Autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury: Central mechanisms and strategies for prevention

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 152, Issue , 2006, Pages 245-263

  Weaver, Lynne C ^a   Marsh, Daniel R ^b   Gris, Denis ^a   Brown, Arthur ^a   Dekaban, Gregory A ^a  

^a ROBARTS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD11 ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; INTEGRIN; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR ANTIBODY;

AUTONOMIC DYSREFLEXIA; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CONFERENCE PAPER; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATORY CELL; LEUKOCYTE; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE SPROUTING; NERVE TRACT; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; SENSORY NERVE; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SPINAL CORD LESION; SPINAL REFLEX; SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION; WHITE MATTER;

EID: 25844477606     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(05)52016-8     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (107)

1. S.K. Agrawal, and M.G. Fehlings Mechanisms of secondary injury to spinal cord axons in vitro role Na+, Na+-K+-ATPase, the Na+-H+ exchanger, and the Na+-Ca+ exchanger J. Neurosci. 16 2 1996 545 552
2. S.K. Agrawal, and M.G. Fehlings Role of NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors in traumatic spinal cord axonal injury J. Neurosci. 17 3 1997 1055 1063
3. S.K. Agrawal, and M.G. Fehlings The effect of the sodium channel blocker QX-314 on recovery after acute spinal cord injury J. Neurotrauma 14 1997 81 88
4. S.K. Agrawal, E. Theriault, and M.G. Fehlings Role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in traumatic spinal cord white matter injury J. Neurotrauma 15 1998 929 941
5. C. Bakhit, M. Armanini, W.L.T. Wong, G.L. Bennett, and J.R. Wrathall Increase in nerve growth factor-like immunoreactivity and decrease in choline acetyltransferase following contusive spinal cord injury Brain Res. 554 1991 264 271
6. C.E. Bandtlow, M. Meyer, D. Lindholm, M. Spranger, R. Heumann, and H. Thoenen Regional and cellular codistribution of interleukin 1 beta and nerve growth factor mRNA in the adult rat brain: possible relationship to the regulation of nerve growth factor synthesis J. Cell Biol. 111 1990 1701 1711
7. F. Bao, Y. Chen, G.A. Dekaban, and L.C. Weaver An anti-CD11d integrin antibody reduces cyclooxygenase-2 expression and protein and DNA oxidation after spinal cord injury in rats J. Neurochem. 90 2004 1194 1204
8. F. Bao, Y. Chen, G.A. Dekaban, and L.C. Weaver Early anti-inflammatory treatment reduces lipid peroxidation and protein nitration after spinal cord injury in rats J. Neurochem. 88 2004 1335 1344
9. J.R. Bethea, and W.D. Dietrich Targeting the host inflammatory response in traumatic spinal cord injury Curr. Opin. Neurol. 15 3 2002 355 360
10. M.P. Bevilacqua Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules Ann. Rev. Immunol. 11 1993 767 804
11. J. Blackmer Rehabilitation medicine: 1. Autonomic dysreflexia CMAJ 169 2003 931 935
12. A.R. Blight Delayed demyelination and macrophage invasion: a candidate for "secondary" cell damage in spinal cord injury Central Nervous System Trauma 2 1985 299 315
13. A. Brown, M.-J. Ricci, and L.C. Weaver NGF message and protein distribution in the injured rat spinal cord Exp. Neurol. 188 2004 115 127
