Gene-environment interplay in alcoholism and other substance abuse disorders: Expressions of heritability and factors influencing vulnerabilities

Neurotoxicity Research

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 343-361

  Palomo, Tomas ^a   Kostrzewa, R M ^b   Beninger, R J ^c   Archer, Trevor ^d,e  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO 12 DE OCTUBRE   (Spain)

^b East Tennessee State University   (United States)

^c QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^e LINNAEUS UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Antisocial personality; Cannabinoids; Cocaine; Environment; Executive functioning; Gene; Heritability; Impulsivity; Interplay; Longitudinal influences; MDMA; Neurochemical substrates; P300 amplitude; Personal attributes; Self control; Vulnerability

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; BIOGENIC AMINE;

ADDICTION; ALCOHOLISM; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PERSONALITY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; VIOLENCE;

ALCOHOLISM; BIOGENIC MONOAMINES; EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS, P300; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; HUMANS; PERSONALITY; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; VIOLENCE;

EID: 16644366339     PISSN: 10298428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF03033309     Document Type: Article

References (358)

1. Adalbjarnardottir S and FD Rafnsson (2002) Adolescent antisocial behaviour and substance use: Longitudinal analyses. Addict. Behav 27, 227-240.
2. Addolorato G, F Caputo, E Capristo, M Domenicali, M Bernardi, L Janiri, R Agabio, G Colombo, GL Gessa and G Gasbarrini (2002a) Baclofen efficacy in reducing alcohol craving and intake - a preliminary double-blind randomised controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol. 37, 504-508.
3. Addolorato G, F Caputo, E Capristo, L Janiri, M Bernardi, R Agabio, G Colombo, GL Gessa and G Gasbarrini (2002b) Rapid suppression of alcohol withdrawal syndrome by baclofen. Am. J. Med. 112, 226-229.
4. Addolorato G, L Leggio, L Abenavoli, G DeLorenzi, A Parente, F Caputo, L Janiri, E Capristo, GL Rapaccini and G Gasbarrini (2003) Suppression of alcohol delirium tremens by baclofen administration: A case report. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 26, 258-262.
5. Agabio R, G Cortis, F Fadda, GL Gessa, C Lobina, R Reali and G Colombo (1996) Circadian drinking pattern of Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Alcohol. 31, 385-388.
6. Agabio R, MAM Carai, C Lobina, M Pani, R Reali, G Vacca, GL Gessa and G Colombo (2000) Development of shorting-lasting alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol 21, 59-62.
7. Alexander J, B Porjesz, L Bauer, S Kuperman, S Morzorati, S O'Connor, J Rohrbaugh, H Begleiter and J Polich (1995) P300 hemispheric amplitude asymmetries from a visual oddball task. Psychophysiology 32, 467-475.
8. Allcock CC and DM Grace (1988) Pathological gamblers are neither impulsive nor sensation seekers. Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry 22, 307-311.
9. Allen T, FG Moeller, HM Rhoades and DR Cherek (1998) Impulsivity and history of drug dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 50, 137-145.
10. Almasy L, B Porjesz, J Blangero, DB Chorlian, SJ O'Connor, S Kuperman, J Rohrbaugh, LO Bauer, T Reich, J Polich and H Begleiter (1999) Heritability of event-related brain potentials in families with a history of alcoholism. Am. J. Med. Genet. 92, 383-390.
11. Almasy L, B Porjesz, J Blangero, A Goate, HJ Edenberg, DB Chorlian, S Kuperman, SJ O'Connor, J Rohrbaugh, LO Bauer, T Foroud, JP Rice, T Reich and H Begleiter (2001) Genetics of event-related brain potentials in response to a semantic priming paradigm in families with a history of alcoholism. Am. J. Human Genet. 68, 128-135.
12. Amark C (1951) A study in alcoholism: Clinical, social, psychiatric and genetic investigations. Acta Psychiatr. Neurol. Scand. 70 Suppl., 1-283.
13. Arbuckle T, J Chaikelson and DP Gold (1994) Social drinking and cognitive functioning revisited: The role of intellectual endowerment and psychological distress. J. Stud. Alcohol. 55, 352-361.
14. Archer T (1988) Ethopharmacological approaches to aggressive behaviour. Nordic J. Psychiatry 42, 471-477.
15. Arlinde C, W Sommer, K Björk, M Reimers, P Hyytia, K Kiianmaa and M Heilig (2004) Molecular correlates of the alcohol preferring phenotype in a genetic rat model: Differential gene expression in brains regions implicated in dependence. Pharmacogenomics J. 10, 1038-1044.
16. Arya R, R Duggirala, JT Williams, L Almasy and J Blangero (2001) Power to localise the major gene for disease liability is increased after accounting for the effects of related quantitative phenotypes. Genet. Epidemiol. 18, S774-S778.
17. Babor TF, S Berglas, J Mendelson, J Ellingboe and K Miller (1983) Alcohol, affect, and the disinhibition of verbal behaviour. Psychopharmacology 80, 53-60.
18. Babor TF, M Hofmann, FK DelBoca, V Hesselbrock, RE Meyer, ZS Dolinsky and B Rounsaville (1992) Types of alcohols, I: Evidence for an empirically derived typology based on indicators of vulnerability and severity. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49, 599-608.
19. Badia-Elder NE, RB Stewart, TA Powrozek, KF Roy, JM Murphy and TK Li (2001) Effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on oral ethanol intake in Wistar, alcohol-preferring (P), and non-preferring (NP) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 386-390.
20. Baker DA, K McFarland, RW Lake, H Shen, X-C Tang, S Toda and PW Kalivas (2003) Neuroadaptations in cystine-glutamate exchange underlie cocaine relapse. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 743-749.
21. Barkley RA (1997) Behavioural inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol. Bull. 121, 65-94.
22. Barkley RA, AD Anastopoulous, DC Guevremont and KE Fletcher (1992) Adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: mother-child-adolescent interactions, family beliefs and conflicts and maternal psychopathology. J. Abnormal Child Psychol. 20, 263-288.
23. Barratt E, M Stanford, K Thomas and A Felthous (1997) Neuropsychological and cognitive psychophysiological substrates of impulsive aggression. Biol. Psychiatry 41, 1045-1061.
24. Bauer L (1997) Frontal P300 decrements, childhood conduct disorder, family history, and the prediction of relapse among abstinent cocaine abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 44, 1-10.
25. Bauer L, S O'Connor and V Hesselbrock (1994) Frontal P300 decrements in antisocial personality disorder. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 18, 1300-1305.
26. Begleiter H and B Porjesz (1999) What is inherited in the predisposition toward alcoholism? A proposed model. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 23, 1125-1135.
27. Begleiter H, B Porjesz, B Bihari and B Kissin (1984) Event-related brain potentials in boys at risk for alcoholism. Science 238, 1493-1496.
28. Benson D (1991) The role of frontal dysfunction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Child. Neurol. 6, S9-S12.
29. Benson D (1993) Prefrontal abilities. Behav. Neurol. 6, 75-81.
30. Biederman J, T Wilens, E Mick, S Milberger, TJ Spencer and SV Faraone (1995) Psychoactive substance use disorders in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 1652-1658.
31. Blaszczynski A, Z Steel and N McConaghy (1997) Impulsivity in pathological gambling: The antisocial impulsivist. Addiction 92, 75-87.
32. Bleular M (1955) Familial and personal background of chronic alcoholics, In Etiology of Chronic Alcoholism (Drethelm O, Ed.) (CC Thomas: Springfield, IL), pp 165-184.
33. 2 receptor gene in alcoholism. JAMA 263, 2055-2060.
34. Bohman M, R Cloninger, S Sigvardsson and A-L von Knorring (1987) The genetics of alcoholisms and related disorders. J. Psychiatr. Res. 21, 447-452.
35. 9-tetrahydro-cannbinol affects the gene expression and the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase during early brain development. Life Sci. 56, 2177-2184.
36. 9-tetrahydrocannbinol on the fetal and early postnatal development of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in the rat brain. J. Mol. Neurosci. 7, 291-308.
37. Boomsma DI and CV Dolan (1998) A comparison of power to detect a QTL in sib-pair data using multivariate phenotypes, mean phenotypes, and factor scores. Behav. Genet. 28, 329-340.
38. Boulay D, D Duterte-Boucher, I Leroux-Nicollet, L Naudon and J Constentin (1996) Locomotor sensitization and decrease in [3H]mazindol binding to the dopamine transporter in the nucleus accumbens are delayed after chronic treatments by GBR 12909 or cocaine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 278, 330-337.
