메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 35, Issue 9, 2002, Pages 850-859

Treatment of Alzheimer's disease;Tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Anti inflammatories; Cholinesterase inhibitors; Ginkgo biloba; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; ANIRACETAM; CATECHOLAMINE DERIVATIVE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CYCLOSERINE; DONEPEZIL; ESTROGEN; GALANTAMINE; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; IDEBENONE; LEVACECARNINE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; OXIRACETAM; PAPAVERINE; PIRACETAM; PRAMIRACETAM; PROPENTOFYLLINE; PROTEIN ANTIBODY; RIVASTIGMINE; TACRINE;

EID: 0345830976     PISSN: 02100010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.33588/rn.3509.2002005     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (4)

References (185)
  • 3
    • 0028365785 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of Alzheimer's disease: Description of study cohort and accuracy of diagnosis
    • Becker JT, Boller F, López OL, Saxton J, McGonigle K. The natural history of Alzheimer's disease: Description of study cohort and accuracy of diagnosis. Arch Neurol 1994; 51: 585-94.
    • (1994) Arch Neurol , vol.51 , pp. 585-594
    • Becker, J.T.1    Boller, F.2    López, O.L.3    Saxton, J.4    McGonigle, K.5
  • 4
    • 0031720801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The incidence of dementia: A meta-analysis
    • Jorm AF, Jolley D. The incidence of dementia: A meta-analysis. Neurology 1998; 51: 728-33.
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.51 , pp. 728-733
    • Jorm, A.F.1    Jolley, D.2
  • 5
    • 0019494341 scopus 로고
    • Some morphometric aspects of the brain in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type
    • Terry RD, Peck A, DeTeresa R, Schechter R, Horoupian DS. Some morphometric aspects of the brain in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Ann Neurol 1981; 1010: 184-92.
    • (1981) Ann Neurol , vol.1010 , pp. 184-192
    • Terry, R.D.1    Peck, A.2    DeTeresa, R.3    Schechter, R.4    Horoupian, D.S.5
  • 6
    • 0023891743 scopus 로고
    • The progression of the pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease in frontal and temporal neocortex examined both at biopsy and at autopsy
    • Mann DM, Marcyniuk B, Yates PO, Neary D, Snowden JS. The progression of the pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease in frontal and temporal neocortex examined both at biopsy and at autopsy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1988; 14: 177-95.
    • (1988) Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol , vol.14 , pp. 177-195
    • Mann, D.M.1    Marcyniuk, B.2    Yates, P.O.3    Neary, D.4    Snowden, J.S.5
  • 7
    • 0024447098 scopus 로고
    • Diffuse senile plaques occur commonly in the cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease
    • Joachim CL, Morris JH, Selkoe DJ. Diffuse senile plaques occur commonly in the cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathology 1989; 135: 309-19.
    • (1989) Am J Pathology , vol.135 , pp. 309-319
    • Joachim, C.L.1    Morris, J.H.2    Selkoe, D.J.3
  • 8
    • 0032989712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tangles and plaques in nondemented aging and 'preclinical' Alzheimer's disease
    • Price JL, Morris JC. Tangles and plaques in nondemented aging and 'preclinical' Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1999; 45: 358-68.
    • (1999) Ann Neurol , vol.45 , pp. 358-368
    • Price, J.L.1    Morris, J.C.2
  • 9
    • 0025863618 scopus 로고
    • Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes
    • Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol 1991; 82: 239-59.
    • (1991) Acta Neuropathol , vol.82 , pp. 239-259
    • Braak, H.1    Braak, E.2
  • 10
    • 0032894121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biochemical pathway of neurofibrillary degeneration in aging and Alzheimer's disease
    • Delacourte A, David JP, Sergeant N, Buee L, Wattez A, Vermersch P, et al. The biochemical pathway of neurofibrillary degeneration in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1999; 52: 1158-65.
    • (1999) Neurology , vol.52 , pp. 1158-1165
    • Delacourte, A.1    David, J.P.2    Sergeant, N.3    Buee, L.4    Wattez, A.5    Vermersch, P.6
  • 11
    • 0021145680 scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease and cell specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation
    • Hyman BT, Damasio AR, van Hoesen GW, Barnes CL. Alzheimer's disease and cell specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation. Science 1984; 225: 1168-70.
    • (1984) Science , vol.225 , pp. 1168-1170
    • Hyman, B.T.1    Damasio, A.R.2    Van Hoesen, G.W.3    Barnes, C.L.4
  • 12
    • 0019410162 scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the Nucleus Basalis
    • Whitehouse P, Price DL, Clark AW, Coyle JT, DeLong MR. Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the Nucleus Basalis. Ann Neurol 1981; 10: 122-6.
    • (1981) Ann Neurol , vol.10 , pp. 122-126
    • Whitehouse, P.1    Price, D.L.2    Clark, A.W.3    Coyle, J.T.4    DeLong, M.R.5
  • 13
    • 0023744121 scopus 로고
    • Major depression in primary dementia: Clinical and neuropathological correlates
    • Zubenko G, Moossy J. Major depression in primary dementia: Clinical and neuropathological correlates. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 1182-6.
    • (1988) Arch Neurol , vol.45 , pp. 1182-1186
    • Zubenko, G.1    Moossy, J.2
  • 14
    • 0029922302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between CSF neurotransmitter metabolites and aggressive behavior in Alzheimer's disease
    • López OL, Kaufer D, Reiter CT, Carra J, DeKosky ST, Palmer AM. Relationship between CSF neurotransmitter metabolites and aggressive behavior in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol 1996; 3: 153-5.
    • (1996) Eur J Neurol , vol.3 , pp. 153-155
    • López, O.L.1    Kaufer, D.2    Reiter, C.T.3    Carra, J.4    DeKosky, S.T.5    Palmer, A.M.6
  • 15
    • 0027325616 scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic innervation of the amygdaloid complex in the human brain and its alterations in Alzheimer's disease
    • Emre M, Geula C, Mesulam M-M. Cholinergic innervation of the amygdaloid complex in the human brain and its alterations in Alzheimer's disease. J Comp Neurol 1993; 336: 117-34.
    • (1993) J Comp Neurol , vol.336 , pp. 117-134
    • Emre, M.1    Geula, C.2    Mesulam, M.-M.3
  • 16
    • 0024834503 scopus 로고
    • Cortical cholinergic fibers in aging and Alzheimer's disease: A morphometric study
    • Geula C, Mesulam M-M. Cortical cholinergic fibers in aging and Alzheimer's disease: A morphometric study. Neuroscience 1989; 33: 469-81.
    • (1989) Neuroscience , vol.33 , pp. 469-481
    • Geula, C.1    Mesulam, M.-M.2
  • 18
    • 0011162190 scopus 로고
    • Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease
    • Davies P, Maloney AJF. Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1976; 2: 1403.
    • (1976) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1403
    • Davies, P.1    Maloney, A.J.F.2
  • 19
    • 0024440982 scopus 로고
    • Immunohisto- and cytochemical localization of cortical nicotinic cholinoceptors in rat and man
    • Schroder H, Zilles K, Maelicke A, Hajos F. Immunohisto- and cytochemical localization of cortical nicotinic cholinoceptors in rat and man. Brain Res 1989; 502: 287-95.
    • (1989) Brain Res , vol.502 , pp. 287-295
    • Schroder, H.1    Zilles, K.2    Maelicke, A.3    Hajos, F.4
  • 20
    • 0024789030 scopus 로고
    • Human cortical neurons contain both nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: An immunocytochemical double-labeling study
    • Schroder H, Zilles K, Luiten PGM, Strosberg AD, Aghchi A. Human cortical neurons contain both nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: An immunocytochemical double-labeling study. Synapse 1989; 4: 319-26.
    • (1989) Synapse , vol.4 , pp. 319-326
    • Schroder, H.1    Zilles, K.2    Luiten, P.G.M.3    Strosberg, A.D.4    Aghchi, A.5
  • 21
    • 0028925434 scopus 로고
    • Differential alterations in muscarinic receptor subtypes in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for cholinergic-based therapies
    • Flynn DD, Ferrari-DiLeo G, Levey AI, Mash DC. Differential alterations in muscarinic receptor subtypes in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for cholinergic-based therapies. Life Sci 1995; 56: 869-76.
