Enhancing the vitamin content of meat and eggs: Implications for the human diet

Canadian Journal of Animal Science

Volumn 86, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 181-195

  Sahlin, A ^a   House, J D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bioavailability; Dietary reference intakes; Eggs; Meat; Vitamin enhancement

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

EID: 33751294875     PISSN: 00083984     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4141/A05-060     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Arechiga, C. F., Vazquez-Flores, S., Ortiz, O., Hernandez-Ceron, J., Porras, A., McDowell, L. R. and Hansen, P. J. 1998. Effect of injection of beta-carotene or vitamin E and selenium on fertility of lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 50: 65-76.
2. Asrar, F. M. and O'Connor, D. L. 2005. Bacterially synthesized folate and supplemental folic acid are absorbed across the large intestine of piglets. J. Nutr. Biochem. 16: 587-593.
3. Barasi, M. E. 2003. Human nutrition. A health perspective. 2nd ed. Arnold, London, UK.
4. BASF. 2000. Vitamins - One of the most important discoveries of the century. Documentation DC 0002, Animal Nutrition 6th ed. BASF Corporation, Mount Olive, NJ.
5. Bedford, M. R. 2000. Exogenous enzymes in monogastric nutrition - their current value and future benefits. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 86: 1-13.
6. Bedford, M. R. and Classen, H. L. 1991. The influence of dietary xylanase on intestinal viscosity and molecular weight distribution of carbohydrates in rye-fed broiler chicks. Prog. Biotechnol. 7: 361-370.
7. Bhandari, S. D. and Gregory III, J. F. 1990. Inhibition by selected food components of human and porcine intestinal pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase activity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51: 87-94.
8. Biesalski, H. K. and Nohr, D. 2004. New aspects in vitamin a metabolism: the role of retinyl esters as systemic and local sources for retinol in mucous epithelia. J. Nutr. 134: 3453S-3457S.
9. Bille, N., Carstensen, J., Leerbeck, E. and Sondergaard, H. 1976. Persistance of intramuscular deposits of vitamin D3 in slaughter pigs. Nord. Vet. Med. 28: 496-499.
10. Brot, C., Vestergaard, P., Kolthoff, N., Gram, J., Hermann, A.P. and Sorensen, O. H. 2001. Vitamin D status and its adequacy in healthy Danish perimenopausal women: relationships to dietary intake, sun exposure and serum parathyroid hormone. Br. J. Nutr. 86: S97-103.
11. Charmley, E., Hidiroglou, N., Ochoa, L., McDowell L. R. and Hidiroglou, M. 1992. Plasma and hepatic α-tocopherol in cattle following oral or intramuscular supplementation. J. Dairy Sci. 75: 804-810.
12. Cheeke, P. R. 2005. Applied animal nutrition. 3rd ed. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
13. Damron, B. L., Goodson, S. R., Harms, R. H., Janky, D. M. and Wilson, H. R. 1984. Beta-carotene supplementation of laying hen diets. Br. Poult Sci. 25: 349-352.
14. Danicke, S., Simon, O., Jeroch, H. and Bedford, M. 1997. Interactions between dietary fat type and xylanase supplementation when rye-based diets are fed to broiler chickens 2. Performance, nutrient digestibility and the fat-soluble vitamin status of livers. Br. Poult. Sci. 38: 546-556.
15. Dubeski, P. L., Owens, F. N., Song, W. O., Coburn, S. P. and Mahuren, J. D. 1996. Effects of B vitamin injections on plasma B vitamin concentration of feed-restricted beef calves infected with bovine herpesvirus-1. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 1358-1366.
16. Dugan, M. E. R., Rolland, D. C., Best, D. R. and Meadus, W. J. 2002. The effects of feeding conjugated linoleic acied on pig liver vitamin A and retinol binding protein mRNA. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 82: 461-463.
