Genomic instability and colon cancer

Cancer and Metastasis Reviews

Volumn 23, Issue 1-2, 2004, Pages 11-27

  Grady, William M ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Checkpoints; Colon cancer; Genomic instability; Mutation

Indexed keywords

CARCINOGENESIS; CARCINOMA CELL; CHROMOSOME DISORDER; CHROMOSOME LOSS; CHROMOSOME NOR; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; COLON ADENOCARCINOMA; COLON CANCER; COLON MUCOSA; DNA METHYLATION; GENE MUTATION; GENE TARGETING; GENOME ANALYSIS; HUMAN; MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; REVIEW; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

BASE PAIR MISMATCH; CARCINOMA; CHROMOSOMES; COLONIC NEOPLASMS; DNA REPAIR; HUMANS; MICROSATELLITE REPEATS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MUTATION; TRANSLOCATION, GENETIC;

EID: 1242292420     PISSN: 01677659     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1025861527711     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Fearon E, Vogelstein B: A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61: 759-767, 1990
2. Lengauer C, Kinzler K, Vogelstein B: Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature 396: 643-649, 1998
3. Kinzler K, Vogelstein B: Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87: 159-170, 1996
4. Duesberg P, Rausch C, Rasnick D, Hehlmann R: Genetic instability of cancer cells is proportional to their degree of aneuploidy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 13692-7, 1998
5. Cahill D, Lengauer C, Yu J, Riggins G, Willson J, Markowitz S, Kinzler K, Vogelstein B: Mutations of mitotic checkpoint genes in human cancers. Nature 392: 300-303, 1998
6. Veigl M, Kasturi L, Olechnowicz J, Ma A, Lutterbaugh J, Periyasamy S, Li G-M, Drummond J, Modrich P, Sedwick D, Markowitz S: Biallelic inactivation of hMLH1 by epigenetic gene silencing, a novel mechanism causing human MSI cancers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 95: 8698-8702, 1998
7. Bardi G, Sukhikh T, Pandis N, Fenger C, Kronborg O, Heim S: Karyotypic characterization of colorectal adenocarcinomas. Genes, Chromosomes, and Cancer 12: 97-109, 1995
8. Abdel-Rahman WM, Katsura K, Rens W, Gorman PA, Sheer D, Bicknell D, Bodmer WF, Arends MJ, Wyllie AH, Edwards PA: Spectral karyotyping suggests additional subsets of colorectal cancers characterized by pattern of chromosome rearrangement. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 2538-43, 2001
9. Saha S, Bardelli A, Buckhaults P, Velculescu VE, Rago C, Croix BS, Romans KE, Choti MA, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B: A phosphatase associated with metastasis of colorectal cancer. Science 294: 1343-6, 2001
10. Eshleman J, Casey G, Kochera M, Sedwick W, Swinler S, Veigl M, Willson J, Stuart S, Markowitz S: Chromosome number and structure both are markedly stable in RER colorectal cancers and are not destabilized by mutation of p53. Oncogene 17: 719-725, 1998
11. Lengauer C, Kinzler K, Vogelstein B: Genetic instability in colorectal cancers. Nature 386: 623-627, 1997
12. Zimonjic D, Brooks MW, Popescu N, Weinberg RA, Hahn WC: Derivation of human tumor cells in vitro without widespread genomic instability. Cancer Res 61: 8838-44, 2001
13. Grady W, Markowitz S: Genomic Instability in Colorectal Cancer, Current Opinions in Gastroenterology 16: 62-67, 2000
14. Muhua L, Adames NR, Murphy MD, Shields CR, Cooper JA: A cytokinesis checkpoint requiring the yeast homologue of an APC-binding protein. Nature 393: 487-91, 1998
15. Fodde R, Kuipers J, Rosenberg C, Smits R, Kielman M, Gaspar C, van Es JH, Breukel C, Wiegant J, Giles RH, Clevers H: Mutations in the APC tumor suppressor gene cause chromosomal instability. Nat Cell Biol 3: 433-438, 2001