    • (1995) Life Sci , vol.56 , pp. 869-876
    • Flynn, D.D.1    Ferrari-DiLeo, G.2    Levey, A.I.3    Mash, D.C.4
  • 22
    • 1842407763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoradiographic distribution of M1, M2, M3, and M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes in Alzheimer's disease
    • Rodríguez-Puertas R, Pascual J, Vilaro T, Pazos A. Autoradiographic distribution of M1, M2, M3, and M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes in Alzheimer's disease. Synapse 1997; 26: 341-50.
    • (1997) Synapse , vol.26 , pp. 341-350
    • Rodríguez-Puertas, R.1    Pascual, J.2    Vilaro, T.3    Pazos, A.4
  • 23
    • 0029863203 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of Alzheimer beta-amyloid precursor protein: Regulation by protein kinase A in intact cells and in a cell-free system
    • Xu HX, Sweeney D, Greengard P, Gandy S. Metabolism of Alzheimer beta-amyloid precursor protein: Regulation by protein kinase A in intact cells and in a cell-free system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 93: 4081-4.
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.93 , pp. 4081-4084
    • Xu, H.X.1    Sweeney, D.2    Greengard, P.3    Gandy, S.4
  • 24
    • 0032500717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chrysamine-G, a lipophilic analogue of Congo red, inhibits A beta-induced toxicity in PC12 cells
    • Klunk WE, Debnath ML, Koros AM, Pettegrew JW. Chrysamine-G, a lipophilic analogue of Congo red, inhibits A beta-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. Life Sci 1998; 63: 1807-14.
    • (1998) Life Sci , vol.63 , pp. 1807-1814
    • Klunk, W.E.1    Debnath, M.L.2    Koros, A.M.3    Pettegrew, J.W.4
  • 25
    • 0029015370 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal kinase stimulation leads to aberrant tau phosphorylation and neurotoxicity
    • Nuydens R, de Jong M, Nuyens R, Comelissen F, Geerts H. Neuronal kinase stimulation leads to aberrant tau phosphorylation and neurotoxicity. Neurobiol Aging 1995; 16: 465-75.
    • (1995) Neurobiol Aging , vol.16 , pp. 465-475
    • Nuydens, R.1    De Jong, M.2    Nuyens, R.3    Comelissen, F.4    Geerts, H.5
  • 26
    • 0029917884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease
    • Lee VMY. Regulation of tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 777: 107-13.
    • (1996) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.777 , pp. 107-113
    • Lee, V.M.Y.1
  • 27
    • 0033835996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripherally administered antibodies against amyloid beta-peptide enter the central nervous system and reduce pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
    • Bard F, Cannon C, Barbour R, Burke RL, Games D, Grajeda H, et al. Peripherally administered antibodies against amyloid beta-peptide enter the central nervous system and reduce pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med 2000; 6: 916-9.
    • (2000) Nat Med , vol.6 , pp. 916-919
    • Bard, F.1    Cannon, C.2    Barbour, R.3    Burke, R.L.4    Games, D.5    Grajeda, H.6
  • 28
    • 0033536163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse
    • Schenk D, Barbour R, Dunn W, Gordon G, Grajeda H, Guido T, et al. Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature 1999; 400: 173-7.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.400 , pp. 173-177
    • Schenk, D.1    Barbour, R.2    Dunn, W.3    Gordon, G.4    Grajeda, H.5    Guido, T.6
  • 29
    • 84984755327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A beta peptide vaccination prevents memory loss in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease
    • Morgan D, Diamond DM, Gottschall PE, Ugen KE, Dickey C, Hardy J, et al. A beta peptide vaccination prevents memory loss in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2000; 408: 982-5.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.408 , pp. 982-985
    • Morgan, D.1    Diamond, D.M.2    Gottschall, P.E.3    Ugen, K.E.4    Dickey, C.5    Hardy, J.6
  • 30
    • 0034700480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A learning deficit related to age and beta-amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
    • Chen G, Chen KS, Knox J, Inglis J, Bernard A, Martin SJ, et al. A learning deficit related to age and beta-amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2000; 408: 975-9.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.408 , pp. 975-979
    • Chen, G.1    Chen, K.S.2    Knox, J.3    Inglis, J.4    Bernard, A.5    Martin, S.J.6
  • 31
    • 0034643832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced prevalence of AD in users of NSAIDs and H2 receptor antagonists: The Cache Count Study
    • Anthony JC, Breitner JCS, Zandi PP, Meyer MR, Jurasova I, Norton MC, et al. Reduced prevalence of AD in users of NSAIDs and H2 receptor antagonists: The Cache Count Study. Neurology 2000; 54: 2066-71.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 2066-2071
    • Anthony, J.C.1    Breitner, J.C.S.2    Zandi, P.P.3    Meyer, M.R.4    Jurasova, I.5    Norton, M.C.6
  • 32
    • 0029811901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer's disease: A review of 17 epidemiologic studies
    • McHeer PL, Schulzer M, McGeer EG. Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer's disease: A review of 17 epidemiologic studies. Neurology 1996; 47: 425-32.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47 , pp. 425-432
    • McHeer, P.L.1    Schulzer, M.2    McGeer, E.G.3
  • 33
    • 0029610011 scopus 로고
    • The inflammatory response system of brain: Implications for therapy of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative disease
    • McGeer PL, McGeer EG. The inflammatory response system of brain: Implications for therapy of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative disease. Brain Res Rev 1995; 21: 195-6.
    • (1995) Brain Res Rev , vol.21 , pp. 195-196
    • McGeer, P.L.1    McGeer, E.G.2
  • 34
    • 0029161781 scopus 로고
    • Glial cytokines in Alzheimer's disease: Review and pathogenic implications
    • Mrak RE, Sheng JG, Griffin WST. Glial cytokines in Alzheimer's disease: Review and pathogenic implications. Hum Pathol 1995; 26: 816-23.
    • (1995) Hum Pathol , vol.26 , pp. 816-823
    • Mrak, R.E.1    Sheng, J.G.2    Griffin, W.S.T.3
  • 35
    • 0028103819 scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for therapy
    • Aisen PS, Davis KL. Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for therapy. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1105-13.
    • (1994) Am J Psychiatry , vol.151 , pp. 1105-1113
    • Aisen, P.S.1    Davis, K.L.2
  • 36
    • 0029810933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study
    • Kuller LH, Tracy RP, Shaten J, Meilahn EN. Relation of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 537-47.
    • (1996) Am J Epidemiol , vol.144 , pp. 537-547
    • Kuller, L.H.1    Tracy, R.P.2    Shaten, J.3    Meilahn, E.N.4
  • 37
    • 0034606268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of a haplotype for tumor necrosis factor in siblings with late-onset Alzheimer disease genetics initiative: The NIMH Alzheimer disease genetics initiative
    • Collins JS, Perry RT, Watson B, Harrell LE, Acton RT, Blacker D, et al. Association of a haplotype for tumor necrosis factor in siblings with late-onset Alzheimer disease genetics initiative: The NIMH Alzheimer disease genetics initiative. Am J Med Genetics 2000; 96: 823-30.
    • (2000) Am J Med Genetics , vol.96 , pp. 823-830
    • Collins, J.S.1    Perry, R.T.2    Watson, B.3    Harrell, L.E.4    Acton, R.T.5    Blacker, D.6
  • 40
    • 0033551547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of diclofenac/misoprostol in Alzheimer's disease
    • Scharf S, Mander A, Ugoni A, Vajda F, Christophidis N. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of diclofenac/misoprostol in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1999; 53: 197-201.
    • (1999) Neurology , vol.53 , pp. 197-201
    • Scharf, S.1    Mander, A.2    Ugoni, A.3    Vajda, F.4    Christophidis, N.5
  • 41
    • 0033178889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional distribution of cyclooxygenase-2 in the hippocampal formation in Alzheimer's disease
    • Ho L, Pieroni C, Winger D, Purohit DP, Aisen PS, Pasinetti GM. Regional distribution of cyclooxygenase-2 in the hippocampal formation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res. 1999; 57: 295-303.
    • (1999) J Neurosci Res , vol.57 , pp. 295-303
    • Ho, L.1    Pieroni, C.2    Winger, D.3    Purohit, D.P.4    Aisen, P.S.5    Pasinetti, G.M.6
  • 42
    • 0032516792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 but not COX-1 gene expression in apoptotic cell death
    • Ho L, Osaka H, Aisen PS, Pasinetti GM. Induction of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 but not COX-1 gene expression in apoptotic cell death. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 89: 142-9.
