메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 141-151

Is HIV-1 evolving to a less virulent form in humans?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; LAMIVUDINE; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; VIRUS RNA;

EID: 33846502673     PISSN: 17401526     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1594     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (152)

References (165)
  • 1
    • 14544300915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Bayesian statistical analysis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus evolutionary rates
    • Lemey, P., Pybus, O. G., Van, D. S. & Vandamme, A. M. A Bayesian statistical analysis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus evolutionary rates. Infect. Genet. Evol. 5, 291-298 (2005).
    • (2005) Infect. Genet. Evol. , vol.5 , pp. 291-298
    • Lemey, P.1    Pybus, O.G.2    Van, D.S.3    Vandamme, A.M.4
  • 2
    • 0035062563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dating the origin of the African human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-i (HTLV-I) subtypes
    • Van, D. S., Salemi, M. & Vandamme, A. M. Dating the origin of the African human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-i (HTLV-I) subtypes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 661-671 (2001).
    • (2001) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.18 , pp. 661-671
    • Van, D.S.1    Salemi, M.2    Vandamme, A.M.3
  • 3
    • 25444489624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of HTLV-1, the first human retrovirus, its unique regulatory mechanisms, and insights into pathogenesis
    • Yoshida, M. Discovery of HTLV-1, the first human retrovirus, its unique regulatory mechanisms, and insights into pathogenesis. Oncogene 24, 5931-5937 (2005).
    • (2005) Oncogene , vol.24 , pp. 5931-5937
    • Yoshida, M.1
  • 4
    • 33344456609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the phylogenetic placement of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 sequences associated with an Andean mummy
    • Coulthart, M. B., Posada, D., Crandall, K. A. & Dekaban, G. A. On the phylogenetic placement of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 sequences associated with an Andean mummy. Infect. Genet. Evol. 6, 91-96 (2006).
    • (2006) Infect. Genet. Evol. , vol.6 , pp. 91-96
    • Coulthart, M.B.1    Posada, D.2    Crandall, K.A.3    Dekaban, G.A.4
  • 5
    • 0034625771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains
    • Korber, B. et al. Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains. Science 288, 1789-1796 (2000).
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 1789-1796
    • Korber, B.1
  • 6
    • 33748452016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNAIDS/WHO. [online], (UNAIDS/WHO, Geneva)
    • UNAIDS/WHO. AIDS Epidemic Update 2006. [online], http://www.unaids,org/ HIV_data/epi2006/ (UNAIDS/WHO, Geneva, 2006).
    • (2006) AIDS Epidemic Update 2006
  • 7
    • 10944235503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exotic emerging viral diseases: Progress and challenges
    • Geisbert, T. W. & Jahrling, P. B. Exotic emerging viral diseases: progress and challenges. Nature Med. 10, S110-S121 (2004).
    • (2004) Nature Med. , vol.10
    • Geisbert, T.W.1    Jahrling, P.B.2
  • 9
    • 28544437130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunopathogenesis of coronavirus infections: Implications for SARS
    • Perlman, S. & Dandekar, A. A. Immunopathogenesis of coronavirus infections: Implications for SARS. Nature Rev. Immunol. 5, 917-927 (2005).
    • (2005) Nature Rev. Immunol. , vol.5 , pp. 917-927
    • Perlman, S.1    Dandekar, A.A.2
  • 10
    • 12744269099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history of plague: Perspectives from more than a century of research
    • Gage, K. L. & Kosoy, M. Y. Natural history of plague: Perspectives from more than a century of research. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 50, 505-528 (2005).
    • (2005) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.50 , pp. 505-528
    • Gage, K.L.1    Kosoy, M.Y.2
  • 11
    • 33645105474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yersinia pestis as a telluric, human ectoparasite-borne organism
    • Drancourt, M., Houhamdi, L. & Raoult, D. Yersinia pestis as a telluric, human ectoparasite-borne organism. Lancet Infect. Dis. 6, 234-241 (2006).
    • (2006) Lancet Infect. Dis. , vol.6 , pp. 234-241
    • Drancourt, M.1    Houhamdi, L.2    Raoult, D.3
  • 12
  • 13
    • 0036709720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pox on thee! Manipulation of the host immune system by myxoma virus and implications for viral-host co-adaptation
    • Zuniga, M. C. A pox on thee! Manipulation of the host immune system by myxoma virus and implications for viral-host co-adaptation. Virus Res. 88, 17-33 (2002).
    • (2002) Virus Res. , vol.88 , pp. 17-33
    • Zuniga, M.C.1
  • 14
    • 0034141640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coevolution of host and virus: The pathogenesis of virulent and attenuated strains of myxoma virus in resistant and susceptible European rabbits
    • Best, S. M. & Kerr, P. J. Coevolution of host and virus: The pathogenesis of virulent and attenuated strains of myxoma virus in resistant and susceptible European rabbits. Virology 267, 36-48 (2000).
    • (2000) Virology , vol.267 , pp. 36-48
    • Best, S.M.1    Kerr, P.J.2
  • 15
    • 2342625970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syphilis in renaissance Europe: Rapid evolution of an introduced sexually transmitted disease?
    • Knell, R. J. Syphilis in renaissance Europe: Rapid evolution of an introduced sexually transmitted disease? Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S174-S176 (2004).
    • (2004) Proc. Biol. Sci. , vol.271
    • Knell, R.J.1
  • 16
    • 0028217809 scopus 로고
    • Mosaic genome structure of simian immunodeficiency virus from west African green monkeys
    • Jin, M. J. et al. Mosaic genome structure of simian immunodeficiency virus from west African green monkeys. EMBO J. 13, 2935-2947 (1994).
    • (1994) EMBO J. , vol.13 , pp. 2935-2947
    • Jin, M.J.1
  • 17
    • 0345963070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The history of SIVS and AIDS: Epidemiology, phylogeny and biology of isolates from naturally SIV infected non-human primates (NHP) in Africa
    • Apetrei, C., Robertson, D. L. & Marx, P. A. The history of SIVS and AIDS: Epidemiology, phylogeny and biology of isolates from naturally SIV infected non-human primates (NHP) in Africa. Front. Biosci. 9, 225-254 (2004).
    • (2004) Front. Biosci. , vol.9 , pp. 225-254
    • Apetrei, C.1    Robertson, D.L.2    Marx, P.A.3
  • 18
    • 0242492856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a new simian immunodeficiency virus lineage with a vpu gene present among different cercopithecus monkeys (C. mona, C. cephus, and C. nictitans) from Cameroon
    • Courgnaud, V. et al. Identification of a new simian immunodeficiency virus lineage with a vpu gene present among different cercopithecus monkeys (C. mona, C. cephus, and C. nictitans) from Cameroon. J. Virol. 77, 12523-12534 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Virol. , vol.77 , pp. 12523-12534
    • Courgnaud, V.1
  • 23
    • 0037471310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sorting out the complexities of HIV-1 fitness
    • Arts, E. J. & Ouinones-Mateu, M. E. Sorting out the complexities of HIV-1 fitness. AIDS 17, 780-781 (2003).
