A Review of Microwave-Assisted Polymer Chemistry (MAPC)

Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 49-74

  Zong, Liming ^a   Zhou, Shuangjie ^a   Sgriccia, Nikki ^a   Hawley, Martin C ^a   Kempel, Leo C ^a  

^a Michigan State University   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemistry; Microwave; Polymer

Indexed keywords

CURING; DEGRADATION; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; PLASMA POLYMERIZATION; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); THERMOPLASTICS; THERMOSETS;

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED POLYMER CHEMISTRY (MAPC);

MICROWAVE HEATING;

BIOMATERIAL; POLYMER;

CHEMISTRY; MICROWAVE RADIATION; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; REVIEW;

BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL; MICROWAVES; POLYMERS;

EID: 0242580246     PISSN: 08327823     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2003.11688487     Document Type: Review

References (221)

1. Achour, M.E., Malhi, M.E., Miane, J.L., and others. 1996. Electric Properties of Carbon Black-Epoxy Resin Composites at Microwave Frequencies. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 61(11): 2009-2015.
2. Achour, M.E., Malhi, M.E.; Miane, J.L., and others. 1999. Microwave Properties of Carbon Black-Epoxy Resin Composites and Their Simulation by Means of Mixture Laws. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 73(6): 969-975.
3. Acierno, D., Frigione, M., Fiumara, V., Napoli, D., Pinto, I.M, and Ricciardi, M. 1998. Thermal and dielectric properties of thermal and microwave cured thermoset polymers. Materials Research Innovations 2(1): 28-32.
4. Aumann, T., Theirich, D., Engemann, J. 2001. Rapid surface modification of polyethylene in microwave and RF-plasmas: comparative study. Surface and Coatings Technology: 142-144, 169-174.
5. Badey, J.P., Espuche, E., Jugent, Y., Duc, T.M., and Chabert, B. 1994. Surface modification of PTFE by microwave plasma downstream treatment to improve adhesion with an epoxy matrix. Societ Francaise du Vide: 386-389.
6. Bakass, M., Mokhlisse, A., and Lallemant, M. 2000. Water absorption and desorption by a superabsorbent polymer - Drying a swollen polymer by conventional heating and in a microwave field. Thermochimica Acta 356(1-2): 159-171.
7. Barnes, A., Despotakis, A., Wright, P.V., Wong, T.C.P., Chambers, B., and Anderson, A.P. 1998. Control of microwave reflectivities of polymer electrolyte-silver-polyaniline composite materials. Electrochimica Acta 43(10-11): 1629-1632.
8. Batrakov, D.O., Shulga, S.N., Yarovoy, A.G., Vasil'ev, A.B., Myakin'kova, L.V., and Rapoport, D.A. 1991. Models of Microwave Scattering by Buried Bodies in Multilayered Structures and Their Application to Nondestructive Testing. Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd.: 1353-1357.
9. Behnisch, J., Mehdorn, F., Hollander, A., and Zimmermann, H. 1998. Mechanistic approach to the plasma polymerization of acrylic acid by a pulsed MW (ECR) plasma. Surface & Coatings Technology 98(1-3): 875-878.
10. 2 optical coatings studied by ellipsometry. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A-Vacuum Surfaces and Films 16(6): 3227-3234.
11. Besecker, K.D., Rhoades, C.B. Jr., Jones, B.T., and Barnes, K.W. 1998. Closed-vessel nitric acid microwave digestion of polymers. Atomic Spectroscopy 19(2): 55-59.
12. Bichler, C.H., Langowski, H.C., Moosheimer, U., and Seifert, B. 1997. Adhesion mechanisms of aluminum, aluminum oxide, and silicon oxide on biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 11(2): 233-246.
13. Biederman, H., and Osada, Y. 1992. Plasma polymerization processes. Elseview Science Publishers B.V.: 210.
14. Biernholtz, H., Kenig, S., and Dodiuk, H. 1992. Dielectric, Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of Ferrite Composites. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 3(3): 125-131.
15. Boey, F.Y.C., and Rath, S.K. 2000. FEATURES - Microwave Radiation Curing of Polymers: Using a Temperature Equivalent Method for Cure Reaction Analysis. Advances in Polymer Technology 19(3): 194-203.
16. Boey, F.Y.C., and Lee, W.L. 1990. Microwave radiation curing of a thermosetting composite. J. Mater. Sci. Lett.: 1172-1173.
17. Boey, F.Y.C., Gosling, I., and Lye, S.W. 1993. Processing Problem and Solutions for an Industrial Automated Microwave Curing System for a Thermpset Composite. Woodhead Publishing Limited: 651-656.
18. Bogdal, D., Pielichowski, J., Pielichowski, K., Warzala, M., and Lukasiewicz, W. 2000. Microwave-assisted preparation and thermal properties of polymethacrylates with brominated carbazolyl pendant groups. Polimery 45(5): 363-365.
19. Cassagnau, P., and Michel, A. 1994. Continuous cross-linking of ethylene-vinyl acetate and ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer blends by online microwave-heating. Polymer Engineering and Science 34(12): 1011-1015.
20. Castro, R.M., Verdonck, P., Pisani, M.B., and others. 2000. End-point detection of polymer etching using Langmuir probes. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 28(3): 1043-1049.
21. Chan, C.M., Ko, T.M., and Hiraoka, H. 1996. Polymer surface modification by plasmas and photons. Surface Science Reports 24(1-2): 3-54.
22. Chang, J.T., Fanning, M.W., Meaney, P.M., and Paulsen, K.D. 2000. A conductive plastic for simulating biological tissue at microwave frequencies. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 42(1): 76-81.
23. Cheang, P., and Khor, K.A. 1998. Mechanical properties of PMMA-hydroxyapatite composites. Institute of Materials, Processing and Fabrication of Advanced Materials VI (2): 1741-1750.