17. Feighner, S. D. and Dashkevicz, M. P. 1988. Effect of dietary carbohydrates on bacterial cholyltaurine hydrolase in poultry intestinal homogenates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 337-342.
18. Galobart, J., Barroeta, A. C., Cortinas, L., Baucells, M. D. and Codony, R. 2002. Research note. Accumulation of α-tocopherol in eggs enriched with ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Poult. Sci. 81: 1873-1876.
19. Geesink, G. H., van Buren, R. G. C., Savenjie, B., Vestegen, M. V. A., Ducro, B. J., van der Palen, J. G. P. and Hemke, G. 2004. Short-term feeding strategies on pork quality. Meat Sci. 67: 1-6.
20. 12 et la méthionine chez le porc en croissance : impact sur les performances zootechniques et la qualité de la viande. Journ. Rech. Porcine en France 37: 275-282.
21. 12 during lactation of dairy cows fed dietary supplements of folic acid. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 79: 107-113.
22. Girard, C. L. and Matte, J. J. 2006. Impact of B-vitamin supply on major metabolic pathways of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 86: 213-220.
23. Girard, C. L., Castonguay, F. and Matte, J. J. 1999. Response of serum concentrations of folates to dietary supplements of folic acid given to ewes during gestation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 79: 387-389.
24. Gregory, III, J. F., Bhandari, S. D., Bailey, L. B., Toth, J. P., Baumgartner, T. G. and Cerda, J. J. 1991. Relative bioavailability of deuterium-labeled monoglutamyl and hexaglutamyl folates in human subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53: 736-740.
25. Grobas, S., Méndez, J., Lopez Bote, C., De Blas, C. and Mateos, G. G. 2002. Effect of vitamin E and A supplementation on egg yolk α-tocopherol concentration. Poult. Sci. 81: 367-381.
26. Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. 2005. Dietary fat and cholesterol: Simple steps to making healthier choices. [Online] Available: http://ww2.heartandstroke.ca/images/english/Fat&Cholesterol.pdf [2005 Jul. 01].
27. Hidiroglou, M. 1999. Technical note: Forms and route of vitamin C supplementation for cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82: 1831-1833.
28. Hidiroglou, M. and Charmley, E. 1991. Comparative studies on bioavailability and tissue uptake of two intraruminally or intraperitoneally administered esters of α-tocopherol in sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res. 52: 640-642.
29. Hidiroglou, N. and McDowell, L. R. 1987. Plasma and tissue levels of vitamin E in sheep following intramuscular administration in an oil carrier. Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 57: 261-266.
30. Hidiroglou, M., Batra, T. R. and Zhao, X. 1997. Bioavailability of vitamin E compounds and the effect of supplementation on release of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by bovine neutrophils. J. Dairy Sci. 80: 187-193.
31. Hidiroglou, N., Laflamme, L. F. and McDowell, L. R. 1988. Blood plasma and tissue concentrations of vitamin E in beef cattle as influenced by supplementation of various tocopherol compounds. J. Anim. Sci. 66: 3227-3234.
32. Hidiroglou, N., McDowell, L. R. and Balbuena, O. 1989. Plasma tocopherol in sheep and cattle after ingesting free or acetylated tocopherol. J. Dairy Sci. 72: 1793-1799.
33. Hidiroglou, M., Proulx, J. G. and Roubos, D. 1979. 25-hydroxyvitamin D in plasma of cattle. J. Dairy. Sci. 62: 1076-1080.
34. 3. J. Dairy Sci. 69: 385-391.
35. Hogan, J. S, Weiss, W. P., Todhunter, D. A., Smith, K. L. and Schoenberger, P. S. 1992. Bovine neutrophil responses to parenteral vitamin E. J. Dairy Sci. 75: 399-405.
36. Horst, R. L. and Reinhardt, T. A. 1983. Vitamin D metabolism in ruminants and its relevance to the periparturient cow. J. Dairy Sci. 66: 661-678.
