Dynamic Interplay between O-Glycosylation and O-Phosphorylation of Nucleocytoplasmic Proteins: A New Paradigm for Metabolic Control of Signal Transduction and Transcription

Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology

Volumn 73, Issue , 2003, Pages 107-136

  Kamemura, Kazuo ^a   Hart, Gerald W ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345277743     PISSN: 00796603     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6603(03)01004-3     Document Type: Article

References (184)

1. C-R Torres G.W Hart Topography and polypeptide distribution of terminal N -acetylglucosamine residues on the surfaces of intact lymphocytes. Evidence for O -linked GlcNAc J. Biol. Chem. 259 1984 3308 3317
2. G.W Hart R.S Haltiwanger G.D Holt W.G Kelly Glycosylation in the nucleus and cytoplasm Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58 1989 841 874
3. G.W Hart Dynamic O -linked glycosylation of nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66 1997 315 335
4. R.L Haltiwanger W.G Kelly E.P Roquemore M.A Blomberg L-Y.D Dong L.K Kreppel T-Y Chou G.W Hart Glycosylation of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins is ubiquitous and dynamic Biochem. Soc. Trans. 20 1992 264 269
5. L.K Kreppel M.A Blomberg G.W Hart Dynamic glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins. Cloning and characterization of a unique O -GlcNAc transferase with multiple tetratricopeptide repeats J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 9308 9315
6. W.A Lubas D.W Frank M Krause J.A Hanover O -Linked GlcNAc transferase is a conserved nucleocytoplasmic protein containing tetratricopeptide repeats J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 9316 9324
7. Y Gao L Wells F.I Comer G.J Parker G.W Hart Dynamic O -glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins. Cloning and characterization of a neutral, cytosolic β- N -acetylglucosaminidase from human brain J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 9838 9845
8. T-Y Chou G.W Hart C.V Dang c-Myc is glycosylated at threonine 58, a known phosphorylation site and a mutational hot spot in lymphomas J. Biol. Chem. 270 1995 18961 18965
9. X Cheng R.N Cole J Zaia G.W Hart Alternative O -glycosylation⧸ O -phosphorylation of the murine estrogen receptor β Biochemistry 39 2000 11609 11620
10. L Medina K Grove R.S Haltiwanger SV40 T antigen is modified with O -linked N -acetylglucosamine but not with other forms of glycosylation Glycobiology 8 1998 383 391
11. X.L Du D Edelstein S Dimmeler Q Ju C Sui M Brownlee Hyperglycemia inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by posttranslational modification at the Akt site J. Clin. Invest. 108 2001 1341 1348
12. F.I Comer G.W Hart O -GlcNAc and the control of gene expression Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1473 1999 161 171
13. F.I Comer G.W Hart O -Glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins. Dynamic interplay between O -GlcNAc and O -phosphate J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 29179 29182
14. L Wells K Vosseller G.W Hart Glycosylation of nucleocytoplasmic proteins: Signal transduction and O -GlcNAc Science 291 2001 2376 2378
15. J.A Hanover Glycan-dependent signaling: O -linked N -acetylglucosamine FASEB J. 15 2001 1865 1876
16. N.E Zachara G.W Hart The emerging significance of O -GlcNAc in cellular regulation Chem. Rev. 102 2002 431 438
17. C.V Dang c-Myc target genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis, and metabolism Mol. Cell Biol. 19 1999 1 11
18. C Grandori S.M Cowley L.P James R.N Eisenman The Myc⧸Max⧸Mad network and the transcriptional control of cell behavior Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16 2000 653 699
19. L.M Facchini L.Z Penn The molecular role of Myc in growth and transformation: Recent discoveries lead to new insights FASEB J. 12 1998 633 651
20. B Amati S.R Frank D Donjerkovic S Taubert Function of the c-Myc oncoproteins in chromatin remodeling and transcription Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1471 2001 M135 M145
21. M Henriksson A Bakardjiev G Klein B Luscher Phosphorylation sites mapping in the N-terminal domain of c- myc modulates its transforming potential Oncogene 8 1993 3199 3209