24. Chen, J., Chen, Q., and Yu, X. 1996. Study on the Imidization Kinetics of Polyether-ester Polyamic Acid in Solid Phase by Microwave Radiation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62(12): 2135-2138.
25. Chen, M., Siochi, E.J., Ward, T.C., and Mcgrath, J.E. 1993a. Basic ideas of microwave processing of polymers. Polymer Engineering And Science 33(17): 1092-1109.
26. Chen, M., Siochi, E.J., Ward, T.C., and Mcgrath, J.E. 1993b. The dielectric behavior of glassy amorphous polymers at 2.45 GHz. Polymer Engineering and Science 33(17) 1110-1121.
27. Chen, M., Hellgeth, J.W, Ward, T.C., and Mcgrath, J.E. 1995. Microwave processing of 2-phase systems - composites and polymer blends. Polymer Engineering And Science 35(2): 144-150.
28. Chia, L.H.L., Jacob, J., and Boey, F.Y.C. 1995. Radiation curing of polym-methyl-methacrylate using a variable power microwave source. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 48(1-4): 445-449.
29. Chou, N.J., Marwick, A.D., Goldblatt, R.D., Li, L.P., Coleman, G., Heidenreich, J.E., and Paraszczak, J.R. 1992. An isotope approach to characterization of microwave water plasma modified polyimide surfaces. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A- Vacuum Surfaces and Films 10(1): 248-253.
30. Coen, M.C., Groening, P., and Schlapbach, L. 1999. Plasma treatment and plasma polymerization: how to design surfaces for specific applications. Le Vide: Science, Technique et Applications 54(291): Supplemental 162-167.
31. Contat-Rodrigo, L., Haider, N., Ribes-Greus, A., and others. 2001. Ultrasonication and Microwave Assisted Extraction of Degradation Products from Degradable Polyolefin Blends Aged in Soil. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 79(6): 1101-1113.
32. Correa, R., Gonzalez, G., and Dougar, V. 1998. Emulsion polymerization in a microwave reactor. Polymer 39(6/7): 1471-1474.
33. Costley, C.T., Dean, J.R., Newton, I., et al. 1997. Extraction of Oligomers From Poly(ethylene terephthalate) by Microwave- assisted Extraction. Analytical Communications 34(3): 89-91.
34. Danko, G.A., and Silberglitt, R. 2000. Comparison of microwave hybrid and conventional heating of preceramic polymers to form silicon carbide and silicon oxycarbide ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83(7): 1617-1625.
35. Day, R.J., Yau, S.H.C., and Hewson, K.D. 1998. Effect of microwave post-curing on micromechanics of model Kevlar-epoxy composites. Plastics Rubber and Composites Processing and Applications 27(5): 213-219.
36. Dhanalakshmi, K., and Sundararajan, G. 1997. Microwave assisted polymerization of phenylacetylenes". Polymer Bulletin 39(3): 333-337.
37. Dubkova, V.I., Maevskaya, O.I., and Neverovich, M.M. 2001. Research of influence of electromagnetic energy of microwave frequencies on hardening and properties epoxy composites. POLYCHAR World Forum on Polymer Applications and Theory Program and Book of Abstracts: 7, 48.
38. Dubrovina, L.V., Ogenko, V.M., Makhno, S.N., and Chuiko, A.A. 2000. Effect of poly(ethylene glycol adipate) macromolecular conformations on its microwave dielectric properties. Vysokomolekulyarnye Soedineniya Seriya A & Seriya B 42(4): 696-699.
39. Etemadi, R., Godet, C., Drevillon, B., Hue, J., and Parey, J.Y. 1997. Dual-plasma Reactor for low temperature deposition of wide band-gap silicon alloys. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 15(2): 320-331.
40. Faez, R., Martin, I.M., DePaoli, M., and Rezende, M.C. 2002. Influence of processing time and composition in the microwave absorption of EPDM/PANI blends. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 83(7): 1568-1575.
41. Fang, X., and Scola, D.A. 1999a. A comparison of microwave and thermal cure of phenylethynyl-terminated polyimide composites. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering 80: 322-323.
42. Fang, X., and Scola, D.A. 1999b. Investigation of Microwave Energy to Cure Carbon Fiber Reinforced Phenylethynyl-Terminated Polyiniide Composites, PETI-5/IM7. Journal of polymer science Part A, Polymer Chemistry 37(24): 4616-4629.
43. Fang, X., Hutcheon, R., and Scola, D.A. 2000a. Microwave Synthesis of Poly(ε-caprolactam-co-ε-caprolactone)". Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry 38(8): 1379-1390.
44. Fang, X., Hutcheon, R., and Scola, D.A. 2000b. A Study of the Kinetics of the Microwave Cure of a Phenylethynyl-Terminated Imide Model Compound and Imide Oligomer (PETI-5). Journal of Polymer Science, Part A, Polymer Chemistry 38(14): 2526-2527.
45. Felix, J., Gatenholm, P., and Schreiber, H.P. 1994. Plasma modification of cellulose fibers: effects on some polymer composite properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51(2): 285-295.
46. Fu, B., and Hawley, M.C. 2000. Comparative Study of Continuous-Power and Pulsed-Power Microwave Curing of Epoxy Resins. Polymer Engineering and Science 40(10): 2133-2144.
47. Gan, Y.X., Chen, C.Q., and Li, G.G. 1994. Microwave reflection and absorbing effects of composite materials caused by variation of resonator content. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 3(1): 23-28.
48. Golosovsky, M., Tsindlekht, M., and Davidov, D. 1992. Microwave propagation through superconductor-polymer composites. Physical Review 46(18): 439-444.
49. Gourdenne, A. 1992. Interactions between microwaves and model composite materials. American Chemical Society, Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering: 430-431.
50. Graff, W., Matson, M., Kellner, T., Pluym, T., and Nelson, S.O. 2001. RF and microwave plasma for resist and post-etch polymer removal. Solid State Technology 44(12): 37-40.