39. Brent D, J Perper and C Allman (1987) Alcohol, firearms, and suicide among youth: Temporal trends in Allegeny county, Pennsylvania, 1960-1983. JAMA 257, 3369-3372.
40. Brown ME, RF Anton, R Malcolm and JC Ballenger (1988) Alcohol detoxification and withdrawal seizures: Clinical support for a kindling hypothesis. Biol. Psychiatry 23, 507-514.
41. Bushman B (1993) Human aggression while under the influence of alcohol and other drugs: An integrative research review. Curr. Direc. Psychol. Sci. 2, 148-152.
42. Bushman B (1997) Effects of alcohol on human aggression: Validity of proposed explanations, In: Recent Developments in Alcoholism (Galanter M, Ed.) (Plenum Press: New York), pp 227-243.
43. Bushman B and H Cooper (1990) Effects of alcohol on human aggression: An integrative research review. Psychol. Bull. 107, 341-354.
44. Buss T, R Abdu and J Walker (1995) Alcohol, drugs, and urban violence in a small city trauma center. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 12, 75-83.
45. Caberlotto L, A Thorsell, R Rimondini, W Sommer, P Hyytia and M Heilig (2001) Differential expression of NPY and its receptors in alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 1564-1569.
46. Cadoret RJ (1992) Genetic and environmental factors in initiation of drug use and the transition to abuse, In Vulnerability to Drug Abuse (Glanty M and R Pickens, Eds.,) (American Psychological Association: Washington, DC), pp 99-113.
47. Cadoret RJ, CA Cain and RR Crowe (1983) Evidence for gene-environment interaction in the development of adolescent antisocial behaviour. Behav. Genet. 13, 301-310.
48. Cadoret RJ, TW O'Gorman, E Heywood and E Troughton (1985) Genetic and environment factors in major depression. J. Affect. Disord. 9, 155-164.
49. Cadoret RJ, E Troughton, TW O'Gorman and E Heywood (1986) An adoption study of genetic and environmental factors in drug abuse. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 43, 1131-1136.
50. Cadoret RJ, WR Yates, E Troughton, G Woodworth and MA Stewart (1995) Genetic-environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52, 916-924.
51. Cadoret RJ, G Winokur, D Langbehn, E Troughton, WR Yates and MA Stewart (1996) Depression spectrum disease, I: The role of gene-environment interaction. Am. J. Psychiatry 153, 892-899.
52. Carbonneau R, RE Tremblay, F Vitaro, PL Dobkin, JF Saucier and RO Pihl (1998) Paternal alcoholism, paternal absence and the development of problem behaviours in boys from age six to twelve years. J. Stud. Alcohol. 59, 387-398.
53. Carlton PL and P Manowitz (1994) Factors determining the severity of pathological gambling in males. J. Gambl. Stud. 10, 147-157.
54. Caspi A, J McClay, TE Moffitt, J Mill, J Martin, IW Craig, A Taylor and R Poulton (2002) Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297, 851-854.
55. Castellani B and L Rugle (1995) A comparison of pathological gamblers to alcoholics and cocaine misusers on impulsivity, sensation seeking and craving. Int. J. Addict. 30, 275-289.
56. Castellani B, E Wooton, L Rugle, R Wedgeworth, K Prabucki and R Olson (1996) Homelessness, negative effect, and coping among veterans with gambling problems who misused substances. Psychiatr. Serv. 47, 298-299.
57. Chabrol H and J Armitage (2002) Substance use and the development of antisocial personality in depressed adolescents. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 59, 665-667.
58. Chalmers D, NL Olenick and W Stein (1993) Dispositional traits as risk in problem drinking. J. Subst. Abuse 5, 401-410.
59. Chassin L, DR Pillow, PJ Curran, BS Molina and M Barrera Jr (1993) Relation of parental alcoholism to early adolescent substance use: A test of three mediating mechanisms. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 102, 3-19.
60. Chermack S and P Giancola (1997) The relationship between alcohol and aggression: An integrated biosocial approach. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 6, 621-649.
61. Choquet M, H Menke and R Manfredi (1991) Interpersonal aggressive behaviour and alcohol consumption among young urban adolescents in France. Alcohol Alcohol. 26, 381-390.
62. Clark DB, L Lesnick and AM Hegedus (1997) Traumas and other adverse life events in adolescents with alcohol abuse and dependence. J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry 36, 1744-1751.
63. Clark DB, J Cornelius, DS Wood and M Vanyukov (2004) Psychopathology risk transmission in children of parents with substance use disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 161, 685-691.
64. Cloninger CR (1987) A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 573-588.
65. 2 dopamine receptor gene is associated but not linked with alcoholism. JAMA 266, 1833-1834.
66. Cloninger R, M Bohman and S Sigvardsson (1981) Inheritance of alcohol abuse: Crossfostering analysis of adopted men. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 36, 861-868.
67. Cloninger R, S Sigvardson, S Gilligan, A von Knorring, T Reich and M Bohman (1988) Genetic heterogeneity and the classification of alcoholism. Adv. Alcohol. Subst. Abuse 7, 3-17.
68. Cohen HL, B Porjesz and H Begleiter (1993) The effects of ethanol on EEG activity in males at risk for alcoholism. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 86, 368-376.
69. Cohen HL, J Ji, DB Chorlian, H Begleiter and B Porjesz (2002) Alcohol-related ERP changes recorded from different modalities: A topographic analysis. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26, 303-317.
70. Collins J and P Messerschmidt (1993) Epidemiology of alcohol-related violence. Alcohol Health Res. World 17, 93-100.
71. Collins SL and S Izenwasser (2002) Cocaine differentially alters behaviour and neurochemistry in periadolescent versus adult rats. Dev. Brain Res. 138, 27-34.
72. Colombo G, R Agabio, C Lobina, R Reali, A Zocchi, F Fadda and GL Gessa (1995) Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats: A genetic animal model of anxiety. Physiol. Behav. 57, 1181-1185.
73. Colombo G, R Agabio, C Lobina, R Reali, G Vacca and GL Gessa (1998) Stimulation of locomotor activity by voluntarily consumed ethanol in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 357, 109-113.
74. Colombo G, R Agabio, MAM Carai, C Lobina, M Pani, R Reali, G Addolorato and GL Gessa (2000) Ability of baclofen in reducing alcohol intake and withdrawal severity: I - Preclinical evidence. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 24, 58-66.
75. Colombo G, S Serra, G Brunetti, R Gomez, S Melis, G Vacca, MAM Carai and GL Gessa (2002) Stimulation of voluntary ethanol intake by cannabinoid receptor agonists in ethanol-pre-ferring sP rats. Psychopharmacology 159, 181-187.
76. Colombo G, S Serra, G Brunetti, G Vacca, MA Carai and GL Gessa (2003a) Suppression by baclofen of alcohol deprivation effect in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 70, 105-108.
77. Colombo G, G Vacca, S Serra, G Brunetti, MA Carai and GL Gessa (2003b) Baclofen suppresses motivation to consume alcohol in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 167, 221-224. Epub 2003 Apr 01.
78. Colombo G, G Addolorato, R Agabio, MAM Carai, F Pibiri, S Serra, G Vacca and GL Gessa (2004a) Role of GABAB receptor in alcohol dependence: reducing effect of baclofen on alcohol intake and alcohol motivational properties in rats and amelioration of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and alcohol craving in human alcoholics. Neurotoxicity Res. 6, 403-414.
79. Colombo G, S Serra, G Vacca, GL Gessa and MA Carai (2004b) Suppression by baclofen of the stimulation of alcohol intake induced by morphine and WIN 55,212-2 in alcohol-preferring rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 492, 189-193.
80. Colombo G, G Vacca, S Serra, MA Carai and GL Gessa (2004c) Suppressing effect of the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist, SR 141 of alcohol's motivational properties in alcohol-preferring rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 498, 119-123.
81. Comeau N, SH Stewart and P Loba (2001) The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and sensation seeking to adolescents' motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Addict. Behav. 26, 803-825.
82. 2 receptor gene, a genetic risk factor in substance abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend. 34, 175-180.
83. 2 receptor gene in pathological gambling. Pharmacogenetics 6, 223-234.
84. Conway KP, JD Swendsen, J Bruce, BJ Rounsaville and KR Merikangas (2002) Personality, drug of choice, and comorbid psychopathology among substance abusers. J. Drug Alcohol Depend. 65, 225-234.