22. B.J Pulverer C Fisher K Vousden T Littlewood G Evan J.R Woodgett Site-specific modulation of c-Myc cotransformation by residues phosphorylated in vivo Oncogene 9 1994 59 70
23. T-Y Chou C.V Dang G.W Hart Glycosylation of the c-Myc transactivation domain Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 1995 4417 4421
24. E.M Flinn C.M.C Busch A.P Wright myc boxes, which are conserved in myc family proteins, are signals for protein degradation via the proteasome Mol. Cell Biol. 18 1998 5961 5969
25. S Gross-Mesilaty E Reinstein B Bercovich K.E Tobias A.L Schwartz C Kahana A Ciechanover Basal and human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein-induced degradation of Myc proteins by the ubiquitin pathway Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 8058 8063
26. S.E Salghetti S.Y Kim W.P Tansey Destruction of Myc by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis: Cancer-associated and transforming mutations stabilize Myc EMBO J. 18 1999 717 726
27. R Sears F Nuckolls E Haura Y Taya K Tamai J.R Nevins Multiple Ras-dependent phosphorylation pathways regulate Myc protein stability Genes Dev. 14 2000 2501 2514
28. K Bister W-H Lee P.H Duesberg Phosphorylation of the nonstructural proteins encoded by three avian acute leukemia viruses and by avian Fujinami sarcoma virus J. Virol. 36 1980 617 621
29. G.M Ramsay M.J Hayman Isolation and biochemical characterization of partially transformation-defective mutants of avian myelocytomatosis virus strain MC29: Localization of the mutation to the myc domain of the 110,000-dalton gag-myc polyprotein J. Virol. 41 1982 745 753
30. G Ramsay G.I Evan J.M Bishop The protein encoded by the human proto-oncogene c- myc Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 1984 7742 7746
31. S.R Hann H.D Abrams L.R Rohrschneider R.N Eisenman Proteins encoded by v- myc and c- myc oncogenes: Identification and localization in acute leukemia virus transformants and bursal lymphoma cell lines Cell 34 1983 789 798
32. S.R Hann R.N Eisenman Proteins encoded by the human c- myc oncogene: Differential expression in neoplastic cells Mol. Cell Biol. 4 1984 2486 2497
33. B Luscher E.A Kuenzel E.G Krebs R.N Eisenman Myc oncoproteins are phosphorylated by casein kinase II EMBO J. 8 1989 1111 1119
34. E Alvarez I.C Northwood F.A Gonzalez D.A Latour A Seth C Abate T Curran R.J Davis Pro-Leu-Ser⧸Thr-Pro is a consensus primary sequence for substrate protein phosphorylation. Characterization of the phosphorylation of c- myc and c- jun proteins by an epidermal growth factor receptor theronine 669 protein kinase J. Biol. Chem. 266 1991 15277 15285
35. 2-terminal domain of c-Myc increases transactivation of gene expression J. Biol. Chem. 266 1991 23521 23524
36. A Seth F.A Gonzalez S Gupta D.L Raden R.J Davis Signal transduction within the nucleus by mitogen-activated protein kinase J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 24796 24804
37. B Luscher R.N Eisenman Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of the nuclear oncoproteins Myc and Myb J. Cell Biol. 118 1992 775 784
38. S Gupta A Seth R.J Davis Transactivation of gene expression by Myc is inhibited by mutation at the phosphorylation sites Thr-58 and Ser-62 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 1993 3216 3220
39. B Lutterbuch S.R Hann Hieralchical phosphorylation at N-terminal transformation-sensitive sites in c-Myc protein is regulated by mitogens and in mitosis Mol. Cell Biol. 14 1994 5510 5522
40. A.T Hoang B Lutterbach B.C Lewis T Yano T-Y Chou J.F Barrett M Raffeld S.R Hann C.V Dang A link between increased transforming activity of lymphoma-derived Myc mutant alleles, their defective regulation by p107, and altered phosphorylation of the c-Myc transactivation domain Mol. Cell Biol. 15 1995 4031 4042
41. K Noguchi C Kitanaka H Yamana A Kokubu T Mochizuki Y Kuchino Regulation of c-Myc through phosphorylation at Ser-62 and Ser-71 by c-Jun N-terminal kinase J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 32580 32587
42. K Kamemura B.K Hayes F.I Comer G.W Hart Dynamic interplay between O -glycosylation and O -phosphorylation of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. Alternative glycosylation⧸phosphorylation of Thr-58, a known mutational hot spot of c-Myc in lymphomas, is regulated by mitogens J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 19229 19235
