Extrafollicular antibody responses

Immunological Reviews

Volumn 194, Issue , 2003, Pages 8-18

  MacLennan, Ian C M ^a   Toellner, Kai Michael ^a   Cunningham, Adam F ^a   Serre, Karine ^a   Sze, Daniel M Y ^a   Zúñiga, Elina ^a   Cook, Matthew C ^a   Vinuesa, Carola G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN;

ADAPTATION; ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; EPITHELIUM; GERMINAL CENTER; LYMPH NODE; LYMPHOID TISSUE; MEMORY CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPLEEN;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL DIVISION; CELL MOVEMENT;

EID: 0038675204     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065X.2003.00058.x     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Kroese FG, Ammerlaan WA, Deenen GJ, Adams S, Herzenberg LA, Kantor AB. A dual origin for IgA plasma cells in the murine small intestine. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995;371A:435-440.
2. Bos NA, et al. Serum immunoglobulin levels and naturally occurring antibodies against carbohydrate antigens in germ-free BALB/c mice fed chemically defined ultrafiltered diet. Eur J Immunol 1989;19:2335-2339.
3. Bos NA, Meeuwsen CG, Van Wijngaarden P, Benner R. B cell repertoire in adult antigen-free and conventional neonatal BALB/c mice. II. Analysis of antigen-binding capacities in relation to VII gene usage. Eur J Immunol 1989;19:1817-1822.
4. Benner R, Hijmans W, Haaijman JJ. The bone marrow: the major source of serum immunoglobulins, but still a neglected site of antibody formation. Clin Exp Immunol 1981;46:1-8.
5. Smith KG, Hewitson TD, Nossal GJ, Tarlinton DM. The phenotype and fate of the antibody-forming cells of the splenic foci. Eur J Immunol 1996;26:444-448.
6. Jacob J, Kassir R, Kelsoe G. In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl. I. The architecture and dynamics of responding cell populations. J Exp Med 1991;173:1165-1175.
7. Liu YJ, Zhang J, Lane PJ, Chan EY, MacLennan IC. Sites of specific B cell activation in primary and secondary responses to T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens. Eur J Immunol 1991;21:2951-2962.
8. Jacob J, Kelsoe G, Rajewsky K, Weiss U. Intraclonal generation of antibody mutants in germinal centres. Nature 1991;354:389-392.
9. Liu YJ, Joshua DE, Williams GT, Smith CA, Gordon J, MacLennan IC. Mechanism of antigen-driven selection in germinal centres. Nature 1989;342:929-931.
10. MacLennan IC. Germinal centers. Annu Rev Immunol 1994;12:117-139.
11. Husband AJ, Monie HJ, Gowans JL. The natural history of the cells producing IgA in the gut. Ciba Found Symp 1977:29-54.
12. + delta-B lymphocyte subsets. Eur J Immunol 1982;12:564-569.
13. Nieuwenhuis P, Ford WL. Comparative migration of B- and T-Lymphocytes in the rat spleen and lymph nodes. Cell Immunol 1976;23:254-267.
14. Toellner KM, Gulbranson-Judge A, Taylor DR, Sze DM, MacLennan IC. Immunoglobulin switch transcript production in vivo related to the site and time of antigen-specific B cell activation. J Exp Med 1996;183:2303-2312.
15. MacLennan IC, Gray D. Antigen-driven selection of virgin and memory B cells. Immunol Rev 1986;91:61-85.
16. MacLennan IC, et al. The changing preference of T and B cells for partners as T-dependent antibody responses develop. Immunol Rev 1997;156:53-66.
17. Wykes M, Pombo A, Jenkins C, MacPherson GG. Dendritic cells interact directly with naïve B lymphocytes to transfer antigen and initiate class switching in a primary T-dependent response. J Immunol 1998;161:1313-1319.
18. Luther SA, Gulbranson-Judge A, Acha-Orbea H, MacLennan IC. Viral superantigen drives extrafollicular and follicular B cell differentiation leading to virus-specific antibody production. J Exp Med 1997;185:551-562.
19. Toellner KM, et al. T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 characteristics start to develop during T cell priming and are associated with an immediate ability to induce immunoglobulin class switching. J Exp Med 1998;187:1193-1204.
