Study of nutritional factors related to breast cancer prevention. Importance of animal mode is approaches;Estudio de los factoes nutricionales asociados a la prevenció de cancer mamario.Importancia de los modelos animales

Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion

Volumn 55, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 3-28

  Garcí Solís, Pablo ^a   Aceves, Carmen ^a  

^a INSTITUTO DE NEUROBIOLOGÍA   (Mexico)

Author keywords

7, 12 Dimethylbenzanthracene; Animal Models; Mammary Cancer; N methyl N nitrosourea; Nutrition

Indexed keywords

ALGAE; ANIMALIA;

7,12 DIMETHYLBENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; CARCINOGEN; CAROTENOID; FATTY ACID; IODINE; METHYLNITROSOUREA; RETINOID;

ANIMAL; CALORIC INTAKE; DIET; DISEASE MODEL; EXPERIMENTAL NEOPLASM; FEMALE; LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET; MOUSE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RAT; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEAWEED; SOYBEAN;

9,10-DIMETHYL-1,2-BENZANTHRACENE; ANIMALS; CARCINOGENS; CAROTENOIDS; DIET; DIET, CARBOHYDRATE-RESTRICTED; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ENERGY INTAKE; FATTY ACIDS; FEMALE; IODINE; MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL; METHYLNITROSOUREA; MICE; RATS; RETINOIDS; RISK FACTORS; SEAWEED; SOYBEANS;

