Unveiling the enigma of the CNS as a B-cell fostering environment

Trends in Immunology

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 254-259

  Uccelli, Antonio ^a   Aloisi, Francesca ^b   Pistoia, Vito ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^b ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^c G GASLINI INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL SURVIVAL; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE STATUS; INFLAMMATION; LYMPH FOLLICLE; LYMPHOID ORGAN; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; REVIEW;

EID: 24144496803     PISSN: 14714906     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.02.009     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Cserr, H.F. and Knopf, P.M. (1992) Cervical lymphatics, the blood-brain barrier and the immunoreactivity of the brain: a new view. Immunol. Today 13, 507-512
2. Medawar, P. (1948) Immunity to homologous grafted skin, III: the fate of skin homografts transplanted to the brain, to subcutaneous tissue, and to the anterior chamber of the eye. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 29, 58-59
3. Perry, V.H. et al. (1995) Inflammation in the nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5, 636-641
4. Ransohoff, R.M. et al. (2003) Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3, 569-581
5. Weller, R.O. et al. (1996) Lymphocyte targeting of the central nervous system: a review of afferent and efferent CNS-immune pathways. Brain Pathol. 6, 275-288
6. + T cells: evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via P-selectin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100, 8389-8394
7. Seabrook, T.J. et al. (1998) Cerebral spinal fluid lymphocytes are part of the normal recirculating lymphocyte pool. J. Neuroimmunol. 91, 100-107
8. Karman, J. et al. (2004) Initiation of immune responses in brain is promoted by local dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 173, 2353-2361
9. Colombo, M. et al. (2000) Accumulation of clonally related B lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. J. Immunol. 164, 2782-2789
10. Qin, Y. et al. (1998) Clonal expansion and somatic hypermutation of V(H) genes of B cells from cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 102, 1045-1050
11. Baranzini, S.E. et al. (1999) B cell repertoire diversity and clonal expansion in multiple sclerosis brain lesions. J. Immunol. 163, 5133-5144
12. Owens, G.P. et al. (1998) Restricted use of VH4 germline segments in an acute multiple sclerosis brain. Ann. Neurol. 43, 236-243
13. Genain, C.P. et al. (1999) Identification of autoantibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis. Nat. Med. 5, 170-175
14. Storch, M.K. et al. (1998) Multiple sclerosis: in situ evidence for antibody- and complement-mediated demyelination. Ann. Neurol. 43, 465-471
15. Owens, G.P. et al. (2000) Cloning the antibody response in humans with chronic inflammatory disease: immunopanning of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) brain sections with antibody phage libraries prepared from SSPE brain enriches for antibody recognizing measles virus antigens in situ. J. Virol. 74, 1533-1537
16. Lang, B. et al. (2003) New autoantibody mediated disorders of the central nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 16, 351-357
17. Knopf, P.M. et al. (1998) Antigen-dependent intrathecal antibody synthesis in the normal rat brain: tissue entry and local retention of antigen-specific B cells. J. Immunol. 161, 692-701
18. Alter, A. et al. (2003) Determinants of human B cell migration across brain endothelial cells. J. Immunol. 170, 4497-4505
19. Corcione, A. et al. (2004) Recapitulation of B cell differentiation in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101, 11064-11069
20. Weyand, C.M. et al. (2001) Ectopic lymphoid organogenesis: a fast track for autoimmunity. Am. J. Pathol. 159, 787-793
21. Giunti, D. et al. (2003) Phenotypic and functional analysis of T cells homing into the CSF of subjects with inflammatory diseases of the CNS. J. Leukoc. Biol. 73, 584-590
22. Pashenkov, M. et al. (2003) Secondary lymphoid organ chemokines are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid during central nervous system inflammation. J. Neuroimmunol. 135, 154-160
23. McManus, C. et al. (1998) MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. J. Neuroimmunol. 86, 20-29
24. Ransohoff, R.M. et al. (1993) Astrocyte expression of mRNA encoding cytokines IP-10 and JE/MCP-1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FASEB J. 7, 592-600
25. Han, Y. et al. (2001) TNF-α mediates SDF-1α-induced NF-κB activation and cytotoxic effects in primary astrocytes. J. Clin. Inv. 108, 425-435
26. Olsson, T. (1995) Cytokine-producing cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Neurology 45, S11-S15
27. Magliozzi, R. et al. (2004) Intracerebral expression of CXCL13 and BAFF is accompanied by formation of lymphoid follicle-like structures in the meninges of mice with relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 148, 11-23