14. E.D. Bullock, and E.M. Johnson Nerve growth factor induces the expression of certain cytokine genes and bcl-2 in mast cells Potential role in survival promotion. J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 27500 27508
15. J. Cabot, V. Alessi, J. Carroll, and M. Ligorio Spinal cord lamina V and lamina VII interneuronal projections to sympathetic preganglionic neurons J. Comp. Neurol. 347 1994 515 530
16. F.R. Calaresu, and C.P. Yardley Medullary basal sympathetic tone Ann. Rev. Physiol. 50 1988 511 524
17. A.A. Cameron, G.M. Smith, D.C. Randall, D.R. Brown, and A.G. Rabchevsky Effects of nerve growth factor over-expression on autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury J. Neurotrauma 20 2003 1086
18. A.K. Cassam, I.J. Llewellyn-Smith, and L.C. Weaver Catecholamine enzymes and neuropeptides are expressed in fibres and somata in the intermediate grey matter in chronic spinal rats Neuroscience 78 1997 829 841
19. A.K. Cassam, K.A. Rogers, and L.C. Weaver Co-localization of substance P and dopamine β-hydroxylase with growth associated protein-43 is lost caudal to a spinal cord transection Neuroscience 88 1999 1275 1288
20. H.A. Clarke, G.A. Dekaban, and L.C. Weaver Identification of lamina V and VII interneurons presynaptic to adrenal sympathetic preganglionic neurons in rats using a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 Neuroscience 85 1998 863 872
21. J.H. Coote, C.B.B. Downman, and W.V. Weber Reflex discharges into thoracic white rami elicited by somatic and visceral afferent excitation J. Physiol. 202 1969 147 159
22. J.L. Corbett, O. Debarge, H.L. Frankel, and C. Mathias Cardiovascular responses in tetraplegic man to muscle spasm, bladder percussion and head-up tilt Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., Suppl. 2 1975 189 193
23. K. Dembowsky, J. Czachurski, K. Amendt, and H. Seller Tonic, supraspinal, monoaminergic inhibition on spinal somato-sympathetic reflexes Pflugers Arch. 373 1978 R76
24. K. Dembowsky, J. Czachurski, K. Amendt, and H. Seller Tonic descending inhibition of the spinal somato-sympathetic reflex from the lower brain stem J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 2 1980 157 182
25. R.P. Erickson Autonomic hyperreflexia: pathophysiology and medical management Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 61 1980 431 440
26. M.G. Fehlings, C.H. Tator, and R.D. Linden The effect of nimodipine and dextran on axonal function and blood flow following experimental spinal cord injury J. Neurosurg. 71 1989 403 416
27. A. Giannantoni, S.S. Di, G. Scivoletto, A. Mollo, A. Silecchia, U. Fuoco, and G. Vespasiani Autonomic dysreflexia during urodynamics Spinal Cord 36 1998 756 760
28. M.H. Grayson, M. Van der Vieren, S.A. Sterbinsky, W.M. Gallantin, P. Hoffman, D. Staunton, and B.S. Bochner alphadbeta2 integrin is a ligand for vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 118 2-4 1999 263 264
29. D. Gris, D.R. Marsh, M.A. Oatway, Y. Chen, E.F. Hamilton, G.A. Dekaban, and L.C. Weaver Transient blockade of the CD11d/CD18 integrin reduces secondary damage after spinal cord injury, improving sensory, autonomic, and motor function J. Neurosci. 24 2004 4043 4051
30. Gris, D., Marsh, D.R., Dekaban, G.A. and Weaver, L.C. (2005). Comparison of methylprednisolone and anti-CD11d antibody treatments on autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol.