85. 2 receptor gene. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 16, 806-809.
86. Cookson H (1994) Personality variables associated with alcohol use in young offenders. Pers. Individ. Diff. 16, 179-182.
87. Corr PJ and V Kumari (2000) Individual differences in mood reactions to damphetamine: A test of three personality factors. J. Psychopharmacol. 14, 371-377.
88. Crowley TJ, SK Mikulich, M MacDonald, SE Young and GO Zerbe (1998) Substance-dependent, conduct-disordered adolescent males: Severity of diagnosis predicts 2-year outcome. Drug Alcohol Depend. 49, 225-237.
89. Czerwinski SA, MC Mahaney, JT Williams, L Almasy and J Blangero (1999) Genetic analysis of personality traits and alcoholism using a mixed discrete continuous trait variance component model. Genet. Epidemiol. 17, S121-S126.
90. Daghestani AN, E Elenz and JW Crayton (1996) Pathological gambling in hospitalized substance abusing veterans. J. Clin. Psychiatry 57, 360-363.
91. Damasio A and S Anderson (1993) The frontal lobes, In Clinical Neuropsychology (Heilman K and E Valenstein, Eds.) (Oxford University Press: New York), pp 409-460.
92. Dawes MA, RE Tarter and L Kirisci (1997) Behavioural self-regulation: correlates and 2-year follow-ups for boys at risk for substance abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend. 45, 165-176.
93. Dembo R, K Pacheco, J Schmeidler, L Fisher and S Cooper (1997) Drug use and delinquent behaviour among high risk youths. J. Child. Adolesc. Subst. Abuse 6, 1-25.
94. Disney ER, IJ Elkins, M McGue and WG Iacono (1999) Effects of ADHD, conduct disorder, and gender on substance use and abuse in adolescence. Am. J. Psychiatry 156, 1515-1521.
95. Drake M, A Pakalnis, M Brown and S Hietter (1988) Auditory event related potentials in violent and nonviolent prisoners. Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Neurol. Sci. 238, 7-10.
96. Drevets WC, JL Price, JR Simpson, RD Todd, T Reich, M Vannier and ME Raichle (1997) Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature 386, 824-827.
97. Eisen SV, DJ Youngman, MC Grob and DL Dill (1992) Alcohol, drugs and psychiatric disorders: A current view of hospitalized adolescents. J. Adolesc. Res. 7, 250-265.
98. Enoch MA and D Goldman (2001) The genetics of alcoholism and alcohol abuse. Curr. Psychiatr. Rep. 3, 144-151.
99. Evert D and M Oscar-Berman (1995) Alcohol-related cognitive impairments: an overview of how alcoholism may affect the workings of the brain. Alcohol Health Res. World 19, 89-96.
100. Eysenck SBG and HJ Eysenck (1978) Impulsiveness and venture-someness: their position in a dimensional system of personality description. Psychol. Rep. 43, 1247-1255.
101. Eysenck SBG and BJ McGurk (1980) Impulsiveness and venture-someness in a detention centre population. Psychol. Rep. 47, 1299-1306.
102. Eysenck SBG, PR Pearson, G Easting and J Allsop (1985) Age norms for impulsiveness, venturesomeness, and empathy in adults. Pers. Individ. Diff. 6, 516-519.
103. Fadda P, M Scherma, A Fresu, M Collu and W Fratta (2003) Baclofen antagonises nicotine-, cocaine-, and morphine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Synapse 50, 1-6.
104. Fals-Stewart W, ML Kelley, CG Cooke and JC Golden (2003) Predictors of the psychosocial adjustment of children living in households of parents in which fathers abuse drugs. The effects of postnatal parental exposure. Addict. Behav. 28, 1013-1031.
105. Feigelman W, PH Kleinman, HR Lesieur, R Millman and M Lesser (1995) Pathological gambling among methadone patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 39, 75-81.
106. Fernandez-Ruiz JJ, F Berrendero, ML Hernandez, J Romero and JA Ramos (1999) Role of endocannabinoids in brain development. Life Sci. 65, 725-736.
107. Fernandez-Ruiz JJ, F Berrendero, ML Hernandez, J Romero and JA Ramos (2000) The endogenous cannabinoid system and brain development. Trends Neurosci. 23, 14-20.
108. Fernandez-Ruiz JJ, M Gomez, M Hernandez, R de Miguel and JA Ramos (2004) Cannabinoids and gene expression during brain development. Neurotoxicity Res. 6, 389-402.
109. File SE, A Zharkovsky and K Gulati (1991) Effects of baclofen and nitrendipine on ethanol withdrawal responses in the rat. Neuropharmacology 30, 183-190.
110. Flory K, D Lynam, R Milich, C Leukefeld and R Clayton (2002) The relations among personality, symptoms of alcohol and marijuana abuse, and symptoms of comorbid psychopathology: Results from a community sample. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 10, 425-434.
111. Fox HC, AC Parrott and JJ Turner (2001) Ecstasy use: Cognitive deficits related to dosage rather than self-reported problematic use of the drug. J. Psychopharmacol. 15, 273-281.
112. Frances RJ, S Timm and S Bucky (1980) Studies of familial and nonfamilial alcoholism. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 37, 564-566.
113. Fredriksson A and T Archer (2004) Neurobehavioural deficits associated with apoptotic neurodegeneration and vulnerability for ADHD. Neurotoxicity Res. 6 (In press)
114. 2 dopamine receptor Ta q 1A genotype differences in event-related brain potentials, In Problems of Drug Dependence 1995 (Harris LS, Ed.) (NIDA Research Monograph 162: Rockville, MD, USA), p 129.
115. Gabel S, J Stadler, J Bjorn and R Shindledecker (1995) Homovanillic acid and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in male youth: Relationships with parental substance abuse and antisocial behaviour. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 21, 363-378.
116. Galen LW, KJ Brower, BW Gillespie and RA Zucker (2000) Sociopathy, gender, and treatment outcome among outpatient substance abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 60, 23-33.
117. Gerra G, A Zaimovic, G Giucastro, M Maestri, C Monica, R Sartori, R Caccavari and R Delsignore (1998) Serotonergic function after (±)3, 4-methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") in humans. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 13, 1-9.
118. Gerra G, A Zaimovic, U Zambelli, M Timpano, E Neri, GF Marzocchi, R Delsignore and F Brambilla (2000) Long-lasting effects of (±)3, 4-methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine (ecstasy) on serotonin system function in humans. Biol. Psychiatry 47, 127-136.
119. Gerra G, A Zaimovic, F Giusti, R Delsignore, MA Raggi, G Laviola, T Macchia and F Brambilla (2001) Experimentally-induced aggressive behaviour in subjects with (±)3, 4-methyl-ene-dioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") use history: Psychobiological correlates. J. Subst. Abuse 13, 471-491.
120. Gerra G, A Zaimovic, G Moi, F Giusti, S Gardini, R Delsignore, G Laviola, T Macchia and F Brambilla (2002) Effects of (±)3, 4-methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine (ecstasy) on dopamine system function in humans. Behav. Brain Res. 134, 403-410.
121. Gerra G, S Bassignana, A Zaimovic, G Moi, M Bussandri, R Caccavari, F Brambilla and E Molina (2003) Hypothalamic-pitu-itary-adrenal axis responses to stress in subjects with 3,4-meth-ylene-dioxy-methamphetamine ("ecstasy") use history: correlation with dopamine receptor sensitivity. Psychiatry Res. 120, 115-124.
122. Giancola P (1995) Evidence for dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortical involvement in the expression of aggressive behaviour. Agress. Behav. 21, 431-450.
123. Giancola PR (2000) Executive functioning: A conceptual framework for alcohol-related aggression. Exp. Clin. Psychopharm-acol. 8, 576-597.
124. Giancola R, C Martin, R Tarter, W Pelham and H Moss (1996) Executive cognitive functioning and aggressive behaviour in preadolescent boys at high risk for substance abuse/dependence. J. Stud. Alcohol 57, 352-359.
125. Gleason-Milgram G (1993) Adolescents, alcohol and aggression. J. Stud. Alcohol Suppl. 11, 53-61.
126. Glenn SW, OA Parsons and LT Smith (1996) ERP responses to target and nontarget visual stimuli in alcoholics from VA and community treatment programs. Alcohol 15, 85-92.
127. Goeders NE (2002) The HPA axis and cocaine reinforcement. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27, 13-33.