51. Gray, S., Ganchev, S., Qaddoumi, N., Beauregard, G., Radford, D., and Zoughi, R. 1995. Porosity level estimation in polymer composites using microwaves. Materials Evaluation 53(3): 404-408.
52. Groning, P., Schneuwly, A., Schlapbach, L., and Gale, M.T. 1996. Self-thickness-limited plasma polymerization of an ultrathin anticdhesive film. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A-Vacuum Surfaces and Films 14(6): 3043-3048.
53. Hagnauer, G.L., Pearce, P.J., LaLiberte, B.R., and Roylance, M.E. 1983. Thermorheology of Thermosetting Polymers. 25-47.
54. Harrington, R.F. 1961. Time-harmonic electromagnetic fields. McGraw-Hill, New York.452-455.
55. Hawley, M.C., Wei, J., and Adegbite, V. 1994. Microwave Processing of Polymer Composites. Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings 347: 669.
56. Hedreul, C., Galy, J., and Dupuy, J. 1998. Kinetics Modeling of a Modified Epoxy-Amine Formulation Cured by Thermal and Microwave Energy. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 68(4): 543-553.
57. Hedreul, C., Galy, J., Dupuy, J., Delmotte, M., and More, C. 2001. Morphology of a linear polymer-modified epoxy-amine formulation cured by microwave energy at different heating rates. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 82(5): 1118-1128.
58. Hernandez, M.T., and Gonzalez, M. 2002. Synthesis of resins by microwave and infrared heating as precursors of alpha-alumina. Comparison of the results. Euro Ceramics VII (1-3): 206-2, 71-74.
59. Hillborg, H., Ankner, J.F., Gedde, U.W., Smith, G.D., Yasuda, H.K., and Wikstrom, K. 2000. Crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane exposed to oxygen plasma studied by neutron reflectometry and other surface specific technique. Polymer 41(18): 6851-6863.
60. Hlavac, M., Ohlidal, M., Slavinska, D., and Biederman, H. 1992. Mechanical properties of plasma polymer films. International Journal of Electronics 73(5): 1067-1069.
61. Hofrichter, A., Bulkin, P., and Drevillon, B. 2002. Plasma treatment of polycarbonate for improved adhesion". J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A-Vac. Surf. Films 20(1): 245-250.
62. Hollander, A., Klemberg-sapieha, J.E., and Wertheimer, M.R. 1995. Vacuum-ultraviolet induced oxidation of the polymers polyethylene and polypropylene. Journal of polymer science Part A: Polymer chemistry 33(12): 2013-2025.
63. Hurduc, N., Abdelylah, D., Buisine, J.M., Decock, P., and Surpateaut, G. 1997. Microwave effects in the synthesis of polyethers by phase transfer Catalysis. European Polymer Journal 33(2): 187-190.
64. Imai, Y., Nemoto, H., Watanabe, S., and Kakimpto, M.A. 1996a. A New Facile and Rapid Synthesis of Aliphatic Polyamides by Microwave-Assisted Polycondensation of w-Amino Acids and Nylon Salts. Polymer Journal 28(3): 256-260.
65. Imai, Y., Nemoto, H., and Kakimoto, M.A. 1996b. A New Facile and Rapid Synthesis of Aliphatic Polypyromellitimides by Microwave-Assisted Polycondensation of Salt Monomers Composed of Aliphatic Diamines and Pyromellitic Acid. Journal of Polymer Science. Part A, Polymer chemistry 34(4): 701-704.
66. Inagaki, N. 2000. Surface modification of polymeric materials by remote plasma. Macromolecular Symposia 159: 151-161.
67. Jacob, J., Chia, L.H.L., and Boey, F.Y.C. 1997. Microwave polymerization of poly(methyl acrylate): Conversion studies at variable power. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 63(6): 787-797.
68. Jankowski, K., Jerzak, A., Sernicka-Poluchowicz, A., and Synoradzki, L. 2001. Multielement determination of major elements in polymer additives by microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry after microwave digestion. Analytica Chimica Acta, 440(2): 215-221.
69. Joly, A., Joly, J.P., Karmazsin, E., and Veau, J.L. 1993. Heat-transfer modeling in a polymer sample located in a microwave field. 1. Steady state. Journal of Thermal Analysis 39(10): 1285-1296.
70. Joly, A., Joly, J.P., Veau, J.L., and Karmazsin, E. 1995. Heat-transfer modeling in a polymer sample located in a microwave field. 2. Transient state. Journal of Thermal Analysis 45(3): 375-384.
71. Jousse, F., Delnaud, L., and Olmedo, O. 1995. Processing of conductive fabrics in composite applications. Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering: 360-365.
72. Jullien, H., and Petit, A. 1992. The Microwave Reaction of Phenylglycidyl Ether with Aniline on Inorganic Supports as a Model for the Microwave crosslinking of Epoxy Resins. Proceedings of the ACS Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering, 66: 378-379.
73. Jullien, H., Petit, A., and Merienne, C. 1996. The microwave reaction of phenyl glycidyl ether with aniline on inorganic supports: a model for the microwave crosslinking of epoxy resins. Polymer 37(15): 3319.
74. Jung, K.S., Ko, J.P., Park, S.B., Park, C.Y., Min, S.K., Kwon, J.H., Oh, I.H., and Park, S.S. 2001. The synthesis of crystalline-size controlled organic pigment by microwave energy. Polymer-Korea 21(5): 609-616.
75. Kaiser, M., Walker, M., Baumgartner, K.M., Rauchle, E., Kharitonov, K., and Hauser, M. 1998. Transparent and fluorescent plasma polymers from aromatic hydrocarbons. Surface and coatings technology 105(1-2): 165-168.
76. Kanynak, A., Polat, A., and Yilmazer, U. 1996. Some microwave and mechanical properties of carbon fiber-polypropylene and carbon black-polypropylene composites. Materials Research Bulletin 31(10): 1195-1206.