20. Kumararatne DS, MacLennan IC. Cells of the marginal zone of the spleen are lymphocytes derived from recirculating precursors. Eur J Immunol 1981;11:865-869.
21. Martin F, Kearney JF. Positive selection from newly formed to marginal zone B cells depends on the rate of clonal production, CD19, and btk. Immunity 2000;12:39-49.
22. Vinuesa CG, Sze DM, Cook MC, Toellner KM, Klaus GB, Ball J, MacLennan IC. Recirculating and germinal center B cells differentiate into cells responsive to polysaccharide antigens. Eur J Immunol 2003;33:297-305.
23. Liu YJ, Oldfield S, MacLennan IC. Memory B cells in T cell-dependent antibody responses colonize the splenic marginal zones. Eur J Immunol 1988;18:355-362.
24. Kumararatne DS, Bazin H, MacLennan IC. Marginal zones: the major B cell compartment of rat spleens. Eur J Immunol 1981;11:858-864.
25. Spencer J, Perry ME, Dunn-Walters DK. Human marginal zone B cells. Immunol Today 1998;19:421-426.
26. Stein H, Bonk A, Tolksdorf G, Lennert K, Rodt H, Gerdes J. Immunohistologic analysis of the organization of normal lymphoid tissue and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. J Histochem Cytochem 1980;28:746-760.
27. Timens W, Boes A, Rozeboomuiterwijk T, Poppema S. Immaturity of the human splenic marginal zone in infancy - possible contribution to the deficient infant immune-response. J Immunol 1989;143:3200-3206.
28. Oliver AM, Martin F, Gartland GL, Carter RH, Kearney JF. Marginal zone B cells exhibit unique activation, proliferative and immunoglobulin secretory responses. Eur J Immunol 1997;27:2366-2374.
29. Lane PJ, Gray D, Oldfield S, MacLennan IC. Differences in the recruitment of virgin B cells into antibody responses to thymus-dependent and thymus-independent type-2 antigens. Eur J Immunol 1986;16:1569-1575.
30. Liu YJ, Barthelemy C, de Bouteiller O, Arpin C, Durand I, Banchereau J. Memory B cells from human tonsils colonize mucosal epithelium and directly present antigen to T cells by rapid up-regulation of B7-1 and B7-2. Immunity 1995;2:239-248.
31. Dunn-Walters DK, Isaacson PG, Spencer J. Sequence analysis of rearranged IgVH genes from microdissected human Peyer's patch marginal zone B cells. Immunology 1996;88:618-624.
32. Klein U, Küppers R, Rajewsky K. Evidence for a large compartment of IgM-expressing memory B cells in humans. Blood 1997;89:1288-1298.
33. Balazs M, Martin F, Zhou T, Kearney JF. Blood dendritic cells interact with splenic marginal zone B cells to initiate T-independent immune responses. Immunity 2002;17:341-352.
34. Bazin H, Platteau B, Maclennan IC, Johnson GD. B-cell production and differentiation in adult rats. Immunology 1985;54:79-88.
35. Lortan JE, Roobottom CA, Oldfield S, MacLennan IC. Newly produced virgin B cells migrate to secondary lymphoid organs but their capacity to enter follicles is restricted. Eur J Immunol 1987;17:1311-1316.
36. MacLennan IC. B cell receptor regulation of peripheral B cells. Curr Opin Immunol 1998;10:220-225.
37. Gray D, MacLennan ICM, Lane PJL. Virgin B cell recruitment and the lifespan of memory clones during antibody responses to 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hemocyanin. Eur J Immunol 1986;16:641-648.
38. Cook MC, Basten A. Fazekas de St Groth B. Rescue of self-reactive B cells by provision of T cell help in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:2549-2558.
39. Sze DM, Toellner KM. Garcia de Vinuesa C, Taylor DR, MacLennan IC. Intrinsic constraint on plasmablast growth and extrinsic limits of plasma cell survival. J Exp Med 2000;192:813-821.
40. Reif K, Ekland E, Ohl L, Nakano H, Lipp M, Forster R, Cyster J. Balanced responsiveness to chemoattractants from adjacent zones determines B-cell position. Nature 2002;416:94-99.
41. Casamayor-Palleja M, Mondiere P, Verschelde C, Bella C, Defrance T. BCR ligation reprograms B cells for migration to the T zone and B-cell follicle sequentially. Blood 2002;99:1913-1921.