43. P.H Rabbitts J.V Watson A Lamond A Forster M.A Stinson G Evan W Fischer E Atherton R Sheppard T.H Rabbitts Metabolism of c- myc gene products: c- myc mRNA and protein expression in the cell cycle EMBO J. 4 1985 2009 2015
44. A Hershko A Ciechanover The ubiquitin system Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67 1998 425 479
45. A Ciechanover J.A DiGiuseppe B Bercovich A Orian J.D Richter A.L Schwartz G.M Brodeur Degradation of nuclear oncoproteins by the ubiquitin system in vitro Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 1991 139 143
46. M.A Gregory S.R Hann c-Myc proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway: Stabilization of c-Myc in Burkitt's lymphoma cells Mol. Cell Biol. 20 2000 2423 2435
47. F Bahram N von der Lehr C Cetinkaya L-G Larsson c-Myc hot spot mutations in lymphomas result in inefficient ubiquitination and decreased proteasome-mediated turnover Blood 95 2000 2104 2110
48. R Sears G Leone J DeGregori J.R Nevins Ras enhances Myc protein stability Mol. Cell 3 1999 169 179
49. K Noguchi A Kokubu C Kitanaka H Ichijo Y Kuchino ASK1-signaling promotes c-Myc protein stability during apoptosis Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 281 2001 1313 1320
50. D Voges P Zwickl W Baumeister The 26S proteasome: A molecular machine designed for controlled proteolysis Annu. Rev. Biochem. 68 1999 1015 1068
51. I Han J.E Kudlow Reduced O glycosylation of Sp1 is associated with increased proteasome susceptibility Mol. Cell Biol. 17 1997 2550 2558
52. X Cheng G.W Hart Alternative O -glycosylation⧸ O -phosphorylation of Serine-16 in murine estrogen receptor β. Post-translational regulation of turnover and transactivation activity J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 10570 10575
53. S Nasi R Ciarapica R Jucker J Rosati L Soucek Making decisions through Myc FEBS Lett. 490 2001 153 162
54. L.M Boxer C.V Dang Translocation involving c- myc and c- myc function Oncogene 20 2001 5595 5610
55. T Albert B Urlbauer F Kohlhuber B Hammersen D Eick Ongoing mutations in the N-terminal domain of c-Myc affect transactivation in Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines Oncogene 9 1994 759 763
56. B Smith-Sorensen E.M Hijmans R.L Beijersbergen R Bernards Functional analysis of Burkitt's lymphoma mutant c-Myc proteins J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 5513 5518
57. B Lutterbach S.R Hann Overexpression of c-Myc and cell immortalization alters c-Myc phosphorylation Oncogene 14 1997 967 975
58. S.E Salghetti M Muratani H Wijnen B Futcher W.P Tansey Functional overlap of sequences that activate transcription and signal ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 2000 3118 3123
59. S.E Salghetti A.A Caudy J.G Chenoweth W.P Tansey Regulation of transcriptional activation domain function by ubiquitin Science 293 2001 1651 1653
60. R.C Conaway C.S Brower J.W Conaway Emerging roles of ubiquitin in transcription regulation Science 296 2002 1254 1258
61. D Sakamuro G.C Prendergast New Myc-interacting proteins: A second Myc network emerges Oncogene 18 1999 2942 2954
62. R.N Eisenman Deconstructing Myc Genes Dev. 15 2001 2023 2030
63. S.B McMahon H.A van Buskirk K.A Dugan T.D Copeland M.D Cole The novel ATM-related protein TRRAP is an essential cofactor for the c-Myc and E2F oncoproteins Cell 94 1998 363 374
64. S-W.G Cheng K.P Davies E Yung R.J Beltran J Yu G.V Kalpana c-Myc interacts with INI1⧸hSNF5 and requires the SWI⧸SNF complex for transactivation function Nat. Genet. 22 1999 102 105
65. S.B McMahon M.A Wood M.D Cole The essential cofactor TRRAP recruits the histone acetyltransferase hGCN5 to c-Myc Mol. Cell Biol. 20 2000 556 562
66. J Park M.A Wood M.D Cole BAF53 forms distinct nuclear complexes and functions as a critical c-Myc-interacting nuclear cofactor for oncogenic transformation Mol. Cell Biol. 22 2002 1307 1316
67. Q Guo J Xie C.V Dang E.T Liu J.M Bishop Identification of a large Myc-binding protein that contains RCC1-like repeats Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 9172 9177
68. S Maheswaran H Lee G.E Sonenshein Intracellular association of the protein product of the c- myc oncogene with the TATA-binding protein Mol. Cell Biol. 14 1994 1147 1152
