Molecular aspects of preeclampsia

Molecular Aspects of Medicine

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 169-191

  Mohaupt, Markus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Genomics; Lipidomics; Metabolomics; mRNA microarray techniques; Preeclampsia; Pregnancy; Proteomics

Indexed keywords

ENDOTHELIN; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; NITRIC OXIDE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

BODY MASS; CLINICAL FEATURE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GENETICS; HUMAN; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PLACENTA; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; REVIEW;

FEMALE; GENOMICS; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAY SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PRE-ECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PROTEOMICS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 34249734769     PISSN: 00982997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.02.005     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Altman D., Carroli G., Duley L., et al. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 359 (2002) 1877-1890
2. Arngrimsson R., Bjornsson S., Geirsson R.T., et al. Genetic and familial predisposition to eclampsia and pre-eclampsia in a defined population. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 97 (1990) 762-769
3. Arngrimsson R., Sigurard ttir S., Frigge M.L., et al. A genome-wide scan reveals a maternal susceptibility locus for pre-eclampsia on chromosome 2p13. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8 (1999) 1799-1805
4. Baksu B., Davas I., Baksu A., et al. Plasma nitric oxide, endothelin-1 and urinary nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels in hypertensive pregnant women. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 90 (2005) 112-117
5. Banerjee S., Chambers A.E., and Campbell S. Is vitamin E a safe prophylaxis for preeclampsia?. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 194 (2006) 1228-1233
6. Barden A.E., Beilin L.J., Ritchie J., et al. Does a predisposition to the metabolic syndrome sensitize women to develop pre-eclampsia?. J. Hypertens. 17 (1999) 1307-1315
7. Beinder E., Mohaupt M.G., Schlembach D., et al. Nitric oxide synthase activity and Doppler parameters in the fetoplacental and uteroplacental circulation in preeclampsia. Hypertens. Pregnancy 18 (1999) 115-127
8. Bourdeau A., Dumont D.J., and Letarte M. A murine model of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. J. Clin. Invest. 104 (1999) 1343-1351
9. Burton G.J., and Jauniaux E. Placental oxidative stress: from miscarriage to preeclampsia. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig. 11 (2004) 342-352
10. Chappell L.C., Seed P.T., Briley A.L., et al. Effect of antioxidants on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia in women at increased risk: a randomised trial. Lancet 354 (1999) 810-816
11. Chappell L.C., Seed P.T., Kelly F.J., et al. Vitamin C and E supplementation in women at risk of preeclampsia is associated with changes in indices of oxidative stress and placental function. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 187 (2002) 777-784
12. Chen H., Li D., Saldeen T., et al. TGF-beta(1) modulates NOS expression and phosphorylation of Akt/PKB in rat myocytes exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 281 (2001) H1035-H1039
13. Cincotta R.B., and Brennecke S.P. Family history of pre-eclampsia as a predictor for pre-eclampsia in primigravidas. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 60 (1998) 23-27
14. Cnattingius S., Reilly M., Pawitan Y., et al. Maternal and fetal genetic factors account for most of familial aggregation of preeclampsia: a population-based Swedish cohort study. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 130 (2004) 365-371
15. Colhoun H.M., McKeigue P.M., and Davey Smith G. Problems of reporting genetic associations with complex outcomes. Lancet 361 (2003) 865-872
16. Conrad K.P., Joffe G.M., Kruszyna H., et al. Identification of increased nitric oxide biosynthesis during pregnancy in rats. Faseb J. 7 (1993) 566-571
17. Conrad K.P., Kerchner L.J., and Mosher M.D. Plasma and 24-h NO(x) and cGMP during normal pregnancy and preeclampsia in women on a reduced NO(x) diet. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (1999) F48-F57
18. Conrad K.P., Gandley R.E., Ogawa T., et al. Endothelin mediates renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration during pregnancy in chronically instrumented conscious rats. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (1999) F767-F776
19. Conrad K.P., Debrah D.O., Novak J., et al. Relaxin modifies systemic arterial resistance and compliance in conscious, nonpregnant rats. Endocrinology 145 (2004) 3289-3296