128. Gomez M, ML Hernandez, B Johansson, R de Miguel, JA Ramos and JJ Fernandez-Ruiz (2003) Prenatal cannabinoid exposure and gene expression for neural adhesion molecule L1 in the fetal rat brain. Dev. Brain Res. 147, 201-207.
129. Gorenstein E (1987) Cognitive perceptual deficit in an alcoholism spectrum disorder. J. Stud. Alcohol 48, 310-318.
130. Gorman DM and JH Derzon (2002) Behavioural traits and marijuana use and abuse, a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Addict. Behav. 27, 193-206.
131. Gottfredson MR and T Hirschi (1990) A General Theory of Crime (Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA).
132. Griffen KW, GJ Botvin, JA Epstein, MM Doyle and T Diaz (2000) Psychosocial and behavioural factors in early adolescence as predictors of heavy drinking among high school seniors. J. Stud. Alcohol 61, 603-606.
133. Grob CS, RE Poland, L Chang and T Ernst (1996) Psychobiologic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans: Methodological considerations and preliminary observations. Behav. Brain Res. 73, 103-107.
134. Grove WM, ED Eckert, L Heston, TJ Bouchard Jr, N Segal and DT Lykken (1990) Heritability of substance abuse and antisocial behaviour: A study of monozygotic twins reared apart. Biol. Psychiatry 27, 1293-1304.
135. Guerri C (2002) Mechanisms involved in central nervous system dysfunctions induced by prenatal ethanol exposure. Neurotoxicity Res. 4, 327-335.
136. Guerri C, E Climent and M Pascual (2001) Ethanol exposure enhances apoptosis during brain development and affects brain-derived neurotropic factor and its TrkB receptors. Alcohol Alcoholism 36, 437-439.
137. Hada M, B Porjesz, DB Chorlian, H Begleiter and J Polich (2001) Auditory P3a deficits in male subjects at high risk for alcoholism. Biol. Psychiatry 38, 726-738.
138. Hadfield MG, DEW Mott and JA Ismay (1980) Cocaine: Effect of in vivo administration on synaptosomal uptake of norepineph-rine. Biochem. Pharmacol. 29, 1861-1863.
139. Harmon-Jones E, E Barratt and C Wigg (1997) Impulsiveness, aggression, reading, and the P300 of the event-related potential. Pers. Individ. Diff. 22, 439-445.
140. Heath AC, KK Buchholz, PA Madden, SH Dinwiddie, WS Slutske, LJ Bierut, DJ Statham, MP Dunne, JB Whitfield and NG Martin (1997) Genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol dependence risk in a national twin sample: Consistency of findings in women and men. Psychol. Med. 27, 1381-1396.
141. Heidbreder CA, AC Thompson and TS Shippenberg (1996) Role of extracellular dopamine in the longterm expression of behavioural sensitisation to cocaine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 278, 490-502.
142. Heikkila RE, H Orlansky and G Cohen (1975) Studies on the distinction between uptake inhibition and release of [3H]dopamine in rat brain tissue slices. Biochem. Pharmacol. 24, 847-852.
143. Heilig M and W Sommer (2004) Functional genomics strategies to identify susceptibility genes and treatment targets in alcohol dependence. Neurotoxicity Res. 6, 363-372.
144. Heilig M and A Thorsell (2002) Brain neuropeptide Y (NPY) in stress and alcohol dependence. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 85-94.
145. Heilig M, B Söderpalm, JA Engel and E Widerlöv (1989) Centrally administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) produces anxiolytic-like effects in animal anxiety models. Psychopharmacology 98, 524-529.
146. Heilig M, GF Koob, R Ekman and KT Britton (1994) Corticotropin-releasing factor and neuropeptide Y: Role in emotional integration. Trends Neurosci. 17, 80-85.
147. Helmus TC, KK Downey, CL Arfken, MJ Henderson and CR Schuster (2001) Novelty seeking as a predictor of treatment retention for heroin dependent cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 61, 287-295.
148. 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol increases activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in cultured fetal mesencephalic neurons. J. Mol. Neurosci. 8, 83-91.
149. Hernandez ML, F Barrendero, I Suarez, L Garcia-Gil, M Cebeira, K Mackie, JA Ramos and JJ Fernandez-Ruiz (2000) Cannabinoid CB1 receptors colocalize with tyrosine hydroxylase in cultured fetal mesencephalic neurons and their activation increases the levels of this enzyme. Brain Res. 857, 56-65.
150. Hesselbrock V, L Bauer, S O'Connor and R Gillen (1993) Reduced P300 amplitude in relation to family history of alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder among young men at risk for alcoholism. Alcohol. Alcoholism (Suppl. 2) 95-100.
151. Hill SY, D Muka, S Steinhauer and J Locke (1995) P300 amplitude decrements in children from families of alcoholic female probands. Biol. Psychiatry 32, 622-632.
152. Hill SY, J Locke, N Zezza, B Kaplan, K Neiswanger, SR Steinhauer, G Wipprecht and J Xu (1998) Genetic association between reduced P300 amplitude and the DRD 2 dopamine receptor A1 allele in children at risk for alcoholism. Biol. Psychiatry 43, 40-51.
153. Hill SY, S Shen, J Locke, SR Steinhauer, C Konicky, L Lowers and J Connolly (1999) Developmental delay in P300 production in children at high risk for developing alcohol-related disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 36, 970-981.
154. Hoaken P, P Giancola and R Pihl (1998) Executive cognitive functions as mediators of alcohol-related aggression. Alcohol. Alcoholism 33, 47-54.
155. Horger BA, K Shelton and S Schenk (1990) Preexposure sensitizes rats to the rewarding effects of cocaine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 37, 707-711.
156. Hull J and C Bond (1986) Social and behavioural consequences of alcohol consumption and expectancy: A meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 99, 347-360.
157. Iacono WG (1998) Identifying psychophysiological risk for psy-chopathology: Examples from substance abuse and schizophrenia research. Psychophysiology 35, 621-637.
158. Iacono WG, SR Carlson, J Taylor, IJ Elkins and M McGue (1999) Behavioural disinhibition and the development of substance-use disorders: Findings from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Dev. Psychopathol. 13, 869-900.
159. Iacono WG, SR Carlson, SM Malone and M McGue (2002) P3 event-related potential amplitude and the risk for disinhibitory disorders in adolescent boys. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 59, 750-757.
160. Iacono WG, SM Malone and M McGue (2003) Substance use disorders, externalising psychopathology, and P300 event-related potential amplitude. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 48, 147-178.
161. Ilveskoski E, OA Kajander, T Lehtimaki, T Kunnas, PJ Karhunen, P Heinala, M Virkkunen and H Alho (2001) Association of neu-ropeptide Y polymorphism with the occurrence of type I and type II alcoholism. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 1420-1422.
162. Ito T, N Miller and V Pollock (1996) Alcohol and aggression: A meta-analysis of the moderating effects of inhibitory cues, triggering events, and self-focussed attention. Psychol. Bull. 120, 60-82.
163. Izenwasser S (2004) The role of the dopamine transporter in cocaine abuse. Neurotoxicity Res. 6, 379-384.
164. Izenwasser S and BM Cox (1992) Inhibition of dopamine uptake by cocaine and nicotine: Tolerance to chronic treatments. Brain Res. 573, 119-125.
165. Izenwasser S, D French, FI Carroll, and PM Kunko (1999) Continuous infusion of selective dopamine uptake inhibitors or cocaine produces time-dependent changes in locomotor activity. Behav. Brain Res. 99, 201-208.
166. Jackson KM, KJ Sher and PK Wood (2000) Prospective analysis of comorbidity: Tobacco and alcohol use disorders. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 109, 679-694.
167. Jacob T and S Johnson (1997) Parenting influences on the development of alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Health Res. World 21, 204-209.
168. Jaffe LT and RP Archer (1987) The prediction of drug use among college students from MMPI, MCMI, and sensation seeking scales. J. Pers. Assess. 51, 243-253.
169. Jang KL, PA Vernon and WJ Livesey (2000) Personality disorder traits, family environment, and alcohol misuse: A multivariate behavioural genetic analysis. Addiction 95, 873-888.
170. Janowsky DS, J Fawcett, K Meszaros and R Verhuel (2001) Core heritable personality characteristics and relapse in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 94S-98S.
171. Johnson EO, MBM van den Bree, GR Uhl and RW Pickens (1996) Indicators of genetic and environmental influence in drug abusing individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend. 41, 17-23.
172. Johnson JL and M Leff (1999) Children of substance abusers: Overview of research findings. Am. Acad. Pediatr. 103, 1085-1099.
