The role of the bone marrow microenvironment in multiple myeloma

Histology and Histopathology

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 1227-1250

  De Raeve, Hendrik R ^a   Vanderkerken, K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

^b VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Bone marrow stromal cell; Microenvironment; Multiple myeloma; Osteoclast

Indexed keywords

17 ALLYLAMINO 17 DEMETHOXYGELDANAMYCIN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ARSENIC TRIOXIDE; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BORTEZOMIB; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; LENALIDOMIDE; MELPHALAN; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; THALIDOMID; THALIDOMIDE; THALIDOMIDE DERIVATIVE; VASCULOTROPIN INHIBITOR; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ANEMIA; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BONE MARROW; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER GENETICS; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RESISTANCE; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL INTERACTION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CLINICAL FEATURE; CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE EXPRESSION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; MYELOMA CELL; NEUROTOXICITY; OSTEOCLAST; OSTEOLYSIS; REVIEW; STROMA CELL;

ANIMALS; BONE MARROW CELLS; HUMANS; MULTIPLE MYELOMA;

EID: 27144529975     PISSN: 02133911     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (239)

1. Abe M., Hiura K., Wilde J., Moriyama K., Hashimoto T., Ozaki S., Wakatsuki S., Kosaka M., Kido S., Inoue D. and Matsumoto T. (2002). Role for macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta in the development of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma. Blood 100, 2195-2202.
2. Adams J., Palombella V.J. and Elliott P.J. (2000). Proteasome inhibition, a new strategy in cancer treatment. Invest. New Drugs 18, 109-121.
3. Akiyama M., Hideshima T., Hayashi T., Tai Y.T., Mitsiades C.S., Mitsiades N., Chauhan D., Richardson P., Munshi N.C. and Anderson K.C. (2002). Cytokines modulate telomerase activity in a human multiple myeloma cell line. Cancer Res. 62, 3876-3882.
4. Amonkar G., Rege J. and Shinde S. (2003). Intestinal polyposis due to multiple myeloma. Histopathology 42, 405-406.
5. Anderson D.M., Maraskovsky E., Billingsley W.L., Dougall W.C., Tometsko M.E., Roux E.R., Teepe M.C., DuBose R.F., Cosman D. and Galibert L. (1997). A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature 390, 175-179.
6. Aparicio A., Gardner A., Tu Y., Savage A., Berenson J. and Lichtenstein A. (1998). In vitro cytoreductive effects on multiple myeloma cells induced by bisphosphonates. Leukemia 12, 220-229.
7. Asosingh K., Günthert U., Bakkus M.H.C., De Raeve H., Goes E., Van Riet I., Van Camp B. and Vanderkerken K. (2000). In vivo induction of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and CD44v6 confers homing and adhesion to murine multiple myeloma cells. Cancer Res. 60, 3096-3104.
8. Asosingh K., Günthert U., De Raeve H., Van Riet I. and Van Camp B. (2001). A unique pathway in the homing of murine multiple myeloma cells, CD44v10 mediates binding to bone marrow endothelium. Cancer Res. 61, 2862-2865.
9. Atkins G.J., Kostakis P., Pan B., Farrugia A., Gronthos S., Evdokiou A., Harrison K., Findlay D.M. and Zannettino A.C. (2003). RANKL expression is related to the differentiation state of human osteoblasts. J. Bone Miner. Res. 18, 1088-1098.
10. Avet-Loiseau H., Facon T., Daviet A., Godon C., Rapp M.J., Harousseau J.L., Grosbois B. and Bataille R. (1999). 14q32 translocations and monosomy 13 observed in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance delineate a multistep process for the oncogenesis of multiple myeloma. Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome. Cancer Res. 59, 4546-4550.
11. Avet-Louseau H., Daviet A., Sauner S. and Bataille R. (2000). Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome. Chromosome 13 abnormalities in multiple myeloma are mostly monosomy 13. Br. J. Haematol. 111, 1116-1117.
12. Bachmann M.F., Wong B.R., Josien R., Steinman R.M., Oxenius A. and Choi Y. (1999). TRANCE, a tumor necrosis factor family member critical for CD40 ligand-independent T helper cell activation. J. Exp. Med. 189, 1025-1031.
13. Bakkus M.H., Heirman C., Van Riet I., Van Camp B. and Thielemans K. (1992). Evidence that multiple myeloma Ig heavy chain VDJ genes contain somatic mutations but show no intraclonal variation. Blood 80, 2326-2335.
14. Banerjee S.S., Verma S. and Shanks J.H. (2004). Morphological variants of plasma cell tumours. Histopathology 44, 2-8.
15. Barlogie B., Desikan R., Eddlemon P., Spencer T., Zeldis J., Munshi N., Badros A., Zangari M., Anaissie E., Epstein J., Shaughnessy J., Ayers D., Spoon D. and Tricot G. (2001). Extended survival in advanced and refractory multiple myeloma after single-agent thalidomide, identification of prognostic factors in a phase 2 study of 169 patients. Blood 98, 492-494.
16. Bartl R., Frisch B., Fatheh-Moghadam A., Kettner G., Jaeger K. and Sommerfeld W. (1987). Histologic classification and staging of multiple myeloma. A retrospective and prospective study of 674 cases. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2, 222-235.
17. Bartl and Frisch. (1995). Diagnostic morphology in multiple myeloma. Curr. Diagn. Pathol. 2, 222-235.
18. Bataille R., Jourdan M., Zhang X.G. and Klein B. (1989). Serum levels of interleukin 6, a potent myeloma cell growth factor, as a reflect of disease severity in plasma cell dyscrasias. J. Clin. Invest. 84, 2008-2011.
19. Bataille R., Chappard D., Marcelli C., Dessauw P., Baldet P., Sany J. and Alexandre C. (1991). Recruitment of new osteoblasts and osteoclasts is the earliest critical event in the pathogenesis of human multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Invest. 88, 62-66.
20. Berenson J.R., Lichtenstein A., Porter L., Dimopoulos M.A., Bordoni R., George S., Lipton A., Keller A., Ballester O., Kovacs M.J., Blacklock H.A., Bell R., Simeone J., Reitsma D.J., Heffernan M., Seaman J. and Knight F.D. (1996). Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Myeloma Aredia Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 488-493.
21. Berenson J.R., Lichtenstein A., Porter L., Dimopoulos M.A., Bordoni R., George S., Lipton A., Keller A., Ballester O., Kovacs M., Blacklock H., Bell R., Simeone J.F., Reitsma D.J., Heffernan M., Seaman J. and Knight R.D. (1998). Long-term pamidronate treatment of advanced multiple myeloma patients reduces skeletal events. Myeloma Aredia Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 593-602.
22. Bersagel P.L. and Kuehl W.M. (2001). Chromosomal translocations in multiple myeloma. Oncogene 20, 5611-5622.
23. Bertolini D.R., Nedwin G.E., Bringman T.S., Smith D.D. and Mundy G.R. (1986). Stimulation of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation in vitro by human tumour necrosis factors. Nature 319, 516-518.
24. Bladé J., Vesole D.H. and Gertz M.A. (2003). Transplantation for multiple myeloma, who, when, how often? Blood 102, 3469-3477.
25. Bladé J. (2004). Moving forward in myeloma research. Haematologica 89, 517-519.
26. Blair H.C. and Atanasou N.A. (2004). Recent advances in osteoclast biology and pathological bone resorption. Histol. Histopathol. 19, 189-199.
27. Boccadoro M., Massaia M., Dianzani U. and Pileri A. (1987). Multiple myeloma, biological and clinical significance of bone marrow plasma cell labeling index. Haematologica 72, 171-175.
28. Boccadoro M., Tarella C., Palumbo A., Argentino C., Triolo S., Dominietto A., Callea. V., Lauta V.M., Molica S., Musto P., Marmont F., Gianni A.M. and Pileri A. (1999). An analysis of which subgroups of multiple myeloma patients., divided according to β(2).-microglobulin and plasma cell labeling index, benefit from high dose vs conventional chemotherapy. Haematologica 84, 905-910.
