J. M. Vetrone, C. M. Foster, R. E. Newnham, L. E. Cross: Dimension and size effects in ferroelectrics, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 36, 5169 (1997) 92
83. O. Auciello, J. F. Scott, R. Ramesh: The physics of ferrorelectric memories, Physics Today 51, 22-27 (1998) 93
84. R. Kretschmer, K. Binder: Surface effects on phase transitions in ferroelectrics and dipolar magnets, Phys. Rev. B 20, 1065 (1979) 93, 94, 98, 99
85. K. Binder: Ferroelectrics 35, 99 (1981) 93, 94, 98, 99
86. T. C. Lubensky, M. H. Rubin: Critical phenomena, in semi-infinite systems. II. Mean-field theory, Phys. Rev. B 12, 3885 (1975) 93
87. L.-H. Ong, J. Osman, D. R. Tilley: Landau theory of second-order phase transitions in ferroelectric films, Phys. Rev. B 63, 144109 (2001) 93, 95
88. J. F. Scott: Nanoferroelectrics: statics and dynamics, J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 18, R361 (2006) 93
89. M. I. Kaganov, A. N. Omelyandchouk: Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 61, 1679 (1971) 94
90. M. I. Kaganov, A. N. Omelyandchouk: Sov. Phys. JETP 34, 895 (1972) 94
91. K. Binder, P. C. Hohenberg: Phase transitions and static spin correlations in Ising models with free surfaces, Phys. Rev. B 6, 3461 (1979) 94
92. D. R. Tilley: Finite-size effects on phase transitions in ferroelectrics, in C. P. de Araujo, J. F. Scott, G. W. Taylor (Eds.): Ferroelectric Thin Films: Synthesis and Basic Properties (Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam 1996) pp. 11-46 95, 99
93. 3 thin-film memories, Physica B 150, 160 (1988) 95
94. D. R. Tilley: Landau theory for coupled ferromagnetic and ferroelectric films and superlattices, Solid State Commun. 65, 657 (1988) 95
95. K. Ishikawa, T. Uemori: Surface relaxation in ferroelectric perovskites, Phys. Rev B 60, 11841 (1999) 96
96. 3 thin films grown by chemical vapor deposition, J. Appl. Phys. 82, 2497 (1997) 96
97. T. Li, W. Cao: Generalized continuum theory for ferroelectric thin films, Phys. Rev. B 66, 24102 (2002) 96
98. D. L. Tilley: Phase transitions in thin films, in N. Setter, E. L. Colla (Eds.): Ferroelectric Ceramics (Birkhauser Verlag, Basel 1993) pp. 163-184 96, 98
99. C. Kittel: Introduction to Solid State Physics (J. Wiley and Sons, New York 1976) 98
100. N. W. Ashcroft, N. D. Mermin: Solid State Physics (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York 1976) 98
101. A. M. Bratkovsky, A. P. Levanyuk: Very large dielectric response of thin ferroelectric films with the dead layers, Phys. Rev. B. 63, 132103 (2001) 99
102. D. L. Tilley: Phase transitions in ferroelectric films, Ferroelectrics 134, 313 (1992) 99
103. D. D. Fong, G. B. Stephenson, S. K. Streiffer, J. A. Eastman, O. Auciello, P. H. Fuoss, C. Thompson: Ferroelectricity in ultrathin perovskite films, Science 304, 1650 (2004) 99
104. D. D. Fong, C. Cionca, Y. Yacoby, G. B. Stephenson, J. A. Eastman, P. H. Fuoss, S. K. Streiffer, C. Thompson, R. Clarke, R. Pindak, E. A. Stern: Direct structural determination in ultrathin ferroelctric films by analysis of synchotron x-ray scattering measurements, Phys. Rev. B 71, 144112 (2005) 99
105. 3 films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 102907 (2005) 99
106. A. M. Bratkovsky, A. P. Levanyuk: Phase transitions and ferroelectricity in very thin films: Single- versus multidomain states, Integ. Ferroei. 84, 3 (2006) 99, 104
107. Y. Watanabe: Theoretical stability of the polarization in a thin semiconducting ferroelectric, Phys. Rev. B 57, 789 (1998) 99
108. 3/Si heterostructures, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 72907 (2005) 100
109. N. A. Pertsev, A. G. Zembilgotov, A. K. Tagantsev: Effect of mechanical boundary conditions on phase diagrams of epitaxial ferroelectric thin films, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1988 (1998) 100, 101, 102
110. N. A. Pertsev, A. G. Zembilgotov, A. K. Tagantsev: Equilibrium states and phase transitions in epitaxial ferroelectric thin films, Ferroelectrics 223, 79 (1999) 100, 102
111. Z.-G. Ban, S. P. Alpay: Phase diagrams and dielectric response of epitaxial barium strontium titanate films: A theoretical analysis, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 9288 (2002) 100, 102
112. 3, Phys. Rev. B 69, 212101 (2004) 100, 102
113. O. Dieguez, K. M. Rabe, D. Vanderbilt: First-principles study of epitaxial strain in perovskites, Phys. Rev. B 72, 144101 (2005) 100, 102
114. 3 thin films, Science 306, 1005 (2004) 100, 102
115. 3: An intrinsic quantum paraelectric below 4 K, Phys. Rev. B 19, 3593 (1979) 100
116. 3, J. Appl. Phys. 62, 3331 (1987) 101
