Two-photon excitation microscopy

Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics

Volumn 126, Issue , 2003, Pages

  Diaspro, Alberto ^a,b   Chirico, Giuseppe ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUORESCENCE; LASER PULSES; LIGHT EMISSION; OPTICAL MICROSCOPY; SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

PHOTOTOXICITY; SPECTRAL DISTANCE; TWO-PHOTON EXCITATION (TPE);

PHOTONS;

EID: 0347981385     PISSN: 10765670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1076-5670(03)80016-2     Document Type: Article

References (229)

1. Abbe, E. (1910). edited by O. Lummer and F. Reiche. Braunschweig.
2. Agard D.A. Optical sectioning microscopy: Cellular architecture in three dimensions. Annu. Rev. Biophys. 13 (1984) 191-219
3. Agard D.A., Hiraoka Y., Shaw P.J., and Sedat J.W. Fluorescence microscopy in three-dimensions. Methods Cell Biol. 30 (1989) 353-378
4. Albota M., et al. Design of organic molecules with large two-photon absorption cross sections. Science 281 (1998) 1653-1656
5. Albota M.A., Xu C., and Webb W.W. Two-photon fluorescence excitation cross sections of biomolecular probes from 690 to 960 nm. Appl. Opt. 37 (1998) 7352-7356
6. Amos B. Lessons from the history of light microscopy. Nat. Cell Biol. 2 (2000) E151-E152
7. Andrews D.L. A simple statistical treatment of multiphoton absorption. Am. J. Phys. 53 (1985) 1001-1002
8. Axe J.D. Two-photon processes in complex atoms. Phys. Rev. 136 (1964) 42-45
9. edited by. Beltrame F., Bianco B., Castellaro G., and Diaspro A. Fluorescence, absorption, phase-contrast, holographic and acoustical cytometries of living cells. In: Chiabrera A., and Schwan H.P. (Eds). Interactions between Electromagnetic Fields and Cells. NATO ASI Series Vol. 97 (1985), Plenum Press, New York 483-498
10. Benedetti P. From the histophotometer to the confocal microscope: The evolution of analytical microscopy. Eur. J. Histochem. 42 (1998) 11-17
11. edited by. Benham G.S., and Schwartz S. Suitable microscope objectives for multiphoton digital imaging. In: Periasamy A., and So P.T.C. (Eds). Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences II. Proc. SPIE. 4620 (2002) 36-47
12. edited by. Berland K. Basics of fluorescence. In: Periasamy A. (Ed). Methods in Cellular Imaging (2001), Oxford University Press, New York 5-19
13. Berland K.M., So P.T.C., and Gratton E. Two-photon fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: Method and application to the intracellular environment. Biophys. J. 68 (1995) 694-701
14. Berns M.W. A possible two-photon effect in vitro using a focused laser beam. Biophys. J. 16 (1976) 973-977
15. Bertero M., and Boccacci P. Introduction to Inverse Problems in Imaging (1998), IOP Publishing, Bristol and Philadelphia
16. Bhawalkar J.D., Kumar N.D., Zhao C.F., and Prasad P.N. Two-photon photodynamic therapy. J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg. 15 (1997) 201-204
17. Bianco B., and Diaspro A. Analysis of the three dimensional cell imaging obtained with optical microscopy techniques based on defocusing. Cell Biophys. 15 3 (1989) 189-200
18. Birge R.R. A theoretical analysis of the two-photon properties of linear polyenes and the visual chromophores. J. Chem. Phys. 70 (1979) 165-169
19. Birge R.R. Two-photon spectroscopy of protein-bound fluorophores. Accounts Chem. Res. 19 (1986) 138-146
20. Birks J.B. Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules (1970), Wiley Interscience, London
21. edited by. Boccacci P., and Bertero M. Image restoration methods: Basics and agorithms. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 253-270
22. Born M., and Wolf E. Principles of Optics. 6th ed. (1980), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
23. Brakenhoff G.J., Blom P., and Barends P. Confocal scanning light microscopy with high aperture immersion lenses. J. Microsc. 117 (1979) 219-232
24. Brakenhoff G.J., van Spronsen E.A., van der Voort H.T., and Nanninga N. Three-dimensional confocal fluorescence microscopy. Methods Cell. Biol. 30 (1989) 379-398
25. Brakenhoff G.J., Muller M., and Ghauharali R.I. Analysis of efficiency of two-photon versus single-photon absorption for fluorescence generation in biological objects. J. Microsc. 183 (1996) 140-144
26. Buehler C., Kim K.H., Dong C.Y., Masters B.R., and So P.T.C. Innovations in two-photon deep tissue microscopy. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. 18 (1999) 23-30
27. Callis P.R. Two-photon-induced fluorescence. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 48 (1997) 271-297
28. Campagnola P., Mei-de, Wei, Lewis A., Loew L., and Loew L. High-resolution nonlinear optical imaging of live cells by second harmonic generation. Biophys. J. 77 (1999) 3341-3351
29. Cannell M.B., and Soeller C. High resolution imaging using confocal and two-photon molecular excitation microscopy. Proc. R. Microsc. Soc. 32 (1997) 3-8