20. Cunningham F.G., Cox S.M., Harstad T.W., et al. Chronic renal disease and pregnancy outcome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163 (1990) 453-459
21. Damsky C.H., Fitzgerald M.L., and Fisher S.J. Distribution patterns of extracellular matrix components and adhesion receptors are intricately modulated during first trimester cytotrophoblast differentiation along the invasive pathway, in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 89 (1992) 210-222
22. Damsky C.H., Librach C., Lim K.H., et al. Integrin switching regulates normal trophoblast invasion. Development 120 (1994) 3657-3666
23. Danielson L.A., Kercher L.J., and Conrad K.P. Impact of gender and endothelin on renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration induced by relaxin in conscious rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 279 (2000) R1298-R1304
24. de Jager C.A., Linton E.A., Spyropoulou I., et al. Matrix metalloprotease-9, placental syncytiotrophoblast and the endothelial dysfunction of pre-eclampsia. Placenta 24 (2003) 84-91
25. Dvorak H.F. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor: a critical cytokine in tumor angiogenesis and a potential target for diagnosis and therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 20 (2002) 4368-4380
26. Eremina V., Sood M., Haigh J., et al. Glomerular-specific alterations of VEGF-A expression lead to distinct congenital and acquired renal diseases. J. Clin. Invest. 111 (2003) 707-716
27. Esplin M.S., Fausett M.B., Fraser A., et al. Paternal and maternal components of the predisposition to preeclampsia. N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (2001) 867-872
28. Falkowski P.G., Katz M.E., Milligan A.J., et al. The rise of oxygen over the past 205 million years and the evolution of large placental mammals. Science 309 (2005) 2202-2204
29. Fatini C., Sticchi E., Gensini F., et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene influences the risk of pre-eclampsia, the recurrence of negative pregnancy events, and the maternal-fetal flow. J. Hypertens. 24 (2006) 1823-1829
30. Feliers D., Chen X., Akis N., et al. VEGF regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in glomerular endothelial cells. Kidney Int. 68 (2005) 1648-1659
31. Fernandez-Patron C., Radomski M.W., and Davidge S.T. Vascular matrix metalloproteinase-2 cleaves big endothelin-1 yielding a novel vasoconstrictor. Circ. Res. 85 (1999) 906-911
32. Fernandez-Patron C., Radomski M.W., and Davidge S.T. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in thrombin-induced vasorelaxation of rat mesenteric arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 278 (2000) H1473-H1479
33. Fitzpatrick E., Goring H.H., Liu H., et al. Fine mapping and SNP analysis of positional candidates at the preeclampsia susceptibility locus (PREG1) on chromosome 2. Hum. Biol. 76 (2004) 849-862
34. Fleming I., Fisslthaler B., Dimmeler S., et al. Phosphorylation of Thr(495) regulates Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. Circ. Res. 88 (2001) E68-E75
35. Folgero T., Storbakk N., Torbergsen T., et al. Mutations in mitochondrial transfer ribonucleic acid genes in preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 174 (1996) 1626-1630
36. Gant N.F., Daley G.L., Chand S., et al. A study of angiotensin II pressor response throughout primigravid pregnancy. J. Clin. Invest. 52 (1973) 2682-2689
37. Garner P.R., D'Alton M.E., Dudley D.K., et al. Preeclampsia in diabetic pregnancies. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163 (1990) 505-508
38. GOPEC Cosortium. Disentangling fetal and maternal susceptibility for pre-eclampsia: a British multicenter candidate-gene study. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 77 (2005) 127-131
39. Gu Y., Lewis D.F., Zhang Y., et al. Increased superoxide generation and decreased stress protein Hsp90 expression in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. Hypertens. Pregnancy 25 (2006) 169-182
40. Haller H., Hempel A., Homuth V., et al. Endothelial-cell permeability and protein kinase C in pre-eclampsia. Lancet 351 (1998) 945-949
41. Harrison G.A., Humphrey K.E., Jones N., et al. A genomewide linkage study of preeclampsia/eclampsia reveals evidence for a candidate region on 4q. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60 (1997) 1158-1167
42. He Y., Smith S.K., Day K.A., et al. Alternative splicing of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-R1 (FLT-1) pre-mRNA is important for the regulation of VEGF activity. Mol. Endocrinol. 13 (1999) 537-545
43. Hefler L.A., Tempfer C.B., Moreno R.M., et al. Endothelial-derived nitric oxide and angiotensinogen: blood pressure and metabolism during mouse pregnancy. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 280 (2001) R174-R182