173. Johnson R (1993) On the neural generators of the P300 component of the event-related potential. Psychophysiol. 30, 90-97.
174. Kalivas PW (2004) Recent understanding in the mechanisms of addiction. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 6, 347-351.
175. Kalivas PW and P Duffy (1993) Time course of extracellular dopamine and behavioural sensitisation to cocaine I. Dopamine axon terminals. J. Neurosci. 13, 266-275.
176. Kalivas PW and P Duffy (1998) Repeated cocaine administration alters extracellular glutamate in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurochem. 70, 1497-1502.
177. Kalivas PW, P Duffy, LA DuMars and C Skinner (1988) Behavioural and neurochemical effects of acute and daily cocaine administration in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 245, 485-492.
178. Kalivas PW, KK Szumlinski and P Worley (2004) Homer2 gene deletion in mice produces a phenotype similar to chronic cocaine treated rats. Neurotoxicity Res. 6, 385-388.
179. Kaufman-Kantor G and M Straus (1990) Parental drinking and violence and child aggression. Paper presented at the 98th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association. Boston, MA.
180. Kauhanen J, MK Karvonen, U Pesonen, M Koulu, TP Tuomainen, MI Uusitupa and JT Salonen (2000) Neuropeptide Y polymorphism and alcohol consumption in middle-aged men. Am. J. Med. Genet. 93, 117-121.
181. Kelley SP, MA Nannini, AM Bratt and CW Hodge (2001) Neuropeptide-Y in the paraventricular nucleus increases ethanol self-administration. Peptides 22, 515-522.
182. Kendler KS and CA Prescott (1998) Cannabis use, abuse, and dependence in a population-based sample of female twins. Am. J. Psychiatry 155, 1016-1022.
183. Kendler KS, AC Heath, MC Neale, RC Kessler and LJ Eaves (1992) A population-based twin study of alcoholism in women. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 268, 1877-1882.
184. Kendler KS, LM Karkowski, LA Corey, CA Prescott and MC Neale (1999a) Genetic and environmental risk factors in the aetiology of illicit drug initiation and subsequent misuse in women. Br. J. Psychiatry 175, 351-356.
185. Kendler KS, MC Neale, P Sullivan, LA Corey, CO Gardner and CA Prescott (1999b) A population-based twin study in women of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence. Psychol. Med. 29, 299-308.
186. Kendler KS, L Karkowski, L Corey, C Prescott and M Neale (2000) Illicit psychoactive substance use, heavy use, abuse, and dependence in a US population based sample of male twins. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 261-269.
187. Kendler KS, KC Jacobson, CA Prescott and MC Neale (2003) Specificity of genetic and environmental risk factors for use and abuse/dependence of cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, sedatives, stimulants and opiates in male twins. Am. J. Psychiatry 160, 687-695.
188. Kimberg D and M Farah (1993) A unified account of cognitive impairments following frontal lobe damage: The role of working memory in complex, organised behaviour. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 122, 411-428.
189. King GR, C Joyner, T Lee, C Kuhn and EH Ellinwood Jr (1992) Intermittent and continuous cocaine administration: Residual behavioural states during withdrawal. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 43, 243-248.
190. Kish SJ, Y Furukawa, L Ang, SP Vorce and KS Kalasinsky (2000) Striatal serotonin is depleted in brain of a human MDMA (ecstasy) user. Neurology 55, 294-296.
191. Klatsky A and M Armstrong (1993) Alcohol use, other traits, and risk of unnatural death. Alcoholism Clin. Exp. Res. 17, 1156-1162.
192. Koehl M, V Lemaire, W Mayo, DN Abrous, S Maccari, PV Piazza, M Le Moal and M Vallée (2002) Individual vulnerability to substance abuse and affective disorders: Role of early environmental influences. Neurotoxicity Res. 4, 281-296.
193. Kopstein AN, RM Crum, DD Celentano and SS Martin (2001) Sensation seeking needs among 8th and 11th graders: Characteristics associated with cigarette and marijuana use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 62, 195-203.
194. Krakowsky M, P Czobor, M Carpenter, J Libiger, M Kunz, H Papezova, B Parker, L Schmader and T Abad (1997) Community violence and inpatients assaults: Neurobiological deficits. J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neurosci. 9, 549-555.
195. Krystal JH, IL Petrakis, G Mason, L Trevisan and DC D'Souza (2003) N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors and alcoholism: Reward, dependence, treatment, and vulnerability. Pharmacol. Ther. 99, 79-94.
196. Kula NS and RJ Baldessarini (1991) Lack of increase in dopamine transporter binding or unction in rat brain tissue after treatment with blockers of neuronal uptake of dopamine. Neuropharmacol. 30, 89-92.
197. Kumpfer KL (1999) Outcome measures of interventions in the study of children of substance-abusing parents. Pediatrics 103, 1128-1144.
198. Langbehn DR, RJ Cadoret, K Caspers, EP Troughton and R Yucuis (2003) Genetic and environmental risk factors for the onset of drug use and problems in adoptees. Drug Alcohol Depend. 69, 151-176.
199. Lapierre D, C Braun and S Hodgins (1995) Ventral frontal deficits in psychopathy: Neuropsychological test findings. Neuropsychologia 33, 139-151.
200. Larkby C and N Day (1997) The effect of prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Health Res. World 21, 192-198.
201. Latcham RW (1985) Familial alcoholism: Evidence from 237 alcoholics. Br. J. Psychiatry 147, 54-57.
202. Le Moal M, DN Abrous, V Lemaire and M-F Montaron (2004) Environmentally induced longterm structural changes: Cues for functional orientation and vulnerabilities. Neurotoxicity Res. 6 (In press).
203. Leonard K and T Jacob (1988) Alcohol, alcoholism, and family violence, In Handbook of Family Violence (Van Hesselt V, R Morrison, A Bellack and M Hersen, Eds.) (Plenum: New York), pp 383-406.
204. Leonard K and M Senchak (1996) Prospective prediction of husband marital aggression within newly wed couples. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 105, 369-380.
205. Lesieur HR, SB Blume and R Zoppa (1986) Alcoholism, drug abuse and gambling. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 10, 33-38.
206. Levin FR and HD Kleber (1995) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: Relationships and implications for treatment. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 2, 246-258.
207. Lezak M (1995) Neuropsychological Assessment, 3rd Ed. (Oxford University Press: New York).
208. Li TK (2000) Pharmokinetics of responses to alcohol and genes that influence alcohol drinking. J. Stud. Alcohol 61, 5-12.
209. Litt MD, TF Babor, FK DelBoca, RM Kadden and NL Cooney (1992) Types of alcoholics, II: Application of an empirically derived typology to treatment matching. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49, 609-614.
210. Loney J, JE Langhorne, CE Paternite, M Whaley-Klahn, CT Blair-Broeker and M Hacker (1980) The Iowa habit: Hyperkinetic/aggressive boys in treatment, In Human Functioning in Longitudinal Perspective (Sells SB, R Crandell, M Roff, JS Strauss and W Pollin, Eds.) (Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD), pp 162-185.
211. Longshore D (1998) Self-control and criminal opportunity: A prospective test of the general theory of crime. Social Problems 45, 102-113.
212. Longshore D, S Turner and JA Stein (1996) Self-control in a criminal sample: An examination of construct validity. Criminology 34, 209-228.
213. Lueger R and K Gill (1990) Frontal-lobe cognitive dysfunction in conduct disorder adolescents. J. Clin. Psychol. 46, 696-705.
214. Lyvers M and I Maltzman (1991) Selective effects of alcohol on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance. Br. J. Addict. 86, 399-407.
215. Maccarrone M and A Finazzi-Agro (2003) The endocannabinoid system, anandamide and the regulation of mammalian cell apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 10, 946-955.
216. Maes H, CE Woodward, L Murelle, JM Meyer, JL Silberg, J Hewitt, M Rutter, E Simonoff, A Pickles, R Carbonneau, MC Neale and LJ Eaves (1999) Tobacco, alcohol and drug use in 8-16 year-old twins: The Virginia twin study of adolescent behavioural development. J. Stud. Alcohol 60, 293-305.
217. Majewska MD (2002) HPA axis and stimulant dependence: An enigmatic relationship. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27, 5-12.
218. Majumder PP, HB Moss and L Murrelle (1998) Familial and non-familial factors in the prediction of disruptive behaviours in boys at risk for substance abuse. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 39, 203-213.