29. Borset M., Hjorth-Hansen H., Seidel C., Sudan A. and Waage A. (1996). Hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor c-met in multiple myeloma. Blood 88, 3998-4004.
30. Brenne A.T., Baade Ro T., Waage A., Sundan A. and Borset M. (2002). Hjorth-Hansen H. Interleukin-21 is a growth and survival factor for human myeloma cells. Blood 99, 3756-3762.
31. Caers J., Asosingh K., De Raeve H., Van Valckenborgh E., Menu E., De Bruyne E., Van Riet I., Van Camp B and Vanderkerken K. (2004). Multifunctional role of osteopontin in the 5TM myeloma model. 19th General Meeting of the Belgian Hematology Society, 30-31.
32. Carbone A., Volpe R. and Manconi R. (1987). Bone marrow pattern and clinical staging in multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 65, 502.
33. Carter A., Merchav S., Silvian-Draxler I. and Tatarsky I. (1990). The role of interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in human multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 74, 424-431.
34. Catlett-Falcone R., Landowski T.H., Oshiro M.M., Turkson J., Levitzki A., Savino R., Ciliberto G., Moscinski L., Fernandez-Luna J.L., Nunez G., Dalton W.S. and Jove R. (1999). Constitutive activation of Stat3 signaling confers resistance to apoptosis in human U266 myeloma cells. Immunity 10, 105-115.
35. Chauhan D., Uchiyama H., Akbarali Y., Urashima M., Yamamoto K., Libermann T.A. and Anderson K.C. (1996). Multiple myeloma cell adhesion-induced interleukin-6 expression in bone marrow stromal cells involves activation of NF-kappa B. Blood 87, 1104-1112.
36. Chim C.S., Kwong Y.L., Fung T.K. and Liang R. (2004). Methylation profiling in multiple myeloma. Leuk. Res. 28, 379-385.
37. Choi S.J., Cruz J.C., Craig F., Chung H., Devlin R.D., Roodman G.D. and Alsina M. (2000). Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha is a potential osteoclast stimulatory factor in multiple myeloma. Blood 96, 671-675.
38. Choi S.J., Oba T., Callender N.S., Jelinek D.F. and Roodman G.D. (2003). AML-1A and AML-1B regulation of MIP-1 alpha expression in multiple myeloma. Blood 101, 3778-3783.
39. Cigudosa J.C., Rao P.H., Calasanz M.J., Odero M.D., Michaeli J., Jhanwar S.C. and Chaganti R.S. (1998). Characterization of nonrandom chromosomal gains and losses in multiple myeloma by comparative genomic hybridization. Blood 91, 3007-3010.
40. Coriu D., Weaver K., Schell M., Eulitz M., Murphy C.L., Weiss D.T. and Solomon A. (2004). A molecular basis for nonsecretory myeloma. Blood 104, 829-831.
41. Corradini P., Ladetto M., Voena C., Palumbo A., Inghirami G., Knowles D.M., Boccadoro M. and Pileri A. (1993). Mutational activation of N-and K-ras oncogenes in plasma cell dyscrasias. Blood 81, 2708-2713.
42. Corral L.G., Muller G.W., Moreira A.L., Chen Y., Wu M., Stirling D. and Kaplan G. (1996). Selection of novel analogs of thalidomide with enhanced tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitory activity. Mol. Med. 2, 506-515.
43. Cozzolino F., Torcia M., Aldinucci D., Rubartelli A., Miliani A., Shaw A.R., Lansdorp P.M. and Di Guglielmo R. (1989). Production of interleukin-1 by bone marrow myeloma cells. Blood 74, 380-387.
44. Croucher P.I., Shipman C.M., Lippitt J., Perry M., Asosingh K., Hijzen A., Brabbs A.C., van Beek E.J., Holen I., Skerry T.M., Dunstan C.R., Russell G.R., Van Camp B. and Vanderkerken K. (2001). Osteoprotegerin inhibits the development of osteolytic bone disease in multiple myeloma. Blood 98, 3534-3540.
45. Dalton W.S. (2003). The tumor microenvironment, focus on myeloma. Cancer Treatment Rev. 29 (suppi 1), 11-19.
46. D'Amato R.J., Loughnan M.S., Flynn E. and Folkman J. (1994). Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 4082-4085.
47. Damiano J.S., Cress A.E., Hazlehurst L.A., Shtil A.A. and Dalton W.S. (1999). Cell adhesion mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR), role of integrins and resistance to apoptosis in human myeloma cell lines. Blood 93, 1658-1667.
48. Dankbar B., Padro T., Leo R., Feldmann B., Kropff M., Mesters R.M., Serve H., Berdel W.E. and Kienast J. (2000). Vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in paracrine tumor-stromal cell interactions in multiple myeloma. Blood 95, 2630-2636.
49. Davies F.E., Rollinson S.J., Rawstron A.C., Roman E., Richards S., Drayson M., Child J.A. and Morgan G.J. (2000). High-producer haplotypes of tumor necrosis factor alpha and lymphotoxin alpha are associated with an increased risk of myeloma and have an improved progression-free survival after treatment. J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 2843-2851.
50. Davies F.E., Raje N., Hideshima T., Lentzsch S., Young G., Tai Y.T., Lin B., Podar K., Gupta D., Chauhan D., Treon S.P., Richardson P.G., Schlossman R.L., Morgan G.J., Muller G.W., Stirling D.I. and Anderson K.C. (2001). Thalidomide and immunomodulatory derivatives augment natural killer cell cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma. Blood 98, 210-216.
51. Davies F.E., Dring A.M., Li C., Rawstron A.C., Shammas M.A., O'Connor S.M., Fenton J.A., Hideshima T., Chauhan D., Tai I.T., Robinson E., Auclair D., Rees K., Gonzalez D., Ashcroft A.J., Dasgupta R., Mitsiades C., Mitsiades N., Chen L.B., Wong W.H., Munshi N.C., Morgan G.J. and Anderson K.C. (2003). Insights into the multistep transformation of MGUS to myeloma using microarray expression analysis. Blood 102, 4504-4511.
52. de la Mata J., Uy H.L., Guise T.A., Story B., Boyce B.F., Mundy G.R. and Roodman G.D. (1995). Interleukin-6 enhances hypercalcemia and bone resorption mediated by parathyroid hormone-related protein in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2846-2852.
53. Deaglio S., Canella D., Baj G., Arnulfo A., Waxman S. and Malavasi F. (2001). Evidence of an immunologic mechanism behind the therapeutical effects of arsenic trioxide (AsO(3)) on myeloma cells. Leuk. Res. 25, 227-235.
54. Debes-Marun C.S., Dewald G.W., Bryant S., Picken E., Santana-Davila R., Gonzalez-Paz N., Winkler J.M., Kyle R.A., Gertz M.A., Witzig T.E., Dispenzieri A., Lacy M.Q., Rajkumar S.V., Lust J.A., Greipp P.R. and Fonseca R. (2003). Chromosome abnormalities clustering and its implications for pathogenesis and prognosis in myeloma. Leukemia, 17, 427.
55. De Raeve H., Van Marck E., Van Camp B. and Vanderkerken K. (2004). Angiogenesis and the role of bone marrow endothelial cells in haematological malignancies. Histol. Histopathol. 19, 935-950.
56. Derenne S., Monia B., Dean N.M., Taylor J.K., Rapp M.J., Harousseau J.L., Bataille R. and Amiot M. (2002). Antisense strategy shows that Mcl-1 rather than Bcl-2 or Bcl-x(L) is an essential survival protein of human myeloma cells. Blood 100, 194-199.
57. Dhodapkar M.V., Abe E., Theus A., Lacy M., Langford J.K., Barlogie B. and Sanderson R.D. (1998). Syndecan-1 is a multifunctional regulator of myeloma pathobiology, control of tumor cell survival, growth, and bone cell differentiation. Blood 91, 2679-2688.
58. Dimopoulos M.A., Palumbo A., Delasalle K.B. and Alexanian R. (1994). Primary plasma cell leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 88, 754-759.
