Dissection of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression program by using the viral DNA replication inhibitor cidofovir

Journal of Virology

Volumn 78, Issue 24, 2004, Pages 13637-13652

  Lu, Michael ^a   Suen, Jacqueline ^a   Frias, Carolina ^a   Pfeiffer, Ruth ^a   Tsai, Mong Hsun ^a   Chuang, Eric ^a   Zeichner, Steven L ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIDOFOVIR; CYCLINE; DNA POLYMERASE; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 1; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 2; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 3; INTERLEUKIN 6; LATENCY ASSOCIATED NUCLEAR ANTIGEN; LATENCY ASSOCIATED NUCLEAR ANTIGEN 3; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN III; NUCLEOTIDE DERIVATIVE; PHORBOL 13 ACETATE 12 MYRISTATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS DNA;

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DNA MICROARRAY; DNA REPLICATION; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8; IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE; LYMPHOMA CELL; LYSIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OPEN READING FRAME; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STRUCTURAL GENE; VIRUS CAPSID; VIRUS EXPRESSION; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS LATENCY; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CYTOSINE; DNA REPLICATION; DNA, VIRAL; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, VIRAL; HERPESVIRUS 8, HUMAN; HUMANS; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAY SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; OPEN READING FRAMES; PHOSPHONIC ACIDS; VIRAL PROTEINS; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 10044265682     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.24.13637-13652.2004     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. An, J., Y. Sun, R. Sun, and M. B. Rettig. 2003. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encoded vFLIP induces cellular IL-6 expression: the role of the NF-kappaB and JNK/AP1 pathways. Oncogene 22:3371-3385.
2. Aoki, Y., E. S. Jaffe, Y. Chang, K. Jones, J. Teruya-Feldstein, P. S. Moore, and G. Tosato. 1999. Angiogenesis and hematopoiesis induced by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded interleukin-6. Blood 93:4034-4043.
3. Arvanitakis, L., E. Geras-Raaka, A. Varma, M. C. Gershengorn, and E. Cesarman. 1997. Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor linked to cell proliferation. Nature 385:347-350.
4. Bais, C., B. Santomasso, O. Coso, L. Arvanitakis, E. G. Raaka, J. S. Gutkind, A. S. Asch, E. Cesarman, M. C. Gershengorn, E. A. Mesri, and M. C. Gerhengorn. 1998. G-protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator. Nature 391: 86-89.
5. Bellows, D. S., B. N. Chau, P. Lee, Y. Lazebnik, W. H. Burns, and J. M. Hardwick. 2000. Antiapoptotic herpesvirus Bcl-2 homologs escape caspase-mediated conversion to proapoptotic proteins. J. Virol. 74:5024-5031.
6. Bittner, M., P. Meltzer, Y. Chen, Y. Jiang, E. Seftor, M. Hendrix, M. Radmacher, R. Simon, Z. Yakhini, A. Ben-Dor, N. Sampas, E. Dougherty, E. Wang, F. Marincola, C. Gooden, J. Lueders, A. Glatfelter, P. Pollock, J. Carpten, E. Gillanders, D. Leja, K. Dietrich, C. Beaudry, M. Berens, D. Alberts, and V. Sondak. 2000. Molecular classification of cutaneous malignant melanoma by gene expression profiling. Nature 406:536-540.
7. Boshoff, C., Y. Endo, P. D. Collins, Y. Takeuchi, J. D. Reeves, V. L. Schweickart, M. A. Siani, T. Sasaki, T. J. Williams, P. W. Gray, P. S. Moore, Y. Chang, and R. A. Weiss. 1997. Angiogenic and HIV-inhibitory functions of KSHV-encoded chemokines. Science 278:290-294.
8. Burysek, L., and P. M. Pitha. 2001. Latently expressed human herpesvirus 8-encoded interferon regulatory factor 2 inhibits double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. J. Virol. 75:2345-2352.
9. Burysek, L., W. S. Yeow, and P. M. Pitha. 1999. Unique properties of a second human herpesvirus 8-encoded interferon regulatory factor (vIRF-2). J. Hum. Virol. 2:19-32.
10. Cesarman, E., Y. Chang, P. S. Moore, J. W. Said, and D. M. Knowles. 1995. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body-cavity-based lymphomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:1186-1191.
11. Cesarman, E., P. S. Moore, P. H. Rao, G. Inghirami, D. M. Knowles, and Y. Chang. 1995. In vitro establishment and characterization of two acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma cell lines (BC-1 and BC-2) containing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like (KSHV) DNA sequences. Blood 86:2708-2714.