219. Malloy P, N Noel, R Longbaugh and M Beattie (1990) Determinants of neuropsychological impairment in antisocial substance abusers. Addict. Behav. 15, 431-438.
220. Mannuzza S, RG Klein, A Bessler, P Malloy and M LaPadula (1993) Adult outcome of hyperactive boys: Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50, 565-576.
221. Manzanares J, J Corchero, J Romero, JJ Fernandez-Ruiz, JA Ramos and JA Fuentes (1999) Pharmacological and biochemical interactions between opioids and cannabinoids. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20, 287-294.
222. Mas M, M Farre, R de la Torre, PN Roset, J Ortuno, J Segura and J Cami (1999) Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 290, 136-145.
223. Mato S, E Del Olmo and A Pazos (2003) Ontogenetic development of cannabinoid receptor expression and signal transduction functionality in the human brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17, 1747-1754.
224. Mayerhofer A, KA Kovar and WJ Schmidt (2001) Changes in serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline levels in striatum and nucleus accumbens after repeated administration of the abused drug MDMA in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 308, 99-102.
225. Mayfield RD, JM Lewohl, PR Dodd, A Herlihy, J Liu and RA Harris (2002) Patterns of gene expression are altered in the frontal and motor cortices of human alcoholics. J. Neurochem. 81, 802-813.
226. McBurnett K, S Harris, J Swanson, L Pfiffner, L Tamm and D Freeland (1993) Neuropsychological and psychophysiological differentiation of inattention/overactivity and aggression/defiance symptom groups. J. Clin. Child Psychol. 22, 165-171.
227. McCord J (1981) Alcoholism and criminality: Confounding and differentiating factors. J. Study Alcohol 42, 739-748.
228. McCormick RA, J Taber, N Kreudelbach and A Russo (1997) Personality profiles of hospitalised pathological gamblers: The California Personality Inventory. J. Clin. Psychol. 43, 521-427.
229. McFarlane K, CC Lapish and PW Kalivas (2003) Prefrontal gluta-mate release into the core of the nucleus accumbens mediates cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behaviour. J. Neurosci. 23, 3531-3537.
230. McGue M, WG Iacono, LN Legrand and I Elkins (2001) Origins and consequences of age at first drink. II. Familial risk and heri-tability. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 1156-1165.
231. McKenna T and R Pickens (1981) Alcoholic children of alcoholics. J. Stud. Alcohol 42, 1021-1029.
232. Milberger S, J Biederman, SV Faraone, T Wilens and MP Chu (1997) Associations between ADHD and psychoactive substance use disorders. Am. J. Addiction 6, 318-329.
233. Miles DR, MBM van den Bree and RW Pickens (2002) Sex differences in shared genetic and environmental influences between conduct disorder symptoms and marijuana use in adolescents. Neuropsychiatric Genet. 114, 159-168.
234. Milner B and M Petrides (1984) Behavioural effects of frontal lobe lesions in man. Trends Neurosci. 7, 403-407.
235. Misgeld U, M Bijak and W Jarolimek (1995) A physiological role for GABAB receptor and the effects of baclofen in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 46, 423-462.
236. 2 dopamine receptor gene in children with idiopathic short stature. J. Human Genet. 44, 26-29.
237. Moffitt T (1993) Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistence antisocial behaviour: A developmental taxonomy. Psychol. Rev. 100, 674-701.
238. Moghaddam B (2003) Bringing order to the glutamate chaos in schizophrenia. Neuron 40, 881-884.
239. Modhaddam B (2004) Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors for treatment of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 174, 39-44.
240. Mokrani MC, F Duval, MA Crocq, PE Bailey and JP Macher (1995) Multihormonal responses to apomorphine in mental illness. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20, 365-375.
241. Morgan A and S Lilienfeld (2000) A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behaviour neuropsychological measures of executive function. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 20, 113-136.
242. Mulvihill L, T Skilling and M Vogel-Sprott (1997) Alcohol and the ability to inhibit behaviour in men and women. J. Stud. Alcohol 58, 600-605.
243. Murdoch D, R Pihl and D Ross (1990) Alcohol and crimes of violence: present issues. Int. J. Addiction 25, 1065-1081.
244. Nadeau L, M Landry and S Racine (1999) Prevalence of personality disorders among clients in treatment for addiction. Can. J. Psychiatry 44, 592-596.
245. 2 dopamine receptor gene, a review. Eur. Psychiatry 15, 79-89.
246. Noll RB, RA Zucker, HE Fitzgerald and JW Curtis (1992) Cognitive and motoric functioning of sons of alcoholic fathers and controls: The early childhood years. Dev. Psychol. 28, 665-675.
247. O'Connor S, L Bauer, A Tasman and V Hesselbrock (1994) Reduced P3 amplitudes are associated with both a family history of alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 18, 1307-1321.
248. Olney JW, T Tenkova, K Dikranian, YQ Qin, J Labruyere and C Ikonomidou (2002a) Ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegenera-tion in the developing C57BL/6 mouse brain. Dev. Brain Res. 133, 115-126.
249. Olney JW, DF Wozniak, V Jevtovic-Todorovic, NB Farber, P Bittigau and C Ikonomidou (2002b) Glutamate and GABA receptor dysfunction in the fetal alcohol syndrome. Neurotoxicity Res. 4, 315-25.
250. Oreland L, M Damberg, J Hallman, C Berggård and H Garpenstrand (2002a) Risk factors for the neurohumoral alterations underlying personality disturbances. Neurotoxicity Res. 4, 421-426.
251. Oreland L, M Damberg, J Hallman and H Garpenstrand (2002b) Smoking only explains part of the associations between platelet monoamine oxidase activity and personality. J. Neural Transm. 109, 963-975.
252. Oscar-Berman M and N Hutner (1993) Frontal lobe changes and chronic alcohol ingestion, In Alcohol-induced Brain Damage (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 22, NIH Publication No. 93-3549), (Hunt W and S Nixon, Eds.) (US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD), pp 121-156.
253. Palomo T, T Archer, RJ Beninger and RM Kostrzewa (2002) Neurodevelopmental liabilities of substance abuse. Neurotoxicity Res. 4, 267-279.
254. Palomo T, RJ Beninger, RM Kostrzewa and T Archer (2004) Gene-environment interplay in affect and dementia: Emotional modulation of cognitive expression in personal outcomes. Neurotoxicity Res. 6, 159-173.
255. Parks K, M Testa, J Livingston and L Zanatta (1996) Qualitative analyses of sexually aggressive incidents involving alcohol. Paper presented at the International Conference on Intoxication and Aggressive Behaviour of the Kettil Brunn Society, Toronto, Canada.
256. Parrott AC (2002) Recreational ecstasy/MDMA, the serotonin syndrome, and serotonergic neurotoxicity. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 71, 837-844.
257. Parrott AC, RM Milani, R Parmar and JD Turner (2001) Recreational ecstasy/MDMA and other drug users from the UK and Italy: Psychiatric symptoms and other psychobiological problems. Psychopharmacology 159, 77-82.
258. Partridge B and S Schenk (1999) Context-independent sensitisation to the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 63, 543-548.
259. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure modifies proenkephalin gene expression in the fetal rat brain: Sex dependent differences. Dev. Brain Res. 120, 77-81.
260. Peterson J, J Rothfleisch, P Zelazo and RO Pihl (1990) Acute alcohol intoxication and cognitive functioning. J. Stud. Alcohol 51, 114-122.
261. Petry NM (2001) Substance abuse, pathological gambling and impulsiveness. Drug Alcohol Abuse 63, 29-38.
262. Pierce RC, K Bell, P Duffy and PW Kalivas (1996) Repeated cocaine augments excitatory amino acid transmission in the nucleus accumbens only in rats having developed behavioural sensitisation. J. Neurosci. 16, 1550-1560.
263. Pihl RO and RJ Bruce (1995) Cognitive impairment in children of alcoholics. Alcohol Health and Res. World 19, 142-147.
264. Pihl RO, J Peterson and M Lau (1993) A biosocial model of the alcohol-aggression relationship. J. Stud. Alcohol (Suppl. 11), 128-139.
265. Polich J, VE Pollock and FE Bloom (1994) Meta-analysis of P300 amplitude from males at risk for alcoholism. Psychol. Bull. 109, 55-73.
266. Ponce G, MA Jimenez-Arriero, G Rubio, J Hoenicka, I Ampuero, JA Ramos and T Palomo (2003) The A1 allele of the DRD 2 gene (Ta q 1A polymorphism) is associated with antisocial personality in a sample of alcohol-dependent patients. Eur. Psychiatry 18, 356-360.