59. Drach J., Schuster J., Nowotny H., Angerler J., Rosenthal F., Fiegl M., Rothermundt C., Gsur A., Jager U. and Heinz R. (1995). Multiple myeloma, high incidence of chromosomal aneuploidy as detected by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Res. 55, 3854-3859.
60. Drach J., Ackermann J., Fritz E., Kromer E., Schuster R., Gisslinger H., DeSantis M., Zojer N., Fiegl M., Roka S., Schuster J., Heinz R., Ludwig H. and Huber H. (1998). Presence of a p53 gene deletion in patients with multiple myeloma predicts for short survival after conventional-dose chemotherapy. Blood 92, 802-809.
61. Ducy P., Schinke T. and Karsenty G. (2000). The osteoblast, a sophisticated fibroblast under central surveillance. Science 289, 1501-1504.
62. Dul J.L. and Argon Y. (1990). A single amino acid substitution in the variable region of the light chain specifically blocks immunoglobulin secretion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 8135-8139
63. Durie B.G.M. and Salmon S.E. (1975). A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Cancer 36, 842-854.
64. Durie B. (2003). Concise review of the disease and treatment options. Multiple myeloma. Cancer of the bone marrow. Published by the International Myeloma Foundation.
65. Durie B.G., Kyle R.A., Belch A., Bensinger W., Blade J., Boccadoro M., Child J.A., Comenzo R., Djulbegovic B., Fantl D., Gahrton G., Harousseau J.L., Hungria V., Joshua D., Ludwig H., Mehta J., Morales A.R., Morgan G., Nouel A., Oken M., Powles R., Roodman D., San Miguel J., Shimizu K., Singhal S., Sirohi B., Sonneveld P., Tricot G., Van Ness B. and Scientific Advisors of the International Myeloma Foundation. (2003). Myeloma management guidelines, a consensus report from the Scientific Advisors of the International Myeloma Foundation. Hematol. J. 4, 379-398. Erratum in, Hematol. J. 2004 5, 285.
66. Farrugia A.N., Atkins G.J., To L.B., Pan B., Horvath N., Kostakis P., Findlay D.M., Bardy P. and Zannettino A.C. (2003). Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand expression by human myeloma cells mediates osteoclast formation in vitro and correlates with bone destruction in vivo. Cancer Res. 63, 5438-5445.
67. Flactif M., Zandecki M., Lai J.L., Bernardi F., Obein V., Bauters F. and Facon T. (1995). Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as a powerful tool for the detection of aneuploidy in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 9, 2109-2114.
68. Fonseca R., Bailey R.J., Ahmann G.J., Rajkumar S.V., Hoyer J.D., Lust J.A., Kyle R.A., Gertz M.A., Greipp P.R. and Dewald G.W. (2002). Genomic abnormalities in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood 100, 1417-1424.
69. Gabrilovich D.I., Chen H.L., Girgis K.R., Cunningham H.T., Meny G.M., Nadaf S., Kavanaugh D. and Carbone D.P. (1996). Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 2, 1096-1103. Erratum in: Nat. Med. (1996) 2, 1267.
70. Galm O., Yoshikawa H., Esteller M., Osieka R. and Herman J.G. (2003). SOCS-1, a negative regulator of cytokine signalling., is frequently silenced by methylation in multiple myeloma. Blood 101, 2784-2788.
71. Galm O., Wilop S., Reichelt J., Jost E., Gehbauer G., Herman J.G. and Osieka R. (2004). DNA methylation changes in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 18, 1687-1692.
72. Gao C., Sun W., Christofidou-Solomidou M., Sawada M., Newman DK., Bergom C., Albelda S.M., Matsuyama S. and Newman P.J. (2003). PECAM-1 functions as a specific and potent inhibitor of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Blood 102, 169-179.
73. Garrett I.R., Durie B.G., Nedwin G.E., Gillespie A., Bringman T., Sabatini M., Bertolini D.R. and Mundy G.R. (1987). Production of lymphotoxin, a bone-resorbing cytokine, by cultured human myeloma cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 317, 526-532.
74. Ge N.L. and Rudikoff S. (2000). Insulin-like growth factor I is a dual effector of muliple myeloma cell growth. Blood 96, 2856-2861.
75. Geitz H., Handt S. and Zwingenberger K. (1996). Thalidomide selectively modulates the density of cell surface molecules involved in the adhesion cascade. Immunopharmacology 31, 213-221.
76. Georgii-Hemming P., Wiklund H.J., Ljunggren O. and Nilsson K. (1996). Insulin-like growth factor I is a growth and survival factor in human multiple myeloma cell lines. Blood 8, 2250-2258.
77. Giuliani N., Bataille R., Mancini C., Lazzaretti M. and Barille S. (2001). Myeloma cells induce imbalance in the osteoprotegerin/osteoprotegerin ligand system in the human bone marrow environment. Blood 98, 3527-3533.
78. Giuliani N., Colla S., Sala R., Moroni M., Lazzaretti M., La Monica S., Bonomini S., Hojden M., Sammarelli G., Barille S., Bataille R. and Rizzoli V. (2002). Human myeloma cells stimulate the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in T lymphocytes, a potential role in multiple myeloma bone disease. Blood 100, 4615-4621.
79. Greipp P.F., Katzmann J.A., O'Fallon W.M. and Kyle R.A. (1988). Value of beta 2-microglobulin level and plasma cell labeling indices as prognostic factors in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma. Blood 72, 219-223.
80. Greipp P.R., Lust J.A., O'Fallon W.M., Katzmann J.A., Witzig T.E. and Kyle R.A. (1993). Plasma cell labeling index and beta 2-microglobulin predict survival independent of thymidine kinase and C-reactive protein in multiple myeloma. Blood 81, 3382-3387.
81. Greipp P.R. and Lust J.A. (1995). Pathogenetic relation between monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma. Stem Cells 13 (Suppl 2), 10-21.
82. Grosbois B., Jego P., Attal M., Payen C., Rapp M.J., Fuzibet J.G., Maigre M. and Bataille R. (1999). Familial multiple myeloma, report of fifteen families. Br. J. Haematol. 105, 768-770.
83. Hallek M., Bergsagel P.L. and Anderson K.C. (1998). Multiple myeloma, increasing evidence for a multistep transformation process. Blood 91, 3-21.
84. Harousseau J.L., Shaughnessy J. Jr. and Richardson P. (2004). Multiple myeloma. Hematology (Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program), 237-256.
85. Haslett P.A., Corral L.G., Albert M. and Kaplan G. (1998). Thalidomide costimulates primary human T lymphocytes, preferentially inducing proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic responses in the CD8+ subset. J. Exp. Med. 187, 1885-1892.
86. Hazlehurst L.A., Damiano J.S., Buyuksal I., Pledger W.J. and Dalton W.S. (2000). Adhesion to fibronectin via beta1 integrins regulates p27kip1 levels and contributes to cell adhesion mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR). Oncogene 19, 4319-4327.
87. He B., Chadburn A., Jou E., Schattner E.J., Knowles D.M. and Cerutti A. (2005). Lymphoma B cells evade apoptosis through the TNF family members BAFF/BlyS and APRIL. J. Immunol. 172, 3268-3279, erratum in: J. Immunol. (2004). 172, 5127.
88. Hideshima T., Chauhan D., Shima Y., Raje N., Davies F.E., Tai Y.T., Treon S.P., Lin B., Schlossman R.L., Richardson P., Muller G., Stirling D.I. and Anderson K.C. (2000). Thalidomide and its analogs overcome drug resistance of human multiple myeloma cells to conventional therapy. Blood 96, 2943-2950.
89. Hideshima T., Chauhan D., Schlossman R., Richardson P. and Anderson K.C. (2001a). The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the pathophysiology of human multiple myeloma, therapeutic applications. Oncogene 20, 4519-4527.
90. Hideshima T., Nakamura N., Chauhan D. and Anderson K.C. (2001b). Biologic sequelae of interleukin-6 induced PI3-K/Akt signalling in multiple myeloma. Oncogene 20, 5991-6000.