69. S.R Eberhardy P.J Farnham c-Myc mediates activation of the cad promoter via a post-RNA polemerase II recruitment mechanism J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 48562 48571
70. H Izumi C Molander L.Z Penn A Ishisaki K Kohno K Funa Mechanism for the transcriptional repression by c-Myc on PDGF β-receptor J. Cell Sci. 114 2001 1533 1544
71. T.H Rabbitts P.H Hamlyn R Baer Altered nucleotide sequences of a translocated c- myc gene in Burkitt lymphoma Nature 306 1983 760 765
72. T.S Papas J.A Lautenberger Sequence curiosity in v- myc oncogene Nature 318 1985 237
73. L.C Showe M Ballantine K Nishikura J Erikson H Kaji C.M Croce Cloning and sequencing of a c- myc oncogene in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line that is translocated to a germ line alpha switch region Mol. Cell Biol. 5 1985 501 509
74. T Yano C.A Sander H.M Clark M.V Dolezal E.S Jaffe M Raffeld Clustered mutations in the second exon of the Myc gene in sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma Oncogene 8 1993 2741 2748
75. K Bhatia K Huppi G Spangler D Siwarski R Iyer I Magrath Point mutations in the c-Myc transactivation domain are common in Burkitt's lymphoma and mouse plasmacytomas Nat. Genet. 5 1993 56 61
76. K Bhatia G Spangler G Gaidano N Hamdy R Dalla-Favera I Magrath Mutations in the coding region of c- myc occur frequently in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated lymphomas Blood 84 1994 883 888
77. H.M Clark T Yano T Otsuki E.S Jaffe D Shibata M Raffeld Mutations in the coding region of c-Myc in AIDS-associated and other aggressive lymphomas Cancer Res. 54 1994 3383 3386
78. D.W Chang G.F Claassen S.R Hann M.D Cole The c-Myc transactivation domain is a direct modulator of apoptotic versus proliferative signals Mol. Cell Biol. 20 2000 4309 4319
79. W Gu K Bhatia I.T Magrath C.V Dang R Dalla-Favera Binding and suppression of the c-Myc transcriptional activation domain by p107 Science 264 1994 251 254
80. R.L Beijersberden E.M Hijimans L Zhu R Bernards Interaction of c-Myc with the pRb-related protein p107 results in inhibition of c-Myc-mediated transactivation EMBO J. 13 1994 4080 4086
81. M Classon N Dyson p107 and p130: Versatile proteins with interesting pockets Exp. Cell Res. 264 2001 135 147
82. R Verona K Moberg S Estes M Starz J.P Vernon J.A Lees E2F activity is regulated by cell cycle-dependent changes in subcellular localization Mol. Cell Biol. 17 1997 7268 7282
83. G.J Lindeman S Gaubatz D.M Livingston D Ginsberg The subcellular localization of E2F-4 is cell-cycle dependent Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 5095 5100
84. C.V Dang W.M Lee Identification of the human c-myc protein nuclear translocation signal Mol. Cell Biol. 8 1988 4048 4054
85. N Alexandrova J Niklinski V Bliskovsky G.A Otterson M Blake F.J Kaye M Zajac-Kaye The N-terminal domain of c-Myc associates with α-tubulin and microtubules in vivo and in vitro Mol. Cell Biol. 15 1995 5188 5195
86. S Vriz J-M Lemaitre M Leibovici N Thierry M Mechali Comparative analysis of the intracellular localization of c-Myc, c-Fos, and replicative proteins during cell cycle progression Mol. Cell Biol. 12 1992 3548 3555
87. J Niklinski G Claassen C Meyers M.A Gregory C.J Allegra F.J Kaye S.R Hann M Zajac-Kaye Disruption of Myc-tubulin interaction by hyperphosphorylation of c-Myc during mitosis or by constitutive hyperphosphorylation of mutant c-Myc in Burkitt's lymphoma Mol. Cell Biol. 20 2000 5276 5284
88. G Evan T Littlewood A matter of life and cell death Science 281 1998 1317 1322
89. G.I Evan K.H Vousden Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer Nature 411 2001 342 348
90. D.S Askew R.A Ashmun B.C Simmons J.L Cleveland Constitutive c- myc expression in an IL-3-dependent myeloid cell line suppresses cell cycle arrest and accelerates apoptosis Oncogene 6 1991 1915 1922
91. G.I Evan A.H Wyllie C.S Gilbert T.D Littlewood H Land M Brooks C.M Waters L.Z Penn D.C Hancock Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein Cell 69 1992 119 128
92. E.B Thompson The many roles of c-Mycin apoptosis Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60 1998 575 600
93. G.C Prendergast Mechanisms of apoptosis by c-Myc Oncogene 18 1999 2967 2987