267. Ponce G, J Hoenicka, R Rodriguez-Jimenez, A Gozalo, M Jimenez, R Monasor, M Aragues, G Rubio, MA Jimenez-Arriero, JA Ramos and T Palomo (2004) DRD 2 TaqIA polymorphism is associated with urinary homovanillic acid levels in a sample of Spanish male alcoholic patients. Neurotoxicity Res. 6, 373-377.
268. Porjesz B, H Begleiter, B Bihari and B Kissin (1987) Event-related brain potentials to high incentive stimuli in abstinent alcoholics. Alcohol 6, 283-287.
269. Post R, L Lott, R Maddock and J Beede (1996) An effect of alcohol on the distribution of spatial attention. J. Stud. Alcohol 57, 260-266.
270. Prabhu VR, B Porjesz, DB Chorlian, K Wang, A Stimus and H Begleiter (2001) Visual P3 in female alcohols. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 229-248.
271. Prescott CA and KS Kendler (1999) Genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of male twins. Am. J. Psychiatry 156, 34-40.
272. Prescott CA, SH Aggen and KS Kendler (1999) Sex differences in the source of genetic liability to alcohol abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of US twins. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 23, 1136-1144.
273. Ramachandra G, B Porjesz, H Begleiter and A Litke (1996) A simple auditory oddball task in young males at risk for alcoholism. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 20, 9-15.
274. Ramirez LF, RA McCormick, AM Russo and JI Taber (1983) Patterns of substance abuse in pathological gamblers undergoing treatment. Additive Behav. 8, 425-428.
275. Ramos JA, R de Miguel, M Cebeira, M Hernandez and J Fernández-Ruiz (2002) Exposure to cannabinoids in the development of endogenous cannabinoid system. Neurotoxicity Res. 4, 363-372.
276. Ramsey SE and PR Finn (1997) P300 from men with a history of alcoholism under different incentive conditions. J. Stud. Alcohol 58, 606-616.
277. Rao U, ND Ryan, RE Dahl, B Birmaher, R Rao, DE Williamson and JM Perel (1999) Factors associated with the development of substance use disorder in depressed adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 38, 1109-1117.
278. Regier DA, ME Farmer, DS Rae, BZ Locke, SJ Keith, LL Judd and FK Goodwin (1990) Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) study. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 264, 2511-2528.
279. Reich W, F Earls, O Frankel and JJ Shayka (1993) Psychopathology in children of alcoholics. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 32, 995-1002.
280. Reid MS and SP Berger (1996) Evidence for sensitisation of cocaine-induced nucleus accumbens glutamate release. NeuroReport 7, 1325-1329.
281. Ricaurte GA, J Yuan, G Hatzidimitriou, BJ Cord and UD McCann (2002) Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA ("ecstasy"). Science 297, 2185-2187.
282. Ross SB and AL Renyi (1969) Inhibition of the uptake of tritiated 5-hydroxytryptamine in brain tissue. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 7, 270-277.
283. Ruchkin D, R Johnson, H Canoune, W Ritter and M Hammer (1990) Multiple sources of P3b associated with different types of information. Psychophysiology 27, 157-176.
284. Russell M (1990) Prevalence of alcoholism among children of alcohols, In Children of Alcoholics: Clinical Perspectives (Windle M and JS Searles, Eds.) (Guildford Press: New York), pp 197-207.
285. Scherrer JF, N Lin, SA Eisen, J Goldberg, WR True, MJ Lyons and MT Tsuang (1996) The association of antisocial personality symptoms with marijuana abuse/dependence: A monozygotic cotwin study. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 184, 611-615.
286. Schuckit MA (1984) Relationship between the course of primary alcoholism in men and family history. J. Stud. Alcohol 45, 334-338.
287. Schuckit MA (1998) Biological, psychological and environmental predictors of the alcoholism risk: A longitudinal study. J. Stud. Alcohol 59, 485-494.
288. Schuckit MA and M Irwin (1989) An analysis of the clinical relevance of Type 1 and Type 2 alcoholics. Br. J. Addiction 84, 869-876.
289. Schuckit MA, TL Smith, S Radziminski and E Heyneman (2000) Behavioural symptoms and psychiatric diagnoses among 162 children in non-alcoholic or alcoholic families. Am. J. Psychiatry 157, 1881-1883.
290. Seilhamer RA and T Jacob (1990) Family factors in the adjustment of children of alcoholics, In Children of Alcoholics: Clinical Perspectives (Windle M and JS Searles, Eds.) (Guildford Press: New York), pp 154-167.
291. Seto M and H Barbaree (1995) The role of alcohol in sexual aggression. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 15, 545-566.
292. Shallice T (1982) Specific impairments of planning. Phil. Transac. Royal Soc. London B 298, 199-209.
293. Sher KJ, BD Bartholow and MD Wood (2000) Personality and substance use disorders: A prospective study. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 68, 818-829.
294. Shippenberg TS and C Heidbreder (1995) Sensitization to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine: Pharmacological and temporal characteristics. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273, 808-815.
295. Skinstad AH and A Swain (2001) Comorbidity in a clinical sample of substance users. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 27, 45-64.
296. Slawecki CJ, M Betancourt, T Walpole and CL Ehlers (2000) Increases in sucrose consumption, but not ethanol consumption, following ICV NPY administration Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 66, 591-594.
297. Slutske WS, AC Heath, SH Dinwiddie, PAF Madden, KK Bucholz, MP Dunne, DJ Statham and NG Martin (1998) Common genetic risk factors for conduct disorder and alcohol dependence. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 107, 363-374.
298. Smith BR, J Robidoux and Z Amit (1992) GABAergic involvement in the acquisition of voluntary ethanol intake in laboratory rats. Alcohol Alcohol. 27, 227-231.
299. Smith BR, AEL Boyle and Z Amit (1999) The effects of GABAB agonist baclofen on the temporal and structural characteristics of ethanol intake. Alcohol 17, 231-240.
300. Smith S, P Arnett and J Newman (1992) Neuropsychological differentiation of psychopathic and nonpsychopathic criminal offenders. Personal Individ. Diff. 13, 1233-1243.
301. Sora I, FS Hall, AM Andrews, M Itokawa, X-F LI, H-B Wei, C Wichems, K-P Lesch, DL Murphy and GR Uhl (2001) Molecular mechanisms of cocaine reward: Combined dopamine and serotonin transporter knockouts eliminate cocaine place preference. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 5300-5305.
302. Sorg BA and C Ulibarri (1995) Application of a protein synthesis inhibitor into the ventral tegmental area, but not the nucleus accumbens, prevents behavioural sensitisation to cocaine. Synapse 20, 217-224.
303. Spanagel R and F Weiss (1999) The dopamine hypothesis of reward: Past and current status. Trends Neurosci. 22, 521-527.
304. Spunt B, P Goldstein, P Belluci and T Miller (1990) Race/ethnicity and gender differences in the drugs-violence relationship. J. Psychoactive Drugs 22, 293-303.
305. Spunt B, H Brownstein, P Goldstein, M Fendrich and H Liberty (1995a) Drug use by homicide offenders. J. Psychoactive Drugs 27, 125-134.
306. Spunt B, H Lesieur, D Hunt and L Cahill (1995b) Gambling among methadone patients. Int. J. Addict. 30, 929-962.
307. Stanford MS and ES Barratt (1992) Impulsivity and the multi-impulsive personality disorder. Personal Individ. Diff. 7, 831-834.
308. Steel Z and A Blaszczynski (1998) Impulsivity, personality disorders and pathological gambling severity. Addiction 93, 895-905.
309. Stuss D and D Benson (1984) Neuropsychological studies on the frontal lobe. Psychol. Bull. 95, 3-28.
310. Sussman S and CW Dent (1996) The correlates of alcohol concern among adolescents at high risk for drug abuse. J. Subst. Abuse 8, 361-370.
311. Sussman S, CW Dent and ER Galaif (1997) The correlates of substance abuse and dependence at risk for drug abuse. J. Subst. Abuse 9, 241-255.
312. Sussman S, CW Dent and AW Stacy (1999) The association of current stimulant use with demographic, substance use and violence-related, social and intrapersonal variables among high-risk youth. Addict. Behav. 24, 741-748.
313. Sussman S, CW Dent and L Leu (2000) The one-year prospective prediction of substance abuse and dependence in high-risk adolescents. J. Subst. Abuse 12, 373-386.
