Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among children and adolescents: A review of the literature. Part I: Quantitative studies

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Volumn 3, Issue , 2006, Pages

  Rasmussen, Mette ^a   Krølner, Rikke ^a   Klepp, Knut Inge ^b   Lytle, Leslie ^c   Brug, Johannes ^d   Bere, Elling ^b   Due, Pernille ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^d ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; CHILD; CHILD NUTRITION; CHILD PARENT RELATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETHNOLOGY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FAMILY SIZE; FAST FOOD; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FOOD INTAKE; FRUIT; HUMAN; MEDLINE; PSYCINFO; QUANTITATIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIOECONOMICS; URBANIZATION; VEGETABLE;

EID: 33748663965     PISSN: 14795868     EISSN: 14795868     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-3-22     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD: Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: A review. J Am Diet Assoc 1996, 96:1027-1039.
2. Ness AR, Powles JW: Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: A review. Int J Epidemiol 1997, 26(1):1-13.
3. Bazzano LA: Dietary intake of fruit and vegetables and risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases [electronic resource]. Background paper for the joint FAO/WHO Workshop on Fruit and Vegetables for Health, 1-3 September Kobe, Japan 2004.
4. Reddy KS, Katan MB: Diet, nutrition and the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Public Health Nutr 2004, 7(1A):167-186.
5. Krebs-Smith SM, Cook A, Subar AF, Cleveland L, Friday J, Hahle LL: Fruit and vegetable intakes of children and adolescents in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolescs Med 1996, 150:81-86.
6. Munoz KA, Krebs-Smith SM, Ballard-Barbash R, Cleveland LE: Food intakes of US children and adolescents compared with recommendations. Pediatrics 1997, 100:323-329.
7. Currie C, Robert C, Morgan A, Smith R, Settertobulte W, Samdal O, Rasmussen VB, (eds): Young people's health in context. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC): international report from the 2001/2002 survey. In Health Policy Series: Health Policy for Children and Adolescents Issue 4 Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2004.
8. Yngve A, Wold A, Poortvliet E, Elmadfa I, Brug J, Ehrenblad B, Franchini B, Haraldsdóttir J, Krølner R, Maes L, Pérez-Rodrigo C, Sjoström M, Thórsdóttir I, Klepp KI: Fruit and vegetable intake in a sample of 11-year-old children in 9 European countries: The Pro Children Cross-Sectional Survey. Ann Nutr Metab 2005, 49:236-245.
9. Kelder SH, Perry CL, Klepp KI, Lytle LL: Longitudinal tracking of adolescent smoking, physical activity, and food choice behaviors. Am J Public Health 1994, 84(7):1121-1126.
10. Resnicow K, Smith M, Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Vaughan R, Davis M: 2-year trackling of children's fruit and vegetable intake. J Am Diet Assoc 1998, 98:785-789.
11. Lytle L, Seifert S, Greenstein J, McGovern P: How do children's eating patterns and food choices change over time? Results from a cohort study. Am J Health Promot 2000, 14:222-228.
12. Mikkilä V, Räsänen L, Raitakari OT, Pietinen P, Viikari J: Longitudinal changes in diet from childhood into adulthood with respect to risk fo cardiovascular diseases: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 58:1038-1045.
13. Baranowski T, Cullen KW, Baranowski J: Psychosocial correlates of dietary intake: Advancing dietary intervention. Annu Rev Nutr 1999, 19:17-40.
14. Brug J, Oenema A, Ferreira I: Theory, evidence and Intervention Mapping to improve behavioral nutrition and physical activity interventions. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2005, 2:2.
15. Pomerleau J, Lock K, Knai C, McKee M, (eds): Effectiveness of interventions and programmes promoting fruit and vegetable intake [electronic resource]. Background paper for the joint FAO/WHO Workshop on Fruit and Vegetables for Health, 1-3 September Kobe, Japan 2004.
16. Klepp KI, Pereze-Rodrigo C, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Due P, Elmadfa I, Haraldsdottir J, Konig J, Sjostrom M, Thorsdottir I, Vaz de Almeida MD, Yngve A, Brug J: Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption among European schoolchildren: rationale, conceptualization and design of the Pro Children project. Ann Nutr Metab 2005, 49(4):212-220.