    • (2003) AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 780-781
    • Arts, E.J.1    Ouinones-Mateu, M.E.2
  • 25
    • 0033587620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanistic studies examining the efficiency and fidelity of DNA synthesis by the 3TC-resistant mutant (184V) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
    • Feng, J. Y. & Anderson, K. S. Mechanistic studies examining the efficiency and fidelity of DNA synthesis by the 3TC-resistant mutant (184V) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Biochemistry 38, 9440-9448 (1999).
    • (1999) Biochemistry , vol.38 , pp. 9440-9448
    • Feng, J.Y.1    Anderson, K.S.2
  • 26
    • 0347052875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanistic basis for reduced viral and enzymatic fitness of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase containing both K65R and M184V mutations
    • Deval, J. et al. Mechanistic basis for reduced viral and enzymatic fitness of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase containing both K65R and M184V mutations. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 509-516 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.279 , pp. 509-516
    • Deval, J.1
  • 27
    • 0028162943 scopus 로고
    • Virulence
    • Bull, J. J. Virulence. Evolution 48, 1423-1437 (1994).
    • (1994) Evolution , vol.48 , pp. 1423-1437
    • Bull, J.J.1
  • 28
    • 0020535921 scopus 로고
    • A game-theoretical model of parasite virulence
    • Bremermann, H. J. & Pickering, J. A game-theoretical model of parasite virulence. J. Theor. Biol. 100, 411-426 (1983).
    • (1983) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.100 , pp. 411-426
    • Bremermann, H.J.1    Pickering, J.2
  • 29
    • 21644477889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fitness and genetic diversity during disease progression
    • Troyer, R. M. et al. Changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fitness and genetic diversity during disease progression. J. Virol. 79, 9006-9018 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Virol. , vol.79 , pp. 9006-9018
    • Troyer, R.M.1
  • 30
    • 0033803642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual infection/competition assay shows a correlation between ex vivo human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fitness and disease progression
    • Quinones-Mateu, M. E. et al. dual infection/competition assay shows a correlation between ex vivo human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fitness and disease progression. J. Virol. 74, 9222-9233 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Virol. , vol.74 , pp. 9222-9233
    • Quinones-Mateu, M.E.1
  • 31
    • 0031884993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro replication kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants in relation to virus load in long-term survivors of HIV-1 infection
    • Blaak, H., Brouwer, M., Ran, L. J., de Wolf, F. & Schuitemaker, H. In vitro replication kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants in relation to virus load in long-term survivors of HIV-1 infection. J. Infect. Dis. 177, 600-610 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.177 , pp. 600-610
    • Blaak, H.1    Brouwer, M.2    Ran, L.J.3    de Wolf, F.4    Schuitemaker, H.5
  • 32
    • 3142678466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + T cell counts associated with low viral pol replication capacity among treatment-naive adults in early HIV-1 infection
    • + T cell counts associated with low viral pol replication capacity among treatment-naive adults in early HIV-1 infection. J. Infect. Dis. 190, 251-256 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.190 , pp. 251-256
    • Barbour, J.D.1
  • 35
    • 0000841452 scopus 로고
    • Group selection and kin selection
    • Maynard, S. J. Group selection and kin selection. Nature 201, 1145-1147 (1964).
    • (1964) Nature , vol.201 , pp. 1145-1147
    • Maynard, S.J.1
  • 36
    • 0031582708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From replicators to reproducers: The first major transitions leading to life
    • Szathmary, E. & Maynard, S. J. From replicators to reproducers: The first major transitions leading to life. J. Theor. Biol. 187, 555-571 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.187 , pp. 555-571
    • Szathmary, E.1    Maynard, S.J.2
  • 37
    • 33745059199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1
    • Keele, B. F. et al. Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1. Science 313, 523-526 (2006).
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 523-526
    • Keele, B.F.1
  • 38
    • 0033521911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes
    • Gao, F. et al. Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Nature 397, 436-441 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.397 , pp. 436-441
    • Gao, F.1
  • 39
    • 0037126998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SIVcpz in wild chimpanzees
    • Santiago, M. L. et al. SIVcpz in wild chimpanzees. Science 295, 465 (2002).
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 465
    • Santiago, M.L.1
  • 40
    • 33750855853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorillas
    • Van Heuverswyn, F. et al. Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorillas. Nature 444, 164 (2006).
    • (2006) Nature , vol.444 , pp. 164
    • Van Heuverswyn, F.1
  • 41
    • 22944457912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influenza: Lessons from past pandemics, warnings from current incidents
    • Horimoto, T. & Kawaoka, Y. Influenza: Lessons from past pandemics, warnings from current incidents. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 3, 591-600 (2005).
    • (2005) Nature Rev. Microbiol. , vol.3 , pp. 591-600
    • Horimoto, T.1    Kawaoka, Y.2
  • 43
    • 0038312916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tracing the origin and history of the HIV-2 epidemic
    • Lemey, P. et al. Tracing the origin and history of the HIV-2 epidemic. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 6588-6592 (2003).
    • (2003) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.100 , pp. 6588-6592
    • Lemey, P.1
  • 44
    • 0002315910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a better understanding of the epidemiology of HIV-2
    • Schim van der Loeff, M. F. & Aaby, P. Towards a better understanding of the epidemiology of HIV-2. AIDS 13, S69-S84 (1999).
    • (1999) AIDS , vol.13
    • Schim van der Loeff, M.F.1    Aaby, P.2
  • 45
    • 33750204532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sixteen years of HIV surveillance in a West African research clinic reveals divergent epidemic trends of HIV-1 and HIV-2
    • Schim van der Loeff, M. F. et al. Sixteen years of HIV surveillance in a West African research clinic reveals divergent epidemic trends of HIV-1 and HIV-2. Int. J. Epidemiol. 35, 1322-1328 (2006).
    • (2006) Int. J. Epidemiol. , vol.35 , pp. 1322-1328
    • Schim van der Loeff, M.F.1
  • 46
    • 0035344891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 group O infection in Cameroon, 1986 to 1998
    • Ayouba, A. et al. HIV-1 group O infection in Cameroon, 1986 to 1998. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7, 466-467 (2001).
    • (2001) Emerg. Infect. Dis. , vol.7 , pp. 466-467
    • Ayouba, A.1
  • 47
    • 5644287537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 infections in northwestern Cameroon: Identification of HIV type 1 group O and dual HIV type 1 group M and group O infections
    • Yamaguchi, J. et al. HIV-1 infections in northwestern Cameroon: identification of HIV type 1 group O and dual HIV type 1 group M and group O infections. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 20, 944-957 (2004).