16. Kaplan KB, Burds AA, Swedlow JR, Bekir SS, Sorger PK, Nathke IS: A role for the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli protein in chromosome segregation. Nat Cell Biol 3: 429-432, 2001
17. Jallepalli PV, Lengauer C: Chromosome segregation and cancer: Cutting through the mystery. Nat Rev Cancer 1: 109-117, 2001
18. Aaltonen L, Peltomaki P, Mecklin J-P, Jarvinen H, Jass J, Green J, Lynch H, Watson P, Tallquist G, Juhola M, Sistonen P, Hamilton S, Kinzler K, Vogelstein B, de la Chapelle A: Replication errors in benign and malignant tumors from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Research 54: 1645-1648, 1994
19. Grady W, Rajput A, Myeroff L, Liu D, Kwon K-H, Willis J, Markowitz S: Mutation of the type II transforming growth factor-β receptor is coincident with the transformation of human colon adenomas to malignant carcinomas. Cancer Research 58: 3101-3104, 1998
20. Jacoby R, Marshall D, Kailas S, Schlack S, Harms B, Love R: Genetic instability associated with adenoma to carcinoma progression in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Gastroenterology 109: 73-82, 1995
21. Bomme L, Bardi G, Pandis N, Fenger C, Kronborg O, Heim S: Cytogenetic analysis of colorectal adenomas: Karyotypic comparisons of synchronous tumors. Cancer Genetics and Cytogentics 106: 66-71, 1998
22. Ried T, Heselmeyer-Haddad K, Blegen H, Schrock E, Auer G: Genomic changes defining the genesis, progression, and malignancy potential in solid human tumors: A phenotype/genotype correlation. Genes, chromosomes, and cancer 25: 195-204, 1999
23. Rooney P, Murray G, Stevenson D, Haites N, Cassidy J, McLeod H: Comparative genomic hybridization and chromosomal instability in solid tumors. British Journal of Cancer 80: 862-873, 1999
24. Stoler DL, Chen N, Basik M, Kahlenberg MS, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Petrelli NJ, Anderson GR: The onset and extent of genomic instability in sporadic colorectal tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 15121-15126, 1999
25. Hermsen M, Postma C, Baak J, Weiss M, Rapallo A, Sciutto A, Roemen G, Arends JW, Williams R, Giaretti W, De Goeij A, Meijer G: Colorectal adenoma to carcinoma progression follows multiple pathways of chromosomal instability. Gastroenterology 123: 1109-1119, 2002
26. Meijer GA, Hermsen MA, Baak JP, van Diest PJ, Meuwissen SG, Belien JA, Hoovers JM, Joenje H, Snijders PJ, Walboomers JM: Progression from colorectal adenoma to carcinoma is associated with non-random chromosomal gains as detected by comparative genomic hybridisation. J Clin Pathol 51: 901-909, 1998
27. Shih IM, Zhou W, Goodman SN, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B: Evidence that genetic instability occurs at an early stage of colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 61: 818-822, 2001
28. Nowak MA, Komarova NL, Sengupta A, Jallepalli PV, Shih IM, Vogelstein B, Lengauer C: The role of chromosomal instability in tumor initiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 21: 21, 2002
29. Boland C, Thibodeau S, Hamilton S, Sidransky D, Eshleman J, Burt R, Meltzer S, Bigas-Rodriguez M, Fodde R, Ranzani G, Srivastava S: National Cancer Institute workshop on microsatellite instability for cancer detection and familial predispostion: Development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Research 58: 5248-5257, 1998
30. Eshleman J, Lang E, Bowerfind G, Parsons R, Vogelstein B, Willson J, Veigl M, Sedwick W, Markowitz S: Increased mutation rate at the hprt locus accompanies microsatellite instability in colon cancer. Oncogene 10: 33-37, 1995
31. Huang J, Papadopoulos N, McKinley A, Farrington S, Curtis L, Wyllie A, Zheng S, Willson J, Markowitz S, Morin P, Kinzler K, Vogelstein B, Dunlop M: APC mutations in colorectal tumors with mismatch repair deficiency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 93: 9049-9054, 1996