30. Cannone, F., Chirico, G., Scotto, M., and Diaspro, A. (2003) In preparation.
31. Cantor C.R., and Schimmel P.R. Biophysical Chemistry. Part II: Techniques for the Study of Biological Structure and Function (1980), Freeman and Co., New York
32. Carlsson K., Danielsson P.E., Lenz R., Liljeborg A., Majlof L., and Aslund N. Three-dimensional microscopy using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Opt. Lett. 10 (1985) 53-55
33. edited by. Carrington W. Imaging live cells in 3-d using wide field microscopy with image restoration. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc, New York 333-346
34. Carrington W.A., Lynch R.M., Moore E.D.W., Isenberg G., Fogarty K.E., and Fay F.S. Super resolution in three-dimensional images of fluorescence in cells with minimal light exposure. Science 268 (1995) 1483-1487
35. Castleman K.R. Digital Image Processing (1996), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
36. edited by. Castleman K. Sampling, resolution and digital image processing in spatial and Fourier domain: Basic principles. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 237-252
37. Caylor C.L., Dobrianov I., Kimmer C., Thorne R.E., Zipfel W., and Webb W.W. Two-photon fluorescence imaging of impurity distributions in protein crystals. Phys. Rev. E 59 (1999) 3831-3834
38. Centonze V.E., and White J.G. Multiphoton excitation provides optical sections from deeper within scattering specimens than confocal imaging. Biophys. J. 75 (1998) 2015-2024
39. In: Chalfie M., and Kain S. (Eds). Green Fluorescent Protein: Properties, Applications and Protocols (1998), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York
40. Chalfie M., Tu Y., Euskirchen G., Ward W.W., and Prasher D.C. Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science 263 (1994) 802-805
41. Chance B. Cell Structure and Function by Microspectrofluorometry (1989), Academic Press, New York
42. In: Cheng P.C. (Ed). Computer Assisted Multidimensional Microscopies (1994), Springer-Verlag, New York
43. Chirico G., Cannone F., Beretta S., Baldini G., and Diaspro A. Single molecule studies by means of the two-photon fluorescence distribution. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55 (2001) 359-364
44. (in press). Chirico G., Cannone F., Baldini G., and Diaspro A. Two-photon thermal bleaching of single fluorescent molecules. Biophys. J. (2002)
45. Christie R.H., Backsai B.J., Zipfel W.R., et al. Growth arrest of individual senile plaques in a model of Alzheimer's disease observed by in vivo multiphoton microscopy. J. Neurosci. 21 3 (2001) 858-864
46. Cox I.J. Scanning optical fluorescence microscopy. J. Microsc. 133 (1984) 149-153
47. Cox I.J., and Sheppard C.J.R. Digital image processing of confocal images. Image Vision Comput. 1 (1983) 52-56
48. Cumpston B.H., et al. Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical storage and microfabrication. Nature 348 (1999) 51-54
49. Daria V., Blanca C.M., Nakamura O., Kawata S., and Saloma C. Image contrast enhancement for two-photon fluorescence microscopy in a turbid medium. Appl. Opt. 37 (1998) 7960-7967
50. de Grauw K., and Gerritsen H. Aberrations and penetration depth in confocal and two-photon microscopy. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc, New York 153-170
51. Denk W. Two-photon excitation in functional biological imaging. J. Biomed. Opt. 1 (1996) 296-304
52. Denk W., and Svoboda K. Photon upmanship: Why multiphoton imaging is more than a gimmick. Neuron 18 (1997) 351-357
53. Denk W., Strickler J.H., and Webb W.W. Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Science 248 (1990) 73-76
54. Denk W., Delaney K.R., Gelperin A., Kleinfeld D., Strowbridge B.W., Tank D.W., and Yuste R. Anatomical and functional imaging of neurons using 2-photon laser scanning microscopy. J. Neurosci. Methods 54 (1994) 151-162
55. Denk W., Piston D., and Webb W.W. Two-photon molecular excitation in laser scanning microscopy. In: Pawley J.B. (Ed). Handbook of Confocal Microscopy (1995), Plenum Press, New York 445-457
56. Diaspro A. Two-photon fluorescence excitation. A new potential perspective in flow cytometry. Minerva Biotechnol 11 2 (1998) 87-92
57. (guest editor). Diaspro A. Two-photon microscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech. 47 (1999) 163-212
58. (guest editor). Diaspro A. Two-photon excitation microscopy. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. 18 5 (1999) 16-99
59. Diaspro A. Two-photon excitation of fluorescence in three-dimensional microscopy. Eur. J. Histochem. 43 (1999) 169-178