31. F.L. Guttman, and D. Whitteridge Effects of bladder distention on autonomic mechanisms after spinal cord injuries Brain 70 1947 361 404
32. M. Hayashi, T. Ueyama, K. Nemoto, T. Tamaki, and E. Senba Sequential mRNA expression for immediate early genes, cytokines, and neurotrophins in spinal cord injury J. Neurotrauma 17 2000 203 218
33. K. Heese, B.L. Fiebich, J. Bauer, and U. Otten NF-kappaB modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial nerve growth factor expression Glia 22 1998 401 407
34. K. Heese, C. Hock, and U. Otten Inflammatory signals induce neurotrophin expression in human microglial cells J. Neurochem. 70 1998 699 707
35. R. Heumann, S. Korsching, C. Bandtlow, and H. Thoenen Changes of nerve growth factor synthesis in nonneuronal cells in response to sciatic nerve transection J. Cell Biol. 104 1987 1623 1631
36. R. Heumann, D. Lindholm, C. Bandtlow, M. Meyer, M.J. Radeke, T.P. Misko, E. Shooter, and H. Thoenen Differential regulation of mRNA encoding nerve growth factor and its receptor in rat sciatic nerve during development, degeneration, and regeneration: role of macrophages Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84 1987 8735 8739
37. J.E. Jacob, P. Gris, M.G. Fehlings, L.C. Weaver, and A. Brown Autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord transection and compression in 129Sv, C57BL and wallerian degeneration slow mutant mice Exp. Neurol. 183 2003 136 146
38. J.E. Jacob, A. Pniak, L.C. Weaver, and A. Brown Autonomic dysreflexia in a mouse model of spinal cord injury Neuroscience 108 2001 687 693
39. L.L. Jones, Y. Yamaguchi, W.B. Stallcup, and M.H. Tuszynski NG2 is a major chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan produced after spinal cord injury and is expressed by macrophages and oligodendrocyte progenitors J. Neurosci. 22 2002 2792 2803
40. S. Joshi, M.A. LeVatte, G.A. Dekaban, and L.C. Weaver Identification of spinal interneurons antecedent to adrenal sympathetic preganglionic neurons using trans-synaptic transport of herpes simplex virus type 1 Neuroscience 65 1995 893 903
41. G. Ju, T. Hokfelt, E. Brodin, J. Fahrenkrug, J.A. Fischer, P. Frey, R.P. Elde, and J.C. Brown Primary sensory neurons of the rat showing calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity and their relation to substance P-, somatostatin-, galanin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive ganglion cells Cell Tissue Res. 247 1987 417 431
42. A.-K. Karlsson Autonomic dysreflexia Spinal Cord 37 1999 383 391
43. A.-K. Karlsson, P.M. Friden, P. Lonnroth, L. Sullivan, and M. Elam Regional sympathetic function in high spinal cord injury during mental stress and autonomic dysreflexia Brain 121 1998 1711 1719
44. K. Koizumi, and C.M. Brooks The integration of autonomic system reactions: a discussion of autonomic reflexes, their control and their association with somatic reflexes R.H. Adrian E. Helmrich H. Holzer R. Jung K. Kramer O. Krayer F. Lynen P.A. Miescher H. Rasmussen A.E. Renold U. Trendelenburg K. Ullrich W. Vogt A. Weber Reviews of Physiology: Biochemistry and Experimental Pharmacology 1972 Springer Berlin 1 68
45. I. Koyanagi, C.H. Tator, and P.J. Lea Three-dimensional analysis of the vascular system in the rat spinal cord with scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts Part 2: Acute spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery 33 1993 285 291
46. I. Koyanagi, C.H. Tator, and E. Theriault Silicone rubber microangiography of acute spinal cord injury in the rat Neurosurgery 32 1993 260 268
47. A.V. Krassioukov, M.B. Bunge, W.R. Puckett, and M.A. Bygrave The changes in human spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons after spinal cord injury Spinal Cord 37 1999 6 13
48. A.V. Krassioukov, J.C. Furlan, and M.G. Fehlings Autonomic dysreflexia in acute spinal cord injury: an under-recognized clinical entity J. Neurotrauma 20 2003 707 716