77. Karmazsin, E., and Bechu, S. 1994. Temperature regulation for thermal-analysis under microwave radiation. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 41: 1639-1649.
78. Kathirgamanathan, P. 1993. Microwave welding of thermoplastics using inherently conducting polymers. Polymer 34(14): 3105.
79. Keil, M., Rastomjee, C.S., Rajagopal, A., Sotobayashi, H., Bradshaw, A.M., and others. 1998. Argon plasma-induced modifications at the surface of polycarbonate thin films. Applied Surface Science 125(3-4): 273-286.
80. Khan, S.M., Negi, S., and Khan, I.M. 1997. Microwave Active Smart Polymers. Polymer news, 22(12): 414-419.
81. Kim, Y.J., DeFlaviis, F., Jofre, L., and Feng, M.Q. 2001. Microwave-based NDE of FRP-jacketed concrete structures. 2001: A Materials and Processes Odyssey (1): 439-450.
82. King, R.J., Werner, M.J., and Mayorga, G.D. 1992. Microwave dynamic dielectric analysis of curing neat resins. Materials Research Society: 409-414.
83. King, R.J., Werner, M.J., and Mayorga, G.D. 1993a. Microwave Dynamic Dielectric Analysis of Curing Neat Resins. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 12(2): 173-185.
84. King, R.J., Werner, M., and Mayorga, G. 1993b. Microwaves Dynamic Dielectric Analysis of Polymers. SAMPE Journal 28(5): 35-37.
85. Kishanprasad, V.S., and Gedam, P.H. 1993. Polyamic Acids: Thermal and Microwave Imidization and Film Properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50(3): 419-429.
86. Klemberg-Sapieha, J.E., Shi, M.K., Martinu, L., and Wertheimer, M.R. 1995. Surface enhancement of polymers by low pressure plasma treatments. Society of Plastics Engineers: 2862-2966.
87. Kleps, T., Piaskiewicz, M., and Parasiewicz, W. 2000. The use of thermogravimetry in the study of rubber devulcanization. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 60(1): 271-277.
88. Klun, U., and Krzan, A. 2000. Rapid microwave induced depolymerization of polyamide-6. Polymer 41(11): 4361-4365
89. Kobayashi, T., Sasama, T., Wada, H., and Fujii, N. 2001. Emission spectroscopic analysis of oxygen-plasma reaction on polymer surface: Effective polyacrylonitrile treatment by the plasma. Journal of vacuum science & technology A-Vacuum surfaces and films, 19(5): 2155-2162.
90. 2O plasma treatment followed by acrylic acid graft polymerization. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 24(1): 63-72.
91. Korzec, D., Traub, K., Werner, F., and Engemann, J. 1996. Remote deposition of scratch resistant films by use of slot antenna microwave plasma source. Thin solid films 281-282: 143-145.
92. Krzan, A. 1998. Microwave Irradiation as an Energy Source in Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Solvolysis. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 69(6): 1115-1198.
93. Ku, H.S., Ball, J. A.R., MacRobert, M., and Siores, E. 2000. Variable frequency microwave processing of thermoplastic composites. Plastics, Rubber, and Composites 29(6): 278-284.
94. Lagarkov, A.N., Matitsin, S.M., and Sarychev, A.K. 1992. Microwave properties of polymer materials containing conducting inclusions. American Chemical Society, Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering: 426-427.
95. Latham, R.J., Linford, R.G., and Pynenburg, R.A.J. 1993. The effect of microwave drying on polymer electrolyte conductivity. Solid State Ionics, 60(1-3): 105-109.
96. Lauf, R.J., Bible, D.W., Johnson, A.C., and Everleigh, C.A. 1993.2-18 GHz broadband microwave heating systems. Microwave Journal 36(11): 24-27.
97. LeBlanc, G.N. 2000. Microwave-accelerated dissolution of polymers for molecular weight analysis. American Laboratory 32(18): 32-37.
98. Lee, R., Wendell, L., and Broemmelsiek, H.E. 1990. Production of Foamed Polymer Structures. Auszuge aus den Europaischen Patentanmeldungen, Teil I 6(2): 244.
99. Lee, S.M. 1990. International Encyclopedia of composites. VCH Publishers, New York. 6: 339.
100. Lefeuvre, S., Azzouz, F., Salmoria, G.V., and Massoud, M. 2001. From dielectric measurements to applicators: drying, polymer processing, sintering. Ceramic Transactions 111: 153-160.
101. Lennon, P., Espuche, E., Sautereau, H., and Sage, D. 1999. Influence of microwave plasma treatment on the wettability and the adhesive properties of polyamides films with an epoxy resin. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 19(4): 273-279.
102. Li, R.Z., Ye, L., and Mai, Y.W. 1997. Application of plasma technologies in fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review of recent developments. Composites Part A-Applied science and manufacturing 28(1): 73-86.
103. Lianos, L., Parrat, D., Hoc, T.Q., and Duc, T.M. 1994. Secondary-ion mass-spectrometry time-of-flight and in-situ X-ray photoelectron-spectroscopy studies of polymer surface modification by a remote oxygen plasma treatment. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A-Vacuum Surfaces and Films 12(2): 2491-2498.
104. Liao, L.O., Liu, L.J., Zhang, C., He, F., Zhuo, R.X., and Wan, K. 2002. Microwave-assisted Ring-opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone. Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry 40(11): 1749-1756.
105. Liptak, S.C., Wilkinson, S.P., Hedrick, J.C., Joseph, W.D., Ward, T.C., and McGrath, J.E. 1990. Electromagnetic (Microwave) Radiation Effects on Terminally Reactive and Nonreactive Engineering Polymer Systems. Polymer Preprints 31(2): 320-321.
106. Liu, F., Turner, I., Siores, E., and Groombridge, P. 1996. A numerical and experimental investigation of the microwave heating of polymer materials inside a ridge waveguide. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 31(2): 71-82.