60. Diaspro A. Building a two-photon microscope using a laser scanning confocal architecture. In: Periasamy A. (Ed). Methods in Cellular Imaging (2001), Oxford University Press, New York 162-179
61. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications, and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York
62. Diaspro A., and Robello M. Two-photon excitation of fluorescence for three-dimensional optical imaging of biological structures. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 55 (2000) 1-8
63. Diaspro A., and Sheppard C.J.R. Two-photon excitation microscopy: Basic principles and architectures. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications, and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 34-74
64. Diaspro A., Sartore M., and Nicolini C. Three-dimensional representation of biostructures imaged with an optical microscope: I. Digital optical sectioning. Image Vision Comput. 8 (1990) 130-141
65. Diaspro A., Beltrame F., Fato M., Palmeri A., and Ramoino P. Studies on the structure of sperm heads of Eledone cirrhosa by means of CLSM linked to bioimage-oriented devices. Microsc. Res. Tech. 36 (1997) 159-164
66. Diaspro A., Annunziata S., Raimondo M., and Robello M. Three-dimensional optical behaviour of a confocal microscope with single illumination and detection pinhole through imaging of subresolution beads. Microsc. Res. Tech. 45 2 (1999) 130-131
67. Diaspro A., Corosu M., Ramoino P., and Robello M. Adapting a compact confocal microscope system to a two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging architecture. Microsc. Res. Tech. 47 (1999) 196-205
68. Diaspro A., Annunziata S., and Robello M. Single-pinhole confocal imaging of subresolution sparse objects using experimental point spread function and image restoration. Micros. Res. Tech. 51 (2000) 464-468
69. Diaspro A., Chirico G., Cannone F., et al. Two-photon microscopy and spectroscopy based on a compact confocal scanning head. J. Biomed. Opt. 6 (2001) 300-310
70. Diaspro A., Federici F., and Robello M. Influence of refractive-index mismatch in high-resolution three-dimensional confocal microscopy. Appl. Opt. 41 (2002) 685-690
71. Diaspro A., Silvano D., Krol S., Cavalleri O., and Gliozzi A. Single living cell encapsulation in nano-organized polyelectrolyte shells. Langmuir. 18 (2002) 5047-5050
72. Diaspro A., Boccacci P., Bonetto P., Scarito M., Davolio M., and Epifani M. Power-up your Microscope (2002). http://www.powermicroscope.com
73. edited by. Diaspro A., Fronte P., Raimondo M., Fato M., De Leo G., Beltrame F., Cannone F., Chirico G., and Ramoino P. Functional imaging of living paramecium by means of confocal and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy. In: Farkas D. (Ed). Functional Imaging. Proc. SPIE 4622 (2002) 47-53
74. edited by A. Periasamy and P. T. C. So. Proc. SPIE. Dong C.Y., Yu B., Hsu L.L., and So P.T.C. Characterization of two-photon point spread function in skin imaging applications. Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences II 4620 (2002) 1-8
75. Duveneck G.L., Bopp M.A., Ehrat M., Haiml M., Keller U., Bader M.A., Marowsky G., and Soria S. Evanescent-field-induced two-photon fluorescence: Excitation of macroscopic areas of planar waveguides. Appl. Phys. B. 73 (2001) 869-871
76. Faisal F.H.M. Theory of Multiphoton Processes (1987), Plenum Press, New York
77. Farrer R.A., Previte M.J.R., Olson C.E., Peyser L.A., Fourkas J.T., and So P.T.C. Single molecule detection with a two-photon fluorescence microscope with fast scanning capabilities and polarization sensitivity. Opt. Lett. 24 (1999) 1832-1834
78. Fay F.S., Carrington W., and Fogarty K.E. Three-dimensional molecular distribution in single cells analyzed using the digital imaging microscope. J. Microsc. 153 (1989) 133-149
79. Feynman R.P. QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter (1985), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
80. Fisher W.G., Watcher E.A., Armas M., and Seaton C. Titanium: sapphire laser as an excitation source in two-photon spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 51 (1997) 218-226
81. Ford B.J. The Leeuwenhoek Legacy (1991), Biopress and Parrand, Bristol and London
82. Franken P.A., Hill A.E., Peters C.W., and Weinreich G. Generation of optical harmonics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 7 (1961) 118-119
83. French T., So P.T.C., Weaver D.J., Coelho-Sampaio T., and Gratton E. Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of macrophage-mediated antigen processing. J. Microsc. 185 (1997) 339-353
84. Friedrich D.M. Two-photon molecular spectroscopy. J. Chem. Educ. 59 (1982) 472-483