44. Hertig A., Berkane N., Lefevre G., et al. Maternal serum sFlt1 concentration is an early and reliable predictive marker of preeclampsia. Clin. Chem. 50 (2004) 1702-1703
45. Hiby S.E., Walker J.J., O'Shaughnessy K.M., et al. Combinations of maternal KIR and fetal HLA-C genes influence the risk of preeclampsia and reproductive success. J. Exp. Med. 200 (2004) 957-965
46. Higgins J.R., and de Swiet M. Blood-pressure measurement and classification in pregnancy. Lancet 357 (2001) 131-135
47. Hoang V.M., Foulk R., Clauser K., et al. Functional proteomics: examining the effects of hypoxia on the cytotrophoblast protein repertoire. Biochemistry 40 (2001) 4077-4086
48. Hsu S.Y., Nakabayashi K., Nishi S., et al. Activation of orphan receptors by the hormone relaxin. Science 295 (2002) 671-674
49. Hsu S.Y., Nakabayashi K., Nishi S., et al. Relaxin signaling in reproductive tissues. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 202 (2003) 165-170
50. Huang P.L., Huang Z., Mashimo H., et al. Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nature 377 (1995) 239-242
51. Hubel C.A., Roberts J.M., Taylor R.N., et al. Lipid peroxidation in pregnancy: new perspectives on preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 161 (1989) 1025-1034
52. Hung T.H., Skepper J.N., and Burton G.J. In vitro ischemia-reperfusion injury in term human placenta as a model for oxidative stress in pathological pregnancies. Am. J. Pathol. 159 (2001) 1031-1043
53. Hung T.H., Charnock-Jones D.S., Skepper J.N., et al. Secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from human placental tissues induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation causes endothelial cell activation in vitro: a potential mediator of the inflammatory response in preeclampsia. Am. J. Pathol. 164 (2004) 1049-1061
54. Jauniaux E., and Gulbis B. Fluid compartments of the embryonic environment. Hum. Reprod. Update 6 (2000) 268-278
55. Jauniaux E., Gulbis B., and Burton G.J. The human first trimester gestational sac limits rather than facilitates oxygen transfer to the foetus - a review. Placenta 24 Suppl A (2003) S86-S93
56. Jeyabalan A., and Caritis S.N. Antioxidants and the prevention of preeclampsia - unresolved issues. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (2006) 1841-1843
57. Jeyabalan A., Novak J., Danielson L.A., et al. Essential role for vascular gelatinase activity in relaxin-induced renal vasodilation, hyperfiltration, and reduced myogenic reactivity of small arteries. Circ. Res. 93 (2003) 1249-1257
58. Jeyabalan A., Kerchner L.J., Fisher M.C., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity, protein, mRNA, and tissue inhibitors in small arteries from pregnant and relaxin-treated nonpregnant rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 100 (2006) 1955-1963
59. Jeyabalan A., Novak J., Doty K.D., et al. Vascular matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediates the inhibition of myogenic reactivity in small arteries isolated from rats after short-term administration of relaxin. Endocrinology 148 (2007) 189-197
60. Jiang B., and Mendelson C.R. O2 enhancement of human trophoblast differentiation and hCYP19 (aromatase) gene expression are mediated by proteasomal degradation of USF1 and USF2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (2005) 8824-8833
61. Johnson M.P., Fitzpatrick E., Dyer T.D., et al. Identification of two novel quantitative trait loci for pre-eclampsia susceptibility on chromosomes 5q and 13q using a variance components-based linkage approach. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 13 (2007) 61-67
62. Kerchner L.J., Novak J., Hanley-Yanez K., et al. Evidence against the hypothesis that endothelial endothelin B receptor expression is regulated by relaxin and pregnancy. Endocrinology 146 (2005) 2791-2797
63. Kim Y.J., Park H.S., Lee H.Y., et al. Reduced l-arginine level and decreased placental eNOS activity in preeclampsia. Placenta 27 (2006) 438-444
64. Kroll J., and Waltenberger J. VEGF-A induces expression of eNOS and iNOS in endothelial cells via VEGF receptor-2 (KDR). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 252 (1998) 743-746
65. Kumarasamy V., Mitchell M.D., Bloomfield F.H., et al. Effects of periconceptional undernutrition on the initiation of parturition in sheep. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288 (2005) R67-R72
66. Lachmeijer A.M., Arngrimsson R., Bastiaans E.J., et al. A genome-wide scan for preeclampsia in the Netherlands. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 9 (2001) 758-764
67. Laivuori H., Lahermo P., Ollikainen V., et al. Susceptibility loci for preeclampsia on chromosomes 2p25 and 9p13 in Finnish families. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72 (2003) 168-177