17. Musaiger AO, Gregory WB: Dietary habits of school-children in Bahrain. J Roy Soc Health 1992, 112(4):159-162.
18. Ahmed F, Zareen M, Khan MR, Banu CP, Haq MN, Jackson AA: Dietary pattern, nutrient intake and growth of adolescent school girls in urban Bangladesh. Public Health Nutr 1998, 1(2):83-92.
19. Shi Z, Lien N, Kumar BN, Holmboe-Ottesen G: Socio-demographic differences in food habits and preferences of school adolescents in Jiangsu Province, China. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005, 59(12):1439-1448.
20. Wang Y, Bentley ME, Zhai Fengying, Popkin BM: Tracking of dietary intake patterns of Chinese from childhood to adolescence over a six-year follow-up period. J Nutr 2002, 132:430-438.
21. Vijayapushpam T, Menon KK, Rao DR, Antony CM: A qualitative assessment of nutrition knowledge levels and dietary intake of schoolchildren in Hyderabad. Public Health Nutr 2003, 6(7):683-688.
22. De Bourdeaudhuij I, van Oost P, Personal and family determinants of dietary behaviour in adolescents and their parents. Psychol Health 2000, 15:751-770.
23. Vereecken CA, Maes L, Bacquer DD: The influence of parental occupation and the pupils' educational level on lifestyle behaviours among adolescents in Belgium. J Adolesc Health 2004, 34:330-338.
24. Vereecken CA, Bobelijn K, Maes L: School food policy at primary and secondary schools in Belgium-Flanders: does it influence young people's food habits. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005, 59(2):271-277.
25. Vereecken CA, Inchley J, Subramanian SV, Hublet A, Maes L: The relative influence of individual and contextual socio-economic status on consumption of fruit and soft drinks among adolescents in Europe. Eur J Public Health 2005, 15(3):224-232.
26. Osler M, Hansen ET: Dietary knowledge and behaviour among shcoolchildren in Copenhagen, Denmark. Scand J Soc Med 1993, 21(2):135-140.
27. Adamson AJ, Rugg-Gunn AJ, Appleton DR, Butler TJ, Hackett AF: Dietary sources of energy, protein, unavailable carbohydrate and fat in 11-12-year-old English children in 1990 compared with results in 1980. J Hum Nutr Diet 1992, 5:371-385.
28. Cartwright M, Wardle J, Steggles N, Simon AE, Croker H, Jarvis MJ: Stress and Dietary Practices in Adolescents. Health Psychol 2003, 22(4):362-369.
29. Crawley HF, While D: Parental smoking and the nutrient intake and food choice of British teenagers aged 16-17 years. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996, 50:306-312.
30. Glynn L, Emmett P, Rogers I, the ALSPAC Study Team: Food and nutrient intakes of a population sample of 7-year-old children in the south-west of England in 1999/2000-what difference does gender make? J Hum Nutr Diet 2005, 18:7-19.
31. New SA, Livingstone MBE: An investigation of the association between vending machine confectionery purchase frequency by schoolchildren in the UK and other dietary and lifestyle factors. Public Health Nutr 2003, 6(5):497-504.
32. Wardle J, Jarvis MJ, Steggles N, Sutton S, Williamson S, Farrimond H, Cartwright M, Simon AE: Socioeconomic disparities in cancer-risk behaviors in adolescence: baseline results from the Health and Behaviour in Teenagers Study (HABITS). Prev Med 2003, 36:721-730.
33. Haapalahti M, Mykkänen H, Tikkanen S, Kokkonen J: Meal patterns and food use in 10-to 11-year-old Finnish children. Public Health Nutr 2002, 6(4):365-370.
34. Laitinen S, Räsänen L, Viikari J, Åkerblom HK: Diet of Finnish children in relation to the familys socio-economic status. Scand J Soc Med 1995, 23(2):88-94.
35. Roos EB, Hirvonen T, Mikkilä V, Karyonen S, Rimpelä M: Household Educational Level as a Determinant of Consumption of Raw Vegetables among Male and Female Adolescents. Prev Med 2001, 33:282-291.
36. Yannakoulia M, Karayiannis D, Terzidou M, Kokkevi A, Sidossis LS: Nutrition-related habits of Greek adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 58:580-586.
37. Paulus D, Saint-Remy A, Jeanjean M: Dietary habits during adolescence-results of the Belgian Andolux study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001, 55:130-136.