    • (2004) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses , vol.20 , pp. 944-957
    • Yamaguchi, J.1
  • 48
    • 33646860954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 Group N: Evidence of ongoing transmission in Cameroon
    • Yamaguchi, J. et al. HIV-1 Group N: Evidence of ongoing transmission in Cameroon. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 22, 453-457 (2006).
    • (2006) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses , vol.22 , pp. 453-457
    • Yamaguchi, J.1
  • 49
    • 32044447150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of HIV type 1 group N infections in a husband and wife in Cameroon: Viral genome sequences provide evidence for horizontal transmission
    • Yamaguchi, J. et al. Identification of HIV type 1 group N infections in a husband and wife in Cameroon: Viral genome sequences provide evidence for horizontal transmission. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 22, 83-92 (2006).
    • (2006) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses , vol.22 , pp. 83-92
    • Yamaguchi, J.1
  • 50
    • 0035261070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dating the common ancestor of SIVcpz and HIV-1 group M and the origin of HIV-1 subtypes using a new method to uncover clock-like molecular evolution
    • Salemi, M. et al. Dating the common ancestor of SIVcpz and HIV-1 group M and the origin of HIV-1 subtypes using a new method to uncover clock-like molecular evolution. FASEB J. 15, 276-278 (2001).
    • (2001) FASEB J. , vol.15 , pp. 276-278
    • Salemi, M.1
  • 51
    • 4544289290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing and reconstruction of the most recent common ancestor of the subtype C clade of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Travers, S. A. et al. Timing and reconstruction of the most recent common ancestor of the subtype C clade of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 78, 10501-10506 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Virol. , vol.78 , pp. 10501-10506
    • Travers, S.A.1
  • 52
    • 21644472626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The replicative fitness of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M, HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2 isolates
    • Arien, K. K. et al. The replicative fitness of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M, HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2 isolates. J. Virol. 79, 8979-8990 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Virol. , vol.79 , pp. 8979-8990
    • Arien, K.K.1
  • 53
    • 0037223706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing the ex vivo fitness of CCR5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates of subtypes B and C
    • Ball, S. C. et al. Comparing the ex vivo fitness of CCR5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates of subtypes B and C. J. Virol. 77, 1021-1038 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Virol. , vol.77 , pp. 1021-1038
    • Ball, S.C.1
  • 54
    • 0027402782 scopus 로고
    • Distinguishing features of an infectious molecular clone of the highly divergent and noncytopathic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 UC1 strain
    • Barnett, S. W., Quiroga, M., Werner, A., Dina, D. & Levy, J. A. Distinguishing features of an infectious molecular clone of the highly divergent and noncytopathic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 UC1 strain. J. Virol. 67, 1006-1014 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Virol. , vol.67 , pp. 1006-1014
    • Barnett, S.W.1    Quiroga, M.2    Werner, A.3    Dina, D.4    Levy, J.A.5
  • 55
    • 0027153305 scopus 로고
    • Mapping the determinants of human immunodeficiency virus 2 for infectivity, replication efficiency, and cytopathicity
    • Talbott, R., Kraus, G., Looney, D. & Wong-Staal, F. Mapping the determinants of human immunodeficiency virus 2 for infectivity, replication efficiency, and cytopathicity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4226-4230 (1993).
    • (1993) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.90 , pp. 4226-4230
    • Talbott, R.1    Kraus, G.2    Looney, D.3    Wong-Staal, F.4
  • 56
    • 12144287132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic and genotypic comparisons of CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 biological clones isolated from subtype C-infected individuals
    • Pollakis, G. et al. Phenotypic and genotypic comparisons of CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 biological clones isolated from subtype C-infected individuals. J. Virol. 78, 2841-2852 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Virol. , vol.78 , pp. 2841-2852
    • Pollakis, G.1
  • 57
    • 0023868337 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States
    • Curran, J. W. et al. Epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States. Science 239, 610-616 (1988).
    • (1988) Science , vol.239 , pp. 610-616
    • Curran, J.W.1
  • 58
    • 0029617818 scopus 로고
    • Number of sexual partners, condom use and risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Parazzini, F. et al. Number of sexual partners, condom use and risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int. J. Epidemiol. 24, 1197-1203 (1995).
    • (1995) Int. J. Epidemiol. , vol.24 , pp. 1197-1203
    • Parazzini, F.1
  • 59
    • 0028145356 scopus 로고
    • Reasons for the wide variation in reported rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1
    • Ryder, R. W. & Behets, F. Reasons for the wide variation in reported rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. AIDS 8, 1495-1497 (1994).
    • (1994) AIDS , vol.8 , pp. 1495-1497
    • Ryder, R.W.1    Behets, F.2
  • 60
    • 0035857959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda
    • Gray, R. H. et al. Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. Lancet 357, 1149-1153 (2001).
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 1149-1153
    • Gray, R.H.1
  • 61
    • 0034732201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Rakai Project Study Group
    • Quinn, T. C. et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N. Engl. J Med. 342, 921-929 (2000).
    • (2000) N. Engl. J Med. , vol.342 , pp. 921-929
    • Quinn, T.C.1
  • 62
    • 0033527028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal levels of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and the risk of perinatal transmission
    • Women and Infants Transmission Study Group
    • Garcia, P. M. et al. Maternal levels of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and the risk of perinatal transmission. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group. N. Engl. J Med. 341, 394-402 (1999).
    • (1999) N. Engl. J Med. , vol.341 , pp. 394-402
    • Garcia, P.M.1
  • 63
    • 0032710838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consistent viral evolutionary changes associated with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
    • Shankarappa, R. et al. Consistent viral evolutionary changes associated with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Virol. 73, 10489-10502 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Virol. , vol.73 , pp. 10489-10502
    • Shankarappa, R.1
  • 64
    • 0027422278 scopus 로고
    • Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 patients with primary infection
    • Zhu, T. et al. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 patients with primary infection. Science 261, 1179-1181 (1993).
    • (1993) Science , vol.261 , pp. 1179-1181
    • Zhu, T.1
  • 65
    • 0345569681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibiting sexual transmission of HIV-1 infection
    • Shattock, R. J. & Moore, J. P. Inhibiting sexual transmission of HIV-1 infection. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 1, 25-34 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature Rev. Microbiol. , vol.1 , pp. 25-34
    • Shattock, R.J.1    Moore, J.P.2
  • 66
  • 67
    • 0033609141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission bottlenecks as determinants of virulence in rapidly evolving pathogens
    • Bergstrom, C. T., McElhany, P. & Real, L. A. Transmission bottlenecks as determinants of virulence in rapidly evolving pathogens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 5095-5100 (1999).