85. Friedrich D.M., and McClain W.M. Two-photon molecular electronic spectroscopy. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 31 (1980) 559-577
86. Fujita K., and Takamatsu T. Real-time in situ calcium imaging with single and two-photon confocal microscopy. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2001), Wiley-Liss, Inc, New York 483-498
87. Gannaway J.N., and Sheppard C.J.R. Second harmonic imaging in the scanning optical microscope. Opt. Quant. Electron. 10 (1978) 435-439
88. Gauderon R., Lukins R.B., and Sheppard C.J.R. Effects of a confocal pinhole in two-photon microscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech. 47 (1999) 210-214
89. edited by. Girkin J., and Wokosin D. Practical multiphoton microscopy. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 207-236
90. Göppert-Mayer M. über Elementarakte mit zwei Quantensprügen. Ann. Phys. 9 (1931) 273-295
91. In: Gosnell T.R., and Taylor A.J. (Eds). Selected Papers on Ultrafast Laser Technology, SPIE Milestone series (1991), SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA
92. edited by. Gratton E., and van de Ven M.J. Laser sources for confocal microscopy. In: Pawley J.B. (Ed). Handbook of Confocal Microscopy (1995), Plenum Press, New York 69-97
93. Gratton E., Barry N.P., Beretta S., and Celli A. Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. Methods. 25 (2001) 103-110
94. Gu M., and Sheppard C.J.R. Comparison of three-dimensional imaging properties between two-photon and single-photon fluorescence microscopy. J. Microsc. 177 (1995) 128-137
95. Gu M., Gan X., Kisteman A., and Xu M.G. Comparison of penetration depth between two-photon excitation and single-photon excitation in imaging thorugh turbid tissue media. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 10 (2000) 1551-1553
96. Guild J.B., Xu C., and Webb W.W. Measurement of group delay dispersion of high numerical aperture objective lenses using two-photon excited fluorescence. Appl. Opt. 36 (1997) 397-401
97. Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier Tubes: Basics and Applications. 2nd ed. (1999), Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., Japan
98. Hanninen P.E., and Hell S.W. Femtosecond pulse broadening in the focal region of a two-photon fluorescence microscope. Bioimaging. 2 (1994) 117-121
99. edited by. Harper I.S. Fluorophores and their labeling procedures for monitoring various biological signals. In: Periasamy A. (Ed). Methods in Cellular Imaging (2001), Oxford University Press, New York 20-39
100. In: Haughland P.R. (Ed). Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals (2002), Edn. Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR
101. (guest editor). Hell S.W. Nonlinear optical microscopy. Bioimaging. 4 (1996) 121-172
102. Hell S.W., Bahlmann K., Schrader M., Soini A., Malak H., Gryczynski I., and Lakowicz J.R. Three-photon excitation in fluorescence microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 1 (1996) 71-74
103. Hellwarth R., and Chistensen P. Nonlinear optical microscopic examination of structures in polycrystalline ZnSe. Opt. Commun. 12 (1974) 318-322
104. Herman B., and Tanke H.J. Fluorescence Microscopy (1998), Springer-Verlag, New York
105. Hooke R. Micrographia (facsimile) (1961), Dover, New York
106. Hopt A., and Neher E. Highly nonlinear photodamage in two-photon fluorescence microscopy. Biophys. J. 80 (2001) 2029-2036
107. Iyer V., Hoogland T.M., Losavio B.E., McQuiston A.R., and Saggau P. Compact two-photon laser scanning microscope made from minimally modified commercial components. In: Periasamy A., and So P.T.C. (Eds). Proc. SPIE. Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences II (2002) 274-280
108. Jonkman J., and Stelzer E. Resolution and contrast in confocal and two-photon microscopy. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 101-126
109. Kaiser W., and Garrett C.G.B. Two-photon excitation in CaF2:Eu2+. Phys. Rev. Lett. 7 (1961) 229-231
110. Kawata S., Sun H.-B., Tanaka T., and Takada K. Finer features for functional microdevices. Nature 412 (2001) 697-698
111. Kleinfeld D., and Denk W. Two-photon imaging of neocortical microcirculation. In: Yuste R., Lanni F., and Konnerth A. (Eds). Imaging Neurons (2000), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 23.1-23.15
112. Koester H.J., Baur D., Uhl R., and Hell S.W. Ca2+ fluorescence imaging with pico-and femtosecond two-photon excitation: Signal and photodamage. Biophys. J. 77 (1999) 2226-2236
113. Konig K. Multiphoton microscopy in life sciences. J. Microsc. 200 (2000) 83-104
114. Konig K., and Tirlapur U.K. Cellular and subcellular perturbations during multiphoton microscopy. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 191-206