68. Lebrin F., Deckers M., Bertolino P., et al. TGF-beta receptor function in the endothelium. Cardiovasc. Res. 65 (2005) 599-608
69. Lees C., Langford E., Brown A.S., et al. The effects of S-nitrosoglutathione on platelet activation, hypertension, and uterine and fetal Doppler in severe preeclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol. 88 (1996) 14-19
70. Lees C., Valensise H., Black R., et al. The efficacy and fetal-maternal cardiovascular effects of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate in the prophylaxis of pre-eclampsia and its complications: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 12 (1998) 334-338
71. Levine R.J., Maynard S.E., Qian C., et al. Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (2004) 672-683
72. Levine R.J., Lam C., Qian C., et al. Soluble endoglin and other circulating antiangiogenic factors in preeclampsia. N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (2006) 992-1005
73. Li D.Y., Sorensen L.K., Brooke B.S., et al. Defective angiogenesis in mice lacking endoglin. Science 284 (1999) 1534-1537
74. Lindgren C.M., Mahtani M.M., Widen E., et al. Genomewide search for type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility loci in Finnish families: the Botnia study. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 (2002) 509-516
75. Lindheimer M.D., and Katz A.I. Renal physiology and disease in pregnancy. In: Seldin D.W., and Giebisch G. (Eds). The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. 2nd ed. (1992), Raven Press, Ltd., New York 3371-3433
76. Liu S., Premont R.T., Kontos C.D., et al. Endothelin-1 activates endothelial cell nitric-oxide synthase via heterotrimeric G-protein betagamma subunit signaling to protein jinase B/Akt. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 49929-49935
77. Luttun A., Tjwa M., and Carmeliet P. Placental growth factor (PlGF) and its receptor Flt-1 (VEGFR-1): novel therapeutic targets for angiogenic disorders. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 979 (2002) 80-93
78. Marasciulo F.L., Montagnani M., and Potenza M.A. Endothelin-1: the yin and yang on vascular function. Curr. Med. Chem. 13 (2006) 1655-1665
79. Maynard S.E., Min J.Y., Merchan J., et al. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J. Clin. Invest. 111 (2003) 649-658
80. McAllister K.A., Grogg K.M., Johnson D.W., et al. Endoglin, a TGF-beta binding protein of endothelial cells, is the gene for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1. Nat. Genet. 8 (1994) 345-351
81. McMaster M.T., Zhou Y., and Fisher S.J. Abnormal placentation and the syndrome of preeclampsia. Semin. Nephrol. 24 (2004) 540-547
82. Michel J.B., Feron O., Sase K., et al. Caveolin versus calmodulin. Counterbalancing allosteric modulators of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 25907-25912
83. Mikhail M.S., Anyaegbunam A., Garfinkel D., et al. Preeclampsia and antioxidant nutrients: decreased plasma levels of reduced ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, and beta-carotene in women with preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 171 (1994) 150-157
84. Mohaupt M.G., Madsen K.M., Wilcox C.S., et al. Molecular characterization and localization of three nitric oxide isoforms in the kidney (1994), Portland Press, Portland
85. Moore S., Ide M., Coward P.Y., et al. A prospective study to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcome. Br. Dent. J. 197 (2004) 251-258 discussion 247
86. Moses E.K., Lade J.A., Guo G., et al. A genome scan in families from Australia and New Zealand confirms the presence of a maternal susceptibility locus for pre-eclampsia, on chromosome 2. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67 (2000) 1581-1585
87. Myers J., Macleod M., Reed B., et al. Use of proteomic patterns as a novel screening tool in pre-eclampsia. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 24 (2004) 873-874
88. Myers J.E., Merchant S.J., Macleod M., et al. MMP-2 levels are elevated in the plasma of women who subsequently develop preeclampsia. Hypertens. Pregnancy 24 (2005) 103-115
89. Neri I., Jasonni V.M., Gori G.F., et al. Effect of l-arginine on blood pressure in pregnancy-induced hypertension: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med. 19 (2006) 277-281
90. Norwitz E.R., Tsen L.C., Park J.S., et al. Discriminatory proteomic biomarker analysis identifies free hemoglobin in the cerebrospinal fluid of women with severe preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 193 (2005) 957-964
91. Novak J., Danielson L.A., Kerchner L.J., et al. Relaxin is essential for renal vasodilation during pregnancy in conscious rats. J. Clin. Invest. 107 (2001) 1469-1475
92. Orange S.J., Painter D., Horvath J., et al. Placental endothelial nitric oxide synthase localization and expression in normal human pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 30 (2003) 376-381