    • (1999) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 5095-5100
    • Bergstrom, C.T.1    McElhany, P.2    Real, L.A.3
  • 68
    • 0141633021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance of virus to extinction on bottleneck passages: Study of a decaying and fluctuating pattern of fitness loss
    • Lazaro, E., Escarmis, C., Perez-Mercader, J., Manrubia, S. C. & Domingo, E. Resistance of virus to extinction on bottleneck passages: Study of a decaying and fluctuating pattern of fitness loss. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. US4 100, 10830-10835 (2003).
    • (2003) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.100 , pp. 10830-10835
    • Lazaro, E.1    Escarmis, C.2    Perez-Mercader, J.3    Manrubia, S.C.4    Domingo, E.5
  • 69
    • 0029896917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of fitness in experimental populations of vesicular stomatitis virus
    • Elena, S. F. et al. Evolution of fitness in experimental populations of vesicular stomatitis virus. Genetics 142, 673-679 (1996).
    • (1996) Genetics , vol.142 , pp. 673-679
    • Elena, S.F.1
  • 70
    • 0242491896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection with multiple human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants is associated with faster disease progression
    • Sagar, M. et al. Infection with multiple human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants is associated with faster disease progression. J. Virol. 77, 12921-12926 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Virol. , vol.77 , pp. 12921-12926
    • Sagar, M.1
  • 71
    • 0031664158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses: A predominant gag-specific response is associated with nonprogressive infection
    • Pontesilli, O. et al. Longitudinal analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses: A predominant gag-specific response is associated with nonprogressive infection. J. Infect. Dis. 178, 1008-1018 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.178 , pp. 1008-1018
    • Pontesilli, O.1
  • 72
    • 0032888972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in Sydney blood bank cohort patients infected with nef-defective HIV type 1
    • Dyer, W. B. et al. Strong human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in Sydney blood bank cohort patients infected with nef-defective HIV type 1. J. Virol. 73, 436-443 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Virol. , vol.73 , pp. 436-443
    • Dyer, W.B.1
  • 73
    • 0028847578 scopus 로고
    • Virologic and immunologic characterization of long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
    • Cao, Y., Qin, L., Zhang, L., Safrit, J. & Ho, D. D. Virologic and immunologic characterization of long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N. Eng. J. Med. 332, 201-208 (1995).
    • (1995) N. Eng. J. Med. , vol.332 , pp. 201-208
    • Cao, Y.1    Qin, L.2    Zhang, L.3    Safrit, J.4    Ho, D.D.5
  • 74
    • 0028861377 scopus 로고
    • Studies in subjects with long-term nonprogressive human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Pantaleo, G. et al. Studies in subjects with long-term nonprogressive human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Eng. J. Med. 332, 209-216 (1995).
    • (1995) N. Eng. J. Med. , vol.332 , pp. 209-216
    • Pantaleo, G.1
  • 75
    • 0030057730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutralizing and infection-enhancing antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in long-term nonprogressors
    • Montefiori, D. C. et al. Neutralizing and infection-enhancing antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in long-term nonprogressors. J. Infect. Dis. 173, 60-67 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.173 , pp. 60-67
    • Montefiori, D.C.1
  • 77
    • 0030665257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + T cell responses associated with control of viremia
    • + T cell responses associated with control of viremia. Science 278, 1447-1450 (1997).
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 1447-1450
    • Rosenberg, E.S.1
  • 78
    • 0001633495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene
    • Dean, M. et al. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene. Science 273, 1856-1862 (1996).
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 1856-1862
    • Dean, M.1
  • 79
    • 0033012398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors: Roles in viral entry, tropism, and disease
    • Berger, E. A., Murphy, P. M. & Farber, J. M. Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors: Roles in viral entry, tropism, and disease. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17, 657-700 (1999).
    • (1999) Annu. Rev. Immunol. , vol.17 , pp. 657-700
    • Berger, E.A.1    Murphy, P.M.2    Farber, J.M.3
  • 80
    • 19244384846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global survey of genetic variation in CCR5, RANTES, and MIP-1α: Impact on the epidemiology of the HIV-1 pandemic
    • Gonzalez, E. et al. Global survey of genetic variation in CCR5, RANTES, and MIP-1α: Impact on the epidemiology of the HIV-1 pandemic. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 5199-5204 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 5199-5204
    • Gonzalez, E.1
  • 81
    • 20044377204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of CCL3L 1 gene-containing segmental duplications on HIV-1/AIDS susceptibility
    • Gonzalez, E. et al. The influence of CCL3L 1 gene-containing segmental duplications on HIV-1/AIDS susceptibility. Science 307, 1434-1440 (2005).
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , pp. 1434-1440
    • Gonzalez, E.1
  • 82
    • 0032511573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CCR5 promoter polymorphism and HIV-1 disease progression
    • Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)
    • McDermott, D. H. et al. CCR5 promoter polymorphism and HIV-1 disease progression. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet 352, 866-870 (1998).
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 866-870
    • McDermott, D.H.1
  • 83
    • 0030070991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma
    • Mellors, J. W. et al. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 272, 1167-1170 (1996).
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 1167-1170
    • Mellors, J.W.1
  • 84
    • 2442723342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection with saquinavir, zidovudine, and zalcitabine
    • AIDS Clinical Trials Group
    • Collier, A. C. et al. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection with saquinavir, zidovudine, and zalcitabine. AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 1011-1017 (1996).
    • (1996) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.334 , pp. 1011-1017
    • Collier, A.C.1
  • 85
    • 0037343278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonpathogenic SIV infection of sooty mangabeys is characterized by limited bystander immunopathology despite chronic high-level viremia
    • Silvestri, G. et al. Nonpathogenic SIV infection of sooty mangabeys is characterized by limited bystander immunopathology despite chronic high-level viremia. Immunity. 18, 441-452 (2003).
    • (2003) Immunity , vol.18 , pp. 441-452
    • Silvestri, G.1
  • 86
    • 33749079234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive value of plasma HIV RNA level on rate of CD4 T-cell decline in untreated HIV infection
    • Rodriguez, B. et al. Predictive value of plasma HIV RNA level on rate of CD4 T-cell decline in untreated HIV infection. JAMA 296, 1498-1506 (2006).
    • (2006) JAMA , vol.296 , pp. 1498-1506
    • Rodriguez, B.1
  • 87
    • 0028804160 scopus 로고
    • Genomic structure of an attenuated quasispecies of HIV-1 from a blood transfusion donor and recipients
    • Deacon, N. J. et al. Genomic structure of an attenuated quasispecies of HIV-1 from a blood transfusion donor and recipients. Science 270, 988-991 (1995).
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 988-991
    • Deacon, N.J.1
  • 88
    • 0028835788 scopus 로고
    • Brief report: Absence of intact nef sequences in a long-term survivor with nonprogressive HIV-1 infection
    • Kirchhoff, F., Greenough, T. C., Brettler, D. B., Sullivan, J. L. & Desrosiers, R. C. Brief report: Absence of intact nef sequences in a long-term survivor with nonprogressive HIV-1 infection. N. Eng. J. Med. 332, 228-232 (1995).