38. Kremers SPJ, Brug J, de Vries H, Engels RCME: Parenting style and adolescent fruit consumption. Appetite 2003, 41:43-50.
39. Van Lenthe FJ, Boreham CA, Twisk JWR, Strain JJ, Savage JM, Smith GD: Socio-economic position and coronary heart disease risk factors in youth. Eur J Public Health 2001, 11:43-50.
40. Warwick J, McIlveen H, Strugnell C: Food choices of 9-17-year olds in Northern Ireland-influences and challenges. NFS 1999, 5:229-236.
41. Bere E, Klepp KI: Correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among Norwegian schoolchildren: parental and self-reports. Public Health Nutr 2004, 7(8):991-998.
42. Bere E, Klepp KI: Changes in accessibility and preferences predict children's future fruit and vegetable intake. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2005, 2:15.
43. Lien N, Jacobs DR, Klepp KI: Exploring predictors of eating behaviour among adolescents by gender and socioeconomic status. Public Health Nutr 2002, 5(5):671-681.
44. Inchley J, Todd J, Bryce C, Currie C: Dietary trends among Scottish schoolchildren in the 1990s. J Hum Nutr Dietet 2001, 14:207-216.
45. Longbottom PJ, Wrieden WL, Pine CM: Is there a relationship between the food intakes of Scottish 5 1/2-81/2-year-olds and those of their mothers? J Hum Nutr Diet 2002, 15:271-279.
46. Sweeting H, Anderson A, West P: Socio-demographic correlates of dietary habits in mid to late adolescence. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994, 48:736-748.
47. Wrieden W: Fruit and vegetable consumption of 10-11-year-old children in a region of Scotland. Health Educ J 1996, 55:185-193.
48. Höglund D, Samuelson G, Mark A: Food habits in Swedish adolescents in relation to socioeconomic conditions. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998, 52:784-789.
49. Samuelson G, Grahnén H, Arvidsson E: An epidemiological study of child health and nutrition in a northern Swedish county. VI. Relationship between general and oral health, food habits, and socioeconomic conditions. Am J Clin Nutr 1971, 24:1361-1373.
50. Samuelson G, Bratteby L-E, Enghardt H, Hedgren M: Food habits and energy and nutrient intake in Swedish adolescents approaching the year 2000. Acta Pædiatr 1996:1-20.
51. Sjöberg A, Hallberg L, Höglund D, Hulthén L: Meal pattern, food choice, nutrient intake and lifestyle factors in The Göteborg Adolescence Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003, 75:1569-1578.
52. Von Post-Skagegård M, Samuelson G, Karlström B, Mohsen R, Berglund L, Bratteby L-E: Changes in food habits in healthy Swedish adolescents during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002, 56:532-538.
53. George RS, Krondl M: Perceptions and food use of adolescent boys and girls. Nutr Behav 1983, 1:115-125.
54. Myres AW, Kroetsch D: The influence of family income on food consumption patterns and nutrient intake in Canada. Can J Public Health 1978, 69:208-221.
55. Baranowski T, Smith M, Hearn MD, Lin LS, Baranowski J, Doyle C, Resnicow V, Wang DT: Patterns in Children's Fruit and Vegetable Consumption by Meal and Day of the Week. J Am Coll Nutr 1997, 16(3):216-223.
56. Baxter SD, Thompson WO: Fourth-grade children's consumption of fruit and vegetable items available as part of school lunches is closely related to preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav 2002, 34:166-171.
57. Beech BM, Rice R, Myers L, Johnson C, Nicklas TA: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to fruit and vegetable consumption of high school students. J Adolesc Health 1999, 24:244-250.
58. Bowman SA, Gortmaker SL, Ebbeling CB, Pereira MA, Ludwig DS: Effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a national household survey. Pediatrics 2004, 113(1):112-118.
59. Boynton-Jarret R, Thomas TN, Peterson KE, Wiecha J, Sobol AM, Gortmaker SL: Impact of television viewing patterns on fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents. Pediatrics 2003, 112:1321-1326.
60. Burdine JN, Chen MS, Gottlieb NH, Peterson FL, Vacalis D: The effects of ethnicity, sex and father's occupation on heart health knowledge and nutrition behavior of school children: the Texas Youth Health Awareness Survey. J Sch Health 1984, 54(2):87-90.