91. Hideshima T., Richardson P., Chauhan D., Palombella V.J., Elliott P.J., Adams J. and Anderson K.C. (2001c). The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 inhibits growth, induces apoptosis, and overcomes drug resistance in human multiple myeloma cells. Cancer Res. 61, 3071-3076.
92. Hideshima T., Chauhan D., Hayashi T., Podar K., Akiyama M., Gupta D., Richardson P., Munshi N. and Anderson K.C. (2002). The biological sequelae of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha in multiple myeloma. Mol. Cancer Ther. 1, 539-544.
93. Hideshima T., Richardson P. and Anderson K.C. (2003). Novel therapeutic approaches for multiple myeloma. Immunol Rev. 194, 164-176.
94. Hideshima T., Bersagel L., Kuehl W.M. and Anderson K. (2004). Advances in Biology of Multiple Myeloma, Clinical Applications. Blood 104, 607-618.
95. Hofbauer L.C., Gori F., Riggs B.L., Lacey D.L., Dunstan C,R., Spelsberg T.C. and Khosla S. (1999). Stimulation of osteoprotegerin ligand and inhibition of osteoprotegerin production by glucocorticoids in human osteoblastic lineage cells, potential paracrine mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Endocrinology 140, 4382-4389.
96. Hofbauer L.C., Lacey D.L., Dunstan C.R., Spelsberg T.C., Riggs B.L. and Khosla S. (1999). Interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not interleukin-6, stimulate osteoprotegerin ligand gene expression in human osteoblastic cells. Bone 25, 255-259.
97. Honore P., Luger N.M., Sabino M.A., Schwei M.J., Rogers S.D., Mach D.B., O'keefe P.F., Ramnaraine M.L., Clohisy D.R. and Mantyh P.W. (2000). Osteoprotegerin blocks bone cancer-induced skeletal destruction, skeletal pain and pain-related neurochemical reorganization of the spinal cord. Nat. Med. 6, 521-528. Erratum in, Nat. Med. (2000) 6, 838.
98. Houde C., Li Y., Song L., Barton K., Zhang Q., Godwin J., Nand S., Toor A., Alkan S., Smadja N.V., Avet-Loiseau H., Lima C.S., Miele L. and Coignet L.J. (2004). Overexpression of the NOTCH ligand JAG2 in malignant plasma cells from multiple myeloma patients and cell lines. Blood 104, 3697-3704.
99. Hsu H., Lacey D.L., Dunstan C.R., Solovyev I., Colombero, A., Timms E., Tan H.L., Elliott G., Kelley M.J., Sarosi I., Wang L., Xia X.Z., Elliott R., Chiu L., Black T., Scully S., Capparelli C., Morony S., Shimamoto G., Bass M.B. and Boyle W.J. (1999). Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3540-3545.
100. Hughes D.E., Wright K.R., Uy H.L., Sasaki A., Yoneda T., Roodman G.D., Mundy G.R. and Boyce B.F. (1995). Bisphosphonates promote apoptosis in murine osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo. J. Bone Miner. Res. 10, 1478-1487.
101. Hurt E.M., Wiestner A., Rosenwald A., Shaffer A.L., Campo E., Grogan T., Bergsagel P.L., Kuehl W.M. and Staudt L.M. (2004). Overexpression of c-maf is a frequent oncogenic event in multiple myeloma that promotes proliferation and pathological interactions with bone marrow stroma. Cancer Cell 5, 191-199.
102. Hussein M., Saleh M., Ravandi F., Mason J., Rifkin R.M. Ellison R. (2004). Phase 2 study of arsenic trioxide in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 125, 470-476.
103. Iwasaki T., Hamano T., Ogata A., Hashimoto N., Kitano M. and Kakishita E. (2002). Clinical significance of vascular endothelial growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor in multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 116, 796-802.
104. Jacobson J.L., Hussein M.A., Barlogie B., Durie B.G.M. and Crowley J.J. (2003). A new staging system for multiple myeloma patients based on the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) experience. Br. J. Haematol. 122, 441-450.
105. Jelinek D.F. and Darce J.R. (2005). Human B lymphocyte malignancies: exploration of BlyS and APRIL and their receptors. Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. 8, 266-288.
106. Jilka R.L., Hangoc G., Girasole G., Passeri G., Williams D.C., Abrams J.S., Boyce B., Broxmeyer H. and Manolagas S.C. (1992). Increased osteoclast development after estrogen loss, mediation by interleukin-6. Science 257, 88-91.
107. Josien R., Wong B.R., Li H.L., Steinman R.M. and Choi Y. (1999). TRANCE, a TNF family member, is differentially expressed on T cell subsets and induces cytokine production in dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 162, 2562-2568.
108. Juge-Morineau N., Harousseau J.L., Amiot M. and Bataille R. (1997). The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene RB-1 in multiple myeloma. Leuk. Lymphoma 24, 229-237.
109. Juliusson G., Celsing F., Turesson I., Lenhoff S., Adriansson M. and Malm C. (2000). Frequent good partial remissions from thalidomide including best response ever in patients with advanced refractory and relapsed myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 109, 89-96.
110. Kane R.C., Bross P.F., Farrell A.T. and Pasdur R. (2003). Velcade®, U.S. FDA Approval for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma Progressing on Prior Therapy. The Oncologist 8, 508-513.
111. Karadag A., Oyajobi B.O., Apperley J.F., Russell R.G. and Croucher P.I. (2000). Human myeloma cells promote the production of interleukin 6 by primary human osteoblasts. Br. J. Haematol. 108, 383-390.
112. Kaushal G.P., Xiong X., Athota A.B., Rozypal T.L., Sanderson R.D. and Kelly T. (1999). Syndecan-1 expression suppresses the level of myeloma matrix metalloproteinase-9. Br. J. Haematol. 104, 365-373.
113. Kawamura C., Kizaki M., Yamato K., Uchida H., Fukuchi Y., Hattori Y., Koseki T., Nishihara T. and Ikeda Y. (2000). Bone morphogenetic protein-2 induces apoptosis in human myeloma cells with modulation of STAT3. Blood 96, 2005-2011.
114. Kawano M., Hirano T., Matsuda T., Taga T., Horii Y., Iwato K., Asaoku H., Tang B., Tanabe O. and Tanaka H. (1988). Autocrine generation and requirement of BSF-2/IL-6 for human multiple myelomas. Nature 332, 83-85.
115. Kawano M.M., Huang N., Tanaka H., Ishikawa H., Sakai A., Tanabe O., Nobuyoshi M. and Kuramoto A. (1991). Homotypic cell aggregations of human myeloma cells with ICAM-1 and LFA-1 molecules. Br. J. Haematol. 79, 583-588.
116. Kawata H., Yamada K., Shou Z., Mizutani T., Yazawa T., Yoshino M., Sekiguchi T., Kajitani T. and Miyamoto K. (2003). Zinc-fingers and homeoboxes (ZHX) 2, a novel member of the ZHX family, functions as a transcriptional repressor. Biochem. J. 373, 747-757.
117. Kenyon B.M., Browne F. and D'Amato R.J. (1997). Effects of thalidomide and related metabolites in a mouse corneal model of neovascularization. Exp. Eye Res. 64, 971-978.
118. Koseki T., Gao Y., Okahashi N., Murase Y., Tsujisawa T., Sato T., Yamoto K. and Nishihara T. (2002). Role of TGF-β family in osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL. Cell Signal. 14, 31-36.
119. Kudo O., Sabokbar A., Pocock A., Itonaga I., Fujikawa Y. and Athanasou N.A. (2003). Interleukin-6 and interleukin-11 support human osteoclast formation by a RANKL-independent mechanism. Bone 32, 1-7.
120. Kudo Y., Kitajima S., Ogawa I., Hiraoka M., Sargolzaei S., Keikhaee M.R., Sato S., Miyauchi M. and Takata T. (2004). Invasion and metastasis of oral cancer cells require methylation of E-cadherin and/or degradation of membranous beta-catenin. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 5455-5463.