94. D Sakamuro K.J Elliott R Wechsler-Reya G.C Prendergast Bin1 is a novel Myc-interacting protein with features of a tumour suppressor Nat. Genet. 14 1996 69 77
95. K Elliott K Ge W Du G Prendergast The c-Myc-interacting adaptor protein Bin1 activates a caspase-independent cell death program Oncogene 19 2000 4669 4684
96. J.B DuHadaway D Sakamuro D.L Ewert G.C Prendergast Bin1 mediates apoptosis by c-Myc in transformed primary cells Cancer Res. 61 2001 3151 3156
97. R.M Evans The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily Science 240 1988 889 895
98. C.M Klinge Estrogen receptor interaction with estrogen responce elements Nucleic Acids Res. 29 2001 2905 2919
99. J.F Couse K.S Korach Estrogen receptor null mice: What have we learned and where will they lead us? Endocrine Rev. 20 1999 358 417
100. G Leclercq Molecular forms of the estrogen receptor in breast cancer J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 80 2002 259 272
101. J.M Hall J.F Couse K.S Korach The multifaceted mechanisms of estradiol and estrogen receptor signaling J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 36869 36872
102. G Castoria A Migliaccio S Green M di Domenico P Chambon F Auricchio Properties of a purified estradiol-dependent calf uterus tyrosine kinase Biochemistry 32 1993 1740 1750
103. S.F Arnold J.D Obourn H Jaffe A.C Notides Phosphorylation of the human estrogen receptor on tyrosine 537 in vivo and by src family tyrosine kinases in vitro Mol. Endocrinol. 9 1995 24 33
104. N.L Weigel Steroid hormone receptor and their regulation by phosphorylation Biochem. J. 319 1996 657 667
105. S Ali D Metzger J.M Bornert P Chambon Modulation of transcriptional activation by ligand-dependent phosphorylation of the human oestrogen receptor A⧸B region EMBO J. 12 1993 1153 1160
106. P le Goff M.M Montano D.J Schodin B.S Katzenellenbogen Phosphorylation of the human estrogen receptor. Identification of hormone-regulated sites and examination of their influence on transcriptional activity J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 4458 4466
107. S.F Arnold J.D Obourn H Jaffe A.C Notides Phosphorylation of the human estrogen receptor by mitogen-activated protein kinase and casein kinase II: Consequence on DNA binding J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 55 1995 163 172
108. H Lahooti R White S.A Hoare D Rahman D.J Pappin M.G Parker Identification of phosphorylation sites in the mouse oestrogen receptor J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 55 1995 305 313
109. A Tremblay G.B Tremblay F Labrie V Giguere Ligand-independent recruitment of SRC-1 to estrogen receptor β through phosphorylation of activation function AF-1 Mol. Cell 3 1999 513 519
110. S.F Arnold J.D Obourn H Jaffe A.C Notides Serine 167 is the major estradiol-induced phosphorylation site on the human estrogen receptor Mol. Endocrinol. 8 1994 1208 1214
111. D Chen P.E Pace R.C Coombes S Ali Phosphorylation of human estrogen receptor α by protein kinase A regulates dimerization Mol. Cell Biol. 19 1999 1002 1015
112. S.F Arnold J.D Obourn M.R Yudt T.H Carter A.C Notides In vivo and in vitro phosphorylation of the estrogen receptor J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 52 1995 159 171
113. M-S Jiang G.W Hart A subpopulation of estrogen receptors are modified by O -linked N -acetylglucosamine J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 2421 2428
114. X Cheng G.W Hart Glycosylation of the murine estrogen receptor-α J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 75 2000 147 158
115. R.R Denton N.J Koszewski A.C Notides Estrogen receptor phosphorylation. Hormonal dependence and consequence on specific DNA binding J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 7263 7268
116. S Kato H Endoh Y Masuhiro T Kitamoto S Uchiyama H Sasaki S Masushige Y Gotoh E Nishida H Kawashima D Metzger P Chambon Activation of the estrogen receptor through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated kinase Science 270 1995 1491 1494
117. G Bunone P.A Briand R.J Miksicek D Picard Activation of the unliganded estrogen receptor by EGF involves the MAP kinase pathway and direct phosphorylation EMBO J. 15 1996 2174 2183
118. G.B Tremblay A Tremblay N.G Copeland D.J Gilbert N.A Jenkins F Labrie V Giguere Cloning, chromosomal localization, and functional analysis of the murine estrogen receptor β Mol. Endocrinol. 11 1997 353 365