61. Campbell MK, Reynolds KD, Havas S, Curry S, Bishop D, Nicklas T, Palombo R, Buller D, Feldman R, Topor M, Johnson C, Beresford SAA, Motsinger BM, Morrill C, Heimendinger J: Stages of change for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among adults and young adults participating in the National 5-a-Day for Better Health community studies. Health Educ Behav 1999, 26(4):513-534.
62. Cross AT, Babicz D, Cushman LF: Snacking patterns among 1.800 adults and children. J Am Diet Assoc 1994, 94:1398-1403.
63. Cullen KW, Eagan J, Baranowski T, Owens E, de Moor C: Effect of a la carte and snack bar foods at school on children's lunch-time intake of fruits and vegetables. J Am Diet Assoc 2000, 100(12):14821486.
64. Cullen KW, Baranowski T, Owens E, Marsh T, Rittenberrry L, de Moor C: Availabiltiy, accessibility, and preferences for fruit, 100% fruit juice, and vegetables influence children's dietary behaviour. Health Educ Behav 2003, 30(5):615-626.
65. Cullen KW, Zakeri I: Fruits, vegetables, milk, and sweetened beverages consumption and access to à la carte/snack bar meals at school. Am J Public Health 2004, 94(3):463-467.
66. Cullen KW, Baranowski T, Klesges LM, Watson K, Sherwood NE, Story M, Zakeri I, Leachman-Slawson D, Pratt C: Anthropometric, parental, and psychosocial correlates of dietary intake of African-American Girls. Obes Res 2004:20S-31S.
67. Domel SB, Thompson WO, Davis HC, Baranowski T, Leonard SB, Baranowski J: Psychosocial predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption among elementary school children. Health Educ Res 1996, 11(3):299-308.
68. French SA, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, Fulkerson JA, Hannan P: Fast food restaurant use among adolescents: associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behavioral and psychosocial variables. Int J Obes 2001, 25:1823-1833.
69. Fulkerson JA, Sherwood NE, Perry CL, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M: Depressive symptoms and adolescent eating and health behavior: a multifaceted view in a population-based sample. Prev Med 2004, 38:865-875.
70. Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Frazier L, Rockett HRH, Camargo CA, Field AE, Berkey CS, Colditz GA: Family dinner and diet quality among older children and adolescents. Arch Fam Med 2000, 9:235-240.
71. Greger JL, Divilbiss L, Aschenbeck SK: Dietary habits of adolescent females. Ecol Food Nutr 1979, 7:213-218.
72. Hanson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Eisenberg ME, Story M, Wall M: Associations between parental report of the home food environment and adolescent intakes of fruit, vegetables and dairy foods. Public Health Nutr 2005, 8(1):77-85.
73. Hearn MD, Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Doyle C, Smith M, Lin LS, Resnicow K: Environmental Influences on Dietary Behavior Among Children: Availability and Accessibility of Fruits and Vegetables Enable Consumption. J Health Educ 1998, 29(1):26-32.
74. Heunemann RL, Shapiro LR, Hampton MC, Mitchell BW: Food and eating practices of teen-agers. J Am Diet Assoc 1968, 53:17-24.
75. Kratt P, Reynolds K, Shewchuk R: The role of availability as a moderator of family fruit and vegetable consumption. Health Educ Behav 2000, 27(4):471-482.
76. Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Hannan PJ, Perry CL, Story M: The association of the school food environment with dietary behaviors of young adolescents. Am J Public Health 2003, 93(7):1168-1173.
77. Lantz EM, Wood P: Nutritional Condition of New Mexican Children. J Am Diet Assoc 1958, 34:1199-1207.
78. Levine E, Guthrie JF: Nutrient intakes and eating patterns of teenagers. Fam Econ Nutr Rev 1997, 10(3):20-35.
79. Lien N, Lytle LA, Komro KA: Applying Theory of Planned Behavior to fruit and vegetable consumption of young adolescents. Am J Health Promot 2002, 16(4):189-197.
80. Lowry R, Kann L, Collins JL, Kolbe LJ: The effect of socioeconomic status on chronic disease risk behaviors among US adolescents. JAMA 1996, 276(10):792-797.
81. Lowry R, Wechsler H, Galuska DA, Fulton JE, Kann L: Television viewing and its association with overweight, sedentary lifestyle, and insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables among US high school students: differences by race, ethnicity, and gender. J Sch Health 2002, 72(10):413-421.