    • (1995) N. Eng. J. Med. , vol.332 , pp. 228-232
    • Kirchhoff, F.1    Greenough, T.C.2    Brettler, D.B.3    Sullivan, J.L.4    Desrosiers, R.C.5
  • 89
    • 0028838656 scopus 로고
    • Biological characterization of nef in long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
    • Huang, Y., Zhang, I. & Ho, D. D. Biological characterization of nef in long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Virol. 69, 8142-8146 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 8142-8146
    • Huang, Y.1    Zhang, I.2    Ho, D.D.3
  • 90
    • 0030807901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel and dynamic evolution of equine infectious anemia virus genomic quasispecies associated with sequential disease cycles in an experimentally infected pony
    • Leroux, C., Issel, C. J. & Montelaro, R. C. Novel and dynamic evolution of equine infectious anemia virus genomic quasispecies associated with sequential disease cycles in an experimentally infected pony. J. Virol. 71, 9627-9639 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Virol. , vol.71 , pp. 9627-9639
    • Leroux, C.1    Issel, C.J.2    Montelaro, R.C.3
  • 91
    • 0034895978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication competition between lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus quasispecies in mice. Implications for quasispecies selection and evolution
    • Plagemann, P. G., Chen, Z. & Li, K. Replication competition between lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus quasispecies in mice. Implications for quasispecies selection and evolution. Arch. Virol. 146, 1283-1296 (2001).
    • (2001) Arch. Virol. , vol.146 , pp. 1283-1296
    • Plagemann, P.G.1    Chen, Z.2    Li, K.3
  • 92
    • 0035330599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel recombinant marker virus assay for comparing the relative fitness of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase variants
    • Lu, J. & Kuritzkes, D. R. A novel recombinant marker virus assay for comparing the relative fitness of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase variants. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 27, 7-13 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. , vol.27 , pp. 7-13
    • Lu, J.1    Kuritzkes, D.R.2
  • 93
    • 0026070176 scopus 로고
    • Quantitation of relative fitness and great adaptability of clonal populations of RNA viruses
    • Holland, J. J., de la Torre, J. C., Clarke, D. K. & Duarte, E. Quantitation of relative fitness and great adaptability of clonal populations of RNA viruses. J. Virol. 65, 2960-2967 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Virol. , vol.65 , pp. 2960-2967
    • Holland, J.J.1    de la Torre, J.C.2    Clarke, D.K.3    Duarte, E.4
  • 95
    • 0031958266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative replicative fitness of zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates in vitro
    • Harrigan, P. R., Bloor, S. & Larder, B. A. Relative replicative fitness of zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates in vitro. J. Virol. 72, 3773-3778 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Virol. , vol.72 , pp. 3773-3778
    • Harrigan, P.R.1    Bloor, S.2    Larder, B.A.3
  • 96
    • 30644462096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virus fitness: Concept, quantification, and application to HIV population dynamics
    • Ouinones-Mateu, M. E. & Arts, E. J. Virus fitness: Concept, quantification, and application to HIV population dynamics. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 299, 83-140 (2006).
    • (2006) Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.299 , pp. 83-140
    • Ouinones-Mateu, M.E.1    Arts, E.J.2
  • 97
    • 0028276791 scopus 로고
    • The red queen reigns in the kingdom of RNA viruses
    • Clarke, D. K. et al. The red queen reigns in the kingdom of RNA viruses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 4821-4824 (1994).
    • (1994) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 4821-4824
    • Clarke, D.K.1
  • 98
    • 0029072721 scopus 로고
    • Exponential increases of RNA virus fitness during large population transmissions
    • Novella, I. S. et al. Exponential increases of RNA virus fitness during large population transmissions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5841-5844 (1995).
    • (1995) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.92 , pp. 5841-5844
    • Novella, I.S.1
  • 99
    • 0025244957 scopus 로고
    • Fitness of RNA virus decreased by Muller's ratchet
    • Chao, L. Fitness of RNA virus decreased by Muller's ratchet. Nature 348, 454-455 (1990).
    • (1990) Nature , vol.348 , pp. 454-455
    • Chao, L.1
  • 100
    • 0030747157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA virus mutations and fitness for survival
    • Domingo, E. & Holland, J. J. RNA virus mutations and fitness for survival. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 51, 151-178 (1997).
    • (1997) Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , vol.51 , pp. 151-178
    • Domingo, E.1    Holland, J.J.2
  • 101
    • 0345471842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drastic fitness loss in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 upon serial bottleneck events
    • Yuste, E., Sanchez-Palomino, S., Casado, C., Domingo, E. & Lopez-Galindez, C. Drastic fitness loss in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 upon serial bottleneck events. J. Virol. 73, 2745-2751 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Virol. , vol.73 , pp. 2745-2751
    • Yuste, E.1    Sanchez-Palomino, S.2    Casado, C.3    Domingo, E.4    Lopez-Galindez, C.5
  • 102
    • 30644478156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 and the control of AIDS
    • Mullins, J. I. & Jensen, M. A. Evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 and the control of AIDS. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 299, 171-192 (2006).
    • (2006) Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.299 , pp. 171-192
    • Mullins, J.I.1    Jensen, M.A.2
  • 103
    • 0028811974 scopus 로고
    • Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
    • Wei, X. et al. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature 373, 117-122 (1995).
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 117-122
    • Wei, X.1
  • 104
    • 0035198096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + T-cell responses: Relationship to viral load in untreated HIV infection
    • + T-cell responses: Relationship to viral load in untreated HIV infection. J. Virol. 75, 11983-11991 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Virol. , vol.75 , pp. 11983-11991
    • Betts, M.R.1
  • 105
    • 0034727073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection
    • Rosenberg, E. S. et al. Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection. Nature 407, 523-526 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.407 , pp. 523-526
    • Rosenberg, E.S.1
  • 106
    • 0035862326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substantial differences in specificity of HIV-specific cytotoxic T cells in acute and chronic HIV infection
    • Goulder, P. J. et al. Substantial differences in specificity of HIV-specific cytotoxic T cells in acute and chronic HIV infection. J. Exp. Med. 193, 181-194 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Exp. Med. , vol.193 , pp. 181-194
    • Goulder, P.J.1
  • 107
    • 3543078012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV and SIV CTL escape: Implications for vaccine design
    • Goulder, P. J. & Watkins, D. I. HIV and SIV CTL escape: Implications for vaccine design. Nature Rev. Immunol. 4, 630-640 (2004).
    • (2004) Nature Rev. Immunol. , vol.4 , pp. 630-640
    • Goulder, P.J.1    Watkins, D.I.2
  • 108
    • 12144291194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiation between African populations is evidenced by the diversity of alleles and haplotypes of HLA class I loci
    • Cao, K. et al. Differentiation between African populations is evidenced by the diversity of alleles and haplotypes of HLA class I loci. Tissue Antigens 63, 293-325 (2004).