37. House, J. D., Jacobs, R. L, Stead L. M., Brosnan, M. E. and Brosnan, J. T. 1999. Regulation of homocysteine metabolism. Advan. Enzyme Regul. 39: 69-91.
38. House, J. D., Braun, D. M., O'Connor, C. P. and Guenter, W. 2002. The enrichment of eggs with folic acid through supplementation of the laying hen diet. Poult. Sci. 81: 1332-1337.
39. House, J. D. and Fletcher, C. M. T. 2003. Response of early weaned piglets to graded levels of dietary cobalamin. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 83: 247-255.
40. House, J. D., O'Connor, C. P. and Guenter, W. 2003. Plasma homocysteine and glycine are sensitive indices of folate status in a rodent model of folate depletion and repletion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 4461-4467.
41. Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
42. Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vtamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
43. Institute of Medicine. 2003. Dietary reference intakes: Applications in dietary planning. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
44. Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients). The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
45. Jensen, S. K., Jensen, C., Jakobsen, K., Engberg, R. M., Andersen, J. O., Lauridsen, C., Sørensen, P., Skibstedt, L. H. and Bertelsen, G. 1998. Supplementation of broiler diets with retinol acetate, β-carotene or canthaxanthin: Effect on vitamin status and oxidative status of broilers in vivo and on meat stability. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. A. Anim. Sci. 48: 28-37.
46. Jiang, Y. H., McGeachin, R. B. and Bailey, C. A. 1994. α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and retinol enrichment of chicken eggs. Poult. Sci. 73: 1137-1143.
47. Kang, K. R., Cherian, G. and Sim, J. S. 1998. Tocopherols, retinol and carotenes in chicken egg and tissues as influenced by dietary palm oil. J. Food Sci. 63: 592-596.
48. Kim, T. H., Yang, J., Darling, P. B. and O'Connor, D. L. 2004. A large pool of available folate exists in the large intestine of human infants and piglets. J. Nutr. 134: 1389-1394.
49. Kliewer, S. A., Xu, H. E., Lambert, M. H. and Willson, T. M. 2001. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: from genes to physiology. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 56: 239-63.
50. Konings, E. J. M., Roomans, H. H. S., Dorant, E., Goldbohm, R. A., Saris, W. H. M. and van den Brandt, P. A. 2001. Folate intake of the Dutch population according to newly established liquid chromatography data for foods. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73: 765-776.
51. Leeson, S., Caston, L. and MacLaurin, T. 1998. Organoleptic evaluation of eggs produced by laying hens fed diets containing graded levels of flaxseed and vitamin E. Poult. Sci. 77: 1436-1440.
52. Leeson, S. and Caston, L. J. 2003. Vitamin enrichment of eggs. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12: 24-26.
53. Lynch, A., Kerry, J. P., O'Sullivan, M. G., Lawlor, J B. P., Buckley, D. J. and Morrisey P. A. 2000. Distribution of α-tocopherol in beef muscles following dietary α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation. Meat Sci. 56: 211-214.
54. Mahan, D. C., Kim, Y. Y. and Stuart, R. L. 2000. Effect of vitamin E sources (RRR- or all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate) and levels on sow reproductive performance, serum, tissue, and milk α-tocopherol contents over a five-parity period, and the effects on the progeny. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 110-119.
55. Mattila, P., Lehikoinen, K., Kiiskinen, T. and Piironen, V. 1999. Cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol content of chicken egg yolk as affected by the cholecalciferol content of feed. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 4089-4092.
56. 3-enriched diets on egg vitamin D content, production, and bird condition during an entire production period. Poult. Sci. 83: 433-440.
57. McCann, M. E. E., McCracken, K. J., Hoye, L., Pentieva, K., McNulty, H. and Scott, J. 2004. Effect of dietary folic acid supplementation on the folate content of broiler chicken meat. Br. Poult Sci. 45: S65-66.
58. McDonald, B. E. 2000. Dietary fat and cholesterol - Lessons from the past decade. NIN Review #30, National Institute of Nutrition, Ottawa, ON.