93. Pabinger I., and Vormittag R. Thrombophilia and pregnancy outcomes. J. Thromb. Haemost. 3 (2005) 1603-1610
94. Papageorghiou A.T., Yu C.K., Cicero S., et al. Second-trimester uterine artery Doppler screening in unselected populations: a review. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med. 12 (2002) 78-88
95. Pijnenborg R., Dixon G., Robertson W.B., et al. Trophoblastic invasion of human decidua from 8 to 18 weeks of pregnancy. Placenta 1 (1980) 3-19
96. Poston L., Briley A.L., Seed P.T., et al. Vitamin C and vitamin E in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia (VIP trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 367 (2006) 1145-1154
97. Ramsey E.M., Houston M.L., and Harris J.W. Interactions of the trophoblast and maternal tissues in three closely related primate species. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 124 (1976) 647-652
98. Red-Horse K., Kapidzic M., Zhou Y., et al. EPHB4 regulates chemokine-evoked trophoblast responses: a mechanism for incorporating the human placenta into the maternal circulation. Development 132 (2005) 4097-4106
99. Redman C.W., and Sargent I.L. Placental debris, oxidative stress and pre-eclampsia. Placenta 21 (2000) 597-602
100. Roberts J.M., Taylor R.N., Musci T.J., et al. Preeclampsia: an endothelial cell disorder. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 161 (1989) 1200-1204
101. Rumbold A.R., Crowther C.A., Haslam R.R., et al. Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (2006) 1796-1806
102. Rytlewski K., Olszanecki R., Lauterbach R., et al. Effects of oral l-arginine on the foetal condition and neonatal outcome in preeclampsia: a preliminary report. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 99 (2006) 146-152
103. Saftlas A.F., Beydoun H., and Triche E. Immunogenetic determinants of preeclampsia and related pregnancy disorders: a systematic review. Obstet. Gynecol. 106 (2005) 162-172
104. Salonen Ros H., Lichtenstein P., Lipworth L., et al. Genetic effects on the liability of developing pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension. Am. J. Med. Genet. 91 (2000) 256-260
105. Savvidou M.D., Hingorani A.D., Tsikas D., et al. Endothelial dysfunction and raised plasma concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine in pregnant women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia. Lancet 361 (2003) 1511-1517
106. Schiessl B., Mylonas I., Hantschmann P., et al. Expression of endothelial NO synthase, inducible NO synthase, and estrogen receptors alpha and beta in placental tissue of normal, preeclamptic, and intrauterine growth-restricted pregnancies. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 53 (2005) 1441-1449
107. Scholl T.O., Leskiw M., Chen X., et al. Oxidative stress, diet, and the etiology of preeclampsia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81 (2005) 1390-1396
108. Shankar R., Gude N., Cullinane F., et al. An emerging role for comprehensive proteome analysis in human pregnancy research. Reproduction 129 (2005) 685-696
109. Shaul P.W. Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: location. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 64 (2002) 749-774
110. Shojaati K., Causevic M., Kadereit B., et al. Evidence for compromised aldosterone synthase enzyme activity in preeclampsia. Kidney Int. 66 (2004) 2322-2328
111. Sibai B.M., Lindheimer M., Hauth J., et al. Risk factors for preeclampsia, abruptio placentae, and adverse neonatal outcomes among women with chronic hypertension. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. N. Engl. J. Med. 339 (1998) 667-671
112. Singh H.J., Rahman A., Larmie E.T., et al. Endothelin-l in feto-placental tissues from normotensive pregnant women and women with pre-eclampsia. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 80 (2001) 99-103
113. Skjaerven R., Vatten L.J., Wilcox A.J., et al. Recurrence of pre-eclampsia across generations: exploring fetal and maternal genetic components in a population based cohort. Br. Med. j. 331 (2005) 877
114. Smith M.C., Danielson L.A., Conrad K.P., et al. Influence of recombinant human relaxin on renal hemodynamics in healthy volunteers. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 (2006) 3192-3197
115. Smith M.C., Murdoch A.P., Danielson L.A., et al. Relaxin has a role in establishing a renal response in pregnancy. Fertil. Steril. 86 (2006) 253-255
116. Staff A.C., Braekke K., Harsem N.K., et al. Circulating concentrations of sFlt1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1) in fetal and maternal serum during pre-eclampsia. Eur. J Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 122 (2005) 33-39
117. Stark J.M. Pre-eclampsia and cytokine induced oxidative stress. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 100 (1993) 105-109