    • (2004) Tissue Antigens , vol.63 , pp. 293-325
    • Cao, K.1
  • 109
    • 0037165969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of HIV-1 adaptation to HLA-restricted immune responses at a population level
    • Moore, C. B. et al. Evidence of HIV-1 adaptation to HLA-restricted immune responses at a population level. Science 296, 1439-1443 (2002).
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , pp. 1439-1443
    • Moore, C.B.1
  • 110
    • 0035913225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution and transmission of stable CTL escape mutations in HIV infection
    • Goulder, P. J. et al. Evolution and transmission of stable CTL escape mutations in HIV infection. Nature 412, 334-338 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 334-338
    • Goulder, P.J.1
  • 111
    • 1842741699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV evolution: CTL escape mutation and reversion after transmission
    • Leslie, A. J. et al. HIV evolution: CTL escape mutation and reversion after transmission. Nature Med. 10. 282-289 (2004).
    • (2004) Nature Med. , vol.10 , pp. 282-289
    • Leslie, A.J.1
  • 112
    • 33645240933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitness cost of escape mutations in p24 Gag in association with control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Martinez-Picado, J. et al. Fitness cost of escape mutations in p24 Gag in association with control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 80, 3617-3623 (2006).
    • (2006) J. Virol. , vol.80 , pp. 3617-3623
    • Martinez-Picado, J.1
  • 113
    • 33846546862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fitness cost of CTL escape: Not a terrible hardship on HIV-1?
    • [online], (XVI International AIDS Conference, Toronto, Canada 13-18 August)
    • Troyer, R. M. et al. The fitness cost of CTL escape: Not a terrible hardship on HIV-1? [online], http://www.iasociety.org/abstract/ show.asp?abstract_id=2199593 (XVI International AIDS Conference, Toronto, Canada 13-18 August, 2006)
    • (2006)
    • Troyer, R.M.1
  • 114
    • 0037043699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein
    • Sheehy, A. M., Gaddis, N. C., Choi, J. D. & Malim, M. H. Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein. Nature 418, 646-650 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 646-650
    • Sheehy, A.M.1    Gaddis, N.C.2    Choi, J.D.3    Malim, M.H.4
  • 115
    • 1542288934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cytoplasmic body component TRIM5α restricts HIV-1 infection in Old World monkeys
    • Stremlau, M. et al. The cytoplasmic body component TRIM5α restricts HIV-1 infection in Old World monkeys. Nature 427, 848-853 (2004).
    • (2004) Nature , vol.427 , pp. 848-853
    • Stremlau, M.1
  • 116
    • 20144365751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection with multidrug resistant, dual-tropic HIV-1 and rapid progression to AIDS: A case report
    • Markowitz, M. et al. Infection with multidrug resistant, dual-tropic HIV-1 and rapid progression to AIDS: A case report. Lancet 365, 1031-1038 (2005).
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , pp. 1031-1038
    • Markowitz, M.1
  • 117
    • 33646711470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral and host determinants of HIV-1 pathogenesis
    • Van de, P. P. Viral and host determinants of HIV-1 pathogenesis, AIDS 20, 933-934 (2006).
    • (2006) AIDS , vol.20 , pp. 933-934
    • Van de, P.P.1
  • 118
    • 33645753571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The integration hypothesis: An evolutionary pathway to benign SIV infection
    • Muller, V. & De Boer, R. J. The integration hypothesis: An evolutionary pathway to benign SIV infection. PLoS Pathog. 2, e15 (2006).
    • (2006) PLoS Pathog. , vol.2
    • Muller, V.1    De Boer, R.J.2
  • 119
    • 33646706853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable virulence levels in the HIV epidemic of Switzerland over two decades
    • Muller, V. et al. Stable virulence levels in the HIV epidemic of Switzerland over two decades. AIDS 20, 889-894 (2006).
    • (2006) AIDS , vol.20 , pp. 889-894
    • Muller, V.1
  • 120
    • 24644431897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of HIV-1 infection by other microbial agents
    • Kannangara, S., DeSimone, J. A. & Pomerantz, R. J. Attenuation of HIV-1 infection by other microbial agents. J. Infect. Dis. 192, 1003-1009 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.192 , pp. 1003-1009
    • Kannangara, S.1    DeSimone, J.A.2    Pomerantz, R.J.3
  • 121
    • 27144455019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replicative fitness of historical and recent HIV-1 isolates suggests HIV-1 attenuation over time
    • Arien, K. K. et al. Replicative fitness of historical and recent HIV-1 isolates suggests HIV-1 attenuation over time. AIDS 19, 1555-1564 (2005).
    • (2005) AIDS , vol.19 , pp. 1555-1564
    • Arien, K.K.1
  • 122
    • 0033612928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission of antiretroviral-drug-resistant HIV-1 variants
    • Yerly S. et al. Transmission of antiretroviral-drug-resistant HIV-1 variants. Lancet 354, 729-733 (1999).
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 729-733
    • Yerly, S.1
  • 123
    • 33646788007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV transmission and primary drug resistance
    • Turner, D. & Wainberg, M. A. HIV transmission and primary drug resistance. AIDS Rev. 8, 17-23 (2006).
    • (2006) AIDS Rev. , vol.8 , pp. 17-23
    • Turner, D.1    Wainberg, M.A.2
  • 124
    • 0024635016 scopus 로고
    • Test may predict which patients with HIV infection will develop AIDS
    • Eyster, M. E. Test may predict which patients with HIV infection will develop AIDS. Am. Fam. Physician 39, 276 (1989).
    • (1989) Am. Fam. Physician , vol.39 , pp. 276
    • Eyster, M.E.1
  • 125
    • 0035912232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + T-cell depletion in HIV disease
    • + T-cell depletion in HIV disease. Nature 410, 974-979 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 974-979
    • McCune, J.M.1
  • 126
    • 0028102110 scopus 로고
    • Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1
    • Marlink, R. et al. Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1. Science 265, 1587-1590 (1994).
    • (1994) Science , vol.265 , pp. 1587-1590
    • Marlink, R.1
  • 127
    • 0242608112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with clinical progression in HIV-2 infected-patients: The French ANRS cohort
    • Matheron, S. et al. Factors associated with clinical progression in HIV-2 infected-patients: The French ANRS cohort. AIDS 17, 2593-2601 (2003).
    • (2003) AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 2593-2601
    • Matheron, S.1
  • 128
    • 0037470256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal
    • Gilbert, P. B. et al. Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal. Stat. Med. 22, 573-593 (2003).
    • (2003) Stat. Med. , vol.22 , pp. 573-593
    • Gilbert, P.B.1
  • 129
    • 0028198175 scopus 로고
    • Slower heterosexual spread of HIV-2 than HIV-1
    • Kanki, P. J. et al. Slower heterosexual spread of HIV-2 than HIV-1. Lancet 343, 943-946 (1994).