    • (1998) J Neuroimmunol , vol.89 , pp. 142-149
    • Ho, L.1    Osaka, H.2    Aisen, P.S.3    Pasinetti, G.M.4
  • 43
    • 0031031312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies
    • Aisen PS. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Gerontology 1997; 43: 143-9.
    • (1997) Gerontology , vol.43 , pp. 143-149
    • Aisen, P.S.1
  • 45
    • 0030046401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-amyloid drugs: Potential in the treatment of diseases associated with aging
    • Kisilevsky R. Anti-amyloid drugs: Potential in the treatment of diseases associated with aging. Drugs Aging 1996; 8: 75-83.
    • (1996) Drugs Aging , vol.8 , pp. 75-83
    • Kisilevsky, R.1
  • 46
  • 47
    • 0030968187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ovarian steroids and the brain: Implications for cognition and aging
    • McEwen BS, Alves SE, Bulloch K, Weiland NG. Ovarian steroids and the brain: Implications for cognition and aging. Neurology 1997; 48: S8-S15.
    • (1997) Neurology , vol.48
    • McEwen, B.S.1    Alves, S.E.2    Bulloch, K.3    Weiland, N.G.4
  • 48
    • 0032514232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The modulation by neurosteroids of the copolamine-induced learning impairment in mice involves an interaction with sigmal (sigmal) receptors
    • Urani A, Privat A, Maurice T. The modulation by neurosteroids of the copolamine-induced learning impairment in mice involves an interaction with sigmal (sigmal) receptors. Brain Res 1998; 799: 64-77.
    • (1998) Brain Res , vol.799 , pp. 64-77
    • Urani, A.1    Privat, A.2    Maurice, T.3
  • 49
    • 0034720686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ovariectomy and 17 betaestradiol modulate the levels of Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptides in brain
    • Petanceska SS, Nagy V, Frail D, Gandy S. Ovariectomy and 17 betaestradiol modulate the levels of Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptides in brain. Neurology 2000; 54: 2212-7.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 2212-2217
    • Petanceska, S.S.1    Nagy, V.2    Frail, D.3    Gandy, S.4
  • 50
    • 0033531762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of estrogen on brain activation patterns in postmenopausal women during working memory tasks
    • Shaywitz S, Shaywitz BA, Pugh KF, Fulbright RK, Skudlarski P, Mencl WE, et al. Effect of estrogen on brain activation patterns in postmenopausal women during working memory tasks. JAMA 1999; 281: 1197-202.
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.281 , pp. 1197-1202
    • Shaywitz, S.1    Shaywitz, B.A.2    Pugh, K.F.3    Fulbright, R.K.4    Skudlarski, P.5    Mencl, W.E.6
  • 52
    • 0030591669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease
    • Tang MX, Jacobs D, Stem Y, Marder K, Schofield P, Gurland B, et al. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1996; 348: 429-32.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 429-432
    • Tang, M.X.1    Jacobs, D.2    Stem, Y.3    Marder, K.4    Schofield, P.5    Gurland, B.6
  • 53
    • 0029886801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on response to tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Schneider LS, Farlow MR, Henderson VW, Pogoda JM. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on response to tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1996; 46: 1580-4.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 1580-1584
    • Schneider, L.S.1    Farlow, M.R.2    Henderson, V.W.3    Pogoda, J.M.4
  • 54
    • 0034711656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen for Alzheimer's disease in women: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Henderson VW, Paganini-Hill A, Miller BL, Elble RJ, Reyes PF, Shoupe D, et al. Estrogen for Alzheimer's disease in women: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2000; 54: 295-301.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 295-301
    • Henderson, V.W.1    Paganini-Hill, A.2    Miller, B.L.3    Elble, R.J.4    Reyes, P.F.5    Shoupe, D.6
  • 55
    • 0034643897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of estrogen on cognition, mood, and cerebral blood flow in AD: A controlled study
    • Wang PN, Liao SQ, Liu RS, Liu CY, Chao HT, Lu SR, et al. Effects of estrogen on cognition, mood, and cerebral blood flow in AD: A controlled study. Neurology 2000; 54: 2061-6.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 2061-2066
    • Wang, P.N.1    Liao, S.Q.2    Liu, R.S.3    Liu, C.Y.4    Chao, H.T.5    Lu, S.R.6
  • 56
    • 0032890036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An immunohistochemical study of the distribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the adult human brain, with particular reference to Alzheimer's disease
    • Murer MG, Boissiere F, Yan Q, Hunot S, Villares J, Faucheux B, et al. An immunohistochemical study of the distribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the adult human brain, with particular reference to Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 1999; 88: 1015-32.
    • (1999) Neuroscience , vol.88 , pp. 1015-1032
    • Murer, M.G.1    Boissiere, F.2    Yan, Q.3    Hunot, S.4    Villares, J.5    Faucheux, B.6
  • 57
    • 0029022112 scopus 로고
    • Nerve growth factor in Alzheimer's disease: Increased levels throughout the brain coupled with declines in nucleus basalis
    • Scott SA, Mufson EJ, Weingartner JA, Skau KA, Crutcher KA. Nerve growth factor in Alzheimer's disease: Increased levels throughout the brain coupled with declines in nucleus basalis. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 6213-21.
    • (1995) J Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 6213-6221
    • Scott, S.A.1    Mufson, E.J.2    Weingartner, J.A.3    Skau, K.A.4    Crutcher, K.A.5
  • 58
    • 0034087784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Region-specific neurotrophin imbalances in Alzheimer disease: Decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and increased levels of nerve growth factor in hippocampus and cortical areas
    • Hock C, Heese K, Hulette C, Rosenberg C, Otten U. Region-specific neurotrophin imbalances in Alzheimer disease: Decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and increased levels of nerve growth factor in hippocampus and cortical areas. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 846-51.
    • (2000) Arch Neurol , vol.57 , pp. 846-851
    • Hock, C.1    Heese, K.2    Hulette, C.3    Rosenberg, C.4    Otten, U.5
  • 59
    • 0027303254 scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of SR 57746A in central and peripheral models of neurodegenerative disorders in rodents and primates
    • Fournier J, Steinberg R, Gauthier T, Keane PE, Guzzi U, Coude FX, et al. Protective effects of SR 57746A in central and peripheral models of neurodegenerative disorders in rodents and primates. Neuroscience 1993; 55: 629-41.
    • (1993) Neuroscience , vol.55 , pp. 629-641
    • Fournier, J.1    Steinberg, R.2    Gauthier, T.3    Keane, P.E.4    Guzzi, U.5    Coude, F.X.6
  • 61
    • 0342803126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nerve growth factor treatment in dementia
    • Jonhagen ME. Nerve growth factor treatment in dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2000; 14: S31-S38.
    • (2000) Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord , vol.14
    • Jonhagen, M.E.1
  • 62
    • 0034086877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotrophic factor strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer disease
    • Nabeshima T, Yamada K. Neurotrophic factor strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2000; 14: S39-S46.
    • (2000) Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord , vol.14
    • Nabeshima, T.1    Yamada, K.2
  • 63
    • 0025086041 scopus 로고
    • GM-1 treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A pilot study of safety and efficacy
    • Ala T, Romero S, Knight F, Feldt K, Frey WH. GM-1 treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A pilot study of safety and efficacy. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 1126-30.
    • (1990) Arch Neurol , vol.47 , pp. 1126-1130
    • Ala, T.1    Romero, S.2    Knight, F.3    Feldt, K.4    Frey, W.H.5
  • 64
    • 0022517906 scopus 로고
    • Effects of physostigmine on memory test performance in normal volunteers
    • Smith CM, Coogan JS, Hart S. Effects of physostigmine on memory test performance in normal volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1986; 90: 364-6.
    • (1986) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.90 , pp. 364-366
    • Smith, C.M.1    Coogan, J.S.2    Hart, S.3
  • 65
    • 0014089378 scopus 로고
    • The treatment of scopolamine-induced delirium with physostigmine
    • Crowell EB, Ketchum JS. The treatment of scopolamine-induced delirium with physostigmine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1967; 8: 409-14.
    • (1967) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.8 , pp. 409-414
    • Crowell, E.B.1    Ketchum, J.S.2
  • 66
    • 0014430209 scopus 로고
    • Reversal of central anticholinergic syndrome in man by physostigmine
    • Duvosin RC, Katz R. Reversal of central anticholinergic syndrome in man by physostigmine. JAMA 1968; 206: 1963-5.