EID: 32644432052     PISSN: 00040622     EISSN: 00040622     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Bray F, McCarron P, Parkin DM. The changing global patterns of female breast cancer incidence and mortality. Breast Cancer Res 2004;6:229-39.
2. DeBruin LS, Josephy PD. Perspectives on the chemical etiology of breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110 Suppl 1: 119-28.
3. Charpenter A, Aldaz M. The molecular basis of breast carcinogenesis. En: Tsongalis GJ, editor. The molecular basis of human cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2002. p. 347-363.
4. MacMahon P, Cole T, Lin TM, Lowe CR, Mirra AP, Ravnihar B, et al. Age at first birth and breast cancer risk. Bull Wld Hlth Org 1970; 43: 209-221.
5. Gerber B, Muller H, Reimer T, Krause A, Friese K. Nutrition and lifestyle factors on the risk of developing breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003; 79: 265-76.
6. Ziegler RG, Hoover RN, Pike MC, Hildesheim A, Nomura AM, West DW, et al. Migration patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1819-27.
7. WCR/AICR. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research; 1997.
8. Limer JL, Speirs V. Phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer chemoprevention. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6: 119-27.
9. Cann SA, van Netten JP, van Netten C. Hypothesis: iodine, selenium and the development of breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2000; 11: 121-7.
10. Crowell PL. Monoterpenes in breast cancer chemoprevention. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 46: 191-7.
11. Kline K, Lawson KA, Yu W, Sanders BG. Vitamin E and breast cancer prevention: current status and future potential. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2003; 8: 91-102.
12. El-Bayoumy K, Sinha R. Mechanisms of mammary cancer chemoprevention by organoselenium compounds. Mutat Res 2004; 551: 181-97.
13. Cave WT, Jr. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in rodent models of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 46: 239-46.
14. Hakkak R, Korourian S, Shelnutt SR, Lensing S, Ronis MJ, Badger TM. Diets containing whey proteins or soy protein isolate protect against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors in female rats. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000; 9: 113-7.
15. Rowlands JC, He L, Hakkak R, Ronis MJ, Badger TM. Soy and whey proteins downregulate DMBA-induced liver and mammary gland CYP1 expression in female rats. J Nutr 2001; 131: 3281-7.
16. Malejka-Giganti D, Niehans GA, Reichert MA, Bliss RL. Post-initiation treatment of rats with indole-3-carbinol or beta-naphthoflavone does not suppress 7, 12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2000; 160: 209-18.
17. Medina D, Thompson HJ. A comparison of the salient features of mouse, rat, and human mammary tumorigenesis. En: Asch BB, editor. Methods in mammary gland biology and breast cancer research. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2000. p. 31-36.
18. Thompson HJ. Methods for the induction of mammary carcinogenesis in the rat using either 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]antracene or 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea. En: Asch BB, editor. Methods in mammary gland biology and breast cancer research. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2000. p. 19-29.
19. Thompson H, Sporn MB. Mammary cancer in rats. En: Teicher BA, editor. Tumor models in cancer research. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2002. p. 173-181.
20. Clarke R. Animal models of breast cancer: experimental design and their use in nutrition and psychosocial research. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 46: 117-33.
21. Sporn MB, Dunlop NM, Newton DL, Smith JM. Prevention of chemical carcinogenesis by vitamin A and its synthetic analogs (retinoids). Fed Proc 1976; 35: 1332-8.
22. Sporn MB, Newton DL. Chemoprevention of cancer with retinoids. Fed Proc 1979; 38: 2528-34.
23. Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, Redmond CK, Kavanah M, Cronin WM, et al. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 1371-88.
24. Strasser-Weippl K, Goss PE. Prevetion of breast cancer using SERMs and aromatase inhibitors. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2003; 8: 5-18.
25. Lajolo FM. Functional foods: Latin American perspectives. Br J Nutr 2002; 88 Suppl 2: S145-50.
26. Fay MP, Freedman LS. Meta-analyses of dietary fats and mammary neoplasms in rodent experiments. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 46: 215-23.
27. Thompson HJ, Zhu Z, Jiang W. Dietary energy restriction in breast cancer prevention. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2003; 8: 133-42.
28. Rogers AE. Diet and breast cancer: studies in laboratory animals. J Nutr 1997; 127: 933S-935S.
29. Clinton SK. Diet, anthropometry and breast cancer: integration of experimental and epidemiologic approaches. J Nutr 1997; 127: 916S-920S.
30. Kritchevsky D. Caloric restriction and experimental mammary carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 46: 161-7.
31. Carroll KK, Kohr HT. Dietary fat in relation to tumorigenesis. Prog Biochem Pharmacol 1975; 10: 308-353.
32. Willett WC. Fat, energy and breast cancer. J Nutr 1997; 127: 921S-923S.