121. Kuehl W.M. and Bersagel P.L. (2002). Multiple Myeloma, evolving genetic events and host interactions. Nature Rev. 2, 175-187.
122. Kulkarni M.S., Daggett J.L., Bender T.P., Kuehl W.M., Bergsagel P.L. and Williams M.E. (2002). Frequent inactivation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p18 by homozygous deletion in multiple myeloma cell lines, ectopic p18 expression inhibits growth and induces apoptosis. Leukemia 16, 127-134.
123. Kumar S., Witzig T.E., Dispenzieri A., Lacy M.Q., Wellik L.E., Fonseca R., Lust J.A., Gertz M.A., Kyle R.A., Greipp P.R. and Rajkumar S.V. (2004). Effect of thalidomide therapy on bone marrow angiogenesis in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 18, 624-627.
124. Kyle R.A. (1993). "Benign" monoclonal gammopathy after 20 to 35 years of follow-up. Mayo Clin. Proc. 68, 26-36.
125. Kyle R.A. (1999). Multiple Myeloma, macroglobulinemia, and the monoclonal gammopathies. Curr. Pract. Med. 2, 1131-1137.
126. Kyle R. and Rajkumar S.V. (2004). Drug therapy, Multiple Myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1860-1873.
127. Kyle R.A., Beard C.M., O'Fallon W.M. and Kurland L.T. (1994). Incidence of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1978 through 1990, with a review of the trend since 1945. J. Clin. Oncol. 12, 1577-1583.
128. Kyle R.A., Therneau T.M., Rajkumar S.V., Offord J.R., Larson D.R., Plevak M.F. and Melton L.J. (2002). A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 564-569.
129. Lacey D.L., Timms E., Tan H.L., Kelley M.J., Dunstan C.R., Burgess T., Elliott R., Colombero A., Elliott G., Scully S., Hsu H., Sullivan J., Hawkins N., Davy E., Capparelli C., Eli A., Qian Y.X., Kaufman S., Sarosi I., Shalhoub V., Senaldi G., Guo J., Delaney J. and Boyle W.J. (1998). Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 93, 165-176.
130. Lee A.H., Iwakoshi N.N., Anderson K.C. and Glimcher L.H. (2003). Proteasome inhibitors disrupt the unfolded protein response in myeloma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 9946-9951.
131. Lee J.W., Chung H.Y., Ehrlich L.A., Jelinek D.F., Callender N.S., Roodman G.D. and Choi S.J. (2004). IL-3 expression by myeloma cells increases both osteoclast formation and growth of myeloma cells. Blood 103, 2308-2315.
132. Lentzsch S., Gries M., Janz M., Bargou R., Dorken B. and Mapara M.Y. (2003). Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) triggers migration and signaling cascades mediating survival and proliferation in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Blood 101, 3568-3573.
133. Li Y.P., Chen W., Liang Y., Li E. and Stashenko P. (1999). Atp6i-deficient mice exhibit severe osteopetrosis due to loss of osteoclast-mediated extracellular acidification. Nat. Genet. 23, 447-451.
134. Lichtenstein A., Berenson J., Norman D., Chang M.P. and Carlile A. (1989). Production of cytokines by bone marrow cells obtained from patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 74, 1266-1273.
135. Lichtenstein A., Tu Y., Fady C., Vescio R. and Berenson J. (1995). Interleukin-6 inhibits apoptosis of malignant plasma cells. Cell Immunol. 162, 248-255.
136. Liu P., Leong T., Quam L., Billadeau D., Kay N.E., Greipp P., Kyle R.A., Oken M.M. and Van Ness B. (1996). Activating mutations of N- and K-ras in multiple myeloma show different clinical associations, analysis of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase III Trial. Blood 88, 2699-2706.
137. Liu H., Wang J. and Epner E.M. (2004). Cyclin D1 activation in B-cell malignancy, association with changes in histone acetylation., DNA methylation., and RNA polymerase II binding to both promoter and distal sequences. Blood 104, 2505-2513.
138. Lokhorst H.M., Lamme T., de Smet M., Klein S., de Weger R.A., van Oers R. and Bloem A.C. (1994). Primary tumor cells of myeloma patients induce interleukin-6 secretion in long-term bone marrow cultures. Blood 84, 2269-2277.
139. Lowik C.W., van der Pluijm G., van der Wee-Pals L.J., van Treslong-De Groot H.B. and Bijvoet O.L. (1988). Migration and phenotypic transformation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts, the effect of a bisphosphonate. J. Bone Miner. Res. 3, 185-192.
140. Lu Z.Y., Zhang X.G., Rodriguez C., Wijdenes J., Gu Z.J., Morel-Fournier B., Harousseau J.L., Bataille R., Rossi J.F. and Klein B. (1995). Interleukin-10 is a proliferation factor but not a differentiation factor for human myeloma cells. Blood 85, 2521-2527.
141. Luckman S.P., Coxon F.P., Ebetino F.H., Russell R.G. and Rogers M.J. (1998). Heterocycle-containing bisphosphonates cause apoptosis and inhibit bone resorption by preventing protein prenylation, evidence from structure-activity relationships in J774 macrophages. J. Bone Miner. Res. 13, 1668-1678.
142. Mackay F., Sierro F., Grey S.T. and Gordon T.P. (2005). The BAFF/APRIL system: an important player in systemic rheumatic disease. Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. 8, 243-265.
143. Magrangeas F., Nasser V., Avet-Loiseau H., Loriod B., Decaux O., Granjeaud S., Bertucci F., Birnbaum D., Nguyen C., Harousseau J.L., Bataille R., Houlgatte R. and Minvielle S. (2003). Gene expression profiling of multiple myeloma reveals molecular portraits in relation to the pathogenesis of the disease. Blood 101, 4998-5006.
144. McHugh S.M., Rifkin I.R., Deighton J., Wilson A.B., Lachmann P.J., Lockwood C.M. and Ewan P.W. (1995). The immunosuppressive drug thalidomide induces T helper cell type 2 (Th2) and concomitantly inhibits Th1 cytokine production in mitogen- and antigen-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 99, 160-167.
145. Mitsiades N., Mitsiades C.S., Poulaki V., Chauhan D., Fanourakis G., Gu X., Bailey C., Joseph M., Libermann T.A., Treon S.P., Munshi N.C., Richardson P.G. and Hideshima T. and Anderson K.C. (2002a). Molecular sequelae of proteasome inhibition in human multiple myeloma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 14374-14379.
146. Mitsiades N., Mitsiades C.S., Poulaki V., Chauhan D., Richardson P.G., Hideshima T., Munshi N.C., Treon S.P. and Anderson K.C. (2002b). Apoptotic signaling induced by immunomodulatory thalidomide analogs in human multiple myeloma cells, therapeutic implications. Blood 99, 4525-4530.
147. Mitsiades N., Mitsiades C.S., Richardson P.G., McMullan C., Poulaki V., Fanourakis G., Schlossman R., Chauhan D., Munshi N.C., Hideshima T., Richon V.M., Marks P.A. and Anderson K.C. (2003). Molecular sequelae of histone deacetylase inhibition in human malignant B cells. Blood 101, 4055-4062.
148. Moreaux J., Legouffe E., Jourdan E., Quittet P., Reme T., Lugagne C., Moine P., Rossi J.F., Klein B and Tarte K. (2004). BAFF and APRIL protect myeloma cells from apoptosis induced by interleukin 6 deprivation and dexamethasone. Blood 103, 3148-3157.
149. Murakami H., Takahashi N., Sasaki T., Udagawa N., Tanaka S., Nakamura I., Zhang D., Barbier A. and Suda T. (1995). A possible mechanism of the specific action of bisphosphonates on osteoclasts, tiludronate preferentially affects polarized osteoclasts having ruffled borders. Bone 17, 137-144.
150. Murdoch B., Chadwick K., Martin M., Shojaei F., Shah K.V., Gallacher L., Moon R.T. and Bhatia M. (2003). Wnt-5A augments repopulating capacity and primitive hematopoietic development of human blood stem cells in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 3422-3427.