115. Konig K., Liang H., Berns M.W., and Tromberg B.J. Cell damage by near-IR microbeams. Nature. 377 (1995) 20-21
116. Konig K., Krasieva T., Bauer E., Fiedler U., Berns M.W., Tromberg B.J., and Greulich K.O. Cell damage by UVA radiation of a mercury microscopy lamp probed by autofluorescence modifications, cloning assay and comet assay. J. Biomed. Opt. 1 (1996) 217-222
117. Konig K., Simon U., and Halbhuber K.J. 3D resolved two-photon fluorescence microscopy of living cells using a modified confocal laser scanning microscope. Cell. Mol. Biol. 42 (1996) 1181-1194
118. Konig K., So P.T.C., Mantulin W.W., Tromberg B.J., and Gratton E. Two-photon excited lifetime imaging of autofluorescence in cells during UVA and NIR photostress. J. Microsc. 183 (1996) 197-204
119. Konig K., Liang H., Berns M.W., and Tromberg B.J. Cell damage in near infrared multimode optical traps as a result of multiphoton absorption. Opt. Lett. 21 (1996) 1090-1092
120. Konig K., So P.T.C., Mantulin W.W., and Gratton E. Cellular response to near-red femtosecond laser pulses in two-photon microscopes. Opt. Lett. 22 (1997) 135-136
121. Konig K., Boehme S., Leclerc N., and Ahuja R. Time-gated autofluorescence microscopy of motile green microalga in an optical trap. Cell. Mol. Biol. 44 (1998) 763-770
122. Konig K., Becker T.W., Fischer P., Riemann I., and Halbhuber K.J. Pulse-length dependence of cellular response to intense near-infrared laser pulses in multiphoton microscopes. Opt. Lett. 24 (1999) 113-115
123. König K., Riemann I., Fischer P., and Halbhuber K.J. Intracellular nanosurgery with near infrared femtosecond laser pulses. Cell. Mol. Biol. 45 (1999) 195-201
124. Konig K., Gohlert A., Liehr T., Loncarevic I.F., and Riemann I. Two-photon multicolor FISH: A versatile technique to detect specific sequences within single DNA molecules in cells and tissues. Single Mol. 1 (2000) 41-51
125. Kriete A. Visualization in Biomedical Microscopies. VCH: Weinheim.
126. Lakowicz J.R. Principles of Fluorescence Microscopy (1999), Plenum Press, New York
127. Lakowicz J.R., and Gryczynski I. Tryptophan fluorescence intensity and anisotropy decays of human serum albumin resulting from one-photon and two-photon excitation. Biophys. Chem. 45 (1992) 1-6
128. Lemons R.A., and Quate C.F. Acoustic microscopy: Biomedical applications. Science 188 (1975) 905-911
129. Liu Y., Cheng D., Sonek G.J., Berns M.W., Chapman C.F., and Tromberg B.J. Evidence of focalized cell heating induced by infrared optical tweezers. Biophys. J. 68 (1995) 2137-2144
130. Loudon R. The Quantum Theory of Light (1983), Oxford University Press, London
131. Louisell W.H. Quantum Statistical Properties of Radiation (1973), Wiley, New York
132. Magde D., Elson E., and Webb W.W. Thermodynamic fluoctuations in a reacting system: Measurement by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 29 (1972) 705-708
133. Mainen Z.F., Malectic-Savic M., Shi S.H., Hayashi Y., Malinow R., and Svoboda K. Two-photon imaging in living brain slices. Methods. 18 (1999) 231-239
134. Maiti S., Shear J.B., Williams R.M., Zipfel W.R., and Webb W.W. Measuring serotonin distribution in live cells with three-photon excitation. Science 275 (1997) 530-532
135. Majewska A., Yiu G., and Yuste R. A custom-made two-photon microscope and deconvolution system. Pflugers Arch. 441 2/3 (2000) 398-408
136. Manders E.M.M., Stap J., Brakenhoff G.J., van Diel R., and Aten J.A. Dynamics of three-dimensional replication patterns during the s-phase analyzed by double labelling of DNA and confocal microscopy. J. Cell. Sci. 103 (1992) 857-862
137. Masters B.R. Selected Papers on Confocal Microscopy. SPIE Milestone Series (1996), SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA
138. Masters B.R. Selected Papers on Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy. SPIE Milestone Series (2002), SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA
139. Masters B.R., and So P.T.C. Multiphoton excitation microscopy and confocal microscopy imaging of in vivo human skin: A comparison. Microsc. Microanal. 5 (1999) 282-289
140. Masters B.R., So P.T.C., and Gratton E. Multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy of in vivo human skin. Biophys. J. 72 (1997) 2405-2412
141. Mertz J., Xu C., and Webb W.W. Single molecule detection by two-photon excited fluorescence. Opt. Lett. 20 (1995) 2532-2534
142. Minsky M. Memoir of inventing the confocal scanning microscope. Scanning. 10 (1961) 128-138
143. Moreaux L., Sandre O., and Mertz J. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17 (2000) 1685-1694