    • (1968) JAMA , vol.206 , pp. 1963-1965
    • Duvosin, R.C.1    Katz, R.2
  • 67
    • 0022899577 scopus 로고
    • Oral tetrahydroaminoacridine in long-term treatment of senile dementia, Alzheimer type
    • Summers WK, Majovski LV, Marsh GM, Tachiki K, Kling A. Oral tetrahydroaminoacridine in long-term treatment of senile dementia, Alzheimer type. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1241-5.
    • (1986) N Engl J Med , vol.315 , pp. 1241-1245
    • Summers, W.K.1    Majovski, L.V.2    Marsh, G.M.3    Tachiki, K.4    Kling, A.5
  • 69
    • 10244259208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Results of a US multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • The Donepezil Study Group
    • Rogers SL, Friedhoff LT. The efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Results of a US multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Donepezil Study Group. Dementia 1996; 7: 293-303.
    • (1996) Dementia , vol.7 , pp. 293-303
    • Rogers, S.L.1    Friedhoff, L.T.2
  • 70
    • 0033528436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: International randomised controlled trial
    • Rosler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, Gauthier S, Agid Y, Dal-Bianco P, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: International randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 1999; 318: 633-8.
    • (1999) Br Med J , vol.318 , pp. 633-638
    • Rosler, M.1    Anand, R.2    Cicin-Sain, A.3    Gauthier, S.4    Agid, Y.5    Dal-Bianco, P.6
  • 72
    • 0023780242 scopus 로고
    • Intracerebroventricular bethanechol chloride administration in Alzheimer's disease
    • Harbaugh RE. Intracerebroventricular bethanechol chloride administration in Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 531: 174-9.
    • (1988) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.531 , pp. 174-179
    • Harbaugh, R.E.1
  • 73
    • 0023837692 scopus 로고
    • Intraventricular bethanechol infusion for Alzheimer's disease: Results of double-blind and escalating-dose trials
    • Penn RD, Martin EM, Wilson RS, Fox JH, Savoy SM. Intraventricular bethanechol infusion for Alzheimer's disease: Results of double-blind and escalating-dose trials. Neurology 1988; 38: 219-22.
    • (1988) Neurology , vol.38 , pp. 219-222
    • Penn, R.D.1    Martin, E.M.2    Wilson, R.S.3    Fox, J.H.4    Savoy, S.M.5
  • 74
    • 0031880242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease
    • Taylor P. Development of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1998; 51: S30-S35.
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.51
    • Taylor, P.1
  • 75
    • 0033980910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinesterase inhibitors: A new class of psychotropic compounds
    • Cummings JL. Cholinesterase inhibitors: A new class of psychotropic compounds. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 4-15.
    • (2000) Am J Psychiatry , vol.157 , pp. 4-15
    • Cummings, J.L.1
  • 76
    • 0029013785 scopus 로고
    • THA-historical aspects, review of pharmacological properties and therapeutic effects
    • Soares JC, Gershon S. THA-historical aspects, review of pharmacological properties and therapeutic effects. Dementia 1995; 6: 225-34.
    • (1995) Dementia , vol.6 , pp. 225-234
    • Soares, J.C.1    Gershon, S.2
  • 77
    • 0032489322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the M1 agonist xanomeline on processing of human beta-amyloid precursor protein (FAD, Swedish mutant), transfected into Chinese hamster ovary-m1 cells
    • DeLapp N, Wu S, Belagaje R, Johnstone E, Little S, Shannon H, et al. Effects of the M1 agonist xanomeline on processing of human beta-amyloid precursor protein (FAD, Swedish mutant), transfected into Chinese hamster ovary-m1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 244: 156-60.
    • (1998) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.244 , pp. 156-160
    • DeLapp, N.1    Wu, S.2    Belagaje, R.3    Johnstone, E.4    Little, S.5    Shannon, H.6
  • 78
    • 0029657922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PET study of the M1-agonists [11C] xanomeline and [11C] butylthio-TZTP in monkey and man
    • Farde L, Suhara T, Halldin C, Nyback H, Nakashima Y, Swahn CG, et al. PET study of the M1-agonists [11C] xanomeline and [11C] butylthio-TZTP in monkey and man. Dementia 1996; 7: 187-95.
    • (1996) Dementia , vol.7 , pp. 187-195
    • Farde, L.1    Suhara, T.2    Halldin, C.3    Nyback, H.4    Nakashima, Y.5    Swahn, C.G.6
  • 79
    • 0021647758 scopus 로고
    • Clinical trials with the cholinergic drug RS 86 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT)
    • Wettstein A, Spiegel R. Clinical trials with the cholinergic drug RS 86 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT). Psychopharmacology 1984; 84: 572-3.
    • (1984) Psychopharmacology , vol.84 , pp. 572-573
    • Wettstein, A.1    Spiegel, R.2
  • 80
    • 0032496752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xanomeline compared to other muscarinic agents on stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in vivo and other cholinomimetic effects
    • Bymaster FP, Carter PA, Peters SC, Zhang W, Ward JS, Mitch CH, et al. Xanomeline compared to other muscarinic agents on stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in vivo and other cholinomimetic effects. Brain Res 1998; 795: 179-90.
    • (1998) Brain Res , vol.795 , pp. 179-190
    • Bymaster, F.P.1    Carter, P.A.2    Peters, S.C.3    Zhang, W.4    Ward, J.S.5    Mitch, C.H.6
  • 81
    • 0025996712 scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term continuous infusion of the muscarinic cholinergic agonist arecoline on verbal memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type
    • Raffaele KC, Berardi A, Asthana S, Morris P, Haxby JV, Soncrant TT. Effects of long-term continuous infusion of the muscarinic cholinergic agonist arecoline on verbal memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Psychopharmacol Bull 1991; 27: 315-9.
    • (1991) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.27 , pp. 315-319
    • Raffaele, K.C.1    Berardi, A.2    Asthana, S.3    Morris, P.4    Haxby, J.V.5    Soncrant, T.T.6
  • 83
    • 0032458542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of xanomeline in Alzheimer disease: Cognitive improvement measured using the Computerized Neuropsychological Test Battery (CNTB)
    • Veroff AE, Bodick NC, Offen WW, Sramek JJ, Cutler NR. Efficacy of xanomeline in Alzheimer disease: Cognitive improvement measured using the Computerized Neuropsychological Test Battery (CNTB). Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1998; 12: 304-12.
    • (1998) Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord , vol.12 , pp. 304-312
    • Veroff, A.E.1    Bodick, N.C.2    Offen, W.W.3    Sramek, J.J.4    Cutler, N.R.5
  • 84
    • 0030902127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of xanomeline, a selective muscarinic receptor agonist, on cognitive function and behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer disease
    • Bodick NC, Offen WW, Levey AL, Cutler NR, Gauthier SG, Satlin A, et al. Effects of xanomeline, a selective muscarinic receptor agonist, on cognitive function and behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1997; 54: 465-73.
    • (1997) Arch Neurol , vol.54 , pp. 465-473
    • Bodick, N.C.1    Offen, W.W.2    Levey, A.L.3    Cutler, N.R.4    Gauthier, S.G.5    Satlin, A.6
  • 85
    • 0034711690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lu 25-109, a muscarinic agonist, fails to improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease
    • Thal LJ, Forrest M, Loft H, Mengel H. Lu 25-109, a muscarinic agonist, fails to improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2000; 54: 421-6.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 421-426
    • Thal, L.J.1    Forrest, M.2    Loft, H.3    Mengel, H.4
  • 86
    • 0030049572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of nicotine in dermal plaster on cognitive functions in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Snaedal J, Johannesson T, Jonsson JE, Gylfadottir G. The effects of nicotine in dermal plaster on cognitive functions in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dementia 1996; 7: 47-52.
    • (1996) Dementia , vol.7 , pp. 47-52
    • Snaedal, J.1    Johannesson, T.2    Jonsson, J.E.3    Gylfadottir, G.4
  • 87
    • 0021822534 scopus 로고
    • A double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease
    • Little A, Levy R, Chuaqui-Kidd P, Hand D. A double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48: 736-42.
    • (1985) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 736-742
    • Little, A.1    Levy, R.2    Chuaqui-Kidd, P.3    Hand, D.4
  • 88
  • 89
    • 0018293475 scopus 로고
    • Choline in Alzheimer's disease
    • Renvoize EB, Jerram T. Choline in Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 1979;301:330.