151. Nakagawa M., Kaneda T., Arakawa T., Morita S., Sato T., Yomada T., Hanada K., Kumegawa M. and Hakeda Y. (2000). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) directly enhances osteoclastic bone resorption and survival of mature osteoclasts. FEBS Lett. 473, 161-164.
152. Ng M.H., Chung Y.F., Lo K.W., Wickham N.W., Lee J.C. and Huang D.P. (1997). Frequent hypermethylation of p16 and p15 genes in multiple myeloma. Blood 89, 2500-2506.
153. Norfolk D., Child J.A., Cooper E.H., Kerruish G. and Ward A.M. (1980). Serum b2 microglobulin in myelomatosis, potential value in stratification and monitoring. Br. J. Cancer 42, 5-10.
154. Oppenheim P.I., Cohen S. and Anders K.H. (1991). Testicular plasmocytoma. A case report with immunohistochemical studies and literature review. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 115, 629-632.
155. Otsuki T., Yamada O., Kurebayashi J., Sakaguchi H., Yata K., Uno M., Oka T., Yawata Y. and Ueki A. (2001). Expression and in vitro modification of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and PTH/PTHrP-receptor in human myeloma cells. Leuk. Lymphoma 41, 397-409.
156. Park W.H., Seol J.G., Kim E.S., Hyun J.M., Jung C.W., Lee C.C., Kim B.K. and Lee Y.Y. (2000). Arsenic trioxide-mediated growth inhibition in MC/CAR myeloma cells via cell cycle arrest in association with induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, and apoptosis. Cancer Res. 60, 3065-3071.
157. Paul S.R., Bennett F., Calvetti J.A., Kelleher K., Wood C.R., O'Hara R.M. Jr., Leary A.C., Sibley B., Clark S.C. and Williams D.A. (1990). Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding interleukin 11, a stromal cell-derived lymphopoietic and hematopoietic cytokine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7512-7516.
158. Pearse R.N., Sordillo E.M., Yaccoby S., Wong B.R., Liau D.F., Colman N., Michaeli J., Epstein J. and Choi Y. (2001). Multiple myeloma disrupts the TRANCE/osteoprotegerin cytokine axis to trigger bone destruction and promote tumor progression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 11581-11586.
159. Podar K. and Anderson K. (2005). The pathophysiological role of VEGF in hematologicall malignancies, Therapeutic implications. Blood 105, 1383-1395.
160. Podar K., Tai Y.T., Davies F.E., Lentzsch S., Sattler M., Hideshima T., Lin B.K., Gupta D., Shima Y., Chauhan D., Mitsiades C., Raje N., Richardson P. and Anderson K.C. (2001). Vascular endothelial growth factor triggers signaling cascades mediating multiple myeloma cell growth and migration. Blood 98, 428-435.
161. Podar K., Catley L.P., Tai Y.T., Shringarpure R., Carvalho P., Hayashi T., Burger R., Schlossman R.L., Richardson P.G., Pandite L.N., Kumar R., Hideshima T., Chauhan D. and Anderson K.C. (2004a). GW654652, the pan-inhibitor of VEGF receptors, blocks the growth and migration of multiple myeloma cells in the bone marrow microenvironment. Blood 103, 3474-3479.
162. Podar K., Shringarpure R., Tai Y.T., Simoncini M., Sattler M., Ishitsuka K., Richardson P.G., Hideshima T., Chauhan D. and Anderson K.C. (2004b). Caveolin-1 is required for vascular endothelial growth factor-triggered multiple myeloma cell migration and is targeted by bortezomib. Cancer Res. 65, 7500-7506.
163. Pompeia C., Hodge D.R., Plass C., Wu Y.Z., Marquez V.E., Kelley J.A. and Farrar W.L. (2004). Microarray analysis of epigenetic silencing of gene expression in the KAS-6/1 multiple myeloma cell line. Cancer Res. 64, 3465-3473.
164. Prince C.W., Oosawa T., Butler W.T., Tomana M., Bhown A.S., Bhown M. and Schrohenloher R.E. (1987). Isolation, characterization., and biosynthesis of a phosphorylated glycoprotein from rat bone. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 2900-2907.
165. Quimby B.B. and Dasso M. (2003). The small GTPase Ran, interpreting the signs. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15, 338-344.
166. Quinn J.M., Elliott J., Gillespie M.T. and Martin T.J. (1998). A combination of osteoclast differentiation factor and macrophage-colony stimulating factor is sufficient for both human and mouse osteoclast formation in vitro. Endocrinology 139, 4424-4427.
167. Rajkumar S.V. and Witzig T.E. (2000). A review of angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapy with thalidomide in multiple myeloma. Cancer Treat. Rev. 26, 351-362.
168. Rajkumar S.V., Fonseca R., Dewald G.W., Therneau T.M., Lacy M.Q., Kyle R.A., Greipp PR. and Gertz MA. (1999). Cytogenetic abnormalities correlate with the plasma cell labeling index and extent of bone marrow involvement in myeloma. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 113,73-77.
169. Rajkumar S.V., Fonseca R., Dispenzieri A., Lacy M.Q., Lust J.A., Witzig T.E., Kyle R.A., Gertz M.A. and Greipp P.R. (2000). Thalidomide in the treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma. Clin. Proc. 75, 897-901.
170. Razin A. (1998). CpG methylation, chromatin structure and gene silencing - a three-way connection. EMBO J. 17, 490-4908.
171. Read M.A., Neish A.S., Luscinskas F.W., Palombella V.J., Maniatis T. and Collins T. (1995). The proteasome pathway is required for cytokine-induced endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule expression. Immunity 2, 493-506.
172. Reinholt F.P., Hultenby K., Oldberg A. and Heinegard D. (1990). Osteopontin - a possible anchor of osteoclasts to bone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4473-4475.
173. Reya T., Duncan AW., Ailles L., Domen J., Scherer D.C., Willert K., Hintz L., Nusse R. and Weissman I.L. (2003). A role for Wnt signalling in self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 423, 409-414.
174. Ria R., Vacca A., Ribatti D., Di Raimondo F., Merchionne F. and Dammacco F. (2002). Alpha(v)beta(3) integrin engagement enhances cell invasiveness in human multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 87, 836-845.
175. Richardson P.G., Schlossman R.L., Weller E., Hideshima T., Mitsiades C., Davies F., LeBlanc R., Catley L.P., Doss D., Kelly K., McKenney M., Mechlowicz J., Freeman A., Deocampo R., Rich R., Ryoo J.J., Chauhan D., Balinski K., Zeldis J. and Anderson K.C. (2002). Immunomodulatory drug CC-5013 overcomes drug resistance and is well tolerated in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood 100, 3063-3067.
176. Roboz G.J., Dias S., Lam G., Lane W.J., Soignet S.L., Warrell R.P. Jr. and Rafii S. (2000). Arsenic trioxide induces dose- and time-dependent apoptosis of endothelium and may exert an antileukemic effect via inhibition of angiogenesis. Blood 96, 1525-1530.
177. Romas E., Bakharevski O., Hards D.K., Kartsogiannis V., Quinn J.M., Ryan P.F., Martin T.J. and Gillespie M.T. (2000). Expression of osteoclast differentiation factor at sites of bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 43, 821-826.
178. Rosinol L., Blade J., Esteve J., Aymerich M., Rozman M., Montoto S., Gine E., Nadal E., Filella X., Queralt R., Carrio A. and Montserrat E. (2003). Smouldering multiple myeloma, natural history and recognition of an evolving type. Br. J. Haematol. 123, 631-636.
179. Rousselot P., Labaume S., Marolleau J.P., Larghero J., Noguera M.H., Brouet J.C. and Fermand J.P. (1999). Arsenic trioxide and melarsoprol induce apoptosis in plasma cell lines and in plasma cells from myeloma patients. Cancer Res. 59, 1041-1048.