117. A. K. Tagantsev, N. A. Pertsev, P. Muralt, N. Setter: Strain-induced diffiuse dielectric anomaly and critical point in perovskite ferroelectric thin films, Phys. Rev. B 65, 012104 (2002) 102
118. 12 thin films under applied stress, Phys. Rev. B 72, 212103 (2005) 102
119. A. K. Soh, Y. C. Song, Y. Ni: Phase field simulations of hysteresis and butterfly loops in ferroelectrics subjected to electro-mechanical coupled loading, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89, 652 (2006) 102
120. 3 thin films, J. Appl. Phys. 99, 24107 (2006) 102
121. 3 thin film fabrication by hydrothermal epitaxy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 52901 (2006) 102
122. A. G. Zembilgotov, N. A. Pertsev, H. Kohlstedt, R. Waser: Ultrathin epitaxial ferroelectric films grown on compressive substrates: Competation between the surface and the strain effects, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 2247 (2002) 102
123. 3 superlattices, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1586 (2003) 102
124. K. Johnston, et al: Phys. Rev. B 71, 100103 (2005) 102
125. S. M. Nakhmaiison, K. M. Rabe, D. Vanderbilt: Polarization enhancement in two- and three-component ferroelectric superlattices, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 102906 (2005) 102
126. 3 thin films-thermodynamic calculations and phase-field simulations, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1608 (2003) 102
127. J. W. Matthews, A. E. Blackeslee: Defects in epitaxial multilayers. I. Misfit dislocations, J. Cryst. Growth 27, 118 (1974) 103
128. 3 thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3195 (1999) 103
129. L. J. Sinnamon, M. M. Saad, R. M. Bowman, J. J. Gregg: Exploring grain size as a cause for "dead-layer" effects in thin film capacitors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 703 (2002) 103
130. Z. G. Ban, S. P. Alpay, J. V. Mantese: Fundamentals of graded ferroic materials and devices, Phys. Rev. B 67, 184104 (2003) 103
131. D. Balzar, P. A. Ramakrishnan, A. M. Hermann: Defect-related lattice strain and the transition temperature in ferroelectric thin films, Phys. Rev. B 70, 92103 (2004) 103
132. T. M. Shaw, Z. Suo, M. Huang, E. Liniger, R. B. Laibowitz, J. D. Baniecki: The effect on the dielectric properties of barium, strontium titanatethin films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 2129 (1999) 103
133. 3 thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 340 (2002) 103
134. A. Lookman, R. M. Bowman, J. M. Gregg, J. Kut, S. Rios, M. Dawber, A. Ruediger, J. F. Scott: Thickness independence of true phase transition temperatures in barium strontium titanate films, J. Appl. Phys. 96, 555 (2004) 103
135. J. Cardy: Scaling and Renormalization in Statistical Physics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996) 103
136. M. M. Saad, P. Baxter, J. Gregg, F. D. Morrison, J. F. Scott: Intrinsic dielectric response in ferroelectric nano-capacitors, J. Phys. C 16, L451 (2004) 103
137. W. Ma, L. E. Cross: Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4420 (2001) 103
138. W. Ma, L. E. Cross: Strain-gradient-induced electric polarization in lead zirconate titanate cermaics, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3440 (2002) 103
139. W. Ma, L. E. Cross: Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3293 (2003) 103
140. W. Ma, L. E. Cross: Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 72905 (2005) 103
141. A. Gruverman, B. J. Rodriguez, A. I. Kingdon, R. J. Nemanich, A. K. Tagantsev, J. S. Cross, M. Tsukada: Mechanical stress effect on imprint behavior of integrated ferroelectric capacitors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 728 (2003) 103
142. A. Tagantsev: Pizoelectricity and flexoelectricity in crystalline dielectrics, Phys. Rev. B 34, 5883 (1986) 103
143. A. Tagantsev: Phase Transitions 35, 119 (1991) 103
144. G. Catalan, L. J. Sinnamon, J. M. Gregg: The effect of flexoelectricity on the dielectric properties of inhomogeneously strained ferroelectric thin films, J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 16, 2253 (2004) 103, 104
145. G. Catalan, B. Noheda, J. McAneney, L. J. Sinnamon, J. M. Gregg: Strain gradients in epitaxial ferroelectrics, Phys. Rev. B 72, 020102 (2005) 103, 104
146. A. M. Bratkovsky, A. P. Levanyuk: Smearing of phase transition due to a surface effect or a bulk inhomogeneity in ferroelectric nanostructures, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 107601 (2005) 104
147. A. M. Bratkovsky, A. P. Levanyuk: Abrupt appearance of the domain pattern and fatigue of thin ferroelectric films, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1, 43177 (2000) 104