107. Liu, Y., Sun, X.D., and Xie, X.Q. 1998. Kinetics of the Crosslinking Reaction of a Bisnadimide Model Compound in Thermal and Microwave Cure Processes. Journal of Polymer Science Part A, Polymer chemistry 36(14): 2653-2667.
108. Liu, Y., Xiao, Y., and Sun, X. 1999. Microwave Irradiation of Nadic-End-Capped Polyimide Resin (RP-46) and Glass-Graphite-RP-46 Composites: Cure and Process Studies. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 73(12): 2391-2413.
109. Livi, A., Levita, G., and Rolla, P.A. 1993. Dielectric Behavior at Microwave Frequencies of an Epoxy Resin During Crosslinking. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50(9): 1583.
110. Lu, J., Jiang, Q., Zhu, X., and Wang, F. 2001a. Microwave radiation copolymerization of dibutyltin maleate and allyl thiourea. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 79(2): 312-318.
111. Lu, J., Zhu, X., Ji, S., Zhu, J., and Chen, Z. 1998. Microwave Radiation Copolymerization in Solid State of Maleic Anhydride and Al-lylthiourea. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 68(10): 1563-1566.
112. Lu, J., Zhu, X., Zhu, J., and Yu, J. 1997. Microwave Radiation Solid-State Copolymerization in Binary Maleic Anhydride-Dibenzyl Maleate Systems. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 66(1): 129-134.
113. Lu, J., Chen, N., Ji, S., Sun, S., Ding, M., and Zhu, X. 2001b, Polymerization of Benzoguanamine and Pyromellitic Dianhydride under Microwave Radiation and Its Third-order Optical Nonlinearities. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 82(6): 1356-1363.
114. Lucchese, L., Liauw, C.M., Allen, N.S., and others. 2000. Use of microwave dielectric loss spectroscopy for characterization of natural rubber/carbon black composites. Polymer Bulletin 44(2): 187-195.
115. Ludlow-Palafox, C., and Chase, H.A. 2001. Microwave-induced pyrolysis of plastic wastes. Industry and Engineering Chemistry Research 40(22): 4749-4756.
116. Lye, S.W., and Boey, F.Y.C. 1994. PC-Based Monitoring and Control System for Microwave Curing of Polymer Composites. Mater. Manuf. Process. 9(5): 851-868.
117. Madras, G., and Karmore, V. 2001. Evolution to similarity solutions for polymerization and depolymerizarion with microwave radiation. Polymer International 50(12): 1324-1330.
118. Mallakpour, S.E., Hajipour, A.R., and Khoee, S. 2000a. Microwave-Assisted Polycondensation of 4,4'-(Hexafluoroisop ropylidene)-N,N ' -bis(phthaloyl-L-leucine) Diacid Chloride with Aromatic Diols. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 77(13): 3003-3009.
119. Mallakpour, S.E., Hajipour, A.R., and Khoee, S. 2000b. Polymerization of 4, 4'-(Hexa-fluoroisopropylidene)- N,N' -bis(phthaloyl-L-leucine) Diacid Chloride with Aromatic Diamines by Microwave Irradiation. Journal of Polymer Science. Part A, Polymer chemistry, 38(70): 1154-1160.
120. Mallakpour, S.E., Hajipour, A.R., and Faghihi, K. 2000c. Synthesis of novel optically active poly(ester-imide)s with benzophenone linkages by microwave-assisted polycondensation. Polymer International 49(11): 1383-1388.
121. Mallakpour, S.E., Hajipour, A.R., Zadhoush, A., and Mahdavian, A.R. 2001a. Efficient and novel method for surface oxidation of polypropylene in the solid phase using microwave irradiation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 79(7): 1317-1323.
122. Mallakpour, S.E., Hajipour, A.R., and Habibi, S. 2001b. Facile synthesis of new optically active poly(amide-imide)s derived from N,Nprime-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-1-leucine diacid chloride and aromatic diamines under microwave irradiation. European Polymer Journal 37(12): 2435-2442.
123. Mallakpour, S.E., Hajipour, A.R., Mahdavian, A.R, Zadhoush, A., and Ali-Hosseini, F. 2001c. "Microwave assisted oxidation of polyethylene under solid-state conditions with potassium permanganate". European Polymer Journal (USA). 37(6): 1199-1206.
124. Mallakpour, S.E., Hajipour, A.R, Faghihi, K., Foroughifar, N., and Bagheri, J. 2001d. Novel Optically Active Poly(amideimide)s with Tetrahydropyrimidinone and Tetrahydro-2-Thioxopyrimidine Moieties by Microwave-Assisted Polycondensation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 80(13): 2416-2421.
125. Mallakpour, S.E., Hajipour, A.R., and Zamanlou, M.R. 2001e. Synthesis of Optically Active Poly(amide-imide)s Derived from N,N'-(4,4'-Carbonyldiphthaloyl)-bis-L-leucine Diacid Chloride and Aromatic Diamines by Microwave Radiation. Journal of Polymer Science. Part A, Polymer chemistry 39(1): 177-186.
126. Mallon, F.K., and Ray, W.H. 1998. Enhancement of Solid-State Polymerization with Microwave Energy. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 69(6): 1203-1202.
127. Margolis, J.M. 1990. The Technology of Joining Advanced Composite Materials. Rev. Plast. Mod., 59(405): 377-378, 382.
128. Matusiewicz, H. 1994. Development of a high pressure/temperature focused microwave heated Teflon bomb for sample preparation. Analytical Chemistry 66(5): 751-755.
129. McMillan, A., Lauf, R.J., and Paulauskas, F.L. 1995. Variable frequency microwave curing in polymer systems. American Chemical Society: 72-73.
130. Meghal, P., Ubale, S., and Adgaonkar, C.S. 2001. Microwave absorption study in some iodine doped polyblends. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences 8(1): 55-56.