32. Konishi M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Tanaka K, Muraoka M, Onda A, Okumura Y, Kishi N, Iwama T, Mori T, Koike M, Ushio K, Chiba M, Nomizu S, Konishi F, Utsunomiya J, Miyaka M: Molecular nature of colon tumors in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, familial polyposis, and sporadic colon cancer. Gastroenterology 111: 307-317, 1996
33. Miyaki M, Iijima T, Kimura J, Yasuno M, Mori T, Hayashi Y, Koike M, Shitara N, Iwama T, Kuroki T: Frequent mutation of beta-catenin and APC genes in primary colorectal tumors from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, Cancer Res 59: 4506-4509, 1999
34. Fujiwara T, Stolker JM, Watanabe T, Rashid A, Longo P, Eshleman JR, Booker S, Lynch HT, Jass JR, Green JS, Kim H, Jen J, Vogelstein B, Hamilton SR: Accumulated clonal genetic alterations in familial and sporadic colorectal carcinomas with widespread instability in microsatellite sequences. Am J Pathol 153: 1063-1078, 1998
35. Olschwang S, Tiret A, Laurent-Puig P, Muleris M, Parc R, Thomas G: Restriction of ocular fundus lesions to a specific subgroup of APC mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli patients. Cell 75: 959-968, 1993
36. Yamamoto H, Sawai H, Perucho M: Frameshift somatic mutations in gastrointestinal cancer of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Cancer Research 57: 4420-4426, 1997
37. Yamamoto H, Sawai H, Weber T, Rodriguez-Bigas M, Perucho M: Somatic frameshift mutations in DNA mismatch repair and proapoptosis genes in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Research 58: 997-1003, 1998
38. Perucho M: Cancer of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Biological Chemistry 377: 675-684, 1996
39. Markowitz S, Wang J, Myeroff L, Parsons R, Sun L, Lutterbaugh J, Fan R, Zborowska E, Kinzler K, Vogelstein B, Brattain M, Willson J: Inactivation of the type II TGF-β receptor in colon cancer cells with microsatellite instability. Science 268: 1336-1338, 1995
40. Piao Z, Fang W, Malkhosyan S, Kim H, Horii A, Perucho M, Huang S: Frequent frameshift mutations of RIZ in sporadic gastrointestinal and endometrial carcinomas with microsatellite instability. Cancer Res 60: 4701-4704, 2000
41. Wicking C, Simms LA, Evans T, Walsh M, Chawengsaksophak K, Beck F, Chenevix-Trench G, Young J, Jass J, Leggett B, Wainwright B: CDX2, a human homologue of Drosophila caudal, is mutated in both alleles in a replication error positive colorectal cancer. Oncogene 17: 657-459, 1998
42. Mori Y, Yin J, Rashid A, Leggett BA, Young J, Simms L, Kuehl PM, Langenberg P, Meltzer SJ, Stine OC: Instabilotyping: Comprehensive identification of frameshift mutations caused by coding region microsatellite instability. Cancer Res 61: 6046-6049, 2001
43. Mirabelli-Primdahl L, Gryfe R, Kim H, Millar A, Luceri C, Dale D, Holowaty E, Bapat B, Gallinger S, Redston M: β-catenin mutations are specific for colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability but occur in endometrial carcinomas irrespective of mutator pathway. Cancer Research 59: 3346-3351, 1999
44. Parsons R, Myeroff L, Liu B, Willson J, Markowitz S, Kinzler K, Vogelstein B: Microsatellite instability and mutations of the transforming growth factor β type II receptor gene in colorectal cancer. Cancer Research 55: 5548-5550, 1995
45. Schwartz S, Yamamoto H, Navarro M, Maestro M, Reventos J, Perucho M: Frameshift mutations at mononucleotide repeats in caspase-5 and other target genes in endometrial and gastrointestinal cancer of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Cancer Research 59: 2995-3002, 1999
46. Gryfe R, Kim H, Hsieh ET, Aronson MD, Holowaty EJ, Bull SB, Redston M, Gallinger S: Tumor microsatellite instability and clinical outcome in young patients with colorectal cancer [see comments]. N Engl J Med 342: 69-77, 2000