    • (1979) N Engl J Med , vol.301 , pp. 330
    • Renvoize, E.B.1    Jerram, T.2
  • 90
    • 0019121869 scopus 로고
    • Choline bitartrate treatment of Alzheimer type dementias
    • Fovall P, Dysken MW, Lazarus LW. Choline bitartrate treatment of Alzheimer type dementias. Comm Psychopharmacol 1980; 4: 141-5.
    • (1980) Comm Psychopharmacol , vol.4 , pp. 141-145
    • Fovall, P.1    Dysken, M.W.2    Lazarus, L.W.3
  • 91
    • 0346002455 scopus 로고
    • Choline chloride fails to improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease
    • Thal LJ, Rosen W, Sharpless S, Crystal H. Choline chloride fails to improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1981; 44: 24-9.
    • (1981) Neurobiol Aging , vol.44 , pp. 24-29
    • Thal, L.J.1    Rosen, W.2    Sharpless, S.3    Crystal, H.4
  • 92
    • 0020063298 scopus 로고
    • Lecithin and memory training in suspected Alzheimer's disease
    • Brinkman SD, Smith RC, Meyer JS. Lecithin and memory training in suspected Alzheimer's disease. J Gerontol 1982; 37: 4-9.
    • (1982) J Gerontol , vol.37 , pp. 4-9
    • Brinkman, S.D.1    Smith, R.C.2    Meyer, J.S.3
  • 94
    • 0020570013 scopus 로고
    • Lecithin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    • Weintraub S, Mesulam M-M, Auty R. Lecithin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1983; 40: 527-8.
    • (1983) Neurology , vol.40 , pp. 527-528
    • Weintraub, S.1    Mesulam, M.-M.2    Auty, R.3
  • 95
    • 0033777506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipid alterations in transient forebrain ischemia: Possible new mechanisms of CDP-choline neuroprotection
    • Rao AM, Hatcher JF, Dempsey RJ. Lipid alterations in transient forebrain ischemia: Possible new mechanisms of CDP-choline neuroprotection. J Neurochem 2000; 75: 2528-35.
    • (2000) J Neurochem , vol.75 , pp. 2528-2535
    • Rao, A.M.1    Hatcher, J.F.2    Dempsey, R.J.3
  • 96
    • 0342545881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effects of citicoline on brain edema and blood-brain barrier breakdown after traumatic brain injury
    • Baskaya MK, Dogan A, Rao AM, Dempsey RJ. Neuroprotective effects of citicoline on brain edema and blood-brain barrier breakdown after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2000; 92: 448-452.
    • (2000) J Neurosurg , vol.92 , pp. 448-452
    • Baskaya, M.K.1    Dogan, A.2    Rao, A.M.3    Dempsey, R.J.4
  • 97
    • 0025760320 scopus 로고
    • Clues to mechanism of action of acetyl-L-carnitine in the central nervous system
    • Calvani M, Carta A. Clues to mechanism of action of acetyl-L-carnitine in the central nervous system. Dementia 1991; 2: 1-6.
    • (1991) Dementia , vol.2 , pp. 1-6
    • Calvani, M.1    Carta, A.2
  • 99
    • 0033403796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double-blind placebo-controlled study with citicoline in APOE genotyped Alzheimer's disease patients. Effects on cognitive performance, brain bioelectrical activity and cerebral perfusion
    • Álvarez XA, Mouzo R, Pichel V, Pérez P, Laredo M, Fernández-Novoa L, et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled study with citicoline in APOE genotyped Alzheimer's disease patients. Effects on cognitive performance, brain bioelectrical activity and cerebral perfusion. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1999; 21: 633-44.
    • (1999) Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol , vol.21 , pp. 633-644
    • Álvarez, X.A.1    Mouzo, R.2    Pichel, V.3    Pérez, P.4    Laredo, M.5    Fernández-Novoa, L.6
  • 101
    • 84921431963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP choline) for cognitive and behavioral disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly
    • CD000269
    • Fioravanti M, Yanagi M. Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP choline) for cognitive and behavioral disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 4: CD000269.
    • (2000) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4
    • Fioravanti, M.1    Yanagi, M.2
  • 102
    • 0023836044 scopus 로고
    • 4-Aminopyridine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    • Davidson M, Zemishlany Z, Mohs RC. 4-Aminopyridine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23: 485-90.
    • (1988) Biol Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 485-490
    • Davidson, M.1    Zemishlany, Z.2    Mohs, R.C.3
  • 103
    • 0016441432 scopus 로고
    • Memory enhancement by central administration of norepinephrine
    • Stein L, Belluzzi JD, Wise CD. Memory enhancement by central administration of norepinephrine. Brain Res 1975; 84: 329-35.
    • (1975) Brain Res , vol.84 , pp. 329-335
    • Stein, L.1    Belluzzi, J.D.2    Wise, C.D.3
  • 104
    • 0024431682 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in catecholamine neurons of the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia and depression
    • Chan-Palay V, Asan E. Alterations in catecholamine neurons of the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia and depression. J Comp Neurol 1989; 287: 373-92.
    • (1989) J Comp Neurol , vol.287 , pp. 373-392
    • Chan-Palay, V.1    Asan, E.2
  • 106
    • 0017511455 scopus 로고
    • The effect of methylphenidate on test performance in the cognitively impaired aged
    • Crook T, Ferris S, Sathananthan G. The effect of methylphenidate on test performance in the cognitively impaired aged. Psychopharmacol Bull 1977; 13: 46-8.
    • (1977) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.13 , pp. 46-48
    • Crook, T.1    Ferris, S.2    Sathananthan, G.3
  • 107
    • 0028064502 scopus 로고
    • Involvement of free oxygen radicals in beta-amyloidosis: An hypothesis
    • Friedlich AL, Butcher LL. Involvement of free oxygen radicals in beta-amyloidosis: An hypothesis. Neurobiol Aging 1994; 15: 443-55.
    • (1994) Neurobiol Aging , vol.15 , pp. 443-455
    • Friedlich, A.L.1    Butcher, L.L.2
  • 108
    • 0026460074 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Sano M, Bell K, Cote L, Dooneief G, Lawton A, Legler L, et al. Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1992; 49: 1137-41.
    • (1992) Arch Neurol , vol.49 , pp. 1137-1141
    • Sano, M.1    Bell, K.2    Cote, L.3    Dooneief, G.4    Lawton, A.5    Legler, L.6
  • 110
    • 9544240348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Thal LJ, Carta A, Clarke WR, Ferris SH, Friedland RP, Petersen RC, et al. A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1996; 47: 705-11.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47 , pp. 705-711
    • Thal, L.J.1    Carta, A.2    Clarke, W.R.3    Ferris, S.H.4    Friedland, R.P.5    Petersen, R.C.6
  • 111
    • 0030967165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of selegiline, alpho-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer disease
    • Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Schafer K, Grundman M, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpho-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer disease. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1216-22.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 1216-1222
    • Sano, M.1    Ernesto, C.2    Thomas, R.G.3    Klauber, M.R.4    Schafer, K.5    Grundman, M.6
  • 112
    • 0021859649 scopus 로고
    • Postischemic cerebral lipid peroxidation in vitro: Modification by vitamin E
    • Yoshida S, Busto R, Watson BD, Santiso M, Ginsberg MD. Postischemic cerebral lipid peroxidation in vitro: Modification by vitamin E. J Neurochem 1985; 44: 1593-601.
    • (1985) J Neurochem , vol.44 , pp. 1593-1601
    • Yoshida, S.1    Busto, R.2    Watson, B.D.3    Santiso, M.4    Ginsberg, M.D.5
  • 113
    • 0034724365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men
    • Masaki KH, Losonczy KG, Izmirlian G, Foley DJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, et al. Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men. Neurology 2000; 54: 1265-72.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 1265-1272
    • Masaki, K.H.1    Losonczy, K.G.2    Izmirlian, G.3    Foley, D.J.4    Ross, G.W.5    Petrovitch, H.6
  • 118
    • 0026631288 scopus 로고
    • Milacemide: A placebo-controlled study in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type
    • Dysken M, Mendels J, LeWitt P. Milacemide: A placebo-controlled study in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 503-6.
    • (1992) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.40 , pp. 503-506
    • Dysken, M.1    Mendels, J.2    LeWitt, P.3
  • 119
    • 0028068622 scopus 로고
    • Idebenone: A new drug for the treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type
    • Bergamasco B, Scarzella L, LaCommare P. Idebenone: A new drug for the treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Funct Neurol 1994; 9: 161-8.