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.343 , pp. 943-946
    • Kanki, P.J.1
  • 130
    • 0033257958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency viruses in the developing world
    • Essex, M. Human immunodeficiency viruses in the developing world. Adv. Virus Res. 53, 71-88 (1999).
    • (1999) Adv. Virus Res. , vol.53 , pp. 71-88
    • Essex, M.1
  • 131
    • 0028932927 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 subtype C in China
    • Luo, C. C. et al. HIV-1 subtype C in China. Lancet 345, 1051-1052 (1995).
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 1051-1052
    • Luo, C.C.1
  • 132
    • 0034468391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A recent outbreak of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in southern China was initiated by two highly homogeneous, geographically separated strains, circulating recombinant form AE and a novel BC recombinant
    • Piyasirisilp, S. et al. A recent outbreak of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in southern China was initiated by two highly homogeneous, geographically separated strains, circulating recombinant form AE and a novel BC recombinant. J. Virol. 74, 11286-11295 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Virol. , vol.74 , pp. 11286-11295
    • Piyasirisilp, S.1
  • 133
    • 27944446919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 subtype C dissemination in southern Brazil
    • Soares, E. A. et al. HIV-1 subtype C dissemination in southern Brazil. AIDS 19, S81-S86 (2005).
    • (2005) AIDS , vol.19
    • Soares, E.A.1
  • 134
    • 27944458372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of HIV-1 variants in the Democratic Republic of Congo suggests increase of subtype C in Kinshasa between 1997 and 2002
    • Vidal, N. et al. Distribution of HIV-1 variants in the Democratic Republic of Congo suggests increase of subtype C in Kinshasa between 1997 and 2002. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 40, 456-462 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. , vol.40 , pp. 456-462
    • Vidal, N.1
  • 135
    • 14544300506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative population dynamics of HIV-1 subtypes B and C: Subtype-specific differences in patterns of epidemic growth
    • Walker, P. R., Pybus, O. G., Rambaut, A. & Holmes, E. C. Comparative population dynamics of HIV-1 subtypes B and C: Subtype-specific differences in patterns of epidemic growth. Infect. Genet. Evol. 5, 199-208 (2005).
    • (2005) Infect. Genet. Evol. , vol.5 , pp. 199-208
    • Walker, P.R.1    Pybus, O.G.2    Rambaut, A.3    Holmes, E.C.4
  • 136
    • 0035150940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in perinatal transmission among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genotypes
    • Renjifo, B. et al. Differences in perinatal transmission among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genotypes. J. Hum. Virol. 4, 16-25 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Hum. Virol. , vol.4 , pp. 16-25
    • Renjifo, B.1
  • 137
    • 4143100219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferential in utero transmission of HIV-1 subtype C as compared to HIV-1 subtype A or D
    • Renjifo, B. et al. Preferential in utero transmission of HIV-1 subtype C as compared to HIV-1 subtype A or D. AIDS 18, 1629-1636 (2004).
    • (2004) AIDS , vol.18 , pp. 1629-1636
    • Renjifo, B.1
  • 138
    • 0043129073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity of HIV-1 in western Kenya: Subtype-specific differences in mother-to-child transmission
    • Yang, C. et al. Genetic diversity of HIV-1 in western Kenya: subtype-specific differences in mother-to-child transmission. AIDS 17, 1667-1674 (2003).
    • (2003) AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 1667-1674
    • Yang, C.1
  • 139
    • 23244440803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of mother-to-child transmission rates in Ugandan women with subtype A versus D HIV-1 who received single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis. HIV Network For Prevention Trials 012
    • Eshleman, S. H. et al. Comparison of mother-to-child transmission rates in Ugandan women with subtype A versus D HIV-1 who received single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis. HIV Network For Prevention Trials 012. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 39, 593-597 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. , vol.39 , pp. 593-597
    • Eshleman, S.H.1
  • 140
    • 0030820369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains of subtypes B and E replicate in cutaneous dendritic cell-T-cell mixtures without displaying subtype-specific tropism
    • Pope, M. et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains of subtypes B and E replicate in cutaneous dendritic cell-T-cell mixtures without displaying subtype-specific tropism. J. Virol. 71, 8001-8007 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Virol. , vol.71 , pp. 8001-8007
    • Pope, M.1
  • 141
    • 0030768770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Langerhans cell tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype A through F isolates derived from different transmission groups
    • Dittmar, M. T. et al. Langerhans cell tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype A through F isolates derived from different transmission groups. J. Virol. 71, 8008-8013 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Virol. , vol.71 , pp. 8008-8013
    • Dittmar, M.T.1
  • 142
    • 2642533575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing molecular epidemiology of HIV type 1 among northern Thai drug users, 1999 to 2002
    • Tovanabutra, S. et al. The changing molecular epidemiology of HIV type 1 among northern Thai drug users, 1999 to 2002. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 20, 465-475 (2004).
    • (2004) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. , vol.20 , pp. 465-475
    • Tovanabutra, S.1
  • 143
    • 0031466811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression and function of CCR5 and CXCR4 on human Langerhans cells and macrophages: Implications for HIV primary infection
    • Zaitseva, M. et al. Expression and function of CCR5 and CXCR4 on human Langerhans cells and macrophages: Implications for HIV primary infection. Nature Med. 3, 1369-1375 (1997).
    • (1997) Nature Med. , vol.3 , pp. 1369-1375
    • Zaitseva, M.1
  • 144
    • 21644472626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The replicative fitness of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M, HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2 isolates
    • Arien, K. K. et al. The replicative fitness of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M, HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2 isolates. J. Virol. 79, 8979-8990 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Virol. , vol.79 , pp. 8979-8990
    • Arien, K.K.1
  • 145
    • 0038805436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High frequency of syncytium-inducing and CXCR4-tropic viruses among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C-infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment
    • Johnston, E. R. et al. High frequency of syncytium-inducing and CXCR4-tropic viruses among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C-infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment. J. Virol. 77, 7682-7688 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Virol. , vol.77 , pp. 7682-7688
    • Johnston, E.R.1
  • 146
    • 0024817947 scopus 로고
    • Networks of sexual contacts: Implications for the pattern of spread of HIV
    • Gupta, S., Anderson, R. M. & May, R. M. Networks of sexual contacts: implications for the pattern of spread of HIV. AIDS 3, 807-817 (1989).
    • (1989) AIDS , vol.3 , pp. 807-817
    • Gupta, S.1    Anderson, R.M.2    May, R.M.3
  • 147
    • 0024954014 scopus 로고
    • The influence of different sexual-contact patterns between age classes on the predicted demographic impact of AIDS in developing countries
    • Anderson, R. M., Ng, T. W., Boily, M. C. & May, R. M. The influence of different sexual-contact patterns between age classes on the predicted demographic impact of AIDS in developing countries. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 569, 240-274 (1989).