47. Watanabe T, Wu TT, Catalano PJ, Ueki T, Satriano R, Haller DG, Benson AB, 3rd, Hamilton SR: Molecular predictors of survival after adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 344: 1196-1206, 2001
48. Messerini L, Ciantelli M, Baglioni S, Palomba A, Zampi G, Papi L: Prognostic significance of microsatellite instability in sporadic mucinous colorectal cancers. Human Pathology 30: 629-634, 1999
49. Feeley K, Fullard J, Heneghan M, Smith T, Maher M, Murphy R, O'Gorman T: Microsatellite instability in sporadic colorectal carcinoma is not an indicator of prognosis. Journal of Pathology 188: 14-17, 1999
50. Iacopetta B, Welch J, Soong R, House A, Zhou X, Hamelin R: Mutation of the transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor gene in right-sided colorectal cancer: Relationship to clinicopathological features and genetic alterations. Journal of Pathology 184: 390-395, 1998
51. Jiricny J: Replication errors: Cha(lle)nging the genome. Embo J 17: 6427-6436, 1998
52. Kolodner RD, Marsischky GT: Eukaryotic DNA mismatch repair. Curr Opin Genet Dev 9: 89-96, 1999
53. Marra G, Boland C: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: The syndrome, the genes, and historical perspective. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 87: 1114-1125, 1995
54. Wijnen JT, Vasen HF, Khan PM, Zwinderman AH, van der Klift H, Mulder A, Tops C, Moller P, Fodde R: Clinical findings with implications for genetic testing in families with clustering of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 339: 511-518, 1998
55. Liu B, Parsons R, Papadopoulos N, Nicolaides NC, Lynch HT, Watson P, Jass JR, Dunlop M, Wyllie A, Peltomaki P, de la Chapelle A, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: Analysis of mismatch repair genes in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer patients [see comments]. Nat Med 2: 169-174, 1996
56. Hemminki A, Peltomaki P, Mecklin JP, Jarvinen H, Salovaara R, Nystrom-Lahti M, de la Chapelle A, Aaltonen LA: Loss of the wild type MLH1 gene is a feature of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 8: 405-410, 1994
57. Peltomaki P, Vasen HF: Mutations predisposing to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: Database and results of a collaborative study. The International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer, Gastroenterology 113: 1146-1158, 1997
58. Yan H, Papadopoulos N, Marra G, Perrera C, Jiricny J, Boland CR, Lynch HT, Chadwick RB, de la Chapelle A, Berg K, Eshleman JR, Yuan W, Markowitz S, Laken SJ, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B: Conversion of diploidy to haploidy. Nature 403: 723-724, 2000
59. Langer S, Jentsch I, Gangnus R, Yan H, Lengauer C, Speicher MR: Facilitating haplotype analysis by fully automated analysis of all chromosomes in human-mouse hybrid cell lines. Cytogenet Cell Genet 93: 11-15, 2001
60. Liu B, Nicolaides N, Markowitz S, Willson J, Parsons R, Jen J, de la Chapelle A, Hamilton S, Kinzler K, Vogelstein B: Mismatch repair gene defects in sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. Nature Genetics 9: 48-53, 1995
61. Kane M, Loda M, Gaida G, Lipman J, Mishra R, Goldman H, Jessup J, Kolodner R: Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter correlates with lack of expression of hMLH1 in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repair-defective human tumor cell lines. Cancer Research 57: 808-811, 1997
62. Bellacosa A, Cicchillitti L, Schepis F, Riccio A, Yeung A, Matsumoto Y, Golemis E, Genuardi M, Neri G: MED1, a novel human methyl-CpG-binding endonuclease, interacts with DNA mismatch repair protein MLH1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 96: 3969-3974, 1999