119. D.Z Tzeng C.M Klinge Phosphorylation of purified estradiol-liganded estrogen receptor by casein kinase II increases estrogen responce element binding but does not alter ligand stability Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 223 1996 554 560
120. Z Nawaz D.M Lonard A.P Dennis C.L Smith B.W O'Malley Proteasome-dependent degradation of the human estrogen receptor Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 1999 1858 1862
121. A.E Khissiin G Leclercq Implication of proteasome in estrogen receptor degradation FEBS Lett. 448 1999 160 166
122. P.B Nirmala R.V Thampan Ubiquitination of the rat uterine estrogen receptor: Dependence of estradiol Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 213 1995 24 31
123. D.P McDonnell J.D Norris Connections and regulation of the human estrogen receptor Science 296 2002 1642 1644
124. L Lania B Majello P de Luca Transcriptional regulation by the Sp family proteins Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 29 1997 1313 1323
125. A.M Naar S Ryu R Tjian Cofactor requirements for transcriptional activation by Sp1 Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 63 1998 189 199
126. T Cook B Gebelein R Urrutia Sp1 and its likes: Biochemical and functional predictions for a growing family of zinc finger transcription factors Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 880 1999 94 102
127. S.P Jackson R Tjian O -Glycosylation of eukaryotic transcription factors: Implications for mechanisms of transcriptional regulation Cell 55 1988 125 133
128. M.D Roos K Su J.R Baker J.E Kudlow O glycosylation of an Sp1-derived peptide blocks known Sp1 protein interactions Mol. Cell Biol. 17 1997 6472 6480
129. A.J Reason H.R Morris M Panico R Marais R.H Treisman R.S Haltiwanger G.W Hart W.G Kelly A Dell Localization of O -GlcNac modification on the serum response transcription factor J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 16911 16921
130. X Yang K Su M.D Roos Q Chang A.J Paterson J.E Kudlow O -linkage of N -acetylglucosamine to Sp1 activation domain inhibits its transcriptional capability Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 2001 6611 6616
131. F Schaufele B.L West T.L Reudelhuber Overlapping Pit-1 and Sp1 binding sites are both essential to full rat growth hormone gene promoter activity despite mutually exclusive Pit-1 and Sp1 binding J. Biol. Chem. 265 1990 17189 17196
132. R.S Haltiwanger K Grove G.A Philipsberg Modulation of O -linked N -acetylglucosamine levels on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins in vivo using the peptide O -GlcNAc-β- N -acetylglucosaminidase inhibitor O -(2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucopyranosylidene)amino- N -phenylcarbamate J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 3611 3617
133. X-L Du L Edelstein L Rossetti I.G Fantus H Goldberg F Ziyadeh J Wu M Brownlee Hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction activates the hexosamine pathway and induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by increasing Sp1 glycosylation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 2000 12222 12226
134. C.N Keembiyehetty R.P Candelaria G Majudar R Raghow A Martinez-Hernandez S.S Solomon Paradoxical regulation of Sp1 transcription factor by glucagon Endocrinology 143 2002 1512 1520
135. P Zhang E.S Klenk M.A Lazzaro L.B Williams R.V Considine Hexosamines regulate leptin production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through transcriptional mechanisms Endocrinology 143 2002 99 106
136. I Lacroix C Lipcey J Imbert B Kahn-Perles Sp1 transcriptional activity is up-regulated by phosphatase 2A in dividing T lymphocytes J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 9598 9605
137. S.P Jackson J.J MacDonald S Lees-Miller R Tjian GC box binding induces phosphorylation of Sp1 by a DNA-dependent protein kinase Cell 63 1990 155 165
138. S.A Armstrong D.A Barry R.W Leggett C.R Mueller Casein kinase II-mediated phosphorylation of the C terminus of Sp1 decreases its DNA binding activity J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 13489 13495