144. Moscatelli F.A. A simple conceptual model for two-photon absorption. Am. J. Phys. 54 (1986) 52-54
145. Mueller M., Squier J., Wilson K.R., and Brakenhoff G.J. 3D microscopy of transparent objects using third-harmonic generation. J. Microsc. 191 (1998) 266-274
146. Murphy D.B. Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging (2001), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 1-367
147. Nakamura O. Three-dimensional imaging characteristics of laser scan fluorescence microscopy: Two-photon excitation vs. single-photon excitation. Optik 93 (1993) 39-42
148. Nakamura O. Fundamentals of two-photon microscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech. 47 (1999) 165-171
149. Ott D. Two-photon microscopy reveals tumor development. Biophotonics Int. January/February (2002) 46-48
150. Patterson G.H., and Piston D.W. Photobleaching in two-photon excitation microscopy. Biophys. J. 78 (2000) 2159-2162
151. In: Pawley J.B. (Ed). Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy (1995), Plenum Press, New York
152. Periasamy A. Methods in Cellular Imaging. New York: Oxford University Press
153. Periasamy A., Skoglund P., Noakes C., and Keller R. An evaluation of two-photon excitation versus confocal and digital deconvolution fluorescence microscopy imaging in Xenopus morphogenesis. Microsc. Res. Techn. 47 (1999) 172-181
154. Periasamy A., Noakes C., Skoglund P., Keller R., and Sutherland A.E. Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy imaging in Xenopus and transgenic mouse embryos. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 271-284
155. Pike R. Superresolution in fluorescence confocal microscopy and in DVD optical storage. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 499-524
156. Piston D.W. Imaging living cells and tissues by two-photon excitation microscopy. Trends Cell Biol. 9 (1999) 66-69
157. Piston D.W., Masters B.R., and Webb W.W. Three-dimensionally resolved NAD(P)H cellular metabolic redox imaging of the in situ cornea with two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy. J. Microsc. 178 (1995) 20-27
158. Potter S.M., Wang C.M., Garrity P.A., and Fraser S.E. Intravital imaging of green fluorescent protein using two-photon lase-scanning microscopy. Gene. 173 (1996) 25-31
159. Rentzepis P.M., Mitschele C.J., and Saxman A.C. Measurement of ultrashort laser pulses by three-photon fluorescence. Appl. Phys. Lett. 17 (1970) 122-124
160. Robinson J.P. Current Protocols in Cytometry (2001), John Wiley & Sons, New York
161. Rochow G.T., and Tucker P.A. Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X-Rays, or Acoustics (1994), Plenum Press, New York
162. Saloma C., Saloma-Palmes C., and Kondoh H. Site-specific confocal fluorescence imaging of biological microstructures in a turbid medium. Phys. Med. Biol. 43 (1998) 1741
163. Sanchez E.J., Novotny L., Holtom G.R., and Xie X.S. Room-temperature fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy of single molecules by two-photon excitation. J. Phys. Chem. 101 (1997) 7019-7023
164. Schonle A., and Hell S.W. Heating by absorption in the focus of an objective lens. Opt. Lett. 23 (1998) 325-327
165. Schrader M., Hell S.W., and van der Voort H.T.M. Potential of confocal microscope to resolve in the 50-100 nm range. Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 (1996) 3644-3646
166. Schwille P. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and its potential for intracellular applications. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 34 (2001) 383-405
167. Schwille P., Haupts U., Maiti S., and Webb W.W. Molecular dynamics in living cells observed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with one- and two-photon excitation. Biophys. J. 77 (1999) 2251-2265
168. Schwille P., Kummer S., Heikal A.A., Moerner W.E., and Webb W.W. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy reveals fast optical excitation-driven intramolecular dynamics of yellow fluorescent proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97 (2000) 151-156
169. Sheppard C.J.R. The use of lenses with annular aperture scanning optical microscopy. Optik 48 (1977) 329-334
170. Sheppard C.J.R. Axial resolution of confocal fluorescence microscopy. J. Microsc. 154 (1989) 237-241
171. Sheppard C.J.R. The generalized microscope. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 1-18
172. Sheppard C.J.R., Choudhury A., C.J.R. S., and Gu M. Image formation in the scanning microscope. Opt. Acta. 24 (1977) 1051-1073
173. Sheppard C.J.R., Choudhury A., C.J.R. S., and Gu M. Image formation in the scanning microscope. Image formation in two-photon fluorescence microscopy. Optik. 86 (1990) 104-106