63. Percesepe A, Kristo P, Aaltonen L, Ponz de Leon M, de la Chapelle A, Peltomaki P: Mismatch repair genes and mononucleotide tracts as mutation targets in colorectal tumors with different degrees of microsatellite instability. Oncogene 17: 157-163, 1998
64. Herman J, Umar A, Polyak K, Graff J, Ahujia N, Issa J-PJ, Markowitz S, Willson J, Hamilton S, Kinzler K, Kane M, Kolodner R, Vogelstein B, Kunkel T, Baylin S: Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 95: 6870-6875, 1998
65. Baylin SB, Herman JG: DNA hypermethylation in tumorigenesis: Epigenetics joins genetics. Trends Genet 16: 168-174, 2000
66. Jones P, Laird P: Cancer epigenetics comes of age. Nature Genetics 21: 163-167, 1999
67. Deng G, Chen A, Hong J, Chae H, Kim Y: Methylation of CpG in a small region of the hMLH1 promoter invariably correlates with the absence of gene expression, Cancer Research 59: 2029-2033, 1999
68. Deng G, Chen A, Pong E, Kim YS: Methylation in hMLH1 promoter interferes with its binding to transcription factor CBF and inhibits gene expression. Oncogene 20: 7120-7127, 2001
69. Grady WM, Willis J, Guilford PJ, Dunbier AK, Toro TT, Lynch H, Wiesner G, Ferguson K, Eng C, Park JG, Kim SJ, Markowitz S: Methylation of the CDH1 promoter as the second genetic hit in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer [In Process Citation]. Nat Genet 26: 16-17, 2000
70. Esteller M, Toyota M, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Capella G, Peinado MA, Watkins DN, Issa JP, Sidransky D, Baylin SB, Herman JG: Inactivation of the DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase by promoter hypermethylation is associated with G to A mutations in K-ras in colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 60: 2368-2371, 2000
71. Herman JG, Merlo A, Mao L, Lapidus RG, Issa JP, Davidson NE, Sidransky D, Baylin SB: Inactivation of the CDKN2/p16/MTS1 gene is frequently associated with aberrant DNA methylation in all common human cancers. Cancer Res 55: 4525-4530, 1995
72. Toyota M, Ho C, Ahuja N, Jair KW, Li Q, Ohe-Toyota M, Baylin SB, Issa JP: Identification of differentially methylated sequences in colorectal cancer by methylated CpG island amplification. Cancer Res 59: 2307-2312, 1999
73. Toyota M, Ahuja N, Ohe-Toyota M, Herman JG, Baylin SB, Issa JP: CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 8681-8686, 1999
74. Ried T, Knutzen R, Steinbeck R, Blegen H, Schrock E, Heselmeyer K, duManoir S, Auer G: Comparative genomic hybridization reveals a specific pattern of chromosomal gains and losses during the genesis of colorectal tumors. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 15: 234-245, 1996
75. Phear G, Bhattacharyya N, Meuth M: Loss of heterozygosity and base substitution at the APRT locus in mismatch-repair-proficient and -deficient colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Molecular and Cellular Biology 16: 6516-6523, 1996
76. Sato N, Mizumoto K, Nakamura M, Maehara N, Minamishima YA, Nishio S, Nagai E, Tanaka M: Correlation between centrosome abnormalities and chromosomal instability in human pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 126: 13-19, 2001
77. Saunders WS, Shuster M, Huang X, Gharaibeh B, Enyenihi AH, Petersen I, Gollin SM: Chromosomal instability and cytoskeletal defects in oral cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 303-308, 2000
78. Amon A: The spindle checkpoint. Curr Opin Genet Dev 9: 69-75, 1999
79. Tang Z, Bharadwaj R, Li B, Yu H: Mad2-Independent inhibition of APCCdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint protein BubR1. Dev Cell 1: 227-237, 2001
80. Li Y, Benezra R: Identification of a human mitotic checkpoint gene: hsMAD2, Science 274: 246-248, 1996
81. Jin D, Spencer F, Jeang K: Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 oncoprotein Tax targets the human mitotic checkpoint protein MAD1. Cell 93: 81-91, 1998