118. 2+ regulation and NO production in human fetal venous endothelial cells. Faseb J. 16 (2002) 721-723
119. Szlachter B.N., Quagliarello J., Jewelewicz R., et al. Relaxin in normal and pathogenic pregnancies. Obstet. Gynecol. 59 (1982) 167-170
120. Thadhani R., Mutter W.P., Wolf M., et al. First trimester placental growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and risk for preeclampsia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (2004) 770-775
121. Tjwa M., Luttun A., Autiero M., et al. VEGF and PlGF: two pleiotropic growth factors with distinct roles in development and homeostasis. Cell Tissue Res. 314 (2003) 5-14
122. Toporsian M., Gros R., Kabir M.G., et al. A role for endoglin in coupling eNOS activity and regulating vascular tone revealed in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Circ. Res. 96 (2005) 684-692
123. Trundley A., and Moffett A. Human uterine leukocytes and pregnancy. Tissue Antigens 63 (2004) 1-12
124. Unemori E.N., Erikson M.E., Rocco S.E., et al. Relaxin stimulates expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in normal human endometrial cells in vitro and is associated with menometrorrhagia in women. Hum. Reprod. 14 (1999) 800-806
125. Uotila J.T., Tuimala R.J., Aarnio T.M., et al. Findings on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant function in hypertensive complications of pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 100 (1993) 270-276
126. Vanderlelie J., Venardos K., Clifton V.L., et al. Increased biological oxidation and reduced anti-oxidant enzyme activity in pre-eclamptic placentae. Placenta 26 (2005) 53-58
127. van Dijk M., Mulders J., Poutsma A., et al. Maternal segregation of the Dutch preeclampsia locus at 10q22 with a new member of the winged helix gene family. Nat. Genet. 37 (2005) 514-519
128. Venkatesha S., Toporsian M., Lam C., et al. Soluble endoglin contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Nat. Med. 12 (2006) 642-649
129. Walker J.J. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 356 (2000) 1260-1265
130. Walsh S.W., and Wang Y. Secretion of lipid peroxides by the human placenta. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 169 (1993) 1462-1466
131. Walsh S.W., and Wang Y. Deficient glutathione peroxidase activity in preeclampsia is associated with increased placental production of thromboxane and lipid peroxides. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 169 (1993) 1456-1461
132. Wang Y.P., Walsh S.W., Guo J.D., et al. The imbalance between thromboxane and prostacyclin in preeclampsia is associated with an imbalance between lipid peroxides and vitamin E in maternal blood. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 165 (1991) 1695-1700
133. Watson A.L., Skepper J.N., Jauniaux E., et al. Susceptibility of human placental syncytiotrophoblastic mitochondria to oxygen-mediated damage in relation to gestational age. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83 (1998) 1697-1705
134. Wolf M., Kettyle E., Sandler L., et al. Obesity and preeclampsia: the potential role of inflammation. Obstet. Gynecol. 98 (2001) 757-762
135. Wolff K., Nisell H., Carlstrom K., et al. Endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 levels in normal term pregnancy and in preeclampsia. Regul. Pept. 67 (1996) 211-216
136. Xing Y., Williams C., Campbell R.K., et al. Threading of a glycosylated protein loop through a protein hole: implications for combination of human chorionic gonadotropin subunits. Protein Sci. 10 (2001) 226-235
137. Zhang H., Lin Q.D., and Qiao C. Expression of trophoblast invasion related genes mRNA and protein in human placenta in preeclampsia. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 41 (2006) 509-513
138. Zhou Y., Fisher S.J., Janatpour M., et al. Human cytotrophoblasts adopt a vascular phenotype as they differentiate. A strategy for successful endovascular invasion?. J. Clin. Invest. 99 (1997) 2139-2151
139. Zhou Y., Damsky C.H., and Fisher S.J. Preeclampsia is associated with failure of human cytotrophoblasts to mimic a vascular adhesion phenotype. One cause of defective endovascular invasion in this syndrome?. J. Clin. Invest. 99 (1997) 2152-2164
140. Zhou R., Li W., and Cao Z. The changes and significance of the intensity of transcription of endothelial nitric oxide synthase-mRNA in placental tissue from cases of pregnancy induced hypertension. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 33 (1998) 709-710
141. Zhou Y., McMaster M., Woo K., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor ligands and receptors that regulate human cytotrophoblast survival are dysregulated in severe preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome. Am. J. Pathol. 160 (2002) 1405-1423