The effect of the sodium channel blocker QX-314 on recovery after acute spinal cord injury

Journal of Neurotrauma

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 81-88

  Agrawal, Sandeep K ^a   Fehlings, Michael G ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

axons; fluorogold; QX 314; rat; red nucleus; rostral ventrolateral medulla; sodium channels

Indexed keywords

LIDOCAINE ETHOBROMIDE; SODIUM CHANNEL;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CELL DEATH; COMPUTER ASSISTED DIAGNOSIS; MORPHOMETRICS; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RAT; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;

EID: 0030945476     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.1997.14.81     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. ++ exchanger. J. Neurosci. 16, 545-552.
2. AGRAWAL, S.K., and FEHLINGS, M.G. (1997). Role of NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors in traumatic spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci. 14, 1055-1063.
3. BENGTSSON, F., and SEISJO, B.K. (1990). Cell damage in cerebral ischemia: physiological, biochemical and structural aspects In: Cerebral ischemia and resuscitation (Schurr A, Rigor BM, eds), pp 215-233 Boca Raton FL: CRC.
4. BOENING, J.A., KASS, I.S., COTTRELL, J.E., and CHAMBERS, G. (1989). The effect of blocking sodium influx on anoxic damage in the rat hippocampal slice. Neuroscience 33, 263-268.
5. BROWN, D.L., and GUYENET, P.G. (1984). Cardiovascular neurons of brain stem with projections to spinal cord. Am. J. Physiol. 247, R1009-1016.
6. BROWN, D.L., and GUYENET, P.O. (1985). Electrophysiological study of cardiovascular neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats. Circ. Res. 56, 359-369.
7. CALARESU, F.R., and YARDLEY, C.P. (1988). Medullary basal sympathetic tone. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 50, 511-524.
8. CHALMERS, J., and PILOWSKY, P. (1991). Brainstem and bulbospinal neurotransmitter systems in the control of blood pressure. J. Hypertension 9, 675-694.
9. DOLAN, E.J., and TATOR, C.H. (1979). A new method for testing the force of clips for aneurysms or experimental spinal cord compression. J. Neurosurg. 51, 229-233.
10. DONOGHUE, J.P., and WISE, S.P. (1982). The motor cortex of the rat: cytoarchitecture and microstimulation mapping. J. Comp. Neurol. 212, 76-88.
11. FEHLINGS, M.G., and AGRAWAL, S.K. (1995). Role of sodium in the pathophysiology of secondary spinal cord injury. Spine 20, 2187-2191.
12. FEHLINGS, M.G., and AGRAWAL, S.K. (1996). Effect of the sodium channel blocker QX-314 on recovery after spinal cord injury in vivo. Society for Neuroscience, 22, 230.
13. FEHLINGS, M.G., LINDEN, R.D., and TATOR, C.H. (1989). The relationships among the severity of spinal cord injury, motor and somatosensory evoked potentials and spinal cord blood flow. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 74, 241-2 59.
14. FEHLINGS, M.G., and TATOR, C.H. (1992). The effect of direct current field polarity on recovery after acute experimental spinal cord injury. Brain Res. 579, 32-42.
15. FEHLINGS, M.G., and TATOR, C.H. (1995). The relationship among the severity of spinal cord injury, residual neurological function, axon counts, and counts of retrogradely labelled neurons after experimental spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol. 132, 220-228.
16. FERN, R., RANSOM, B.R., and WAXMAN, S.G. (1995). Voltage-gated calcium in CNS white matter: role of anoxic injury. J. Neurophysiol. 74, 369-377.
17. FRIEDMAN, J.E., and HADDAD, G.G. (1994). Removal of extracellular sodium prevents' anoxia-induced injury in freshly dissociated rat CA1 hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 641, 57-64.