49. A.V. Krassioukov, D.G. Johns, and L.P. Schramm Sensitivity of sympathetically correlated spinal interneurons, renal sympathetic nerve activity, and arterial pressure to somatic and visceral stimuli after chronic spinal injury J. Neurotrauma 19 2002 1521 1529
50. A.V. Krassioukov, and L.C. Weaver Episodic hypertension due to autonomic dysreflexia in acute and chronic spinal cord-injured rats Am. J. Physiol. 268 1995 H2077 H2083
51. A.V. Krassioukov, and L.C. Weaver Morphological changes in sympathetic preganglionic neurons after spinal cord injury in rats Neuroscience 70 1996 211 226
52. N.R. Krenz, S.O. Meakin, A.V. Krassioukov, and L.C. Weaver Neutralizing intraspinal nerve growth factor blocks autonomic dysreflexia caused by spinal cord injury J. Neurosci. 19 17 1999 7405 7414
53. N.R. Krenz, and L.C. Weaver Changes in the morphology of sympathetic preganglionic neurons parallel the development of autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury in rats Neurosci. Lett. 243 1998 61 64
54. N.R. Krenz, and L.C. Weaver Sprouting of primary afferent fibers after spinal cord transection in the rat Neuroscience 85 1998 443 458
55. N.R. Krenz, and L.C. Weaver Nerve growth factor in glia and inflammatory cells of the injured rat spinal cord J. Neurochem. 74 2000 730 739
56. 1-adrenergic receptor supersensitivity contribute to autonomic dysreflexia? Am. J. Physiol. 274 1998 1090 1098
57. A. LaSala, S. Corinti, M. Federici, H.U. Saragovi, and G. Girolomoni Ligand activation of nerve growth factor receptor TrkA protects monocytes from apoptosis J. Leukoc. Biol. 68 2000 104 110
58. S.N. Lawson, P.W. McCarthy, and E. Prabhakar Electrophysiological properties of neurones with CGRP-like immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root ganglia J. Comp. Neurol. 365 1996 355 366
59. S.N. Lawson, M.J. Perry, E. Prabhakar, and P.W. McCarthy Primary sensory neurones: neurofilament, neuropeptides, and conduction velocity Brain Res. Bull. 30 1993 239 243
60. B.Y. Lee, M.G. Karmakar, B.L. Herz, and R.A. Sturgill Autonomic dysreflexia revisited J. Spinal Cord Med. 18 1994 75 87
61. A. Leskovar, L.J. Moriarty, J.J. Turek, I.A. Schoenlein, and R.B. Borgens The macrophage in acute neural injury: changes in cell numbers over time and levels of cytokine production in mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems J. Exp. Biol. 203 Part 12 2000 1783 1795
62. R. Lindan, E. Joiner, A.A. Freehafer, and C. Hazel Incidence and clinical features of autonomic dysreflexia in patients with spinal cord injury Paraplegia 18 1980 285 292
63. D. Lindholm, R. Heumann, M. Meyer, and H. Thoenen Interleukin-1 regulates synthesis of nerve growth factor in non-neuronal cells of rat sciatic nerve Nature 330 1987 658 659
64. I.J. Llewellyn-Smith, and L.C. Weaver Changes in synaptic inputs to sympathetic preganglionic neurons after spinal cord injury J. Comp. Neurol. 435 2001 226 240
65. P.J. Mabon, L.C. Weaver, and G.A. Dekaban Inhibition of monocyte/macrophage migration to a spinal cord injury site by an antibody to the integrin alphaD: a potential new anti-inflammatory treatment Exp. Neurol. 166 2000 52 64
66. D.N. Maiorov, M.G. Fehlings, and A.V. Krassioukov Relationship between severity of spinal cord injury and abnormalities in neurogenic cardiovascular control in conscious rats J. Neurotrauma 15 5 1998 365 374
67. D.N. Maiorov, N.R. Krenz, A.V. Krassioukov, and L.C. Weaver Role of spinal NMDA and AMPA receptors in episodic hypertension in conscious spinal rats Am. J. Physiol. 273 1997 H1266 H1274
68. D.N. Maiorov, L.C. Weaver, and A.V. Krassioukov Relationship between sympathetic activity and arterial pressure in conscious spinal rats Am. J. Physiol. 272 1997 H625 H631
69. D.R. Marsh, and L.C. Weaver Autonomic dysreflexia, induced by noxious or innocuous stimulation, does not depend on changes in dorsal horn substance P J. Neurotrauma 21 2004 817 828