131. Memon, M.S., Yunus, N., and Razak, A.A.A. 2001. Some mechanical properties of a highly cross-linked, microwave-polymerized, injection-molded denture base polymer. International Journal of Prosthodontics 14(3): 214-218.
132. Methven, J. 1999. Microwave assisted pultrusion (Map) continuous manufacture of composite profiles". Materials Technology (UK), 14(4): 183-186
133. Methven, J.M., Ghaffariyan, S.R., and Abidin, A.Z. 2000. Manufacture of Fiber-Reinforced Composites by Microwave Assisted Pultrusion. Polymer composites 21(4): 586-594.
134. Mijovic, J., Corso, W.V. Nicolais, L., and D'Ambrosio, G. 1998. In situ real-time study of crosslinking kinetics in thermal and microwave fields. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 9(4): 231-243.
135. Mijovic, J., and Wijaya, J. 1990. Review of cure of polymers and composites by microwave energy. Polymer Composites 11(3): 184-191.
136. Minamihashi, K., and Ito, S. 1995. Nickel coating on nylon-66 textile. Zairyo Gijutsu (Mater. Technol.) 13(8): 244-250.
137. Muhtarogullari, I.Y., Dogan, A., Muhtarogullari, M., and Usanmaz, A. 1999. Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of microwave and heat-cured poly(methyl methacrylate) used as dental base material. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 74(12): 2971-2978.
138. Negi, S., Gordon, K., Khan, S.M., and Khan, I.M. 1999. Electroresponsive Polymers-10 High Dielectric Constant (Microwave Frequencies) Polymer Composites. ACS Symposium Series, 726: 145-160.
139. Negi, S., Gordon, K., Khan, S.M., and Khan, I. 1998. Studies on tunable high dielectric constant (microwave frequencies) polymer composites. Polymer Preprints 39(2): 721-722
140. Ng, L.T., and Chia, L.H.L. 1999. Practical microwave curing studies for undergraduates. Polymer International 48(10): 952-955.
141. Nielson, R.C. 1993. Recent advances in polyolefin additive analysis. Journal of Liquid Chromatography 16(7): 1625-1638.
142. Nitschke, M., Menning, A., and Werner, C. 2000. Immobilization of PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers on PTFE-like fluorocarbon surfaces. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 50(3): 340-343.
143. Nitschke, M., Schmack, G., Janke, A., Simon, F., Pleul, D., and Werner, C. 2002. Low pressure plasma treatment of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate): Toward tailored polymer surfaces for tissue engineering scaffolds. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 59(4): 632-638.
144. Normand, F., Granier, A., Leprince, P., Marec, J., Shi, M.K., and Clouet, F. 1995. Polymer treatment in the flowing afterglow of an oxygen microwave discharge: Active species profile concentrations and kinetics of the functionalization. Plasma Phemistry and Plasma Processing 15(2): 173-198.
145. O'Brien, K.T., Kasturi, S., and Mekkaoui, A.M. 1994. A Computational Analysis of the Heating of Glass Mat Thermoplastic (GMT) Sheets by Dual Beam Microwave Sources. Polymer Composites 15(3): 231.
146. rd Australasian Polymer Symposium: Polymers for the New Millennium Proceedings E2/4.
147. Osaki, S. 1995. Microwave frequency dielectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) films. Journal of Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics 33(4): 685-690.
148. Osaki, S., and Tashiro, K. 1998. Molecular orientation and dielectric anisotropy in polyimide films as determined by the microwave method. Macromolecules 31(5): 1661-1664.
149. Outifa, L., Jullien, H., More, C., and Delmotte, M. 1995. Buildup and Optimization of a Homogeneous Microwave Curing Process fro Epoxy-Glass Composites. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 34(2): 688-698.
150. Palacios, J., Sierra, J., and Rodiguez, M.P. 1992. Microwave-initiated co-polymerization of MMA/HEMA: Reaction conditions and properties. New Polymeric Materials 3(4): 273-281.
151. Park, K.H., Watanabe, S., Kakimoto, M., and Imai, Y. 1993. Rapid Synthesis of Aromatic Polyamides by Microwave-Assisted Directed Polycondensation of Aromatic Diamines with Aromatic Dicarboxilic Acids. Polymer Journal 25(2): 209-213.
152. Parneix, J.P., and Miane, J.L. 1992. Microwave Measurements of Polymer and Composite Physico-Chemical Properties. European Association for Composite Materials: 821-826.
153. Peng, J., Jian, X.G., Li, Q., Deng, X.L., and Gu, B. 2000. Study of modification of poly (phthalazinone ether sulfone keton) film treated by carbon dioxide microwave plasma. ACTA Polymerica SINICA 3: 354-357.
154. Pham, T. A., and Lancaster, G.M. 1991. Foamable Thermoplastic Polymers and a Method for Foaming. Auszuge aus den Europaischen Patentanmeldungen, Teil I 7(45): 4189.
155. Pichon, L., and Meyer, O. 2002. Coupled thermal-electromagnetic simulation of a microwave curing cell. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 38(2): 977-980.
156. Prevors, L., and Pabiot, J. 1994. Microwave radiothermometry in polymer processing technologies. Materiaux et Techniques 82(12): 17-25
157. Prime, B., and Turi, E.A. 1981. Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials, Academic Press, New York.
158. Qaddoumi, N., Carriveau, G., Ganchev, S., and Zoughi, R. 1995. Microwave imaging of thick composite panels with defects. Materials Evaluation 53(8): 926-929.
159. th International SAMPE Technical Conference: 173-183.
160. Rats, D., Hajek, V., and Martinu, L. 1999. Micro-scratch analysis and mechanical properties of plasma-deposited silicon-based coatings on polymer substrates. Thin Solid Films 340(1-2): 33-39,
161. st International Biomaterials Symposium: 555.