18. GALE, K., KERASIDIS, H., and WRATHALL, J.R. (1985). Spinal cord contusion in the rat: Behavioral analysis of functional neurologic impairment. Exp. Neurol. 88, 123-134.
19. GOLDBERG, M.P., and CHOI, D.W. (1993). Combined oxygen and glucose deprivation in cortical cell culture: calcium-dependent mechanisms of neuronal injury. J. Neurosci. 13, 3510-3524.
20. 2+ exchange. Circ. Res. 71, 547-557.
21. KASS, I.S., ABRAMOWICZ, A.E., COTTRELL, J.E., and CHAMBERS, G. (1992). The barbiturate thiopental reduces ATP levels during anoxia but improves electrophysiological recovery and ionic homeostasis in the rat hippocampal slice. Neuroscience 49, 537-543.
22. KOBRINE, A.I., EVANS, D.E., LEGRYS DE, YAFFE, L.J., and BRADLAY, M.E. (1984). Effect of intravenous lidocaine on experimental spinal cord injury. J. Neurosurgery 60, 595-601.
23. KOCH, R.A., and BARISH, M.E. (1994). Perturbation of intracellular calcium and hydrogen ion regulation in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons by reduction of the sodium ion concentration gradient. J. Neurosci. 14, 2585-2593.
24. KRASSIOUKOV, A.V., and FEHLINGS, M.G. (1995). Effect of spinal cord injury on cardiovascular neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Soc. for Neurosci. 21, 1015.
25. LEE-SON, S., WANG, G.K., CONCUS, A., CRILL, E., and STRICHARTZ, G. (1992). Stereoselective inhibition of neuronal sodium channels by local anesthetics. Evidence for two sites of action? Anesthesiology 77, 324-335.
26. LEMKE, M., and FADEN, A.I. (1990). Edema development and ion changes in rat spinal cord after impact trauma: injury dose-response studies. J. Neurotrauma 7, 41-54.
27. MIDHA, R., FEHLINGS, M.G., TATOR, C.H., SAINT-CYR, J.A., and GUHA, A. (1987). Assessment of spinal cord injury by counting corticospinal and rubrospinal neurons. Brain Res. 410, 299-308.
28. + channels by local anesthetics. Science 265, 1724-1728.
29. REGAN, R.F., and CHOI, D.W. (1991). Glutamate neurotoxicity in spinal cord cell culture. Neuroscience 43, 585-591.
30. REID, J.M., GWYN, D.G., and FLUMERFELT, B.A. (1975). Cytoarchitectonic and golgi study of the red nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 13, 337-362.
31. RIVLIN, A.S. and TATOR, C.H. (1977). Objective clinical assessment of motor function after experimental spinal cord injury in rat. J. Neurosurg. 47, 577-581.
32. ++ exchanger. J. Neurosci. 12, 430-439.
33. STYS, P.K., RANSOM, B.R., and WAXMAN, S.G. (1992b). Tertiary and quaternary local anesthetics protect CNS white matter from anoxic injury at concentrations that do not block excitability. J. Neurophysiol. 67, 236-240.
34. + conductance in rat optic nerve axons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90, 6976-6980.
35. + channels as targets for neuroprotective drugs. TIPS 116, 309-316.
36. TATOR, C.H., and FEHLINGS, M.G. (1991). Review of the secondary theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms. J. Neurosurg. 75, 15-26.
37. THERIAULT, E., and TATOR, C.H. (1994). Persistence of Rubrospinal projections following spinal cord injury in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 342, 249-258.
38. TRACEY, D.J. (1985). Ascending and descending pathways in the rat spinal cord, in The Rat Spinal Cord, vol. 2, Hind Brain and Spinal cord. G. Paxinos (ed.). Sydney: Academic press, pp. 311-324.
39. TYMIANSKI, M., and TATOR, C.H. (1996). Normal and abnormal calcium homeostasis in neurons: A basis for the pathophysiology of traumatic and ischemic central nervous system injury. Neurosurg. 38, 1176-1195.
40. YOUNG, W. (1992). Role of calcium in central nervous system injuries. J. Neurotrauma 9, S9-S25.