12. Cesarman, E., R. G. Nador, F. Bai, R. A. Bohenzky, J. J. Russo, P. S. Moore, Y. Chang, and D. M. Knowles. 1996. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus contains G protein-coupled receptor and cyclin D homologs which are expressed in Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant lymphoma. J. Virol. 70:8218-8223.
13. Chandran, B., C. Bloomer, S. R. Chan, L. Zhu, E. Goldstein, and R. Horvat. 1998. Human herpesvirus-8 ORF K8.1 gene encodes immunogenic glycoproteins generated by spliced transcripts. Virology 249:140-149.
14. Chang, Y., E. Cesarman, M. S. Pessin, F. Lee, J. Culpepper, D. M. Knowles, and P. S. Moore. 1994. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 266:1865-1869.
15. Chatterjee, M., J. Osborne, G. Bestetti, Y. Chang, and P. S. Moore. 2002. Viral IL-6-induced cell proliferation and immune evasion of interferon activity. Science 298:1432-1435.
16. Chen, Y., V. Kamat, E. R. Dougherty, M. L. Bittner, P. S. Meltzer, and J. M. Trent. 2002. Ratio statistics of gene expression levels and applications to microarray data analysis. Bioinformatics 18:1207-1215.
17. Eisen, M. B., P. T. Spellman, P. O. Brown, and D. Botstein. 1998. Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:14863-14868.
18. Endres, M. J., C. G. Garlisi, H. Xiao, L. Shan, and J. A. Hedrick. 1999. The Kaposi's sarcoma-related herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded chemokine vMIP-I is a specific agonist for the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)8. J. Exp. Med. 189:1993-1998.
19. Feng, P., J. Park, B. S. Lee, S. H. Lee, R. J. Bram, and J. U. Jung. 2002. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus mitochondrial K7 protein targets a cellular calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand to modulate intracellular calcium concentration and inhibit apoptosis. J. Virol. 76:11491-11504.
20. Gao, S. J., C. Boshoff, S. Jayachandra, R. A. Weiss, Y. Chang, and P. S. Moore. 1997. KSHV ORF K9 (vIRF) is an oncogene which inhibits the interferon signaling pathway. Oncogene 15:1979-1985.
21. Gardella, T., P. Medveczky, T. Sairenji, and C. Mulder. 1984. Detection of circular and linear herpesvirus DNA molecules in mammalian cells by gel electrophoresis. J. Virol. 50:248-254.
22. Glaunsinger, B., and D. Ganem. 2004. Lytic KSHV infection inhibits host gene expression by accelerating global mRNA turnover. Mol. Cell 13:713-723.
23. Glenn, M., L. Rainbow, F. Aurade, A. Davison, and T. F. Schulz. 1999. Identification of a spliced gene from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encoding a protein with similarities to latent membrane proteins 1 and 2A of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol. 73:6953-6963.
24. Godden-Kent, D., S. J. Talbot, C. Boshoff, Y. Chang, P. Moore, R. A. Weiss, and S. Mittnacht. 1997. The cyclin encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus stimulates cdk6 to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein and histone H1. J. Virol. 71:4193-4198.
25. Gradoville, L., J. Gerlach, E. Grogan, D. Shedd, S. Nikiforow, C. Metroka, and G. Miller. 2000. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open reading frame 50/Rta protein activates the entire viral lytic cycle in the HH-B2 primary effusion lymphoma cell line. J. Virol. 74:6207-6212.
26. Guan, P., A. H. Burghes, A. Cunningham, P. Lira, W. H. Brissette, K. Neote, and S. R. McColl. 1999. Genomic organization and biological characterization of the novel human CC chemokine DC-CK-1/PARC/MIP-4/SCYA18. Genomics 56:296-302.
27. Haque, M., J. Chen, K. Ueda, Y. Mori, K. Nakano, Y. Hirata, S. Kanamori, Y. Uchiyama, R. Inagi, T. Okuno, and K. Yamanishi. 2000. Identification and analysis of the K5 gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 74:2867-2875.
28. Honess, R. W., and B. Roizman. 1974. Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis. I. Cascade regulation of the synthesis of three groups of viral proteins. J. Virol. 14:8-19.
29. Honess, R. W., and B. Roizman. 1975. Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis: sequential transition of polypeptide synthesis requires functional viral polypeptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:1276-1280.
30. Hu, J., A. C. Garber, and R. Renne. 2002. The latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus supports latent DNA replication in dividing cells. J. Virol. 76:11677-11687.
31. Ideker, T., S. Ybarra, and S. Grimmond. 2003. Hybridization and posthybridization washing, p. 228-239. In D. Bowtell and J. Sambrook (ed.), DNA microarrays, 1st ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
32. Ishido, S., C. Wang, B. S. Lee, G. B. Cohen, and J. U. Jung. 2000. Down-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 and K5 proteins. J. Virol. 74:5300-5309.