162. Reitz, W.E., and Oman, R.M. 2000 How to join plastics. Advanced Materials & Processes (USA), 158(3), 49-52.
163. Richter, R.C., and Shah, S. 2000. Use of microwave-assisted extraction for batch quality control in the production of styrene-butadine oil extended rubber. American Laboratory 32(15): 14-16.
164. Ringengbach, A., Jugnet, Y., and Duc, T.M. 1995. Interfacial chemistry in aluminum and copper metallization of untreated and plasma treated polyethylene and polyethylenetere-phthalate. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 9(9): 1209-1228.
165. Rodrigues, D.E., and Wilkes, G.L. 1992. Effect of solvent on the microwave curing of hybrid inorganic organic materials. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering: 384-386.
166. Schmitt, B.R., Kim, H., and Urban, M.W. 1999. Microwave plasma reactions of imidazple on poly(vinyl chloride). Journal of Applied Polymer Science 71(1): 1-6.
167. Schreiber, H.P., and Germain, F.S. 1990. Specific Interactions and Their Effect on the Properties of Filled Polymers. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 4(4): 319-331.
168. Schroder, K., Meyer-Plath, A., Keller, D., Besch, W., Babucke, G., and Ohl, A. 2001. Plasma-induced surface functionalization of polymerica biomaterials in ammonia plasma. Contributions to Plasma Physics 41(6): 562-572.
169. Schultz, J.W., Colton, J.S., and Berkowitz, C.K. 2000. High dielectric, filled polymers for microwave applications. Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering, Bridging the Centuries with SAMPE's Materials and Processes Technology, 45(2): 1863-1873.
170. Schwarz, J., Schmidt, M., and Ohl, A. 1998. Synthesis of plasma-polymerized hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) films by microwave discharge. Surface and Coatings Technology 98(1-3): 859-864.
171. Sengwa, R.J. 1998a. Microwave Dielectric Relaxation in Binary Mixtures of Poly(ethylene glycols) in Solution. Polymer International 45(2): 202.
172. Sengwa, R.J. 1998b. Solvent Effects on Microwave Dielectric Relaxation in Poly(ethylene glycols). Polymer International 45(1): 43.
173. Sengwa, R.J., and Chaudhary, R. 2001. Microwave dielectric relaxation, and molecular dynamics in binary mixtures of poly(propylene glycol) 2000 and poly(ethylene glycol)s of varying molecular weight in dilute solution. Polymer International 50(4): 432-441.
174. Shanker, B., and Lakhtakia, A. 1993. Extended Maxwell Garnett Formalism for Composite Adhesives for Microwave-Assisted Adhesion of Polymer Surfaces. Journal of Composite Materials 27(12): 1203-1213.
175. Shenton, M.J., Stevens, G.C., Wright, N.P., and Duan, X. 2002. Chemical-surface modification of polymers using atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasmas and comparisons with vacuum plasmas. Journal of Polymer Science, Part A, Polymer Chemistry 40(1): 95-109.
176. nd (1999) Annual Technical Conference Proceedings: 307-310.
177. Shi, M.K., Dunham, G., Gross, M.E., Graff, G.L., and Martin, P.M. 2000. Plasma treatment of PET and acrylic coating surfaces-I. In-situ XPS measurement. J. Adhesion Sci. Technol. 14(12): 1485-1498.
178. Shull, P.J., Hurley, D.H., Spicer, J.W.M., and Spicer, J.B. 2000. Spatial and temporal control of the degrees of cure in polymer composite structures. Polymer Engineering and Science 40(5): 1157-1164.
179. Sodhi, R.N.S., Sahi, V.P., and Mittelman, M.W. 2001. Application of electron spectroscopy and surface modification techniques in the development of anti-microbial coatings for medical devices. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 121(1-3): 249-264.
180. Spatz, J., Mossmer, S., Moller, M., Kocher, M., Neher, D., and Wegner, G. 1998. Controlled Mineralization and Assembly of Hydrolysis-Based Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents Combining Polymer Micelles and Microwave Techniques. Advanced Materials 10(6): 473-475.
181. Srikanth, H., Hajndl, R., Chirinos, C., Sanders, J., Sampath, A., and Sudarshan, T.S. 2001. Magnetic studies of polymer-coated Fe nanoparticles synthesized by microwave plasma polymerization. Applied Physics Letters 79(21): 3503-3505.
182. Srinivasan, S.A., Joardar, S.S., Kranbeuhl, D., Ward, T.C., and Mcgrath, J.E. 1997. Amorphous Phenolphthalein-Based Poly(arylene ether)-Modified Cyanate Ester Networks: Microwave Processing. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 64(1): 179-190.
183. Staicovici, S., Wu, C.Y., and Benatar, A. 1999. Welding and disassembly of microwave welded HOPE bars. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 18(1): 35-43.
184. Stoffer, J.O., Zhang, D., and Crivello, J.V. 1999a. Cationic polymerizations of epoxides using microwave energy. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering 81: 118-119.
185. Stoffer, J.O., Zhang, D., and Crivello, J.V. 1999b. Using FTIR to determine the extent of reaction of epoxies under microwave energy. American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry 40(2): 669-670.
186. Szabo, D.V., Vollath, D., and Arnold, W. 2001. Microwave plasma synthesis of nanoparticles: application of microwaves to produce new materials. Ceramics Transactions 111:217-224.
187. Szabo, D.V., and Vollath, D. 1999. Nanocomposites from coated nanoparticles. Advanced Materials 11(15): 1313-1317.
188. Tanikella, R.V., Allen, S.A.B., and Kohl, P.A. 2001. Variable-frequency microwave curing of benzocyclobutene. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 83(14): 3055-3067.
189. Thostenson, E.T., and Chou, T.W. 2001. Microwave and Conventional Curing of Thick-Section Thermoset Composite Laminates: Experiment and Simulation. Polymer Composites 22(2): 197-213.