59. McDowell, L. R. 2000. Vitamins in animal and human nutrition. 2nd ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
60. McLean, R. R., Jacques, P. F., Selhub, J., Tucker, K. L., Samelson, E. J., Broe, K. E., Hannan, M. T., Cupples, L. A. and Kiel, D. P. 2004. Homocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in older persons. N. Engl. J. Med. 350: 2042-9.
61. Melse-Boonstra, A., Verhoef, P., Konings, E. J. M., van Dusseldorp, M., Matser, A., Hollman, P. C. H., Meyboom, S., Kok, F. J. and West, C. E. 2002. Influence of processing on total, monoglutamate and polyglutamate folate contents of leeks, cauliflower, and green beans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 3473-3478.
62. 3 to improve beef tenderness. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 2615-2621.
63. Montgomery, J. L., King, M. B., Gentry, J. G., Barbam, A. R., Barham, B. L., Hilton, G. G., Blanton, Jr., J. R., Horst, R. L., Galyean, M. L., Morrow, Jr., K. J., Wester, D. B. and Miller, M. F. 2004. Supplemental vitamin D3 concentration and biological type of steers. II. Tenderness, quality, and residues of beef. J. Anim. Sci. 82: 2092-2104.
64. Morris, M. S. 2003. Homocysteine and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2: 425-428.
65. Morrissey, P. A., Brandon, S., Buckley, D. J., Sheehy, P. J. A. and Frigg, M. 1997. Tissue content of α-tocopherol and oxidative stability of broilers receiving dietary α-tocopheryl acetate supplement for various periods pre-slaughter. Br. Poult. Sci. 38: 84-88.
66. Muramotoa, T., Nakanishib, N., Shibataa, M. and Aikawaa, K. 2003. Effect of dietary b-carotene supplementation on beef color stability during display of two muscles from Japanese Black steers. Meat Sci. 63: 39-42.
67. National Research Council. 1987. Vitamin tolerance of animals. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
68. National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
69. National Research Council. 1996. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 7th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
70. National Research Council. 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine. 10th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
71. National Research Council. 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
72. Nelson D. L. and Cox M. M. 2000. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. 3rd ed. Worth Publishers, New York, NY.
73. Njeru, C. A., McDowell, L. R., Wilkinson, N. S., Linda, S. B., Williams, S. N. and Lentz, E. L. 1992. Serum α-tocopherol concentration in sheep after intramuscular injection of DL- α-tocopherol. J. Anim. Sci. 70: 2562-2567.
74. Njeru, C. A., McDowell, L. R., Wilkinson, N. S., Linda, S. B., Rojas, L. X. and Williams, S. N. 1994. Serum and tissue tocopherol in sheep after intramuscular injection and(or) dietary vitamin E supplementation. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 739-745.
75. Ochoa, L., McDowell, L. R., Williams, S. N., Wilkinson, N., Boucher, J. and Lentz E. L. 1992. α-tocopherol concentrations in serum and tissues of sheep fed different sources of vitamin E. J. Anim. Sci. 70: 2568-2573.
76. Pion, S. J., van Heugten, E., See, M. T., Larick, D. K. and Pardue, S. 2004. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on plasma ascorbic acid and oxalate concentrations and meat quality in swine. J. Anim. Sci. 82: 2004-2012.
77. Qi, G. H. and Sim, J. S. 1998. Natural tocopherol enrichment and its effect in n-3 fatty acid modified chicken eggs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46: 1920-1926.
78. Refsum, H., Ueland, P. M., Nygard, O. and Vollset, S. E. 1998. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Ann. Rev. Medicine. 49: 31-62.
79. Rong, N., Selhub, J., Goldin, B. R. and Rosenberg, I. H. 1991. Bacterially synthesized folate in rat large intestine is incorporated into host tissue folyl polyglutamates. J. Nutr. 121: 1955-1959.