70. D.R. Marsh, S.T. Wong, S.O. Meakin, J.I.S. MacDonald, E.F. Hamilton, and L.C. Weaver Neutralizing intraspinal NGF with a trkA-IgG fusion protein blocks development of autonomic dysreflexia in a clip-compression model of spinal cord injury J. Neurotrauma 19 2002 1531 1542
71. C.J. Mathias, and H.L. Frankel Autonomic disturbances in spinal cord lesions C.J. Mathias R. Bannister Autonomic Failure A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System Vol. 4(51) 1992 Oxford University Press Oxford 494 513
72. C.J. Mathias, and H.L. Frankel Autonomic disturbances in spinal cord lesions R. Bannister C.J. Mathias Autonomic Failure, a Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System Vol. 3(43) 1992 Oxford Medical Publications Oxford, UK 839 881
73. C.J. Mathias, and H.L. Frankel The cardiovascular system in tetraplegia and paraplegia H.L. Frankel Handbook of Clinical Neurology Vol. 17(25) 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V. Amsterdam, The Netherlands 435 456
74. D.N. Mayorov, M.A. Adams, and A.V. Krassioukov Telemetric blood pressure monitoring in conscious rats before and after compression injury of spinal cord J. Neurotrauma 18 2001 727 736
75. P.W. McCarthy, and S.N. Lawson Cell type and conduction velocity of rat primary sensory neurons with calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity Neuroscience 34 1990 623 632
76. N.E. Naftchi Mechanism of autonomic dysreflexia; contributions of cathecholamine and peptide neurotransmitters Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 579 1990 133 148
77. N.E. Naftchi, and J.S. Richardson Autonomic dysreflexia: pharmacological management of hypertensive crises in spinal cord injured patients J. Spinal. Cord. Med. 20 1997 355 360
78. A.S. Neish, M.A. Read, D. Thanos, R. Pine, T. Maniatis, and T. Collins Endothelial interferon regulatory factor 1 cooperates with NF-kappa B as a transcriptional activator of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 Mol. Cell Biol. 15 5 1995 2558 2569
79. M.A. Oatway, Y. Chen, J.C. Bruce, G.A. Dekaban, and L.C. Weaver An anti-CD11d integrin antibody treatment restores normal serotonergic projections to the dorsal, intermediate and ventral horns of the injured spinal cord J. Neurosci. 25 2005 637 647
80. J.W. Osborn, R.F. Taylor, and L.P. Schramm Chronic cervical spinal cord injury and autonomic hyperreflexia in rats Am. J. Physiol. 258 1990 R169 R174
81. P.G. Popovich, Z. Guan, P. Wei, I. Huitinga, N. van Rooijen, and B.T. Stokes Depletion of hematogenous macrophages promotes partial hindlimb recovery and neuroanatomical repair after experimental spinal cord injury Exp. Neurol. 158 1999 351 365
82. P.G. Popovich, P. Wei, and B.T. Stokes Cellular inflammatory response after spinal cord injury in Sprague-Dawley and Lewis rats J. Comp. Neurol. 377 1997 443 464
83. J. Price An immunohistochemical and quantitative examination of dorsal root ganglion neuronal subpopulations J. Neurosci. 5 8 1985 2051 2059
84. D.W. Rodenbaugh, H.L. Collins, and S.E. DiCarlo Increased susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in hypertensive paraplegic rats Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 25 2003 349 358
85. M.S. Saporito, H.M. Wilcox, K.C. Hartpence, M.E. Lewis, J.L. Vaught, and S. Carswell Pharmacological induction of nerve growth factor mRNA in adult rat brain Exp. Neurol. 123 1993 295 302
86. H.U. Saragovi, and K. Gehring Development of pharmacological agents for targeting neurotrophins and their receptors Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 21 2000 93 98
87. A. Sato, and R.F. Schmidt Somatosympathetic reflexes: afferent fibers, central pathways, discharge characteristics Physiol. Rev. 53 4 1973 916 947
88. L.R. Saville, C.H. Pospisil, L.A. Mawhinney, F. Bao, F.C. Simedria, A.A. Peters, P.J. O'Connell, L.C. Weaver, and G.A. Dekaban A monoclonal antibody to CD11d reduces the inflammatory infiltrate into the injured spinal cord: a potential neuroprotective treatment J. Neuroimmunol. 156 2004 42 57