82. Dominguez A, Ramos-Morales F, Romero F, Rios RM, Dreyfus F, Tortolero M, Pintor-Toro JA: hpttg, a human homologue of rat pttg, is overexpressed in hematopoietic neoplasms. Evidence for a transcriptional activation function of hPTTG. Oncogene 17: 2187-2193, 1998
83. Saez C, Japon MA, Ramos-Morales F, Romero F, Segura DI, Tortolero M, Pintor-Toro JA: hpttg is over-expressed in pituitary adenomas and other primary epithelial neoplasias. Oncogene 18: 5473-5476, 1999
84. Heaney AP, Singson R, McCabe CJ, Nelson V, Nakashima M, Melmed S: Expression of pituitary-tumor transforming gene in colorectal tumors. Lancet 355: 716-719, 2000
85. Michel LS, Liberal V, Chatterjee A, Kirchwegger R, Pasche B, Gerald W, Dobles M, Sorger PK, Murty VV, Benezra R: MAD2 haplo-insufficiency causes premature anaphase and chromosome instability in mammalian cells. Nature 409: 355-359, 2001
86. Cahill DP, da Costa LT, Carson-Walter EB, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Lengauer C: Characterization of MAD2B and other mitotic spindle checkpoint genes. Genomics 58: 181-187, 1999
87. Doxsey S: The centrosome-a tiny organelle with big potential. Nature Genetics 20: 104-106, 1998
88. Brinkley BR: Managing the centrosome numbers game: From chaos to stability in cancer cell division. Trends Cell Biol 11: 18-21, 2001
89. Pihan GA, Purohit A, Wallace J, Malhotra R, Liotta L, Doxsey SJ: Centrosome defects can account for cellular and genetic changes that characterize prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res 61: 2212-2219, 2001
90. Lingle WL, Barrett SL, Negron VC, D'Assoro AB, Boeneman K, Liu W, Whitehead CM, Reynolds C, Salisbury JL: Centrosome amplification drives chromosomal instability in breast tumor development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 1978-1983, 2002
91. Zhou H, Kuang J, Zhong L, Kuo W-I, Gray J, Sahin A, Brinkley B, Sen S: tumor amplified kinase STK15/BTAK induces centrosome amplification, aneuploidy and transformation. Nature Genetics 20: 189-193, 1998
92. Sen S, Zhou H, White RA: A putative serine/threonine kinase encoding gene BTAK on chromosome 20q13 is amplified and overexpressed in human breast cancer cell lines. Oncogene 14: 2195-2200, 1997
93. Bischoff JR, Anderson L, Zhu Y, Mossie K, Ng L, Souza B, Schryver B, Flanagan P, Clairvoyant F, Ginther C, Chan CS, Novotny M, Slamon DJ, Plowman GD: A homologue of Drosophila aurora kinase is oncogenic and amplified in human colorectal cancers. Embo J 17: 3052-3065, 1998
94. Glover DM, Leibowitz MH, McLean DA, Parry H: Mutations in aurora prevent centrosome separation leading to the formation of monopolar spindles. Cell 81: 95-105, 1995
95. Francisco L, Wang W, Chan CS: Type 1 protein phosphatase acts in opposition to IpL1 protein kinase in regulating yeast chromosome segregation. Mol Cell Biol 14: 4731-4740, 1994
96. Myung K, Datta A, Kolodner RD: Suppression of spontaneous chromosomal rearrangements by S phase checkpoint functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell 104: 397-408, 2001
97. Nyberg KA, Michelson RJ, Putnam CW, Weinert TA: Toward maintaining the genome: DNA damage and replication checkpoints. Annu Rev Genet 36: 617-656, 2002
98. Bao S, Chang M-S, Auclair D, Sun Y, Wang Y, Wong W-K, Zhang J, Liu Y, Qian X, Sutherland R, Magi-Galluzi C, Weisberg E, Cheng E, Hao L, Sasaki H, Campbell M, Kraeft S-K, Loda M, Lo K-M, Chen L: HRad17, a human homologue of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe checkpoint gene rad17, is overexpressed in colon carcinoma. Cancer Research 59: 2023-2028, 1999
99. Rotman G, Shiloh Y: ATM: From gene to function. Human Molecular Genetics 7: 1555-1563, 1998
100. Smith L: Duplication of ATR inhibits MyoD, induces aneuploidy and eliminates radiation-induced G1 arrest. Nature Genetics 19: 39-46, 1998