    • (1994) Funct Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 161-168
    • Bergamasco, B.1    Scarzella, L.2    LaCommare, P.3
  • 120
    • 0024501895 scopus 로고
    • Brain distribution of Idebenone and its effect on local cerebral glucose utilization in rats
    • Nagai Y, Toshida T, Narumi S, Tauayama S, Nagaoaka A. Brain distribution of Idebenone and its effect on local cerebral glucose utilization in rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1989; 8: 257-72.
    • (1989) Arch Gerontol Geriatr , vol.8 , pp. 257-272
    • Nagai, Y.1    Toshida, T.2    Narumi, S.3    Tauayama, S.4    Nagaoaka, A.5
  • 122
    • 0347893821 scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of CV-2619 tablets in patients with cerebrovascular disorders, etc. Non-blind controlled trial in comparison with calcium hopatenate
    • Otomo E, Abe H, Araki G, Ito E, Omae T, Nishimura T, Hasegawa K. Usefulness of CV-2619 tablets in patients with cerebrovascular disorders, etc. Non-blind controlled trial in comparison with calcium hopatenate. Therapeutic Res 1985; 3: 117-36.
    • (1985) Therapeutic Res , vol.3 , pp. 117-136
    • Otomo, E.1    Abe, H.2    Araki, G.3    Ito, E.4    Omae, T.5    Nishimura, T.6    Hasegawa, K.7
  • 123
  • 124
    • 0029118814 scopus 로고
    • Idebenone protects hepatic microsomes against oxygen radical-mediated damage in organ preservation solution
    • Weiland F, Schutz E, Armstrong VW, Kuthe F, Heller C, Oellerich M. Idebenone protects hepatic microsomes against oxygen radical-mediated damage in organ preservation solution. Transplantation 1995; 60: 444-51.
    • (1995) Transplantation , vol.60 , pp. 444-451
    • Weiland, F.1    Schutz, E.2    Armstrong, V.W.3    Kuthe, F.4    Heller, C.5    Oellerich, M.6
  • 125
    • 0031081164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orally active NGF synthesis stimulators: Potential therapeutic agents in Alzheimer's disease
    • Yamada K, Nitta A, Hasegawa T, Fuji K, Hiramatsu M, Kameyama T, et al. Orally active NGF synthesis stimulators: Potential therapeutic agents in Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 1997; 83: 117-22.
    • (1997) Behav Brain Res , vol.83 , pp. 117-122
    • Yamada, K.1    Nitta, A.2    Hasegawa, T.3    Fuji, K.4    Hiramatsu, M.5    Kameyama, T.6
  • 126
    • 0028343519 scopus 로고
    • Oral administration of idebenone induces nerve growth factor in the brain and improves learning and memory in basal forebrain-lesioned rats
    • Nitta A, Murakami Y, Furukawa Y, Kawatsura W, Hayashi K, Yamada K, et al. Oral administration of idebenone induces nerve growth factor in the brain and improves learning and memory in basal forebrain-lesioned rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1994; 349: 401-7.
    • (1994) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol , vol.349 , pp. 401-407
    • Nitta, A.1    Murakami, Y.2    Furukawa, Y.3    Kawatsura, W.4    Hayashi, K.5    Yamada, K.6
  • 129
    • 0034100578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glial modulating and neurotrophic properties of propentofylline and its application to Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
    • Ringheim GE. Glial modulating and neurotrophic properties of propentofylline and its application to Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 903: 529-34.
    • (2000) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.903 , pp. 529-534
    • Ringheim, G.E.1
  • 130
    • 0031593611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological immuno-reactions of glial cells in Alzheimer's disease and possible sites of interference
    • Schubert P, Ogata T, Miyazaki H, Marchini C, Ferroni S, Rudolphi K. Pathological immuno-reactions of glial cells in Alzheimer's disease and possible sites of interference. J Neural Transm Suppl 1998; 54: 167-74.
    • (1998) J Neural Transm Suppl , vol.54 , pp. 167-174
    • Schubert, P.1    Ogata, T.2    Miyazaki, H.3    Marchini, C.4    Ferroni, S.5    Rudolphi, K.6
  • 131
    • 0032458796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Properties of activated microglia and pharmacologic interference by propentofylline
    • Mcrae A, Ling EA, Schubert P, Rudolphi K. Properties of activated microglia and pharmacologic interference by propentofylline. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1998; 12: S15-S20.
    • (1998) Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord , vol.12
    • Mcrae, A.1    Ling, E.A.2    Schubert, P.3    Rudolphi, K.4
  • 132
    • 0034706062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guanosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate mediated inhibition of cell death induced by nerve growth factor withdrawal and beta-amyloid: Protective effects of propentofylline
    • Wirtz-Brugger F, Giovanni A. Guanosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate mediated inhibition of cell death induced by nerve growth factor withdrawal and beta-amyloid: Protective effects of propentofylline. Neuroscience 2000; 99: 737-50.
    • (2000) Neuroscience , vol.99 , pp. 737-750
    • Wirtz-Brugger, F.1    Giovanni, A.2
  • 133
    • 0030879207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 12-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of popentofylline (HWA 285) in patients with dementia according to DSM III-R
    • The European Propentofylline Study Group
    • Marcusson J, Rother M, Kittner B, Rossner M, Smith RJ, Babic T, et al. A 12-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of popentofylline (HWA 285) in patients with dementia according to DSM III-R. The European Propentofylline Study Group. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1997; 8: 320-8.
    • (1997) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.8 , pp. 320-328
    • Marcusson, J.1    Rother, M.2    Kittner, B.3    Rossner, M.4    Smith, R.J.5    Babic, T.6
  • 135
    • 0034130212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propentofylline treatment for Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: An economic evaluation based on functional abilities
    • Bachynsky J, McCracken P, Lier D, Alloul K, Jacobs P. Propentofylline treatment for Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: An economic evaluation based on functional abilities. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2000; 14: 102-11.
    • (2000) Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord , vol.14 , pp. 102-111
    • Bachynsky, J.1    McCracken, P.2    Lier, D.3    Alloul, K.4    Jacobs, P.5
  • 136
    • 0028762647 scopus 로고
    • Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders
    • Lipton SA, Rosenberg PA. Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 613-22.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.330 , pp. 613-622
    • Lipton, S.A.1    Rosenberg, P.A.2
  • 137
    • 0033202701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacologic rationale for memantine in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, especially vascular dementia
    • Mobius HJ. Pharmacologic rationale for memantine in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, especially vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999; 13: S172-S8.
    • (1999) Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord , vol.13
    • Mobius, H.J.1
  • 138
    • 0026755602 scopus 로고
    • Memantine prevents HIV coat protein-induced neuronal injury in vitro
    • Lipton SA. Memantine prevents HIV coat protein-induced neuronal injury in vitro. Neurology 1992; 42: 1403-5.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , pp. 1403-1405
    • Lipton, S.A.1
  • 139
    • 0032892343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memantine is a clinically well-to-lerated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist-a review of preclinical data
    • Parsons CG, Danysz W, Quack G. Memantine is a clinically well-to-lerated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist-a review of preclinical data. Neuropharmacology 1999; 38: 735-67.
    • (1999) Neuropharmacology , vol.38 , pp. 735-767
    • Parsons, C.G.1    Danysz, W.2    Quack, G.3
  • 140
    • 0029086845 scopus 로고
    • Noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists with fast open-channel blocking kinetics and strong voltage-dependency as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease
    • Muller WE, Mutschler E, Riederer P. Noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists with fast open-channel blocking kinetics and strong voltage-dependency as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacopsychiatry 1995; 28: 113-24.
    • (1995) Pharmacopsychiatry , vol.28 , pp. 113-124
    • Muller, W.E.1    Mutschler, E.2    Riederer, P.3
  • 141
    • 0002849794 scopus 로고
    • The treatment of dementia syndrome with akatinol memantine, a modulator of the glutamatergic system: Preclinical and clinical results
    • von Wild K, ed. Munich: W. Zuckschwerdt Verlag
    • Gortelmeyer R, Pantev M, Parsons CG, Quack G. The treatment of dementia syndrome with akatinol memantine, a modulator of the glutamatergic system: Preclinical and clinical results. In von Wild K, ed. Spektrum der Meurorehabilitation. Munich: W. Zuckschwerdt Verlag; 1993. p. 50-6.