    • (1989) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.569 , pp. 240-274
    • Anderson, R.M.1    Ng, T.W.2    Boily, M.C.3    May, R.M.4
  • 148
    • 2142810214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute HIV revisited: New opportunities for treatment and prevention
    • Pilcher, C. D., Eron, J. J. Jr, Galvin, S., Gay, C. & Cohen, M. S. Acute HIV revisited: New opportunities for treatment and prevention. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 937-945 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.113 , pp. 937-945
    • Pilcher, C.D.1    Eron Jr., J.J.2    Galvin, S.3    Gay, C.4    Cohen, M.S.5
  • 150
    • 0031001934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of early HIV infection in the spread of HIV through populations
    • Koopman, J. S. et al. The role of early HIV infection in the spread of HIV through populations. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 14, 249-258 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. , vol.14 , pp. 249-258
    • Koopman, J.S.1
  • 151
    • 0035168252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious simian/human immunodeficiency virus with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C from an African isolate: Rhesus macaque model
    • Ndung'u, T. et al. Infectious simian/human immunodeficiency virus with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C from an African isolate: rhesus macaque model. J. Virol. 75, 11417-11425 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Virol. , vol.75 , pp. 11417-11425
    • Ndung'u, T.1
  • 152
    • 20944442196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + T cell counts in subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals from southern Africa
    • + T cell counts in subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals from southern Africa. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 21, 285-291 (2005).
    • (2005) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses , vol.21 , pp. 285-291
    • Gray, C.M.1
  • 153
    • 0032946954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and disease stage among women in Nairobi, Kenya
    • Neilson, J. R. et al. Subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and disease stage among women in Nairobi, Kenya. J. Virol. 73, 4393-4403 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Virol. , vol.73 , pp. 4393-4403
    • Neilson, J.R.1
  • 154
    • 0036569329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope subtypes A and D on disease progression in a large cohort of HIV-1-positive persons in Uganda
    • Kaleebu, P. et al. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope subtypes A and D on disease progression in a large cohort of HIV-1-positive persons in Uganda. J. Infect. Dis. 185, 1244-1250 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.185 , pp. 1244-1250
    • Kaleebu, P.1
  • 155
    • 33644840404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different rates of disease progression of HIV type 1 infection in Tanzania based on infecting subtype
    • Vasan, A. et al. Different rates of disease progression of HIV type 1 infection in Tanzania based on infecting subtype. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42, 843-852 (2006).
    • (2006) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.42 , pp. 843-852
    • Vasan, A.1
  • 156
    • 0035895662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between HIV-1 Env subtypes A and D and disease progression in a rural Ugandan cohort
    • Kaleebu, P. et al. Relationship between HIV-1 Env subtypes A and D and disease progression in a rural Ugandan cohort. AIDS 15, 293-299 (2001).
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 293-299
    • Kaleebu, P.1
  • 157
    • 33646859439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of viral isolates from HIV-1 subtype C-infected children with slow and rapid disease progression
    • Choge, I. et al. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of viral isolates from HIV-1 subtype C-infected children with slow and rapid disease progression. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 22, 458-465 (2006).
    • (2006) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses , vol.22 , pp. 458-465
    • Choge, I.1
  • 158
    • 5644247549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between HIV type 1 disease progression and V3 serotype in a rural Ugandan cohort
    • Senkaali, D. et al. The relationship between HIV type 1 disease progression and V3 serotype in a rural Ugandan cohort. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 20, 932-937 (2004).
    • (2004) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses , vol.20 , pp. 932-937
    • Senkaali, D.1
  • 159
    • 33846487706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection with subtype C HIV-1 of lower replicative fitness as compared to subtypes A and D leads to slower disease progression in Zimbabwean and Ugandan women
    • [online], (XVI International AIDS Conference, Toronto, Canada 13-18 August)
    • Arts, E. J. et al. Infection with subtype C HIV-1 of lower replicative fitness as compared to subtypes A and D leads to slower disease progression in Zimbabwean and Ugandan women. [online], http://www.iasociety.org/abstract/show.asp?abstract_id=2199440 (XVI International AIDS Conference, Toronto, Canada 13-18 August, 2006).
    • (2006)
    • Arts, E.J.1
  • 160
    • 0034040118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reservoirs for HIV-1: Mechanisms for viral persistence in the presence of antiviral immune responses and antiretroviral therapy
    • Pierson, T., McArthur, J. & Siliciano, R. F. Reservoirs for HIV-1: mechanisms for viral persistence in the presence of antiviral immune responses and antiretroviral therapy. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18, 665-708 (2000).
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Immunol. , vol.18 , pp. 665-708
    • Pierson, T.1    McArthur, J.2    Siliciano, R.F.3
  • 161
    • 14444273439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy
    • Finzi, D. et al. Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Science 278, 1295-1300 (1997).
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 1295-1300
    • Finzi, D.1
  • 162
    • 0030321910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study on the distribution HIV-1 C subtype in Ruili and other counties, Yunnan, China (Translation)
    • Li, D. Q., Zheng, X. W. & Zhang, G. Y. Study on the distribution HIV-1 C subtype in Ruili and other counties, Yunnan, China (Translation). Zhonghua Liu Xing. Bing. Xue. Za Zhi. 17, 337-339 (1996).
    • (1996) Zhonghua Liu Xing. Bing. Xue. Za Zhi. , vol.17 , pp. 337-339
    • Li, D.Q.1    Zheng, X.W.2    Zhang, G.Y.3
  • 163
    • 28944434761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of the heterosexual HIV-1 transmission in Kunming, Yunnan Province of China suggests origin from the local IDU epidemic
    • Li, X. J. et al. Molecular epidemiology of the heterosexual HIV-1 transmission in Kunming, Yunnan Province of China suggests origin from the local IDU epidemic. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 21, 977-980 (2005).
    • (2005) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses , vol.21 , pp. 977-980
    • Li, X.J.1
  • 164
    • 0033045487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predominantly HIV type 1 subtype C-restricted epidemic in South African urban populations
    • Van Harmelen, J. H. et al. A predominantly HIV type 1 subtype C-restricted epidemic in South African urban populations. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 15, 395-398 (1999).
    • (1999) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses , vol.15 , pp. 395-398
    • Van Harmelen, J.H.1
  • 165
    • 30344438528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No evidence for rapid subtype c spread within an epidemic in which multiple subtypes and intersubtype recombinants circulate
    • Rainwater, S. et al. No evidence for rapid subtype c spread within an epidemic in which multiple subtypes and intersubtype recombinants circulate. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 21, 1060-1065 (2005).
    • (2005) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses , vol.21 , pp. 1060-1065
    • Rainwater, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.