42. Garside P, Ingulli E, Merica RR, Johnson JG, Noelle RJ, Jenkins MK. Visualization of specific B and T lymphocytes interactions in the lymph node. Science 1998;281:96-99.
43. Cunningham AF, et al. Th2 activities induced during virgin T cell priming in the absence of IL-4, IL-13, and B cells. J Immunol 2002;169:2900-2906.
44. Stavnezer-Nordgren J, Sirlin S. Specificity of immunoglobulin heavy chain switch correlates with activity of germline heavy chain genes prior to switching. EMBO J 1986;5:95-102.
45. Lorenz M, Jung S, Radbruch A. Switch transcripts in immunoglobulin class switching. Science 1995;267:1825-1828.
46. Sideras P, Bergstedt-Lindqvist S, Severinson E. Partial biochemical characterization of IgG1-inducing factor. Eur J Immunol 1985;15:593-598.
47. Vitetta ES, Ohara J, Myers CD, Layton JE, Krammer PH, Paul WE. Serological, biochemical, and functional identity of B cell-stimulatory factor-I and B cell differentiation factor for IgG1. J Exp Med 1985;162:1726-1731.
48. Snapper CM, Paul WE. Interferon-gamma and B-cell stimulatory factor-I reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production. Science 1987;236:944-947.
49. Fearon DT, Manders P, Wagner SD. Arrested differentiation, the self-renewing memory lymphocyte, and vaccination. Science 2001;293:248-250.
50. Mock BA, Liu L, LePaslier D, Huang S. The B-lymphocyte maturation promoting transcription factor BLIMP1/PRDI-BF1 maps to D6S447 on human chromosome 6q21-q22.1 and the syntenic region of mouse chromosome 10. Genomics 1996;37:24-28.
51. Shaffer AL, et al. Blimp-1 orchestrates plasma cell differentiation by extinguishing the mature B cell gene expression program. Immunity 2002;17:51-62.
52. Calfon M, et al. IRE1 couples endoplasmic reticulum load to secretory capacity by processing the XBP-1 mRNA. Nature 2002;415:92-96.
53. Gass JN, Gifford NM, Brewer JW. Activation of an unfolded protein response during differentiation of antibody-secreting B cells. J Biol Chem 2002;277:49047-49054.
54. Reimold AM, et al. Plasma cell differentiation requires the transcription factor XBP-1. Nature 2001;412:300-307.
55. Vinuesa CG, et al. Tracking the response of Xid B cells in vivo: TI-2 antigen induces migration and proliferation but Btk is essential for terminal differentiation. Eur J Immunol 2001;31:1340-1350.
56. Jacobson EB, Caporale LH, Thorbecke GJ. Effect of thymus cell injections on germinal center formation in lymphoid tissues of nude (thymusless) mice. Cell Immunol 1974;13:416-430.
57. Vinuesa CG, et al. Germinal centers without T cells. J Exp Med 2000;191:485-494.
58. Shih TA, Meffre E, Roederer M, Nussenzweig MC. Role of BCR affinity in T cell-dependent antibody responses in vivo. Nat Immunol 2002;3:570-575.
59. Vinuesa CG, Cook MC, Cooke MP, MacLennan ICM, Goodnow CC. Analysis of B cell memory formation using DNA microarrays. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;975:33-45.
60. Toellner KM, et al. Low-level hypermutation in T cell-independent germinal centers compared with high mutation rates associated with T cell-dependent germinal centers. J Exp Med 2002;195:383-389.
61. Ridderstad A, Nossal GJ, Tarlinton DM. The xid mutation diminishes memory B cell generation but does not affect somatic hypermutation and selection. J Immunol 1996;157:3357-3365.
62. Jacob J, Kelsoe G. In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl. II. A common clonal origin for periarteriolar lymphoid sheath-associated foci and germinal centers. J Exp Med 1992;176:679-687.
63. Klinman NR, Linton PJ. The generation of B-cell memory: a working hypothesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1990;159:19-35.
64. Martin F, Oliver AM, Kearney JF. Marginal zone and B1 B cells unite in the early response against T-independent blood-borne particulate antigens. Immunity 2001;14:617-629.