82. Lytle LA, Varnell S, Murray DM, Story M, Perry C, Birnbaum AS, Kubik MY: Predicting adolescents' intake of fruits and vegetables. J Nutr Educ Behav 2003, 35:170-178.
83. Matheson DM, Killen JD, Wang Y, Varady A, Robinson TN: Children's food consumption during television viewing. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79:1088-1094.
84. Melnik TA, Rhoades SJ, Wales KR, Cowell C, Wolfe WS: Food consumption patterns of elementary schoolchildren in New York City. J Am Diet Assoc 1998, 98:159-164.
85. Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Resnick MD, Blum RW: Correlates of Inadequate Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Adolescents. Prev Med 1996, 25:497-505.
86. Neumark-Sztainer D, Wall M, Perry C, Story M: Correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents. Findings from Project EAT. Pre Med 2003, 37:198-208.
87. Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan PJ, Story M, Croll J, Perry C: Family meal patterns: Association with sociodemographic characteristics and improved dietary intake among adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc 2003, 103:317-322.
88. Nicklas TA, Bao W, Berenson GS: Nutrient contribution of the breakfast meal classified by source in 10-year-old children: home versus school. Sch Food Serv Res Rev 1993, 17(2):125-132.
89. Pearman SN, Thatcher WG, Valois RF, Drane JW: Nutrition and weight management behaviors: Public and private high school adolescents. Am J Health Behav 2000, 24(3):220-228.
90. Rafirroiu AC, Anderson EP, Sargent RG, Evans A: Dietary practices of South Carolina adolescents and their parents. Am J Health Behav 2002, 26(3):200-212.
91. Resnicow K, Davis-Hearn M, Smith M, Baranowksi T, Lin LS, Baranowski J, Doyle C, Wang DT: Social-Cognitive Predictors of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Children. Health Psychol 1997, 16(3):272-276.
92. Reynolds KD, Baranowski T, Bishop DB, Farris RP, Binkley D, Nicklas TA, Elmer PJ: Patterns in Child and Adolescent Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables: Effects of Gender and Ethnicity across Four Sites. J Am Coll Nutr 1999, 18(3):248-254.
93. Reynolds KD, Hinton AW, Shewchuk RM, Hickey CA: Social cognitive model of fruit and vegetable consumption in elementary school children. J Nutr Educ 1999, 31(1):23-30.
94. Siega-Riz AM, Carson T, Popkin B: Three squares or mostly snacks-What do teens really eat? J Adolesc Health 1998, 22:29-36.
95. Skinner JD, Salvetti NN, Penfield MP: Food intakes of working and nonworking adolescents. J Nutr Educ 1984, 16(4):164-167.
96. Taveras EM, Berkey CS, Rifas-Shiman SL, Ludwig DS, Rockett HRH, Feid AE, Colditz GA, Gillman MW: Association of Consumption of Fried Food Away From Home With Body Mass Index and Diet Quality in Older Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 2005, 116:e518-e524.
97. Utter J, Neumark-Sztainer D, Jeffery R, Story M: Couch potatoes or French fries: are sedentary behaviors associated with body mass index, physical activity, and dietary behaviors among adolescents? J Am Diet Assoc 2003, 103:1298-1305.
98. Videon TM, Manning CK: Influences on adolescent eatingpatterns: the importance of family meals. J Adolesc Health 2003, 32:365-373.
99. Wolfe WS, Campbell CC: Food pattern, diet quality, and related characteristics of schoolchildren in New York State. J Am Diet Assoc 1993, 93:1280-1284.
100. Xie B, Gilliland FD, Li YF, Rockett HRH: Effects of ethnicity, family income, and education on dietary intake among adolescents. PrevMed 2003, 36:30-40.
101. Young EM, Fors SW: Factors related to the eating habits of students in grades 9-12. J Sch Health 2001, 71(10):483-488.
102. Young EM, Fors SW, Fasha E, Hayes DM: Associations between perceived parent behaviours and middle school student fruit and vegetable consumption. J Nutr Educ Behav 2004, 36:2-12.
103. Bell AC, Swinburn BA: What are the key food groups to target for preventing obesity and improving nutrition in schools? Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 58:258-263.
104. Giskes K, Turrell G, Patterson C, Newman B: Socio-economic differences in fruit and vegetable consumption among Australian adolescent and adults. Public Health Nutr 2002, 5(5):663-669.