148. A. M. Bratkovsky, A. P. Levanyuk: Formation and rapid evolution of domain structure at phase transitions in slightly inhomogeneous ferroelectrics and ferroelastics, Phys. Rev B 66, 184109 (2002) 104
149. A. L. Roytburd, S. P. Alpay, L. A. Bendersky, V. Nagarajan, R. Ramesh: Three-domain architecture of stree-free epitaxial ferroelectric films, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 553 (2001) 104
150. J. S. Speck, W. Pompe: Domain configurations due to multiple misfit relaxation mechanisms in epitaxial ferroelectric thin films. I.Theory, J. Appl. Phys. 7, 466 (1994) 104
151. J. Slutsker, A. L. Roytburd: Deformation of polydomain crystals, Ferroelectrics 222, 365 (1999) 104
152. Y. G. Wang, W. I. Zhong, P. L. Zhang: Surface and size effects in ferroelectric films with domain structures, Phys. Rev. B 51, 5311 (1995) 104
153. L. Q. Chen, J. Shen: Applications of semi-implicit fourier-spectral method to phase field equations, Comput. Phys. Commun. 108, 147 (1998) 104
154. 3 thin films, Phys. Rev. B 73, 184112 (2006) 104
155. 3Al from first principles calculations, Acta Mater. 52, 81 (2004) 104
156. S. Semenovskaya, A. G. Khachaturyan: Coherent structural transformations in random crystalline systems, Acta Mater. 45, 4367 (1997) 104
157. A. Roytburd, J. Slutsker: Coherent phase equilibria in a bending film, Acta Mater. 50, 1809 (2002) 104
158. Y. Arimoto, H. Ishiwara: Current status of ferroelectric random-access memory, MRS Bull. 29, 823 (2004) 105
159. J. F. Scott: Ferroelectrics: Novel geometric ordering of ferroelectricity, Nature 4, 13 (2005) 105
160. H. X. Fu, L. Bellaiche: Ferroelectricity in barium titanate quantum dots and wires, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 257601 (2003) 105
161. I. I. Naumov, L. Bellaiche, H. Fu: Unusual phase transitions in ferroelectric nanodisks and nanorods, Nature 432, 737 (2004) 105
162. M. Y. Gutkin, I. A. Ovid'ko, A. G. Sheinerman: Misfit dislocations in wire composite solids, J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 12, 5391 (2000) 105
163. A. G. Sherman, M. Y. Gutkin: Misfit disclinations and dislocation walls in a two-phase cylindrical composite, Phys. Stat. Sol. 184, 485 (2001) 105
164. M. Y. Gutkin, I. A. Ovid'ko, A. G. Sheinerman: Misfit dislocations in composites with nanowires, J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 15, 3539 (2003) 105
165. D. I. Khomskii: Multiferroics: Different ways to combine magnetism and ferroelectricity, J. Mag. Magn. Mat. 306, 1 (2006) 105
166. 8, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 87205 (2005) 105
167. A. B. Harris, G. Lawes: Ferroelectricity in incommensurate magnets, in H. Kronmüller, S. Parkin (Eds.): Handbook of Magnetism and Advanced Magnetic Materials (Wiley, New York 2006) 105
168. M. Mostovoy: Ferroelectricity in spiral magnets, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 67601 (2006) 105
169. 4 nanostructures, Science 303, 661 (2004) 105
170. C. S. Ganpule, V. Nagarajan, S. B. Ogale, A. L. Roytburd, E. D. Williams, R. Ramesh: Domain nucleation and relaxation kinetics in ferroelectric thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 3275 (2000) 105
171. A. Krishnan, M. M. W. Treacy, M. E. Bisher, P. Chandra, P. B. Little-wood: Efficient switching and domain interlocking observed in polyaxial ferroelectrics, Integr. Ferroelectrics 43, 31 (2002) 105
172. J. Fousek, L. E. Cross: Engineering multidomaln ferroic samples, Ferroelectrics 252, 171 (2001) 105
173. E. V. Colla, L. K. Chao, M. B. Weissman, D. D. Viehland: Aging in a relaxor ferroelectric: Scaling and memory effects, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3033 (2000) 105
174. E. V. Colla, L. K. Chao, M. B. Weissmann: Multiple aging mechanisms in relaxor ferroelectrics, Phys. Rev. B 63, 134107 (2001) 105
175. D. E. Grupp, A. M. Goldman: Giant piezoelectric effect in strontium, titanate at cryogenic temperatures, Science 276, 382 (1997) 106
176. P. Coleman: Theory perspective: SCES 05 Vienna, Physica B 378-380, 1160 (2006) 106
177. S. E. Rowley, et al.: unpublished 106
178. 3, J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 18, L205 (2006) 106
179. S. Sachdev: Quantum Phase Transitions (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999) 106
180. R. Roussev, A. J. Millis: Theory of the quantum paraelectric- ferroelectric transition, Phys. Rev. B 67, 014105 (2003) 106
181. V. L. Ginzburg: Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 15, 739 (1945)
182. V. L. Ginzburg: Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 19, 36 (1949)
183. K.-H. Chew, et al.: Integr. Ferroelectrics 23, 161 (1999)
184. D. Khmel'nitskii, J. F. Scott: private communication