33. Zhu Z, Jiang W, Thompson HJ. Mechanisms by which energy restriction inhibits rat mammary carcinogenesis: in vivo effects of corticosterone on cell cycle machinery in mammary carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2003; 24: 1225-31.
34. Lamartiniere CA. Protection against breast cancer with genistein: a component of soy. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1705S-7S; discussion 1708S-9S.
35. Davis SR, Dalais FS, Simpson ER, Murkies AL. Phytoestrogens in health and disease. Recent Prog Horm Res 1999; 54: 185-210; discussion 210-1.
36. Kurzer MS, Xu X. Dietary phytoestrogens. Annu Rev Nutr 1997; 17: 353-81.
37. Wei H, Bowen R, Cai Q, Barnes S, Wang Y. Antioxidant and antipromotional effects of the soybean isoflavone genistein. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995; 208: 124-130.
38. Russo IH, Russo J. Role of hormones in mammary cancer initiation and progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1998; 3: 49-61.
39. Yang J, Yoshizawa K, Nandi S, Tsubura A. Protective effects of pregnancy and lactation against N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas in female Lewis rats. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20: 623-8.
40. Guzman RC, Yang J, Rajkumar L, Thordarson G, Chen X, Nandi S. Hormonal prevention of breast cancer: mimicking the protective effect of pregnancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96: 2520-5.
41. Rajkumar L, Guzman RC, Yang J, Thordarson G, Talamantes F, Nandi S. Short-term exposure to pregnancy levels of estrogen prevents mammary carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 11755-9.
42. Rajkumar L, Guzman RC, Yang J, Thordarson G, Talamantes F, Nandi S. Prevention of mammary carcinogenesis by short-term estrogen and progestin treatments. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6: R31-7.
43. Abrams TJ, Guzman RC, Swanson SM, Thordarson G, Talamantes F, Nandi S. Changes in the parous rat mammary gland environment are involved in parity-associated protection against mammary carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res 1998; 18: 4115-21.
44. Thordarson G, Van Horn K, Guzman RC, Nandi S, Talamantes F. Parous rats regain high susceptibility to chemically induced mammary cancer after treatment with various mammotropic hormones. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22: 1027-33.
45. D'Cruz CM, Moody SE, Master SR, Hartman JL, Keiper EA, Imielinski MB, et al. Persistent parity-induced changes in growth factors, TGF-beta3, and differentiation in the rodent mammary gland. Mol Endocrinol 2002; 16: 2034-51.
46. Lamartiniere CA, Moore J, Holland M, Barnes S. Neonatal genistein chemoprevents mammary cancer. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995; 208: 120-3.
47. Murrill WB, Brown NM, Zhang JX, Manzolillo PA, Barnes S, Lamartiniere CA. Prepubertal genistein exposure suppresses mammary cancer and enhances gland differentiation in rats. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17: 1451-7.
48. Lamartiniere CA, Murrill WB, Manzolillo PA, Zhang JX, Barnes S, Zhang X, et al. Genistein alters the ontogeny of mammary gland development and protects against chemically-induced mammary cancer in rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998; 217: 358-64.
49. Fritz WA, Coward L, Wang J, Lamartiniere CA. Dietary genistein: perinatal mammary cancer prevention, bioavailability and toxicity testing in the rat. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19: 2151-8.
50. Lamartiniere CA, Cotroneo MS, Fritz WA, Wang J, Mentor-Marcel R, Elgavish A. Genistein chemoprevention: timing and mechanisms of action in murine mammary and prostate. J Nutr 2002; 132: 552S-558S.
51. Lamartiniere CA, Wang J, Smith-Johnson M, Eltoum IE. Daidzein: bioavailability, potential for reproductive toxicity, and breast cancer chemoprevention in female rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 65: 228-38.
52. Chen J, Tan KP, Ward WE, Thompson LU. Exposure to flaxseed or its purified lignan during suckling inhibits chemically induced rat mammary tumorigenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228: 951-8.
53. Tou JC, Chen J, Thompson LU. Flaxseed and its lignan precursor, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, affect pregnancy outcome and reproductive development in rats. J Nutr 1998; 128: 1861-8.
54. Tan KP, Chen J, Ward WE, Thompson LU. Mammary gland morphogenesis is enhanced by exposure to flaxseed or its major lignan during suckling in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 229: 147-57.
55. Cotroneo MS, Wang J, Fritz WA, Eltoum IE, Lamartiniere CA. Genistein action in the prepubertal mammary gland in a chemoprevention model. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23: 1467-74.
56. Nahta R, Hortobagyi GN, Esteva FJ. Growth factor receptors in breast cancer: potential for therapeutic intervention. Oncologist 2003; 8: 5-17.
57. Zhou J-R, Erdman Jr., JW. Soy Consumption and cancer prevetion. En: Bendich A y Deckelbaum RJ, eds. Preventive nutrition: the comprehensive guide for health professionals, third edition. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2005. p. 123-155.
58. Constantinou AI, Krygier AE, Metha RR. Genistein induces maturation of cultured human breast cancer cell and prevents tumor growth in nude mice. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68 (suppl): 1426S-30S.
59. Blaner WS. Biochemistry and pharmacology of retinoids. En: Lotan R, editor. Retinoids in oncology. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993. p. 1-41.