33. 1 growth arrest. J. Virol. 77:9652-9661.
34. Jones, P. C., and B. Roizman. 1979. Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis. VIII. The transcription program consists of three phases during which both extent of transcription and accumulation of RNA in the cytoplasm are regulated. J. Virol. 31:299-314.
35. Kedes, D. H., and D. Ganem. 1997. Sensitivity of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication to antiviral drugs. Implications for potential therapy. J. Clin. Investig. 99:2082-2086.
36. Kirshner, J. R., D. M. Lukac, J. Chang, and D. Ganem. 2000. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open reading frame 57 encodes a posttranscriptional regulator with multiple distinct activities. J. Virol. 74:3586-3597.
37. Kledal, T. N., M. M. Rosenkilde, F. Coulin, G. Simmons, A. H. Johnsen, S. Alouani, C. A. Power, H. R. Luttichau, J. Gerstoft, P. R. Clapham, I. Clark-Lewis, T. N. Wells, and T. W. Schwartz. 1997. A broad-spectrum chemokine antagonist encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Science 277:1656-1659.
38. Kliche, S., W. Nagel, E. Kremmer, C. Atzler, A. Ege, T. Knorr, U. Koszinowski, W. Kolanus, and J. Haas. 2001. Signaling by human herpesvirus 8 kaposin A through direct membrane recruitment of cytohesin-1. Mol. Cell 7: 833-843.
39. Lee, B. S., X. Alvarez, S. Ishido, A. A. Lackner, and J. U. Jung. 2000. Inhibition of intracellular transport of B cell antigen receptor complexes by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K1. J. Exp. Med. 192:11-21.
40. Li, M., H. Lee, D. W. Yoon, J. C. Albrecht, B. Fleckenstein, F. Neipel, and J. U. Jung. 1997. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional cyclin. J. Virol. 71:1984-1991.
41. Li, M., J. MacKey, S. C. Czajak, R. C. Desrosiers, A. A. Lackner, and J. U. Jung. 1999. Identification and characterization of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K8.1 virion glycoprotein. J. Virol. 73:1341-1349.
42. Liao, W., Y. Tang, S. F. Lin, H. J. Kung, and C. Z. Giam. 2003. K-bZIP of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/ HHV-8) binds KSHV/HHV-8 Rta and represses Rta-mediated transactivation. J. Virol. 77:3809-3815.
43. Lin, C. L., H. Li, Y. Wang, F. X. Zhu, S. Kudchodkar, and Y. Yuan. 2003. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic origin (ori-Lyt)-dependent DNA replication: identification of the ori-Lyt and association of K8 bZip protein with the origin. J. Virol. 77:5578-5588.
44. Lin, S. F., D. R. Robinson, G. Miller, and H. J. Kung. 1999. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a bZIP protein with homology to BZLF1 of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol. 73:1909-1917.
45. Little, R. F., F. Merced-Galindez, K. Staskus, D. Whitby, Y. Aoki, R. Humphrey, J. M. Pluda, V. Marshall, M. Walters, L. Welles, I. R. Rodriguez-Chavez, S. Pittaluga, G. Tosato, and R. Yarchoan. 2003. A pilot study of cidofovir in patients with kaposi sarcoma. J. Infect. Dis. 187:149-153.
46. Lorenzo, M. E., J. U. Jung, and H. L. Ploegh. 2002. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 utilizes the ubiquitin-proteasome system in routing class major histocompatibility complexes to late endocytic compartments. J. Virol. 76:5522-5531.
47. Lubyova, B., M. J. Kellum, A. J. Frisancho, and P. M. Pitha. 2003. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded vIRF-3 stimulates the transcriptional activity of cellular IRF-3 and IRF-7. J. Biol. Chem. 279:7643-7654.
48. Lubyova, B., and P. M. Pitha. 2000. Characterization of a novel human herpesvirus 8-encoded protein, vIRF-3, that shows homology to viral and cellular interferon regulatory factors. J. Virol. 74:8194-8201.
49. Lukac, D. M., J. R. Kirshner, and D. Ganem. 1999. Transcriptional activation by the product of open reading frame 50 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is required for lytic viral reactivation in B cells. J. Virol. 73: 9348-9361.