80. Ruiz, J. A., Pérez-Vendrell, A. M. and Esteve-Garcia, E. 1999. Effect of β-carotene and vitamin E on oxidative stability in leg meat of broilers fed different supplemental fats. 47: 448-454.
81. Sallmann, H.-P., Fuhrmann, H. and Gotzke, S. 1998. The effect of the vitamins A and E and dietary fat on the oxidative stability of turkey muscle in vivo. J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. 80: 226-231.
82. Selhub, J. and Rosenberg, I. H. 1996. Folic acid. Pages 206-219 in E. E. Ziegler and L. J. Filer, eds.Present knowledge in nutrition. 7th ed. ILSI Press, Washington, DC.
83. Shaw, D. T., Rozeboom, D. W., Hill, G. M., Booren, A. M. and Link, J. E. 2002. Impact of vitamin and mineral supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion on finishing pig growth performance, fecal mineral concentration, carcass characteristics, and the nutrient content and oxidative stability of pork. J. Anim. Sci. 80: 2920-2930.
84. Sherwood, T. A., Alphin, R. L., Saylor, W. W. and White III, H. B. 1993. Folate metabolism and deposition in eggs by laying hens. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 307: 66-72.
85. Statistics Canada. 2003. CANSIM. [Online] Available: http:/cansim2. statcan.ca/.
86. Surai, P. F., Ionov, I. A. Kuklenko, T. V., Kostjuk, I. A., MacPherson, A., Speake, B. K., Noble, R. C. and Sparks, N. H. C. 1998. Effect of supplementing the hen's diet with vitamin A on the accumulation of vitamins A and E, ascorbic acid and carotenoids in the egg yolk and in the embryonic liver. Br. Poult. Sci. 39: 257-263.
87. Thacker, P. A., Campbell, G. L. and Groot-Wassink, J. 1991. The effect of enzyme supplementation on the nutritive value of rye-based diets for swine. Can.J. Anim. Sci. 71: 489-496.
88. Thoma, C., Green, T. J. and Ferguson, L. R. 2003. Citrus pectin and oligofructose improve folate status and lower serum total homocysteine in rats. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 73: 403-409.
89. Turner, K. E., McClure, K. E., Weiss W. P., Borton, R. J. and Foster, J. G. 2002. Alpha-tocopherol concentrations and case life of lamb muscle as influenced by concentrate or pasture finishing. J. Anim. Sci. 80: 2513-2521.
90. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2005. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Release 14. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page. [Online] Available: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp.
91. Villaverde, C., Cortinas, L., Barroeta, A. C., Martín-Orúe S. M. and Baucells, M. D. 2004. Relationship between dietary unsaturation and vitamin E in poultry. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 88: 143-149.
92. Ward, A. T. and Marquard, R. R. 1983. The effect of saturation, chain length of pure triglycerides, and age of bird on the utilization of rye diets Chick diets. Poult. Sci. 62: 1054-1062.
93. 3. J. Anim. Sci. 82: 218-224.
94. Yamagishi, N., Dohmae, H., Shirato, A., Sato, J., Sato, R. and Naito, Y. 2000. Effects of oral administration of "rumen-bypass" vitamin D3 on vitamin D and calcium metabolism in periparturient cows. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62: 403-408
95. Yang, A., Brewster, M. J., Lanari, M. C. and Tume, R. K. 2002. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on α-tocopherol and β-carotene concentrations in tissues from pasture- and grain-fed cattle. Meat Sci. 60: 35-40.
96. Yarger, J. G., Saunders, C. A., McNaughton, J. L., Quarles, C. L., Hollis, B. W. and Gray, R. W. 1995. Comparison of dietary 25- hydroxycholecalciferol and cholecalciferol in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 74: 1159-1167.
97. Zanini, S. F., Torres, C. A. A., Bragagnolo, N., Turatti, J. M., Silva, M. G. and Zanini, M. S. 2003. Lipid composition and vitamin E composition in cockerel meat. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 36: 697-702.