60. Yang LM, Tin UC, Wu K, Brown P. Role of retinoid receptors in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1999; 4: 377-88.
61. Mangelsdorf DJ, Thummel C, Beato M, Herrlich P, Schutz G, Umesono K, et al. The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell 1995; 83: 835-9.
62. Chambon P. A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors. Faseb J 1996; 10: 940-54.
63. Moon RC, Constantinou AI. Dietary retinoids and carotenoids in rodent models of mammary tumorigenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 46: 181-9.
64. Lotan R. Retinoids in cancer chemoprevention. FASEB J 1996; 10: 1031-9.
65. Pfahl M, Chytil F. Regulation of metabolism by retinoic acid and its nuclear receptors. Annu Rev Nutr 1996; 16: 257-83.
66. Formelli F, Barua AB, Olson JA. Bioactivities of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide and retinoyl beta-glucuronide. FASEB J 1996; 10: 1014-24.
67. Anzano MA, Byers SW, Smith JM, Peer CW, Mullen LT, Brown CC, et al. Prevention of breast cancer in the rat with 9-cis-retinoic acid as a single agent and in combination with tamoxifen. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 4614-7.
68. Garcia-Solis P, Aceves C. 5'Deiodinase in two breast cancer cell lines: effect of triiodothyronine, isoproterenol and retinoids. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 201: 25-31.
69. Cohen LA. A review of animal model studies of tomato carotenoids, lycopene, and cancer chemoprevention. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227: 864-8.
70. Grubbs CJ, Eto I, Juliana MM, Whitaker LM. Effect of canthaxanthin on chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis. Oncology 1991; 48: 239-45.
71. Cohen LA, Zhao Z, Pittman B, Khachik F. Effect of dietary lycopene on N-methylnitrosourea-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Nutr Cancer 1999; 34: 153-9.
72. Belury MA. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in health: physiological effects and mechanisms of action. Annu Rev Nutr 2002; 22: 505-31.
73. Ip MM, Masso-Welch PA, Ip C. Prevention of mammary cancer with conjugated linoleic acid: role of the stroma and the epithelium. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2003; 8: 103-18.
74. Belury MA, Nickel KP, Bird CE, Wu Y. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid modulation of phorbol ester skin tumor promotion. Nutr Cancer 1996; 26: 149-57.
75. Ha YL, Grimm NK, Pariza MW. Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis 1987; 8: 1881-7.
76. Park HS, Ryu JH, Ha YL, Park JH. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) induces apoptosis of colonie mucosa in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-treated rats: a possible mechanism of the anticarcinogenic effect by CLA. Br J Nutr 2001; 86: 549-55.
77. Ip C, Chin SF, Scimeca JA, Pariza MW. Mammary cancer prevention by conjugated dienoic derivative of linoleic acid. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 6118-24.
78. Ip C, Singh M, Thompson HJ, Scimeca JA. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses mammary carcinogenesis and proliferative activity of the mammary gland in the rat. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1212-5.
79. Ip MM, Masso-Welch PA, Shoemaker SF, Shea-Eaton WK, Ip C. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of normal rat mammary epithelial cells in primary culture. Exp Cell Res 1999; 250: 22-34.
80. Ip C, Scimeca JA, Thompson H. Effect of timing and duration of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on mammary cancer prevention. Nutr Cancer 1995; 24: 241-7.
81. Ip C, Briggs SP, Haegele AD, Thompson HJ, Storkson J, Scimeca JA. The efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid in mammary cancer prevention is independent of the level or type of fat in the diet. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17: 1045-50.
82. Ip C, Banni S, Angioni E, Carta G, McGinley J, Thompson HJ, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats. J Nutr 1999; 129: 2135-42.
83. Banni S, Angioni E, Murru E, Carta G, Melis MP, Bauman D, et al. Vaccenic acid feeding increases tissue levels of conjugated linoleic acid and suppresses development of premalignant lesions in rat mammary gland. Nutr Cancer 2001; 41: 91-7.
84. Corl BA, Barbano DM, Bauman DE, Ip C. cis-9, trans-11 CLA derived endogenously from trans-11 18:1 reduces cancer risk in rats. J Nutr 2003; 133: 2893-900.
85. Lock AL, Corl BA, Barbano DM, Bauman DE, Ip C. The anticarcinogenic effect of trans11 18:1 is dependent on its conversion to cis-9, trans-11 CLA by delta9-desaturase in rats. J Nutr 2004; 134: 2698-704.
86. Ip C, Ip MM, Loftus T, Shoemaker S, Shea-Eaton W. Induction of apoptosis by conjugated linoleic acid in cultured mammary tumor cells and premalignant lesions of the rat mammary gland. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000; 9: 689-96.
87. Banni S, Angioni E, Casu V, Melis MP, Carta G, Corongiu FP, et al. Decrease in linoleic acid metabolites as a potential mechanism in cancer risk reduction by conjugated linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20: 1019-24.
88. Ip C, Dong Y, Thompson HJ, Bauman DE, Ip MM. Control of rat mammary epithelium proliferation by conjugated linoleico acid. Nutr Cancer 2001; 39: 233-8.