180. Saeki Y., Mima T., Ishii T., Ogata A., Kobayashi H., Ohshima S., Ishida T., Tabunoki Y., Kitayama H., Mizuki M., Katada Y., Asaoku H., Kitano M., Nishimoto N., Yoshizaki K., Maeda M., Kon S., Kinoshita N., Uede T. and Kawase I. (2003). Enhanced production of osteopontin in multiple myeloma, clinical and pathogenic implications. Br. J. Haematol. 123, 263-270.
181. Sampaio E.P., Sarno E.N., Galilly R., Cohn Z.A. and Kaplan G. (1991). Thalidomide selectively inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha production by stimulated human monocytes. J. Exp. Med. 173, 699-703.
182. Sanz-Rodriguez F., Ruiz-Velasco N., Pascual-Salcedo D. and Teixido J. (1999). Characterization of VLA-4-dependent myeloma cell adhesion to fibronectin and VCAM-1. Br. J. Haematol. 107, 825-834.
183. Schambeck C.M., Bartl R., Hochtlen-Vollmar W., Wick M., Lamerz R. and Fateh-Moghadam A. (1996). Characterization of myeloma cells by means of labeling index, bone marrow histology, and serum beta 2-microglobulin. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 106, 64-68.
184. Seidl S., Ackermann J., Kaufmann H., Keck A., Nosslinger T., Zielinski C.C., Drach J. and Zochbauer-Muller S. (2004). DNA-methylation analysis identifies the E-cadherin gene as a potential marker of disease progression in patients with monoclonal gammopathies. Cancer 100, 2598-2606.
185. Senger D.R., Ledbetter S.R., Claffey K.P., Papadopoulos-Sergiou A., Peruzzi C.A. and Detmar M. (1996). Stimulation of endothelial cell migration by vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor through cooperative mechanisms involving the alphavbeta3 integrin, osteopontin, and thrombin. Am. J. Pathol. 149, 293-305.
186. Service R.F. (2001). Tissue engineers build now bone. Science 289, 1498-1500.
187. Sezer O., Heider U., Jakob C., Zavrski I., Eucker J., Possinger K., Sers C. and Krenn V. (2002). Immunocytochemistry reveals RANKL expression of myeloma cells. Blood 99, 4646-4647.
188. Shain K.H., Landowski T.H. and Dalton W.S. (2002). Adhesion-mediated intracellular redistribution of c-Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1-converting enzyme-like inhibitory protein-long confers resistance to CD95-induced apoptosis in hematopoietic cancer cell lines. J. Immunol. 168, 2544-2553.
189. Shaughnessy J., Fenghuang Z., Kordsmeier B., Tian E., Smith R. and Barlogie B. (2002). Gene expression profiling of the bone marrow microenvironment in patients with multiple myeloma., monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and normal health donors. Blood 100, 382a.
190. Shaughnessy J., Zhan F., Kordsmeier B., Randolph C., Mccastlein K. and Barlogie B. (2002). Gene expression profiling after short term invivo treatment identifies potential mechanisms of action of current drugs used to treat multiple myeloma. Blood 100, 781a.
191. Sheils O. (2003). Nucleic acid microarrays, an overview. Curr. Diagn. Pathol. 9, 155-158.
192. Shipman C.M., Rogers M.J., Apperley J.F., Russell R.G. and Croucher P.I. (1997). Bisphosphonates induce apoptosis in human myeloma cell lines, a novel anti-tumour activity. Br. J. Haematol. 98, 665-672.
193. Simonet W.S., Lacey D.L., Dunstan C.R., Kelley M., Chang M.S., Luthy R., Nguyen H.Q., Wooden S., Bennett L., Boone T., Shimamoto G., DeRose M., Elliott R., Colombero A., Tan H.L., Trail G., Sullivan J., Davy E., Bucay N., Renshaw-Gegg L., Hughes T.M., Hill D., Pattison W., Campbell P. and Boyle W.J. (1997). Osteoprotegerin, a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 89, 309-319.
194. Singhal S., Mehta J., Desikan R., Ayers D., Roberson P., Eddlemon P., Munshi N., Anaissie E., Wilson C., Dhodapkar M., Zeddis J. and Barlogie B. (1999). Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 1565-1571. Erratum in: N. Engl. J. Med. 2000 342, 364.
195. Sly W.S., Hewett-Emmett D., Whyte M.P., Yu Y.S. and Tashian R.E. (1983). Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency identified as the primary defect in the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 2752-2756.
196. Smadja N.V., Bastard C., Brigaudeau C., Leroux D. and Fruchart C.; Groupe Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique. (2001). Hypodiploidy is a major prognostic factor in multiple myeloma. Blood 98, 2229-2238.
197. Standal T., Seidel C., Hjertner O., Plesner T., Sanderson R.D., Waage A., Borset M. and Sundan A. (2002). Osteoprotegerin is bound, internalized, and degraded by multiple myeloma cells. Blood 100, 3002-3007.
198. Stasi R., Brunetti M., Parma A., Di Giulio C., Terzoli E. and Pagano A. (1998). The prognostic value of soluble interleukin-6 receptor in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer 82, 1860-1866.
199. Steensma D.P., Gertz M.A., Greipp P.R., Kyle R.A., Lacy M.Q., Lust J.A., Offord J.R., Plevak M.F., Therneau T.M. and Witzig T.E. (2001). A high bone marrow plasma cell labeling index in stable plateau-phase multiple myeloma is a marker for early disease progression and death. Blood 97, 2522-2523.
200. Su S., Mukaida N., Wang J., Zhang Y., Takami A., Nakao S. and Matsushima K. (1997). Inhibition of immature erythroid progenitor cell proliferation by macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha by interacting mainly with a C-C chemokine receptor, CCR1. Blood 90, 605-611.
201. Taga T., Hibi M., Hirata Y., Yamasaki K., Yasukawa K., Matsuda T., Hirano T. and Kishimoto T. (1989). Interleukin-6 triggers the association of its receptor with a possible signal transducer, gp130. Cell 58, 573-581.
202. Takahashi N., Udagawa N. and Suda T. (1999). A new member of tumor necrosis factor ligand family, ODF/OPGL/TRANCE/RANKL, regulates osteoclast differentiation and function. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 256, 449-455.
203. Takahashi T., Shivapurkar N., Reddy J., Shigematsu H., Miyajima K., Suzuki M., Toyooka S., Zochbauer-Muller S., Drach J., Parikh G., Zheng Y., Feng Z., Kroft S.H., Timmons C., McKenna R.W. and Gazdar A.F. (2004). DNA methylation profiles of lymphoid and hematopoietic malignancies. Clin. Cancer. Res. 10, 2928-2935.
204. Takai H., Kanematsu M., Yano K., Tsuda E., Higashio K., Ikeda K., Watanabe K. and Yamada Y. (1998). Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates the production of osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor by bone marrow stromal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27091-27096.
205. Teitelbaum S.L. (2000). Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science 289, 1504-1508.
206. Teoh G., Urashima M., Greenfield E.A., Nguyen K.A., Lee J.F., Chauhan D., Ogata A., Treon S.P. and Anderson K.C. (1998). The 86-kD subunit of Ku autoantigen mediates homotypic and heterotypic adhesion of multiple myeloma cells. J. Clin. Invest. 101, 1379-1388.
207. Terpos E., Politou M., Szydlo R., Goldman J.M., Apperley J.F. and Rahemtulla A. (2003). Serum levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1alpha) correlate with the extent of bone disease and survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 123, 106-109.
208. Thomas X., Anglaret B., Magaud J.P., Epstein J. and Archimbaud E. (1998). Interdependence between cytokines and cell adhesion molecules to induce interleukin-6 production by stromal cells in myeloma. Leuk. Lymphoma 32, 107-119.
209. Tian E., Zhan F., Walker R., Rasmussen E., Ma Y., Barlogie B. and Shaughnessy J.D. Jr. (2003). The role of the Wnt-signaling antagonist DKK1 in the development of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 2483-2494.