50. Massimi, A., T. Harris, G. Childs, and S. Somerville. 2003. Printing on glass slides, p. 71-78. In D. Bowtell and J. Sambrook (ed.), DNA microarrays, 1st ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
51. Miller, G., L. Heston, E. Grogan, L. Gradoville, M. Rigsby, R. Sun, D. Shedd, V. M. Kushnaryov, S. Grossberg, and Y. Chang. 1997. Selective switch between latency and lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus in dually infected body cavity lymphoma cells. J. Virol. 71: 314-324.
52. Miller, G., M. O. Rigsby, L. Heston, E. Grogan, R. Sun, C. Metroka, J. A. Levy, S. J. Gao, Y. Chang, and P. Moore. 1996. Antibodies to butyrate-inducible antigens of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in patients with HIV-1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 334:1292-1297.
53. Molden, J., Y. Chang, Y. You, P. S. Moore, and M. A. Goldsmith. 1997. A Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded cytokine homolog (vIL-6) activates signaling through the shared gp130 receptor subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 272:19625-19631.
54. Montaner, S., A. Sodhi, A. Molinolo, T. H. Bugge, E. T. Sawai, Y. He, Y. Li, P. E. Ray, and J. S. Gutkind. 2003. Endothelial infection with KSHV genes in vivo reveals that vGPCR initiates Kaposi's sarcomagenesis and can promote the tumorigenic potential of viral latent genes. Cancer Cell 3:23-36.
55. Moore, P. S., and Y. Chang. 2001. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, p. 2803-2833. In D. M. Knipe and P. M. Howley (ed.), Fields virology, 4th ed., vol. 2. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.
56. Moore, P. S., and Y. Chang. 1995. Detection of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with and without HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:1181-1185.
57. Moore, P. S., S. J. Gao, G. Dominguez, E. Cesarman, O. Lungu, D. M. Knowles, R. Garber, P. E. Pellett, D. J. McGeoch, and Y. Chang. 1996. Primary characterization of a herpesvirus agent associated with Kaposi's sarcomae. J. Virol. 70:549-558.
58. Nakamura, H., M. Lu, Y. Gwack, J. Souvlis, S. L. Zeichner, and J. U. Jung. 2003. Global changes in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated virus gene expression patterns following expression of a tetracycline-inducible Rta transactivator. J. Virol. 77:4205-4220.
59. Nealon, K., W. W. Newcomb, T. R. Pray, C. S. Craik, J. C. Brown, and D. H. Kedes. 2001. Lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus results in the formation of multiple capsid species: isolation and molecular characterization of A, B, and C capsids from a gammaherpesvirus. J. Virol. 75:2865-2878.
60. Neipel, F., J. C. Albrecht, A. Ensser, Y. Q. Huang, J. J. Li, A. E. Friedman-Kien, and B. Fleckenstein. 1997. Human herpesvirus 8 encodes a homolog of interleukin-6. J. Virol. 71:839-842.
61. Neipel, F., J. C. Albrecht, and B. Fleckenstein. 1997. Cell-homologous genes in the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated rhadinovirus human herpesvirus 8: determinants of its pathogenicity? J. Virol. 71:4187-4192.
62. Nishimura, K., K. Ueda, S. Sakakibara, K. Ishikawa, J. Chen, T. Okuno, and K. Yamanishi. 2001. Functional analysis of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus RTA in an RTA-depressed cell line. J. Hum. Virol. 4:296-305.
63. Paulose-Murphy, M., N. K. Ha, C. Xiang, Y. Chen, L. Gillim, R. Yarchoan, P. Meltzer, M. Bittner, J. Trent, and S. Zeichner. 2001. Transcription program of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus). J. Virol. 75:4843-4853.
64. Poole, L. J., J. C. Zong, D. M. Ciufo, D. J. Alcendor, J. S. Cannon, R. Ambinder, J. M. Orenstein, M. S. Reitz, and G. S. Hayward. 1999. Comparison of genetic variability at multiple loci across the genomes of the major subtypes of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus reveals evidence for recombination and for two distinct types of open reading frame K15 alleles at the right-hand end. J. Virol. 73:6646-6660.
65. Powell, K. L., D. J. Purifoy, and R. J. Courtney. 1975. The synthesis of herpes simplex virus proteins in the absence of virus DNA synthesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 66:262-271.
66. Renne, R., M. Lagunoff, W. Zhong, and D. Ganem. 1996. The size and conformation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) DNA in infected cells and virions. J. Virol. 70:8151-8154.
67. Renne, R., W. Zhong, B. Herndier, M. McGrath, N. Abbey, D. Kedes, and D. Ganem. 1996. Lytic growth of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in culture. Nat. Med. 2:342-346.
68. Rivas, C., A. E. Thlick, C. Parravicini, P. S. Moore, and Y. Chang. 2001. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA2 is a B-cell-specific latent viral protein that inhibits p53. J. Virol. 75:429-438.