89. Masso-Welch PA, Zangani D, Ip C, Vaughan MM, Shoemaker S, Ramirez RA, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis by the cancer chemopreventive agent conjugated linoleic acid [se publica una fe de erratas en Cancer Res 2002; 62:5624]. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 4383-9.
90. Belury MA. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: potential mechanisms of action. J Nutr 2002; 132: 2995-8.
91. Shen Q, Brown PH. Novel agents for the prevention of breast cancer: targeting transcription factors and signal transduction pathways. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2003; 8: 45-73.
92. Moya-Camarena SY, Vanden Heuvel JP, Blanchard SG, Leesnitzer LA, Belury MA. Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPAR-alpha. J Lipid Res 1999; 40: 1426-33.
93. Belury MA, Moya-Camarena SY, Lu M, Shi L, Leesnitzer LM, Blanchard SG. Conjugated linoleic acid is an activator and ligand for peroxime proliferators-activated receptor-gamma. Nutr Res 2002; 22: 817-824.
94. Sporn MB, Suh N, Mangelsdorf DJ. Prospects for prevention and treatment of cancer with selective PPAR-gamma modulators (SPARMs). Trends Mol Med 2001; 7: 395-400.
95. Masso-Welch P, Zangani D, Ip C, Vaughan MM, Shoemaker SF, McGee SO, Ip MM. Isomers of conjugated linoleic acid differ in their effects on angiogenesis and survival of mouse mammary adipose vasculature. J Nutr 2004; 134: 299-307.
96. McCann SE, Ip C, Ip MM, McGuire MK, Muti P, Edge SB, Trevisan M, Freudenheim JL. Dietary Intake of conjugated Linoleic acids and risk of premenopausal and posmenopausal breast cancer, western NewYork exposures and breast cancer study (Web study).Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 1480-4.
97. Teas J, Harbison ML, Gelman RS. Dietary seaweed (Laminaria) and mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 2758-61.
98. Yamamoto I, Maruyama H, Moriguchi M. The effect of dietary seaweeds on 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats. Cancer Lett 1987; 35: 109-18.
99. Funahashi H, Imai T, Tanaka Y, Tsukamura K, Hayakawa Y, Kikumori T, et al. Wakame seaweed suppresses the proliferation of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)- anthracene-induced mammary tumors in rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90: 922-7.
100. Funahashi H, Imai T, Mase T, Sekiya M, Yokoi K, Hayashi H, et al. Seaweed prevents breast cancer? Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92: 483-7.
101. Eskin BA. Iodine metabolism and breast cancer. Trans N Y Acad Sci 1970; 32: 911-47.
102. Eskin BA, Shuman R, Krouse T, Merion JA. Rat mammary gland atypia produced by iodine blockade with perchlorate. Cancer Res 1975; 35: 2332-9.
103. Eskin BA, Grotkowski CE, Connolly CP, Ghent WR. Different tissue responses for iodine and iodide in rat thyroid and mammary glands. Biol Trace Elem Res 1995; 49: 9-19.
104. Funahashi H, Imai T, Tanaka Y, Tobinaga J, Wada M, Morita T, et al. Suppressive effect of iodine on DMBA-induced breast tumor growth in the rat. J Surg Oncol 1996; 61: 209-13.
105. 2 prevents cancer promotion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 236:49-57.
106. Venturi S, Donati FM, Venturi A, Venturi M. Environmental iodine deficiency: A challenge to the evolution of terrestrial life? Thyroid 2000; 10: 727-9.
107. Smyth PP. Role of iodine in antioxidant defence in thyroid and breast disease. Biofactors 2003; 19: 121-30.
108. Murata A, Suenaga H, Hideshima S, Tanaka Y, Kato F. Hydroxyl radical as the reactive species in the inactivation of phages by ascorbic acid. Agric Biol Chem 1986; 50: 1481-7.
109. Winkler R, Griebenow S, Wonisch W. Effect of iodide on total antioxidant status of human serum. Cell Biochem Funct 2000; 18: 143-6.
110. Katamine S, Hoshino N, Totsuka K, Suzuki M. Effects of the long-term (17-19 months) feeding of high-iodine eggs on lipid metabolism and thyroid function in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1985; 31: 339-53.
111. Mutaku JF, Poma JF, Many MC, Denef JF, van Den Hove MF. Cell necrosis and apoptosis are differentially regulated during goitre development and iodine-induced involution. J Endocrinol 2002; 172: 375-86.
112. Pisarev MA, Gartner R. Autoregulatory actions of iodine. En: Utiger R, editor. Werner & Ingbar's the thryroid: a fundamental and clinical text. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. p. 85-90.
113. Vitale M, Di Matola T, D'Ascoli F, Salzano S, Bogazzi F, Fenzi G, et al. Iodide excess induces apoptosis in thyroid cells through a p53-independent mechanism involving oxidative stress. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 598-605.
114. Zhang L, Sharma S, Zhu LX, Kogai T, Hershman JM, Brent GA, et al. Nonradioactive iodide effectively induces apoptosis in genetically modified lung cancer cells. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 5065-72.
115. Aceves C, Anguiano B, Delgado G. Is iodine a gatekeeper of the integrity of the mammary gland? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2005; 10:189-95.
116. Thrall KD, Sauer RL, Bull RJ. Evidence of thyroxine formation following iodine administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 1992; 37: 535-48.
117. Strum JM. Site of iodination in rat mammary gland. Anat Rec 1978; 192: 235-44.
118. Ghent WR, Eskin BA, Low DA, Hill LP. Iodine replacement in fibrocystic disease of the breast. Can J Surg 1993; 36: 453-460.
119. Kessler JH. The effect of supraphysiologic levels of iodine on patients with cyclic mastalgia. Breast J 2004; 10: 238-336.