210. Tinhofer I., Marschitz I., Henn T., Egle A. and Greil R. (2000). Expression of functional interleukin-15 receptor and autocrine production of interleukin-15 as mechanisms of tumor propagation in multiple myeloma. Blood 95, 610-618.
211. Tsukii K., Shima N., Mochizuki S., Yamaguchi K., Kinosaki M., Yano K., Shibata O., Udagawa N., Yasuda H., Suda T. and Higashio K. (1998). Osteoclast differentiation factor mediates an essential signal for bone resorption induced by 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, prostaglandin E2, or parathyroid hormone in the microenvironment of bone. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 246, 337-341.
212. Tu Y., Gardner A. and Lichtenstein A. (2000). The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT kinase pathway in multiple myeloma plasma cells, roles in cytokine-dependent survival and proliferative responses. Cancer Res. 60, 6763-6770.
213. Uchiyama H., Barut B.A., Mohrbacher A.F., Chauhan D. and Anderson K.C. (1993). Adhesion of human myeloma-derived cell lines to bone marrow stromal cells stimulates interleukin-6 secretion. Blood 82, 3712-3720.
214. UK myeloma forum. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. (2001). Diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 115, 522-540.
215. Urashima M., Ogata A., Chauhan D., Hatziyanni M., Vidriales M.B., Dedera D.A., Schlossman R.L. and Anderson K.C. (1996). Transforming growth factor-beta1, differential effects on multiple myeloma versus normal B cells. Blood 87, 1928-1938.
216. Van Valckenborgh E., Bakkus M., Munaut C., Noel A., St Pierre Y., Asosingh K., Van Riet I., Van Camp B and Vanderkerken K. (2002). Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in murine ST33 multiple myeloma cells by interaction with bone marrow endotheliall cells. Int. J. Cancer 101, 512-518.
217. Vande Broek I., Vanderkerken K., De Greef C., Asosingh K., Straetmans N., Van Camp B. and Van Riet I. (2001). Laminin-1-induced migration of multiple myeloma cells involves the high-affinity 67 kD laminin receptor. Br. J. Cancer 85, 1387-1395.
218. Vande Broek I., Asosingh K., Vanderkerken K., Straetmans N., Van Camp B. and Van Riet I. (2003). Chemokine receptor CCR2 is expressed by human multiple myeloma cells and mediates migration to bone marrow stromal cell-produced monocyte chemotactic proteins MCP-1, -2 and -3. Br. J. Cancer 88, 855-862.
219. Vande Broek I., Allegaert V,, Asosingh K., Hellebaut L., Leleu X., Facon T., Vanderkerken K., Van Camp B. and Van Riet I. (2004). Bone marrow endothelial cells increase the invasiveness of human multiple myeloma cells through upregulation of MMP-9, evidence for a role of hepatocyte growth factor, Leukemia 18, 976-982.
220. Vanderkerken K., Asosingh K., Braet F, Van Riet I. and Van Camp B. (1999). Insulin-like growth factor-1 acts as a chemoattractant factor for 5T2 multiple myeloma cells. Blood 93, 235-241.
221. Vanderkerken K., Vande Broek I., Eizirik DL., Van Valckenborgh E., Asosingh K., Van Riet I., Van Camp B. (2002). Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), secreted by bone marrow endothelial cells, induces chemoattraction of 5T multiple myeloma cells. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 19, 87-90.
222. Vanderkerken K., Asosingh K., Croucher P. and Van Camp B. (2003a). Multiple myeloma biology, lessons from the 5TMM models. Immunol. Rev. 194, 196-206.
223. Vanderkerken K., De Leenheer E., Shipman C., Asosingh K., Willems A., Van Camp B. and Croucher P. (2003b). Recombinant osteoprotegerin decreases tumor burden and increases survival in a murine model of multiple myeloma. Cancer Res. 63, 287-289.
224. Viereck V., Emons G., Lauck V., Frosch K.H., Blaschke S., Grundker C. and Hofbauer L.C. (2002). Bisphosphonates pamidronate and zoledronic acid stimulate osteoprotegerin production by primary human osteoblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 291, 680-686.
225. Vincent T. and Mechti N. (2004). IL-6 regulates CD44 cell surface expression on human myeloma cells. Leukemia 18, 967-975.
226. Wen X.Y., Stewart A.K., Sooknanan R.R., Henderson G., Hawley T.S., Reimold A.M., Glimcher LH., Baumann H., Malek L.T. and Hawley R.G. (1999). Identification of c-myc promoter-binding protein and X-box binding protein 1 as interleukin-6 target genes in human multiple myeloma cells. Int. J. Oncol. 15, 173-178.
227. Westendorf J.J., Ahmann G.J., Armitage R.J., Spriggs M.K., Lust J.A., Greipp P.R., Katzmann J.A. and Jelinek D.F. (1994). CD40 expression in malignant plasma cells. Role in stimulation of autocrine IL-6 secretion by a human myeloma cell line. J. Immunol. 152, 117-128.
228. Yaccoby S., Cottler-Fox M. and Epstein J. (2003). Myeloma plasma cells attract osteoclast precursors and induce their differentiation into osteoclasts. Blood 98, 809a [abstract#3363].
229. Yaccoby S., Johnson C.L., Mahaffey S.C., Wezeman M.J., Barlogie B. and Epstein J. (2002). Antimyeloma efficacy of thalidomide in the SCID-hu model. Blood 100, 4162-4168.
230. Yamate T., Mocharla H., Taguchi Y., Igietseme J.U., Manolagas S.C. and Abe E. (1997). Osteopontin expression by osteoclast and osteoblast progenitors in the murine bone marrow, demonstration of its requirement for osteoclastogenesis and its increase after ovariectomy. Endocrinology 138, 3047-3055.
231. Yasuda H., Shima N., Nakagawa N., Yamaguchi K., Kinosaki M., Mochizuki S., Tomoyasu A., Yano K., Goto M., Murakami A., Tsuda E., Morinaga T., Higashio K., Udagawa N., Takahashi N. and Suda T. (1998). Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3597-3602.
232. Yasuda N., Ohmori S.I. and Usui T. (1994). IgD myelomas involving the prostate. Am. J. Hematol. 47, 65-66.
233. Yin J.J., Selander K., Chirgwin J.M., Dallas M., Grubbs B.G., Wieser R., Massague J., Mundy G.R. and Guise T.A. (1999). TGF-beta signaling blockade inhibits PTHrP secretion by breast cancer cells and bone metastases development. J. Clin. Invest. 103, 197-206.
234. Zaidi A.A. and Vesole DH. (2001). Multiple myeloma, an old disease with new hope for the future. CA Cancer J. Clin. 51, 273-285.
235. Zandecki M., Lai J.L. and Facon T. (1996). Multiple myeloma, almost all patients are cytogenetically abnormal. Br. J. Haematol. 94, 217-227.
236. Zandecki M., Lai J.L., Genevieve F., Bernardi F., Volle-Remy H., Blanchet O., Francois M., Cosson A., Bauters F. and Facon T. (1997). Several cytogenetic subclones may be identified within plasma cells from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, both at diagnosis and during the indolent course of this condition. Blood 90, 3682-3690.
237. Zangari M., Tricot G., Zeldis J., Eddlemon P., Saghafifar F. and Barlogie B. (2001). Results of Phase I study of CC-5013 for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) patients who relapse after high dose chemotherapy (HDCT). Blood 98, 775.
238. Zhan F., Hardin J., Kordsmeier B., Bumm K., Zheng M., Tian E., Sanderson R., Yang Y., Wilson C., Zangari M., Anaissie E., Morris C., Muwalla F., van Rhee F., Fassas A., Crowley J., Tricot G., Barlogie B. and Shaughnessy J. Jr. (2002). Global gene expression profiling of multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and normal bone marrow plasma cells. Blood 99, 1745-1757.
239. Zhan F., Tian E., Bumm K., Smith R., Barlogie B. and Shaughnessy J. Jr. (2003). Gene expression profiling of human plasma cell differentiation and classification of multiple myeloma based on similarities to distinct stages of late-stage B-cell development. Blood 101, 1128-1140.