174. Sheppard C.J.R., and Kompfner R. Resonant scanning optical microscope. Appl. Opt. 17 (1978) 2879-2882
175. Sheppard C.J.R., and Shotton D.M. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (1997), BIOS, Oxford UK
176. Sheppard C.J.R., and Wilson T. Image formation in confocal scanning microscopes. Optik. 5 (1980) 331-3342
177. Sheppard C.J.R., Kompfner R., Gannaway J., and Walsh D. The scanning harmonic optical microscope. IEEE/OSA Conf. Laser Eng. Appl. Washington, DC (1977)
178. Shih Y.H., Strekalov D.V., Pittman T.D., and Rubin M.H. Why two-photon but not two photons?. Fortschr. Phys. 46 (1998) 627-641
179. In: Shotton D.M. (Ed). Electronic Light Microscopy. Techniques in Modern Biomedical Microscopy (1993), Wiley-Liss, Inc, New York
180. Shotton D.M. Electronic light microscopy-present capabilities and future prospects. Histochem. Cell Biol. 104 (1995) 97-137
181. Singh S., and Bradley L.T. Three-photon absorption in naphthalene crystals by laser excitation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 12 (1964) 162-164
182. Smith N.I., Fujita K., Kaneko T., Katoh K., Nakamura O., Kawata S., and Takamastu T. Generation of calcium waves in living cells by pulsed-laser-induced photodisruption. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 1208-1210
183. So P.T.C., Berland K.M., French T., Dong C.Y., and Gratton E. Two photon fluorescence microscopy: Time resolved and intensity imaging. In: Wang X.F., and Herman B. (Eds). Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy and Microscopy. Chemical Analysis Series (1996), John Wiley & sons, New York 351-373
184. So P.T.C., Kim H., and Kochevar I.E. Two-photon deep tissue ex vivo imaging of mouse dermal and subcutaneous structures. Opt. Express. 3 (1998) 339-350
185. So P.T.C., Dong C.Y., Masters B.R., and Berland K.M. Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2 (2000) 399-429
186. So P.T.C., Kim K.H., Buehler C., Masters B.R., Hsu L., and Dong C.Y. Basic principles, of multi-photon excitation microscopy. In: Periasamy A. (Ed). Methods in Cellular Imaging (2001), Oxford University Press, New York 152-161
187. Soeller C., and Cannell M.B. Construction of a two-photon microscope and optimisation of illumination pulse duration. Pfuegers Arch. 432 (1996) 555-561
188. Soeller C., and Cannell M.B. Two-photon, microscopy: Imaging in scattering samples and three-dimensionally resolved flash photolysis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 47 (1999) 182-195
189. Sonnleitner M., Schutz G.J., and Schmidt T. Imaging individual molecules by twophoton excitation. Chem. Phys. Lett. 300 (1999) 221-226
190. Sonnleitner M., Schutz G., Kada G., and Schindler H. Imaging single lipid molecules in living cells using two-photon excitation. Single Mol. 1 (2000) 182-183
191. Spence D.E., Kean P.N., and Sibbett W. 60-fsec pulse generation from a self-modelocked Ti: sapphire laser. Opt. Lett. 16 (1991) 42-45
192. Squier J.A., Muller M., Brakenhoff G.J., and Wilson K.R. Third harmonic generation microscopy. Opt. Express. 3 (1998) 315-324
193. Squirrel J.M., Wokosin D.L., White J.G., and Barister B.D. Long-term two-photon fluorescence imaging of mammalian embryos without compromising viability. Nat. Biotechnol. 17 (1999) 763-767
194. Stanley M. Improvements in Optical Filter Design. In: Periasamy A., and So P.T.C. (Eds). Proc. SPIE 4262 (2001) 52-61
195. Stelzer E.H.K., Hell S., Lindek S., Pick R., Storz C., Stricker R., Ritter G., and Salmon N. Non-linear absorption extends confocal fluorescence microscopy into the ultraviolet regime and confines the illumination volume. Opt. Commun. 104 (1994) 223-228
196. Straub M., and Hell S.W. Fluorescence lifetime three-dimensional microscopy with picosecond precision using a multifocal multiphoton microscope. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 1769-1771
197. Straub M., Lodemann P., Holroyd P., Jahn R., and Hell S.W. Live cell imaging by multifocal multiphoton microscopy. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 79 (2000) 726-734
198. Svelto O. Principles of Lasers. 4th ed (1998), Plenum Press, New York
199. Sytsma J., Vroom J.M., De Grauw C.J., and Gerritsen H.C. Time-gated fluorescence lifetime imaging and microvolume, spectroscopy using two-photon excitation. J. Microsc. 191 (1998) 39-51
200. Tan Y.P., Llano I., Hopt A., Wurriehausen F., and Neher E. Fast scanning and efficient photodetection in a simple two-photon microscope. J. Neurosci. Methods. 92 (1999) 123-135
201. Tanaka T., Sun H.B., and Kawata S. Rapid sub-diffraction-limit laser micro'nanoprocessing in a threshold material system. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 312-314