69. Russo, J. J., R. A. Bohenzky, M. C. Chien, J. Chen, M. Yan, D. Maddalena, J. P. Parry, D. Peruzzi, I. S. Edelman, Y. Chang, and P. S. Moore. 1996. Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:14862-14867.
70. Sarid, R., T. Sato, R. A. Bohenzky, J. J. Russo, and Y. Chang. 1997. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional bcl-2 homologue. Nat. Med. 3:293-298.
71. Sharp, T. V., H. W. Wang, A. Koumi, D. Hollyman, Y. Endo, H. Ye, M. Q. Du, and C. Boshoff. 2002. K15 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is latently expressed and binds to HAX-1, a protein with antiapoptotic function. J. Virol. 76:802-816.
72. Soulier, J., L. Grollet, E. Oksenhendler, P. Cacoub, D. Cazals-Hatem, P. Babinet, M. F. d'Agay, J. P. Clauvel, M. Raphael, L. Degos, et al. 1995. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in multicentric Castleman's disease. Blood 86:1276-1280.
73. Stine, J. T., C. Wood, M. Hill, A. Epp, C. J. Raport, V. L. Schweickart, Y. Endo, T. Sasaki, G. Simmons, C. Boshoff, P. Clapham, Y. Chang, P. Moore, P. W. Gray, and D. Chantry. 2000. KSHV-encoded CC chemokine vMIP-III is a CCR4 agonist, stimulates angiogenesis, and selectively chemoattracts TH2 cells. Blood 95:1151-1157.
74. Sun, R., S. F. Lin, L. Gradoville, and G. Miller. 1996. Polyadenylylated nuclear RNA encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:11883-11888.
75. Sun, R., S. F. Lin, L. Gradoville, Y. Yuan, F. Zhu, and G. Miller. 1998. A viral gene that activates lytic cycle expression of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:10866-10871.
76. Swanstrom, R. I., and E. K. Wagner. 1974. Regulation of synthesis of herpes simplex type 1 virus mRNA during productive infection. Virology 60:522-533.
77. Thome, M., P. Schneider, K. Hofmann, H. Fickenscher, E. Meinl, F. Neipel, C. Mattmann, K. Burns, J. L. Bodmer, M. Schroter, C. Scaffidi, P. H. Krammer, M. E. Peter, and J. Tschopp. 1997. Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors. Nature 386: 517-521.
78. Unal, A., T. R. Pray, M. Lagunoff, M. W. Pennington, D. Ganem, and C. S. Craik. 1997. The protease and the assembly protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8). J. Virol. 71:7030-7038.
79. Wang, S. E., F. Y. Wu, Y. Yu, and G. S. Hayward. 2003. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha is induced during the early stages of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic cycle reactivation and together with the KSHV replication and transcription activator (RTA) cooperatively stimulates the viral RTA, MTA, and PAN promoters. J. Virol. 77:9590-9612.
80. Ward, R. L., and J. G. Stevens. 1975. Effect of cytosine arabinoside on viral-specific protein synthesis in cells infected with herpes simplex virus. J. Virol. 15:71-80.
81. Yang, T. Y., S. C. Chen, M. W. Leach, D. Manfra, B. Homey, M. Wiekowski, L. Sullivan, C. H. Jenh, S. K. Narula, S. W. Chensue, and S. A. Lira. 2000. Transgenic expression of the chemokine receptor encoded by human herpesvirus 8 induces an angioproliferative disease resembling Kaposi's sarcoma. J. Exp. Med. 191:445-454.
82. Zhong, W., H. Wang, B. Herndier, and D. Ganem. 1996. Restricted expression of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genes in Kaposi sarcoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:6641-6646.
83. Zhu, F. X., T. Cusano, and Y. Yuan. 1999. Identification of the immediate-early transcripts of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 73: 5556-5567.
84. Zhu, F. X., S. M. King, E. J. Smith, D. E. Levy, and Y. Yuan. 2002. A Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesviral protein inhibits virus-mediated induction of type I interferon by blocking IRF-7 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:5573-5578.
85. Zong, J. C., D. M. Ciufo, D. J. Alcendor, X. Wan, J. Nicholas, P. J. Browning, P. L. Rady, S. K. Tyring, J. M. Orenstein, C. S. Rabkin, I. J. Su, K. F. Powell, M. Croxson, K. E. Foreman, B. J. Nickoloff, S. Alkan, and G. S. Hayward. 1999. High-level variability in the ORF-K1 membrane protein gene at the left end of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome defines four major virus subtypes and multiple variants or clades in different human populations. J. Virol. 73:4156-4170.