314. Sussman S, SL Ames, CW Dent and AW Stacy (2001) Self-reported high-risk locations of drug use among drug offenders. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 27, 281-299.
315. Sussman S, WJ McCuller and CW Dent (2003) The associations of social self-control, personality disorders, and demographics with drug use among high-risk youth. Addictive Behav. 28, 1159-1166.
316. Swanson CJ, DA Baker, D Carson, PF Worley and PW Kalivas (2001) Repeated cocaine administration attenuates group I metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated glutamate release and behavioural activation: A potential role for Homer. J. Neurosci. 21, 9043-9052.
317. Tabakoff B, SV Bhave and PL Hoffman (2003) Selective breeding, quantitative trait locus analysis, and gene arrays identify candidate genes for complex drug-related behaviours. J. Neurosci. 23, 4491-4498.
318. Thiele TE, DJ Marsh, M Ste, IL Bernstein and RD Palmiter (1998) Ethanol consumption and resistence are inversely related to neu-ropeptide Y levels. Nature 396, 366-369.
319. Thorsell A, R Rimondini and M Heilig (2002) Blockade of central neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptors reduces ethanol self-administration in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 332, 1-4.
320. True WR, AC Heath, JF Scherrer, H Xian, N Lin, SA Eisen, MJ Lyons, J Goldberg and MT Tsuang (1999) Interrelationship of genetic and environmental influences on conduct disorder and alcohol and marijuana dependence symptoms. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 88, 391-397.
321. Tsuang MT, MJ Lyons, RM Harley, H Xian, SA Eisen, J Goldberg, WR True and SV Faraone (1999) Genetic and environmental influences on transitions in drug use. Behav. Genet. 29, 473-479.
322. Tyrer P, J Gunderson, M Lyons and M Tohen (1997) Extent of comorbidity between mental state and personality disorders. J. Personal. Disord. 11, 260-269.
323. Tzschentke TM and WJ Schmidt (2003) Glutamatergic mechanisms in addiction. Mol. Psychiatry 8, 373-382.
324. US Department of Health and Human Services (1994) Substance abuse among women and parents, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Washington, DC.
325. Vacca G, S Serra, G Brunetti, MAM Carai, HH Samson, GL Gessa and G Colombo (2002) Operant self-administration of ethanol in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 26, 1678-1685.
326. Valdez A, C Kaplan, R Curtis and Z Yin (1995) Illegal drug use, alcohol and aggressive crime among Mexican American and White male arrestees in San Antonio. J. Psychoactive Drugs 27, 135-143.
327. Van den Bree MBM, EO Johnson, MC Neale, DS Svikis, MM McGue and RW Pickens (1998a) Genetic analysis of diagnostic systems of alcoholism in males. Biol. Psychiatry 43, 139-145.
328. Van den Bree MBM, DS Svikis and RW Pickens (1998b) Genetic influences in antisocial personality and drug use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 49, 177-187.
329. Van der Stelt O (1999) ESBRA-Nordmann 1998 Award Lecture: Visual P3 as a potential vulnerability marker of alcoholism: Evidence from the Amsterdam study of children of alcoholics. Eur. Soc. Biomedical Research on Alcoholism. Alcohol Alcoholism 35, 267-282.
330. Van der Stelt O, R Geesken, WB Gunning, J Snal and A Kok (1998) P3 scalp topography to target and novel visual stimuli in children of alcoholics. Alcohol 17, 119-136.
331. Van Praag (2002) Crossroads of corticotrophin releasing hormone, corticosteroids and monoamines. Neurotoxicity Res. 4, 531-555.
332. Vanderschuren LJ and PW Kalivas (2000) Alterations in dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission in the induction and expression of behavioural sensitization: A critical view of preclinical studies. Psychopharmacology 151, 99-120.
333. Vanyukov MM and RE Tarter (2000) Genetic studies of substance abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend. 59, 101-123.
334. Verhuel R (2001) Co-morbidity of personality disorders in individuals with substance use disorders. Eur. Psychiatry 16, 274-282.
335. Volkow N and L Tancredi (1987) Neural substrates of violent behaviour: A preliminary study with positron emission tomography. Br. J. Psychiatry 151, 668-673.
336. Volkow N, R Hitzemann, A Wolf, J Logan, J Fowler, D Christman, S Dewey, D Schlyer, G Burr, S Vitkun and J Hirschowitz (1990) Acute effects of ethanol on regional brain glucose metabolism and transport. Psychiatr. Res. 35, 39-48.
337. Volkow N, L Tancredi, C Grant, H Gillespie, A Valentine, N Mullani, G Wang and L Hollister (1995a) Brain glucose metabolism in violent psychiatric patients: A preliminary study. Psychiatr. Res. 61, 243-253.
338. Volkow N, G Wang and J Doria (1995b) Monitoring the brain's response to alcohol with positron emission tomography. Alcohol Health Res. World 19, 296-299.
339. Wahlestedt C, EM Pich, GF Koob, F Yee and M Heilig (1993) Modulation of anxiety and neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptors by anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotides. Science 259 (5094), 528-531.
340. Weiss F and LJ Porrino (2002) Behavioural neurobiology of alcohol addiction: Recent advances and challenges. J. Neurosci. 22, 3332-3337.
341. Weiss F, MT Lorang, FE Bloom and GF Koob (1993) Oral alcohol self-administration stimulates dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: Genetic and motivational determinants. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 267, 250-258.
342. West MO and RJ Prinz (1987) Parental alcoholism and childhood psychopathy. Psychol. Bull. 102, 204-218.
343. White JL, TE Moffitt, A Caspi, DJ Bartusch, DJ Needles and M Stouthamer-Loeber (1994) Measuring impulsivity and examining its relationship to delinquency. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 103, 192-205.
344. Williams JT and J Blangero (1999) Asymptotic power of likelihood-ratio tests for detecting quantitative trait loci using the COGA data. Genet. Epidemiol. Suppl. 16, S397-S402.
345. Williams JT, H Begleiter, B Porjesz, HJ Edenberg, T Foroud, T Reich, A Goate, P Van Eerdewegh, L Almasy, J Blangero (1999) Joint multipoint linkage analysis of multivariate qualitative and quantitative traits. II. Alcoholism and event-related potentials. Am. J. Human Genet. 64, 1148-1160.
346. Wills TA, K DuHamel and D Vaccaro (1995) Activity and mood temperature as predictors of adolescent substance use: Test of a self-regulation mediational model. J. Pers. Social Psychol. 68, 901-916.
347. Wills TA, JM Sandy and O Sinar (1999) Cloninger's constructs related to substance use level and problems in late adolescence: A mediational model based on self-control and coping motives. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 7, 122-134.
348. Wills TA, FX Gibbons, M Gerrard and GH Brody (2000) Protection and vulnerability processes relevant for early onset of substance use. A test among African American children. Health Psychol. 19, 253-263.
349. Windle M (1997) Concepts and issues in COA research. Alcohol Health Res. World 21, 185-191.
350. Windle M and JS Searles (1990) Children of Alcoholics: Critical Perspectives (Guildford Press: New York).
351. Wolff WM and AK Wolff (2002) Personality characteristics as a function of frequency and type of substance use. J. Adolescent 37, 706-716.
352. Yamaguchi S and R Knight (1991) Anterior and posterior association cortex contributions to the somatosensory P300. J. Neurosci. 11, 2039-2054.
353. Yeudall L, D Fromm-Auch and P Davies (1982) Neuropsychological impairment of persistent delinquency. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 170, 257-265.
354. Young SE, MC Stallings, RP Corley, KS Krauter and JK Hewitt (2000) Genetic and environmental influences on behavioural dis-inhibition. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 96, 684-695.
355. Young SE, RP Corley, MC Stalling, SH Rhee, TJ Crowley and JK Hewitt (2002) Substance use, abuse and dependence in adolescence: Prevalence, symptom profiles and correlates. J. Drug Alcohol Depend. 68, 309-322.
356. Zeichner A, R Pihl, R Niaura and C Zacchia (1982) Attentional processes in alcohol-mediated aggression. J. Stud. Alcohol 43, 714-724.
357. Zhu G, L Pollak, S Mottagui-Tabar, C Wahlestedt, J Taubman, M Virkkunen, D Goldman and M Heilig (2003) NPY leu7pro and alcohol dependence in Finnish and Swedish populations. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 27, 19-24.
358. Zucker RA and HE Fitzgerald (1991) Early developmental factors and risk for alcohol problems. Alcohol Health Res. World 15, 18-24.