28. Krumbholz, M. et al. (2005) BAFF is produced by astrocytes and upregulated in multiple sclerosis lesions and primary central nervous system lymphoma. J. Exp. Med. 201, 195-200
29. Thangarajh, M. et al. (2004) Expression of B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) and its receptors in multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 152, 183-190
30. Smith, J.R. et al. (2003) Expression of B-cell-attracting chemokine 1 (CXCL13) by malignant lymphocytes and vascular endothelium in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Blood 101, 815-821
31. Berek, C. et al. (1991) Maturation of the immune response in germinal centers. Cell 67, 1121-1129
32. MacLennan, I.C. (1994) Germinal centers. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 117-139
33. MacLennan, I.C. et al. (2003) Extrafollicular antibody responses. Immunol. Rev. 194, 8-18
34. O'Connor, B.P. et al. (2003) The rise and fall of long-lived humoral immunity: terminal differentiation of plasma cells in health and disease. Immunol. Rev. 194, 61-76
35. Taga, S. et al. (1997) Intracellular signaling events in CD77-mediated apoptosis of Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Blood 90, 2757-2767
36. Tetaud, C. et al. (2003) Two distinct Gb3/CD77 signaling pathways leading to apoptosis are triggered by anti-Gb3/CD77 mAb and verotoxin-1. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 45200-45208
37. Serafini, B. et al. (2004) Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol. 14, 164-174
38. Ochsenbein, A.F. et al. (2000) Protective long-term antibody memory by antigen-driven and T help-dependent differentiation of long-lived memory B cells to short-lived plasma cells independent of secondary lymphoid organs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 13263-13268
39. + cell antibody repertoires in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Immunol. 173, 649-656
40. Kim, H.J. et al. (1999) Plasma cell development in synovial germinal centers in patients with rheumatoid and reactive arthritis. J. Immunol. 162, 3053-3062
41. Hjelmstrom, P. (2001) Lymphoid neogenesis: de novo formation of lymphoid tissue in chronic inflammation through expression of homing chemokines. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69, 331-339
42. Mebius, R.E. (2003) Organogenesis of lymphoid tissues. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3, 292-303
43. Archelos, J.J. et al. (2000) The role of B cells and autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 47, 694-706
44. Dale, R.C. and Morovat, A. (2003) Interleukin-6 and oligoclonal IgG synthesis in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuropediatrics 34, 141-145
45. Lennon, V.A. et al. (2004) A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 364, 2106-2112
46. Darnell, R.B. and Posner, J.B. (2003) Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the nervous system. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1543-1554
47. Williams, R.C., Jr. et al. (2004) Antibodies to microtubule-associated protein 2 in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 50, 1239-1247
48. Katzav, A. et al. (2003) CNS dysfunction in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 12, 903-907
49. Pranzatelli, M.R. et al. (2004) CSF B-cell expansion in opsoclonusmyoclonus syndrome: a biomarker of disease activity. Mov. Disord. 19, 770-777
50. Dale, R.C. et al. (2001) Poststreptococcal acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with basal ganglia involvement and autoreactive antibasal ganglia antibodies. Ann. Neurol. 50, 588-595
51. Butler, M.H. et al. (1993) Identification of a dominant epitope of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65) recognized by autoantibodies in stiff-man syndrome. J. Exp. Med. 178, 2097-2106
52. Vincent, A. et al. (2004) Potassium channel antibody-associated encephalopathy: a potentially immunotherapy-responsive form of limbic encephalitis. Brain 127, 701-712
53. Coesmans, M. et al. (2003) Mechanisms underlying cerebellar motor deficits due to mGluR1-autoantibodies. Ann. Neurol. 53, 325-336
54. Plomp, J.J. et al. (1999) Miller Fisher anti-GQ1b antibodies: α-latrotoxin-like effects on motor end plates. Ann. Neurol. 45, 189-199
55. Levite, M. (2002) Autoimmune epilepsy. Nat. Immunol. 3, 500
56. Batocchi, A.P. et al. (2001) Relapsing-remitting autoimmune agrypnia. Ann. Neurol. 50, 668-671
57. Chattopadhyay, S. et al. (2002) An autoantibody inhibitory to glutamic acid decarboxylase in the neurodegenerative disorder Batten disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11, 1421-1431
58. Wagner, S.D. and Neuberger, M.S. (1996) Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14, 441-457
59. Stavnezer, J. (1996) Immunoglobulin class switching. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 8, 199-205
60. Honjo, T. et al. (2004) AID: how does it aid antibody diversity? Immunity 20, 659-668