139. C Rohlff S Ahmad F Borellini J Lei R.I Glazer Modulation of transcription factor Sp1 by cAMP-dependent protein kinase J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 21137 21141
140. S Pal K.P Claffey H.T Cohen D Mukhopadhyay Activation of Sp1-mediated vascular permeability factor⧸vascular endothelial growth factor transcription requires specific interaction with protein kinase C zeta J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 26277 26280
141. A.R Black D Jensen S-Y Lin J.C Azizkhan Growth⧸cell cycle regulation of Sp1 phosphorylation J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 1207 1215
142. P.F de Borja N.K Collins P Du J Azizkhan-Clifford M Mudryj Cyclin A-CDK phosphorylates Sp1 and enhances Sp1-mediated transcription EMBO J. 20 2001 5737 5747
143. J Milianini-Mongiat J Pouyssegur G Pages Identification of two Sp1 phosphorylation sites for p42⧸p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 20631 20639
144. W.I Weis K Drickamer Structural basis of lectin-carbohydrate recognition Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65 1996 441 473
145. J.T Kadonaga A.J Courey J Ladika R Tjian Distinct regions of Sp1 modulate DNA binding and transcriptional activation Science 242 1988 1566 1570
146. X Yang F Zhang J.E Kudlow Recruitment of O -GlcNAc transferase to promoters by corepressor mSin3A: Coupling protein O -GlcNAcylation to transcriptional repression Cell 110 2002 69 80
147. S Vaulont M Vasseur-Cognet A Kahn Glucose regulation of gene transcription J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 31555 31558
148. S Daniel K-H Kim Sp1 mediates glucose activation of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase promoter J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 1385 1392
149. P.P Sayeski J.E Kudlow Glucose metabolism to glucosamine is necessary for glucose stimulation of transforming growth factor-α gene transcription J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 15237 15243
150. Y-Q Chen M Su R.R Walia Q Hao J.W Covington D.E Vaughan Sp1 sites mediate activation of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter by glucose in vascular smooth muscle cells J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 8225 8231
151. F Fiordaliso A Leri D Cesselli F Limana B Safai B Nadal-Ginard P Anversa J Kajstura Hyperglycemia activates p53 and p53-regulated genes leading to myocyte cell death Diabetes 50 2001 2363 2375
152. L.R James D Tang A Ingram H Ly K Thai L Cai J.W Scholey Flux through the hexosamine pathway is a determinant of nuclear factor κB-dependent promoter activation Diabetes 51 2002 1146 1156
153. M Brownlee Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications Nature 414 2001 813 820
154. R.D Rudic E.G Shesely N Maeda O Smithies S.S Segal W.C Sessa Direct evidence for the importance of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in vascular remodeling J. Clin. Invest. 101 1998 731 736
155. T Murohara T Asahara M Silver C Bauters H Masuda C Kalka M Kearney D Chen J.F Symes M.C Fishman P.L Huang J.M Isner Nitric oxide synthase modulates angiogenesis in response to tissue ischemia J. Clin. Invest. 101 1998 2567 2578
156. D Fulton J.-P Gratton T.J McCabe J Fontana Y Fujio K Walsh T.F Franke A Papapetropoulos W.C Sessa Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt Nature 399 1999 597 601
157. S Dimmeler I Fleming B Fisslthaler C Hermann R Busse A.M Zeiher Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation Nature 399 1999 601 605
158. M Federici R Menghini A Mauriello M.L Hribal F Ferrelli D Lauro P Sbraccia L.G Spagnoli G Sesti R Lauro Insulin-dependent activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is impaired by O-linked glycosylation modification of signaling proteins in human coronary endothelial cells Circulation 106 2002 466 472
159. D.L Daniels K.E Spink W.I Weis β-Catenin: Molecular plasticity and drug design Trends. Biochem. Sci. 26 2001 672 678
160. C.J Gottardi B.M Gumbiner Adhesion signaling: How β-catenin interacts with its partners Curr. Biol. 11 2001 R792 R794
161. M Bienz The subcellular destinations of APC proteins Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3 2002 328 338
162. M Peifer S Berg A.B Reynolds A repeating amino acid motif shared by proteins with diverse cellular roles Cell 76 1994 789 791