    • (1993) Spektrum der Meurorehabilitation , pp. 50-56
    • Gortelmeyer, R.1    Pantev, M.2    Parsons, C.G.3    Quack, G.4
  • 142
    • 0032983786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memantine in severe dementia: Results of the 9M-Best Study (Benefit and efficacy in severely demented patients during treatment with memantine)
    • Winblad B, Poritis N. Memantine in severe dementia: Results of the 9M-Best Study (Benefit and efficacy in severely demented patients during treatment with memantine). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999; 14: 135-46.
    • (1999) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.14 , pp. 135-146
    • Winblad, B.1    Poritis, N.2
  • 143
    • 15644383835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D-cycloserine, a partial NMDA receptor-associated glycine-B site agonist, enhances reversal learning, but a cholinesterase inhibitor and nicotine has no effect
    • Riekkinen P, Ikonen S, Riekkinen M. D-cycloserine, a partial NMDA receptor-associated glycine-B site agonist, enhances reversal learning, but a cholinesterase inhibitor and nicotine has no effect. Neuroreport 1998; 9: 3647-51.
    • (1998) Neuroreport , vol.9 , pp. 3647-3651
    • Riekkinen, P.1    Ikonen, S.2    Riekkinen, M.3
  • 144
    • 0033015134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved cognition in Alzheimer's disease with short-term D-cycloserine treatment
    • Tsai GE, Falk WE, Gunther J, Coyle JT. Improved cognition in Alzheimer's disease with short-term D-cycloserine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 467-9.
    • (1999) Am J Psychiatry , vol.156 , pp. 467-469
    • Tsai, G.E.1    Falk, W.E.2    Gunther, J.3    Coyle, J.T.4
  • 147
    • 0025320360 scopus 로고
    • Short-term effects of the calcium channel blocker nimodipine (Bay-e-9736) in the management of primary degenerative dementia
    • Tollefson GD. Short-term effects of the calcium channel blocker nimodipine (Bay-e-9736) in the management of primary degenerative dementia. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27: 1133-42.
    • (1990) Biol Psychiatry , vol.27 , pp. 1133-1142
    • Tollefson, G.D.1
  • 148
    • 0034655901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of nimodipine in subcortical vascular dementia: A subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian multi-infarct dementia trial
    • Pantoni L, Rossi R, Inzitari D, Bianchi C, Beneke M, Erkinjuntti T, et al. Efficacy and safety of nimodipine in subcortical vascular dementia: A subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian multi-infarct dementia trial. J Neurol Sci 2000; 175: 124-34.
    • (2000) J Neurol Sci , vol.175 , pp. 124-134
    • Pantoni, L.1    Rossi, R.2    Inzitari, D.3    Bianchi, C.4    Beneke, M.5    Erkinjuntti, T.6
  • 149
    • 0019485553 scopus 로고
    • Clinical response to choline plus piracetam in senile dementia: Relation to red-cell choline levels
    • Friedman E, Sherman KA, Ferris S, Schneck MK. Clinical response to choline plus piracetam in senile dementia: Relation to red-cell choline levels. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 1490-1.
    • (1981) N Engl J Med , vol.304 , pp. 1490-1491
    • Friedman, E.1    Sherman, K.A.2    Ferris, S.3    Schneck, M.K.4
  • 150
    • 0019421383 scopus 로고
    • Piracetam diminishes hippocampal acetylcholine levels in rats
    • Wurtman RJ, Magil SG, Reinstein DK. Piracetam diminishes hippocampal acetylcholine levels in rats. Life Sci 1981; 28: 1091-3.
    • (1981) Life Sci , vol.28 , pp. 1091-1093
    • Wurtman, R.J.1    Magil, S.G.2    Reinstein, D.K.3
  • 151
    • 0011924105 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacologic treatment of senile dementia choline: L-Dopa, piracetam and choline plus piracetam
    • Corkin S, ed. New York: Raven Press
    • Ferris SH, Reisberg B, Crook T. Pharmacologic treatment of senile dementia choline: L-Dopa, piracetam and choline plus piracetam. In Corkin S, ed. Alzheimer's Disease: A Report of Progress (Aging, Vol. 19). New York: Raven Press; 1982. p. 475-81.
    • (1982) Alzheimer's Disease: A Report of Progress (Aging, Vol. 19) , vol.19 , pp. 475-481
    • Ferris, S.H.1    Reisberg, B.2    Crook, T.3
  • 152
    • 0019847791 scopus 로고
    • Profound effects of combining choline and piracetam on memory enhancement and cholinergic function in aged rats
    • Bartus RT, Dean RL, Sherman KA. Profound effects of combining choline and piracetam on memory enhancement and cholinergic function in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 1981; 2: 105-11.
    • (1981) Neurobiol Aging , vol.2 , pp. 105-111
    • Bartus, R.T.1    Dean, R.L.2    Sherman, K.A.3
  • 153
    • 0019381698 scopus 로고
    • A doubleblind placebo-controlled study of piracetam in elderly psychiatric patients
    • Chouinard G, Annable L, Ross-Chouinard A. A doubleblind placebo-controlled study of piracetam in elderly psychiatric patients. Psychopharmacol Bull 1981; 17: 129.
    • (1981) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.17 , pp. 129
    • Chouinard, G.1    Annable, L.2    Ross-Chouinard, A.3
  • 155
    • 0022994947 scopus 로고
    • Piracetam combined with lecithin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    • Growdon JH, Corkin S, Huff FJ, Rosen TJ. Piracetam combined with lecithin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1986; 7: 269-76.
    • (1986) Neurobiol Aging , vol.7 , pp. 269-276
    • Growdon, J.H.1    Corkin, S.2    Huff, F.J.3    Rosen, T.J.4
  • 157
    • 0025200627 scopus 로고
    • Selegiline versus oxiracetam in patients with Alzheimer-type dementia
    • Falsaperla A, Pret P, Oliani C. Selegiline versus oxiracetam in patients with Alzheimer-type dementia. Clin Ther 1990; 12: 376-84.
    • (1990) Clin Ther , vol.12 , pp. 376-384
    • Falsaperla, A.1    Pret, P.2    Oliani, C.3
  • 160
    • 0031788259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of Ginkgo biloba on cognitive function in Alzheimer disease
    • Oken BS, Storzbach DM, Kaye JA. The efficacy of Ginkgo biloba on cognitive function in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1998; 55: 1409-15.
    • (1998) Arch Neurol , vol.55 , pp. 1409-1415
    • Oken, B.S.1    Storzbach, D.M.2    Kaye, J.A.3
  • 161
    • 0242541395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical applications of Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, saw palmetto, and soy
    • Glisson J, Crawford R, Street S. The clinical applications of Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, saw palmetto, and soy. Nurse Pract 1999; 24: 28-46.
    • (1999) Nurse Pract , vol.24 , pp. 28-46
    • Glisson, J.1    Crawford, R.2    Street, S.3
  • 162
    • 0030907753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phospholipid breakdown and choline release under hypoxic conditions: Inhibition by bilobalide, a constituent of Ginkgo biloba
    • Klein J, Charrerlee SS, Loffeholz K. Phospholipid breakdown and choline release under hypoxic conditions: Inhibition by bilobalide, a constituent of Ginkgo biloba. Brain Res 1997; 755: 347-50.
    • (1997) Brain Res , vol.755 , pp. 347-350
    • Klein, J.1    Charrerlee, S.S.2    Loffeholz, K.3
  • 163
    • 0032970852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of bilobalide on gamma-aminobutyric acid levels and glutamic acid decarboxylase in mouse brain
    • Sasaki K, Hatta S, Haga M. Effects of bilobalide on gamma-aminobutyric acid levels and glutamic acid decarboxylase in mouse brain. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 367: 165-73.
    • (1999) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.367 , pp. 165-173
    • Sasaki, K.1    Hatta, S.2    Haga, M.3
  • 164
    • 0022922324 scopus 로고
    • Neuromediator binding to receptors in the rat brain: The effect of chronic administration of Ginkgo biloba extract
    • Taylor JE. Neuromediator binding to receptors in the rat brain: The effect of chronic administration of Ginkgo biloba extract. Presse Med 1986; 15: 1491-3.
    • (1986) Presse Med , vol.15 , pp. 1491-1493
    • Taylor, J.E.1
  • 165
    • 0030759072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia
    • North American EGb Study Group
    • LeBars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AF. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. JAMA 1997; 278: 1327-32.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 1327-1332
    • LeBars, P.L.1    Katz, M.M.2    Berman, N.3    Itil, T.M.4    Freedman, A.M.5    Schatzberg, A.F.6
  • 166
    • 0025871272 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerability of memantine in patients with dementia syndrome
    • Ditzler K. Efficacy and tolerability of memantine in patients with dementia syndrome. Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Research 1991; 41: 773-80.