105. Milligan RAK, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Dunbar DL, Spencer MJ, Balde E, Gracey MP: Influence of gender and socio-economic status on dietary patterns and nutrient intakes in 18-year-old Australians. Aust N Z J Public Health 1998, 22:485-493.
106. Nowak M, Speare R: Gender differences in food-related concerns, beliefs and behaviours in North Queensland adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health 1996, 32:424-427.
107. Harding WR, Watson PE, Wilson MN: Food patterns of a group of urban teenage schoolchildren. J N Z Diet Assoc 1988, 42(1):4-13.
108. Worsley A, Worsley AJ, McConnon S, Silva PA: Reported food consumption and dietary habits of New Zealand adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health 1993, 29:209-214.
109. Williams HM, Woodward DR, Ball PJ, Cumming FJ, Hornsby H, Boon JA: Food perceptions and food consumption among Tasmanian high school students. Aust J Nutr Dietet 1993, 50(4):156-163.
110. Woodward DR: What sort of teenager has high intakes of energy and nutrients? Br J Nutr 1985, 54:325-333.
111. Woodward DR: Teenagers and their food: The effects of physical, behavioural and socio-economic characteristics on intakes of five food categories in Tasmania. J Food Nutr 1985, 42(1):7-12.
112. Woodward DR: What influences adolescent food intakes? Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 1986, 40A:185-194.
113. Woodward DR, Boon JA, Cumming FJ, Ball PJ, Williams HM, Hornsby H: Adolescents' Reported Usage of Selected Foods in Relation to Their Perception and Social Norms for Those Foods. Appetite 1996, 27:109-117.
114. Rojas RM: Fruits and vegetables consumption among Costa Rican adolescents. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2001, 51(1):81-85.
115. Website title: Summary table: table 5 [http://mgzlx4.erasmusmc.nl/ intern_scripts/pwp/upload/73/ Rassn%20et%20al%201JBNPA%202006-table5.pdf]
116. Blanchette L, Brug J: Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among 6-12-year-old children and effective interventions to increase consumption. J Hum Nutr Dietet 2005, 18:431-443.
117. Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, French S: Individual and environmental influences on adolescent eating behaviors. JAm Diet Ass 2002, 102(suppl 3):S40-S51.
118. Hertzler AA: Children's food patterns-a review: II. Family and group behaviour. J Am Diet Ass 1983, 83(5):555-560.
119. Wardle J: Parental influences on children's diets. Pro Nutr Soc 1995, 54:747-758.
120. Coon KA, Tucker KL: Television and children's consumption patterns. A review of the literature. Minerva Pediatr 2002, 54:423-436.
121. Crockett SJ, Sims LS: Environmental influences on children's eating. J Nutr Educ 1995, 27(5):235-249.
122. Patrick H, Nicklas TA: A review of family and social determinants of children's eating patterns and diet quality. J Am Coll Nutr 2005, 24(2):83-92.
123. Rothman KJ, Greenland S: The Emergence of Modern Epidemiology. In Modern Epidemiology 2nd edition. Edited by: Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998:3-6.
124. Perry CL: Preadolescent and adolescent influences on health. In Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research Edited by: Smedley BD, Syme SL. National Academy Press, Washington, DC; 2000.
125. French SA, Stable G: Environmental interventions to promote vegetable and fruit consumption among youth in school settings. Prev Med 2003, 37:593-610.
126. Neumark-Sztainer D, French SA, Hannan PJ, Story M, Fulkerson JA: School lunch and snacking patterns among high school students: Associations with school food environment and policies. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2005, 2:14.
127. Diez-Roux AV: Multilevel analyses in public health research. Annu Rev Public Health 2000, 21:171-192.
128. Wardle J, Herrera ML, Cooke L, Gibson EL: Modifying children's food preferences: the effects of exposure and reward on acceptance of an unfamiliar vegetable. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003, 57:341-8.
129. Perez Rodrigo C, Wind M, Hildonen C, Bjelland M, Aranceta J, Klepp KI, Brug J: The Pro Children Intervention: Applying the Intervention Mapping Protocol to develop a school-based fruit and vegetable promotion programme. Ann Nutr Met 2005, 49:267-277.
130. Kremers SPJ, Visscher TLS, Seidell JC, van Mechelen W, Brug J: Cognitive determinants of energy balance-related behaviours: Measurement issues. Sports Med 2005, 35:923-933.