163. S Pokutta W.I Weis Structure of the dimerization and β-catenin-binding region of α-catenin Mol. Cell 5 2000 533 543
164. F Fagotto N Funayama U Gluck B Gumbiner Binding to cadherins antagonizes the signaling activity of β-catenin during axis formation in Xenopus J. Cell Biol. 132 1996 1105 1114
165. R.T Moon B Bowerman M Boutros N Perrimon The promise and perils of Wnt signaling through β-catenin Science 296 2002 1644 1646
166. A.J Harwood Signal transduction in development: Holding the key Dev. Cell 2 2002 384 385
167. W Zhu B Leber D.W Andrews Cytoplasmic O -glycosylation prevents cell surface transport of E-cadherin during apoptosis EMBO J. 20 2001 5999 6007
168. K Vosseller L Wells M.D Lane G.W Hart Elevated nucleocytoplasmic glycosylation by O -GlcNAc results in insulin resistance associated with defects in Akt activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 2002 5313 5318
169. L Wells K Vosseller G.W Hart A role for O -GlcNAc as a nutrient sensor and mediator of insulin resistance Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60 2003 1 7
170. C Desbois-Mouthon A Cadoret M-J.B-V Eggelpoel F Bertrand G Cherqui C Perret J Capeau Insulin and IGF-1 stimulate the β-catenin pathway through two signaling cascades involving GSK-3β inhibition and Ras activation Oncogene 20 2001 252 259
171. M Conacci-Sorrell J Zhurinsky A Ben-Ze'ev The cadherin-catenin adhesion system in signaling and cancer J. Clin. Invest. 109 2002 987 991
172. D.A McClain W.A Lubas R.C Cooksey M Hazel G.J Parker D.C Love J.A Hanover Altered glycan-dependent signaling induces insulin resistance and hyperglycemia Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 2002 10695 10699
173. S Shafi S.P.N Iyer L.G Ellies N O'Donnell K.W Marek D Chui G.W Hart J.D Marth The O -GlcNAc transferase gene resides on the X chromosome and is essential for embryonic stem cell viability and mouse ontogeny Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 2000 5735 5739
174. L.M Hartweck C.L Scott N.E Olszewski Two O -linked N -acetylglucosamine transferase genes of Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heynh have overlapping functions necessary for gamete and seed development Genetics 161 2002 1279 1291
175. Y Akimoto G.W Hart H Hirano Distribution of O -GlcNAc transferase in the rat pancreas Acta Histochem. Cytochem. 33 2000 163 167
176. Y Akimoto L.K Kreppel H Hirano G.W Hart Hyperglycemia and the O -GlcNAc transferase in rat aortic smooth muscle cells: Elevated expression and altered patterns of O -GlcNAcylation Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 389 2001 166 175
177. S.P.N Iyer G.W Hart O -GlcNAc transferase N Taniguchi K Honke M Fukuda 2000 Springer-Verlag Tokyo 158 163 Chap. 21
178. L Wells Y Gao J.A Mahoney K Vosseller C Chen A Rosen G.W Hart Dynamic O -glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolc proteins. Further characterization of the nucleocytoplasmic β- N -acetylglucosaminidase, O -GlcNAcase J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 1755 1761
179. N.E Zachara R.N Cole G.W Hart Y Gao Detection and analysis of proteins modified by O -linked N -acetylglucosamine J.E Coligan B.M Dunn H.L Ploegh D.W Speicher P.T Wingfield “Current Protocols in Protein Science” Suppl. 25 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc New York 12.8.1 12.8.25
180. K.D Greis B.K Hayes F.I Comer M Kirk S Barnes T.L Lowary G.W Hart Selective detection and site-analysis of O -GlcNAc-modified glycopeptides by β-elimination and tandem electrospray mass spectrometry Anal. Biochem. 234 1996 38 49
181. Haynes, P. A. and Aebersold, R. (2000) Simultaneous detection and identification of O -GlcNAc-modified glycoproteins using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 72, 5402–541
182. L Wells K Vosseller R.N Cole J Cross M.J Matunis G.W Hart Mapping sites of O-GlcNAc modification using affinity tags for serine and threonine post-translational modifications Mol. Cell. Proteomics 1 2002 791 804
183. K Vosseller L Wells G.W Hart Nucleocytoplasmic O -glycosylation: O -GlcNAc and functional proteomics Biochimie 83 2001 575 581
184. F.I Comer K Vosseller L Wells M.A Accavitti G.W Hart Characterization of a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for O -linked N -acetylglucosamine Anal. Biochem. 293 2001 169 177