89. P.A. Schumacher, J.H. Eubanks, and M.G. Fehlings Increased calpain I-mediated proteolysis and preferential loss of dephosphorylated NF200, following traumatic spinal cord injury Neuroscience 91 1999 733 744
90. T.P. Shanley, R.L. Warner, L.D. Crouch, G.N. Dietsch, D.L. Clark, M.M. O'Brien, W.M. Gallatin, and P.A. Ward Requirements for αd in IgG immune complex-induced rat lung injury J. Immunol. 160 1998 1014 1020
91. J.D. Shea, R. Gioffre, H. Carrion, and M.P. Small Autonomic hyperreflexia in spinal cord injury Southern Med. J. 66 8 1973 869 872
92. M. Spranger, D. Lindholm, C. Bandtlow, R. Heumann, H. Gnahn, M. Naher-Noe, and H. Thoenen Regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in the rat central nervous system: comparison between the effects of interleukin-1 and various growth factors in astrocyte cultures and in vivo Eur. J. Neurosci. 2 1990 69 76
93. W.J. Streit, S.L. Semple-Rowland, S.D. Hurley, R.C. Miller, P.G. Popovich, and B.T. Stokes Cytokine mRNA profiles in contused spinal cord and axotomized facial nucleus suggest a beneficial role for inflammation and gliosis Exp. Neurol. 152 1998 74 87
94. Y. Taoka, and K. Okajima Spinal cord injury in the rat Prog. Neurobiol. 56 1998 341 358
95. Y. Taoka, K. Okajima, M. Uchiba, K. Murakami, S. Kushimoto, M. Johno, M. Naruo, H. Okabe, and K. Takatsuki Role of neutrophils in spinal cord injury in the rat Neuroscience 79 4 1997 1177 1182
96. C.H. Tator, and M.G. Fehlings Review of the secondary injury theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms J. Neurosurg. 75 1991 15 26
97. S. Vaidyanathan, B.M. Soni, P. Sett, J.W.H. Watt, T. Oo, and J. Bingley Pathophysiology of autonomic dysreflexia: long-term treatment with terazosin in adult and paediatric spinal cord injury patients manifesting recurrent dysreflexic epidsodes Spinal Cord 36 1998 761 770
98. M. Van der Vieren, D.T. Crowe, D. Hoekstra, R. Vazeux, P.A. Hoffman, M.H. Grayson, B.S. Bochner, W.M. Gallatin, and D.E. Staunton The leukocyte integrin αDβ2 binds VCAM-1: evidence for a binding interface between I domain and VCAM-1 J. Immunol. 163 1999 1984 1990
99. M.A. Vizzard, M. Brisson, and W.C. De Groat Transneuronal labeling of neurons in the adult rat central nervous system following inoculation of pseudorabies virus into the colon Cell Tissue Res. 299 1 2000 9 26
100. M.C. Wallace, and C.H. Tator Spinal cord blood flow measured with microspheres following spinal cord injury in the rat Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 13 1986 91 96
101. M.C. Wallace, C.H. Tator, and P. Frazee Relationship between posttraumatic ischemia and hemorrhage in the injured rat spinal cord as shown by colloidal carbon angiography Neurosurgery 18 1986 433 439
102. L.C. Weaver, A.K. Cassam, A.V. Krassioukov, and I.J. Llewellyn-Smith Changes in immunoreactivity for growth associated protein-43 suggest reorganization of synapses on spinal sympathetic neurons after cord transection Neuroscience 81 1997 535 551
103. L.C. Weaver, D.R. Marsh, D. Gris, S.O. Meakin, and G.A. Dekaban Central mechanisms for autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury L. McKerracher D. Douchet S. Rossignol Progress in Brain Research Vol. 7 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam 83 95
104. L.C. Weaver, P. Verghese, J.C. Bruce, M.G. Fehlings, N.R. Krenz, and D.R. Marsh Autonomic dysreflexia and primary afferent sprouting after clip-compression injury of the rat spinal cord J. Neurotrauma 18 2001 1107 1119
105. S.T. Wong, B.A. Atkinson, and L.C. Weaver Confocal microscopic analysis of sprouting small-diameter primary afferent fibres after spinal cord injury Neurosci. Lett. 296 2000 65 68
106. M. Yeoh, E.M. McLachlan, and J.A. Brock Chronic decentralization potentiates neurovascular transmission in the isolated rat tail artery, mimicking the effects of spinal transection J. Physiol. 561 2004 583 596
107. W. Young Secondary injury mechanisms in acute spinal cord injury J. Emerg. Med. 11 1993 13 22