    • (1991) Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Research , vol.41 , pp. 773-780
    • Ditzler, K.1
  • 167
    • 0029871249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proof of efficacy of the Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementia
    • Kanoeski S, Hermann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Horr R. Proof of efficacy of the Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementia. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996; 29: 47-56.
    • (1996) Pharmacopsychiatry , vol.29 , pp. 47-56
    • Kanoeski, S.1    Hermann, W.M.2    Stephan, K.3    Wierich, W.4    Horr, R.5
  • 168
    • 84987486738 scopus 로고
    • A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of tanakan in the treatment of idiopathic cognitive impairment on the elderly
    • Wesnes K, Simmons D, Rook M, Simpson P. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of tanakan in the treatment of idiopathic cognitive impairment on the elderly. Hum Psychopharmacol 1987; 2: 159-69.
    • (1987) Hum Psychopharmacol , vol.2 , pp. 159-169
    • Wesnes, K.1    Simmons, D.2    Rook, M.3    Simpson, P.4
  • 169
    • 0024408951 scopus 로고
    • Einfluss von Ginkgo biloba Extract auf neurophysiologische und psychometrische Messergeonisse bei Patienten mit himorganischen. Psychosyndrom ein Doppelbindstudie gegen Placebo
    • Hofferberth B. Einfluss von Ginkgo biloba Extract auf neurophysiologische und psychometrische Messergeonisse bei Patienten mit himorganischen. Psychosyndrom ein Doppelbindstudie gegen Placebo. Drug Res 1989; 39: 918-22.
    • (1989) Drug Res , vol.39 , pp. 918-922
    • Hofferberth, B.1
  • 170
    • 0000266401 scopus 로고
    • Wirksamkelt eines neuen Ginkgo biloba Extraktes bei 100 Patienten mit zerebraler insuffizienz
    • Vorberg G, Schenk N, Schmidt U. Wirksamkelt eines neuen Ginkgo biloba Extraktes bei 100 Patienten mit zerebraler insuffizienz. Herz Gefasse 1989; 9: 936-41.
    • (1989) Herz Gefasse , vol.9 , pp. 936-941
    • Vorberg, G.1    Schenk, N.2    Schmidt, U.3
  • 171
    • 0033785945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of Ginkgo for elderly people with dementia and age-associated memory impairment: New results of a randomized clinical trial
    • van Dongen MCJM, van Rossum E, Kessels AGH, Sielhorst HJG, Knipschild PG. The efficacy of Ginkgo for elderly people with dementia and age-associated memory impairment: New results of a randomized clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 1183-94.
    • (2000) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.48 , pp. 1183-1194
    • Van Dongen, M.C.J.M.1    Van Rossum, E.2    Kessels, A.G.H.3    Sielhorst, H.J.G.4    Knipschild, P.G.5
  • 172
    • 0023764433 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive enhancing agents: Current status in the treatment of Alzheimer disease
    • Waters C. Cognitive enhancing agents: Current status in the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1988; 15: 249-56.
    • (1988) Can J Neurol Sci , vol.15 , pp. 249-256
    • Waters, C.1
  • 173
    • 0017797110 scopus 로고
    • The effects of hyperbaric and normobaric oxygen on cognitive impairment in the elderly
    • Raskin A, Gershon S, Crook TH, Sathananthan G, Ferris S. The effects of hyperbaric and normobaric oxygen on cognitive impairment in the elderly. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978; 35: 50-6.
    • (1978) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.35 , pp. 50-56
    • Raskin, A.1    Gershon, S.2    Crook, T.H.3    Sathananthan, G.4    Ferris, S.5
  • 174
    • 0022979301 scopus 로고
    • Vasopressin in Alzheimer's disease: A study of postmortem brain concentrations
    • Mazurek MF, Beal F, Bird ED, Martin JB. Vasopressin in Alzheimer's disease: A study of postmortem brain concentrations. Ann Neurol 1986; 20: 665-70.
    • (1986) Ann Neurol , vol.20 , pp. 665-670
    • Mazurek, M.F.1    Beal, F.2    Bird, E.D.3    Martin, J.B.4
  • 177
    • 0019771985 scopus 로고
    • 1-Desamino-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in cognitively impaired patients
    • Tinklenberg J, Pfefferbaum A, Berger P. 1-Desamino-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in cognitively impaired patients. Psychopharmacol Bull 1981; 17: 206-7.
    • (1981) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.17 , pp. 206-207
    • Tinklenberg, J.1    Pfefferbaum, A.2    Berger, P.3
  • 178
    • 0021797459 scopus 로고
    • Desglycinamide-9-srginine-8 vasopressin (DGAVP, Organon 5667) in patients with dementia
    • Peabody C, Thiemann S, Pigache R. Desglycinamide-9-srginine-8 vasopressin (DGAVP, Organon 5667) in patients with dementia. Neurobiol Aging 1985; 6: 95-100.
    • (1985) Neurobiol Aging , vol.6 , pp. 95-100
    • Peabody, C.1    Thiemann, S.2    Pigache, R.3
  • 179
    • 0022573696 scopus 로고
    • Reciprocal changes in corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-like immunoreactivity and CRF receptors in cerebral cortex of Alzheimer's disease
    • Desouza EG, Whitehouse PJ, Kuhar MJ, Price DL. Reciprocal changes in corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-like immunoreactivity and CRF receptors in cerebral cortex of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1986; 319: 593-5.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.319 , pp. 593-595
    • Desouza, E.G.1    Whitehouse, P.J.2    Kuhar, M.J.3    Price, D.L.4
  • 180
    • 0020462601 scopus 로고
    • Desglycinamide-9-arginine-8-vasopressin (DGAVP, Organon 5667) in cognitively impaired patients
    • Tinklenberg J, Pigache R, Berger P, Kopell B. Desglycinamide-9-arginine-8-vasopressin (DGAVP, Organon 5667) in cognitively impaired patients. Psychopharmacol Bull 1982; 18: 202-4.
    • (1982) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.18 , pp. 202-204
    • Tinklenberg, J.1    Pigache, R.2    Berger, P.3    Kopell, B.4
  • 181
    • 0020670541 scopus 로고
    • Effects of naloxone in senile dementia: A double-blind trial
    • Reisberg B, Ferris SH, Anand R. Effects of naloxone in senile dementia: A double-blind trial. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 721-2.
    • (1983) N Engl J Med , vol.308 , pp. 721-722
    • Reisberg, B.1    Ferris, S.H.2    Anand, R.3
  • 182
    • 0029940648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk for neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease and residual aluminum in municipal drinking water employing weighted residential histories
    • McLachlan DR, Bergeron C, Smith JE, Boomer D, Rifat SL. Risk for neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease and residual aluminum in municipal drinking water employing weighted residential histories. Neurology 1996; 46: 401-5.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 401-405
    • McLachlan, D.R.1    Bergeron, C.2    Smith, J.E.3    Boomer, D.4    Rifat, S.L.5
  • 183
    • 0029793482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can the controversy of the role of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease be resolved? What are the suggested approaches to this controversy and methodological issues to be considered?
    • Savory J, Exley C, Forbes WF, Huang Y, Joshi JG, Kruck T, McLachlan DR, Wakayama I. Can the controversy of the role of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease be resolved? What are the suggested approaches to this controversy and methodological issues to be considered? J Toxicol Environ Health 1996; 48: 615-35.
    • (1996) J Toxicol Environ Health , vol.48 , pp. 615-635
    • Savory, J.1    Exley, C.2    Forbes, W.F.3    Huang, Y.4    Joshi, J.G.5    Kruck, T.6    McLachlan, D.R.7    Wakayama, I.8
  • 184
    • 0343714604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ligand specific effects on aluminum incorporation and toxicity in neurons and astrocytes
    • Levesque L, Mizzen CA, McLachlan DR, Fraser PE. Ligand specific effects on aluminum incorporation and toxicity in neurons and astrocytes. Brain Res 2000; 877: 191-202.
    • (2000) Brain Res , vol.877 , pp. 191-202
    • Levesque, L.1    Mizzen, C.A.2    McLachlan, D.R.3    Fraser, P.E.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.