190. Thostenson, E.T., and Chou, T.W. 1999. Microwave processing: fundamentals and applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 30(9): 1055-1071.
191. Tomcik, B., Popovic, D.R., Jovanovic, I.V., Prtrovic, Z.L. 2001. Modification of wettablility of polymer by microwave plasmas. Journal of Polymer Research 8(4): 259-266.
192. Tu, W.X., and Lin, H.F. 2000. Continuous synthesis of colloidal metal nanoclusters by microwave irradiation. Chemistry of Materials 12(2): 564-567.
193. Vandenburg, H.J., Clifford, A.A., Bartle, K.D., et al. 1997. Critical review: Analytical extraction of additives from polymers. The Analyst 122(9): 101R-115R.
194. Vollath, D., and Szabo, D.V. 1998. Synthesis of coated nanoparticulate ceramic powders. Materials Research Society, Nanostructured Powders and Their Industrial Application: 143-148.
195. Vollath, D. 1997. Versatile, continuous process for synthesizing ceramic nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Materials Technology 12(3-4): 89-93.
196. Walther, M., and Spallels, M. 1996. Multilayer barrier coating system produced by plasma-impulsechemical vapor deposition (PICVD). Surface and Coatings Technology. 80 (1-2): 200-202.
197. Wan, M., Li, J., and Li, S. 2001. Microtubules of polyaniline as new microwave absorbent materials. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 12(11-12): 651-657.
198. Wang, Q., Wood, P.J., and Cui, W. 2002. Microwave assisted dissolution of beta-glucan in water- implications for the characterization of this polymer. Carbohydrate Polymers 47(1): 35-38.
199. Wang, T.B., and Liu, J. 2000. A review of microwave curing of polymeric materials. Journal of Electronics Manufacturing 10(3): 181-189.
200. Ward, T.C., and Chen, M. 1992. Basic ideas of microwave processing of polymers. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering: 335-336.
201. Wei, J. 1992. Microwave processing of epoxy resins and graphite fiber/epoxy composites in a cylindrical tunable resonant cavity. Michigan State University PhD dissertation: 33.
202. Wei, J., Hawley, M.C., and Delong, J.D. 1993. Comparison of Microwave and Thermal Cure of Epoxy Resins. Polymer Engineering and Science 33(17): 1132-1140.
203. Wei, J., and Hawley, M.C. 1994. Microwave Processing of Polymers and Composites. Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering: 45-59.
204. Wei, J., and Hawley, M.C. 1995a. Utilization of microwaves in processing of polymer composites - past, present, and future. American Chemical Society: 10-12.
205. Wei, J., Hawley, M.C., and Demeuse, M.T. 1995b. Kinetics Modeling and Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram of Microwave and Thermal Cure of Epoxy Resins. Polymer Engineering and Science 35(6): 461-471.
206. Wei, J.B., Ngo, K., Tucker, D., Fathi, Z., Paulauskas, F.L., and Johanson, W.G. 1998. Industrial processing via variable frequency microwave - Part I: Bonding applications. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 33(1): 10-17.
207. st International Biomaterials Symposium 57.
208. Willert-Porada, M.A. 1993. Microwave processing of metalorganics to form powders, compacts and functional gradient materials. MRS Bulletin 18(11): 51-57.
209. Wu, C., Gao, J., Li, M., Zhang, W.M., and Jiang, M. 2000. Formation, stabilization & application of polymeric nanoparticles. Macromolecular Symposia 150: 219-227.
210. Wu, C.Y., and Benatar, A. 1992. Microwave Joining of HDPE Using Conductive Polymeric Composites. Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.: 1771-1774.
211. Wu, C.Y., and Benatar, A. 1997. Microwave welding of high density polyethylene using intrinsically conductive polyaniline. Polymer Engineering and Science 37(4): 738-743.
212. Xu, W., Bao, J., Zhang, J., and Shi, M. 1998. Microwave Irradiation Graft Copolymerization of Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate onto Wool Fabrics. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 70(12): 2343-2348.
213. 4 synthesized by microwave-polymer network method. Journal of Inorganic Materials 15(2): 309-314.
214. Yoshida, S., Sato, M., Sugawara, E., and others. 1999. Microwave Materials-Permeability and electromagnetic-interference characteristics of Fe-Si-Al alloy flakes - Polymer composite. Journal of Applied Physics 85(8): 4636-4639.
215. Youngs, I., Power, T., Robinson, D., Stickland, T., Appleton, S.G., and Howard, A. 2001. Use of dielectric property measurements in the selection of a thermosetting resin for the microwave cure of filament wound composites. Ceramic Transactions 111: 93-100.
216. Yousefi, A., Lafleur, P.O., and Gauvin, R. 1997. Kinetic Studies of Thermoset Cure Reactions: A review. Polymer Composites 18(2): 157-168.
217. Zhou, S., and Hawley, M.C. 2001a. Microwave Cure Kinetics of Epoxy Formulated with Carbon Black Fillers. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites, Session WA-5.
218. Zhou, S., Yang, H., Zong, L., Hawley, M.C. 2001b. Status of Microwave Adhesive Bonding Research. Proceedings of 2001 SPE Automotive Composites Conference.
219. Zhou, S., and Hawley, M.C. 2001c. A Study of Effect of Conducting Additives on Microwave Heating and Curing Rates of Epoxy. Proceedings of 46th International SAMPE Symposium: 2243.
220. Zhou, X.T., Lee, S.T., Bello, I., Cheung, A.C., Chiu, D.S., Lam, Y.W., Lee, C.S., Leung, K.M., and He, X.M. 2000. Deposition and properties of a-C:H films on polymethyl methacrylate by electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition method. Surface and Coatings Technology 123(2-3): 273-277.
221. Zoughi, R., Lai, J., and Munoz, K. 2002. A brief review of microwave testing of stratified composite structures: a comparison between plane wave and near field approaches. Materials Evaluation 60(2): 171 -177.