202. Tirlapur U.K., and Konig K. Two-photon near infrared femtosecond laser scanning microscopy in plant biology. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 449-468
203. Torok P., and Sheppard C.J.R. The role of pinhole size in high aperture two and three-photon microscopy. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 127-152
204. Tsien R.Y. The green fluorescent protein. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67 (1998) 509-544
205. Tyrrell R.M., and Keyse S.M. The interaction of UVA radiation with cultured cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 4 (1990) 349-361
206. Wang X.F., and Herman B. Fluorecence Imaging Spectroscopy and Microscopy (1996), Wiley-Liss. Inc., New York
207. Webb R.H. Confocal optical microscopy. Rep. Prog. Phys. 59 (1996) 427-471
208. Weinstein M., and Castleman K.R. Reconstructing, 3-D specimens from 2-D section images. Proc. SPIE. 26 (1971) 131-138
209. White J.G., Amos W.B., and Fordham M. An evaluation of confocal versus conventional imaging of biological structures by fluorescence light microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 105 (1987) 41-48
210. White N.S., and Errington R.J. Improved laser scanning fluorescence microscopy by multiphoton excitation. Adv. Imag. Elect. Phys. 113 (2000) 249-277
211. Wier W.G., Balke C.W., Michael J.A., and Mauban J.R. A custom confocal and two-photon digital laser scanning microscope. Am. J. Physiol. 278 (2000) H2150-H2156
212. Wilson T. Optical sectioning in confocal fluorescent microscope. J. Microsc. 154 (1989) 143-156
213. Wilson, T. Confocal Microscopy London: Academic Press
214. Wilson T. Confocal microscopy: Basic principles and architectures. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 19-38
215. Wilson T., and Sheppard C.J.R. Theory and Practice of Scanning Optical Microscopy (1984), Academic Press, London
216. Wise F. Lasers for two-photon microscopy. In: Yuste R., Lanni F., and Konnerth A. (Eds). Imaging: A Laboratory Manual (1999), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 18.1-18.9
217. Wiseman P.W., Squier J.A., Ellisman M.H., and Wilson K.R. Two photon image correlation spectroscopy and image cross-correlation spectroscopy. J. Microsc. 200 (2000) 14-25
218. Wiseman P.W., Capani F., Squier J.A., and Martone M.E. Counting dendritic spines in brain tissue slices by image correlation spectroscopy analysis. J. Microsc. 205 (2002) 177-186
219. Wokosin D.L., and White J.G. Optimization of the design of a multiple-photon excitation laser scanning fluorescence imaging system. Three-Dimensional Microscopy: Image, Acquisition and Processing IV. Proc. SPIE 2984 (1997) 25-29
220. Wokosin D.L., Centonze V.E., White J., Armstrong D., Robertson G., and Ferguson A.I. All-solid-state ultrafast lasers facilitate multiphoton excitation fluorescence imaging. IEEE. J. Sel. Top. Quant. Elect. 2 (1996) 1051-1065
221. Wokosin D.L., Amos W.B., and White J.G. Detection sensitivity enhancements for fluorescence, imaging with multiphoton excitation microscopy. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 20 (1998) 1707-1714
222. Wolleschensky R., Feurer T., Sauerbrey R., and Simon U. Characterization and optimization of a laser scanning, microscope in the femtosecond regime. Appl. Phys. B 67 (1998) 87-94
223. Wolleschensky R., Dickinson M., and Fraser S.E. Group velocity dispersion and fiber delivery in multiphoton laser, scanning microscopy. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 171-190
224. Xie X.S., and Lu H.P. Single molecule enzymology. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 15967-15970
225. Xu C. Cross-sections of fluorescence molecules used in multiphoton microscopy. In: Diaspro A. (Ed). Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances (2002), Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York 75-100
226. Xu C., Guild J., Webb W.W., and Denk W. Determination of absolute two-photon excitation cross sections by in situ second-order autocorrelation. Opt. Lett. 20 (1995) 2372-2374
227. Yoder E.J., and Kleinfeld D. Cortical imaging through the intact mouse skull using two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech. 56 4 (2002) 304-305
228. Yuste R., Lanni F., and Konnerth A. Imaging Neurons: A Laboratory Manual (2000), Cold Spring Harbor, Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
229. in press. Zoumi A., Yeh A., and Tromberg B.J. Imaging cells and extracellular matrix in vivo by using second-harmonic generation and two-photon excited fluorescence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 17 (2002) 11014-11019