65. Cascalho M, Ma A, Lee S, Masat L, Wabl M. A quasi-monoclonal mouse. Science 1996;272:1649-1652.
66. Vinuesa CG, et al. Dendritic cells associated with plasmablast survival. Eur J Immunol 1999;29:3712-3721.
67. Muramatsu M, Kinoshita K, Fagarasan S, Yamada S, Shinkai Y, Honjo T. Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme. Cell 2000;102:553-563.
68. Okazaki IM, Kinoshita K, Muramatsu M, Yoshikawa K, Honjo T. The AID enzyme induces class switch recombination in fibroblasts. Nature 2002;416:340-345.
69. Steinman RM, Pack M, Inaba K. Dendritic cells in the T-cell areas of lymphoid organs. Immunol Rev 1997;156:25-37.
70. Gulbranson-Judge A, MacLennan ICM. Sequential antigen-specific growth of T cells in the T zones and follicles in response to pigeon cytochrome c. Eur J Immunol 1996;26:1830-1837.
71. Achtman AH, Khan M, MacLennan ICM, Langhorne J. Malaria infection in mice induces strong B cell responses and striking but temporary changes in splenic cell distribution. J Immunol 2003;171.
72. Ansel KM, et al. A chemokine-driven positive feedback loop organizes lymphoid follicles. Nature 2000;406:309-314.
73. Wehrli N, et al. changing responsiveness to chemokines allows medullary plasmablasts to leave lymph nodes. Eur J Immunol 2001;31:609-616.
74. Hargreaves DC, et al. A coordinated change in chemokine responsiveness guides plasma cell movements. J Exp Med 2001;194:45-56.
75. von Bulow GU, van Deursen JM, Bram RJ. Regulation of the T-independent humoral response by TACI. Immunity 2001;14:573-582.
76. Do RK, Chen-Kiang S. Mechanism of BLyS action in B cell immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002;13:19-25.
77. Mackay F, Browning JL. BAFF: a fundamental survival factor for B cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2002;2:465-475.
78. Litinskiy MB, et al. DCs induce CD40-independent immunoglobulin class switching through BLyS and APRIL. Nat Immunol 2002;3:822-829.
79. Vinuesa CG, O'Leary P, Sze DM, Toellner KM, MacLennan IC. T-independent type 2 antigens induce B cell proliferation in multiple splenic sites, but exponential growth is confined to extrafollicular foci. Eur J Immunol 1999;29:1314-1323.
80. Le Bon A, Schiavoni G, D'Agostino G, Gresser I, Belardelli F, Tough DF. Type I interferons potently enhance humoral immunity and can promote isotype switching by stimulating dendritic cells in vivo. Immunity 2001;14:461-470.
81. Vinuesa GC, MacLennan IC, Holman M, Klaus GG. Anti-CD40 antibody enhances responses to polysaccharide without mimicking T cell help. Eur J Immunol 1999;29:3216-3224.
82. Erickson LD, et al. Short-circuiting long-lived humoral immunity by the heightened engagement of CD40. J Clin Invest 2002;109:613-620.
83. Lin KI, Lin Y, Calame K. Repression of c-myc is necessary but not sufficient for terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 2000;20:8684-8695.
84. Morse L, Chen D, Franklin D, Xiong Y, Chen-Kiang S. Induction of cell cycle arrest and B cell terminal differentiation by CDK inhibitor p18 (INK4c) and IL-6. Immunity 1997;6:47-56.
85. Luther SA, Maillard I, Luthi F, Scarpellino L, Diggelmann H, Acha-Orbea H. Early neutralizing antibody response against mouse mammary tumor virus: critical role of viral infection and superantigen-reactive T cells. J Immunol 1997;159:2807-2814.
86. Tourigny M, et al. CDK inhibitor p18 (INK4c) is required for the generation of functional plasma cells. Immunity 2002;17:179-189.
87. Ho F, Lortan JE, MacLennan IC, Khan M. Distinct short-lived and long-lived antibody-producing cell populations. Eur J Immunol 1986;16:1297-1301.
88. Slifka MK, Ahmed R. Long-lived plasma cells: a mechanism for maintaining persistent antibody production. Curr Opin Immunol 1998;10:252-258.
89. Manz RA, Cassese G, Thiel A, Radbruch A. Long-lived plasma cells survive independent of antigen. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999;246:71-75.